Module 2

Content of the Module

Gender Stereotyping
Manifestation of Gender Biases
Institutions and Systems that
perpetuates gender biases
 4 PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION
Manipulation
refers to ways where parents deter or encourage
behavior on the basis of appropriateness in regards to
gender
Ex. female babies are handled more delicately than
male babies

Canalization
*refers to the way in which parents channel the child's
interests in activities in conjunction with gender as
deemed appropriate.
Ex. children’s attention are directed to gender appropriate
objects, i.e, choice of toys for girls and boys.
 4 Processes of Socialization
Verbal Appellations
use of language to label children in a way that
reinforces appropriate gender identification.
Ex. words that tell children what they do.
Phrases such as “brave boy” don’t cry;
pretty girls don’t climb trees.
Activity Exposures
activities conformity to norms and practices that
reinforces appropriate gender identification.
Ex. boys play outside the house while girls help
mother with the chores in the house
Oakley (1981)
• GENDER STEREOTYPING
Child rearing
Religion
The process of
attributing a set of Occupation
characteristics, roles Education
and traits, favorable or Language
unfavorable to all Behavior
members of a social
Gov't programs
group based on sex.
Media
Popular culture
• GENDER STEREOTYPING
Child rearing
Religion
The process of
attributing a set of Occupation
characteristics, roles Education
and traits, favorable or Language
unfavorable to all Behavior
members of a social
Gov't programs
group based on sex.
Media
Popular culture
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Acts of instilling fear and
inflicting pain with the aim to
injure or abuse a person, usually
women.
It may be verbal, psychological
or physical in nature.
Jokes, wolf-whistles
Peeking, 'chancing' or making
sexual passes
Sexual harassment
Domestic violence
Rape
Prostitution
Commodification- the act of
treating women as a commodity
or object, not as a person
Source: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/VAW_infographic.pdf?ua=1
Source: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/VAW_infographic.pdf?ua=1
 Risk factors for both intimate partner and sexual violence include:

• lower levels of education

• a history of exposure to child maltreatment
• witnessing family violence
• antisocial personality disorder
• harmful use of alcohol
• harmful masculine behaviors, including having multiple partners or attitudes that condone
violence
• community norms that privilege or ascribe higher status to men and lower status to
women
• low levels of women’s access to paid employment; and
• low level of gender equality

Source: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women
MARGINALIZATION (ECONOMIC)

The process which forces women out

into the periphery of economic and social life
on the periphery of decision-making process
as well as diminishing the value of the activities in
which they engage and through which they contribute
to the national development process
Under or non-valuation/recognition of women's work
Women have less access to and control over
resources and benefits
Unequal pay for work of equal value
last to be hired, first to be fired
limited opportunities
exacting sexual favors
SUBORDINATION
One sex is inferior to the other; gender
subordination is the institutionalized
domination by men of women
Position - very few women in politics
and top positions
Status - weaker sex
Decision-making - women are not
included in planning and decision-
making processes
Process of socialization
• MULTIPLE BURDEN
Involvement in the three spheres of work:
reproductive, productive and community
work
Parenting
Housework
Community Work
Work in the public sphere/informal
sector
Institutions and Systems that perpetuates
gender biases
 FAMILY
In the family, throughout
childhood and adolescence,
parents orient their children
about acceptable gender roles
and standards
 School
The school further widens the
differentiation between boys
and girls
Source: spot.ph
 Language
The use of sexist term – no
matter how subtle, is the most
pervasive institution of
socialization
 Church
Religious teachings that depict
women as Martyrs, Self –
Sacrificing and reinforcing the
belief that women’s place is in the
home & to be a good mother and
wife
 Media
The Tri- Media do not usually
portray women in all her diverse
roles, thus their images tend to
emphasize her physical
appearance rather than her ability
 Workplace
Women are few and far between managerial
and policy-making positions. Majority of
them are in the informal sector where the
minimum wage law rarely applies and there
is hardly any social security protection
 State
Creates laws and policies that
ensure the maintenance of the
system.
What should we do
Promote
Freedom from violence
Freedom from harassment
Effects on personhood
Personhood development/self-
esteem
one's body
MARGINALIZATION

Equal pay for work of equal value

Economic independence
Economic Opportunities
SUBORDINATE

Quality participation in decision-

making
Recognition of capabilities
Liberation from
stereotyped images
Non-sexist child-
rearing
Non-sexist language
Gender Division of Labor: the
assignment of tasks and roles to
men and women on account sex
shared parenting
shared housework
shared breadwinning
 Physical
 Using coercion and threats
 Using economic abuse
 Using male privilege
 Using children
 Sexual
 Using intimidation
 Using emotional abuse
 Using isolation
 Minimizing,
 Denying and
 Blaming
Gender Equality

Negotiation and Fairness

Economic Partnership
Shared Responsibility
Responsible Parenting
Non-Threatening Behavior
Respect
Trust and Support
Honesty and Accountability
 The content of this presentation was adopted from the
work of Dr. Jhamie Tetz I. Mateo, Member, PCW-NGRP

References:

What are Gender Stereotypes? https://youtu.be/HdHSDaJNQSg

Gender Stereotyping https://youtu.be/L1m3XR4Y7T8
WHO - Violence against women: Strengthening the health system response https://youtu.be/Qc_GHITvTmI
Ending Violence against women and girls: If not you, who? https://youtu.be/W_ZPHPutN-c
World Health organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women