BASIC CONCEPT OF

PHARMACOLOGY

Dental Pharmcy
Department of Pharmacology
Medical School Unsoed
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Students should be able to:
 Name the major pharmacology sub-sub-
discipline
 Identify, with examples, the major sources
of drugs
 Give examples of drugs discovered
 Discuss issues relating to the naming of
drugs and the complications that can arise
from naming inconsistencies
 What is Pharmacology?
 discipline It is the study
Pharmacology is a scientific discipline
of the effects of chemical agents of therapeutic value
(drugs) or potential toxicity on biological systems, i.e.
what do drugs do and how do they do it.
 It relates to other major bioscience disciplines such as
physiology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular
biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and
pathology.
Why Do We Study Pharmacology?

A competent doctor must understand why his/her patient is

getting a medication, and HOW IT WORKS
 Pharmacology sub-
sub-disciplines
 Pharmacodynamics: study of the molecular, biochemical, and
physiological effects of drugs on cellular / body systems and
their mechanisms of action
 Pharmacokinetics: study of the (fate) absorption, distribution,
and excretion of drugs
 Pharmacogenomics: The study of genetic influences on the
effectiveness and fate of drugs
 Toxicology: the study of the adverse or toxic effects of drugs and
other chemical agents Therapeutics
 Pharmacoeconomics
 Pharmacoepidemiology
 What are the goals of Pharmacology?

 To understand all
aspects of drug action
and efficacy to BENEFIT
Benefits
develop
drugs/treatment
regimes that have
selective (beneficial)
actions without
adverse effects (i.e. RISK
Risk
they don’t make
things worse).
 What is a drug?
 A drug is a chemical/substance that is usually
used to treat a disease/condition
 When administered appropriately causes a range
of physiological and biochemical /molecular
changes in a complex biological system that
relate to its composition, structure and target
 When is a drug not a drug?
 Drugs sold/marketed for the treatment of disease must
have regulatory approval (e.g. BPOM) and have gone
through extensive evaluation procedures
 Food supplements may contain substances that alleviate
various conditions (potential drugs) but have not been
properly validated and approved for clinical use
 Food supplements must not make claims about
therapeutic properties - only drugs can be sold on that
basis
Where do drugs come from?
 Plants
 Human--derived proteins/steroids
Human
 Fungi/bacteria
 Synthetic chemicals
 Recombinant proteins
 Drugs From the Natural World
 121 prescription drugs in use today for cancer
treatment - 90 are derived from plant species. ~74% of
these were discovered by investigating a folklore claim.
 Recent example - taxol
 1981--2002: 48 of 65 approved cancer drugs were
1981
natural products, based on natural products or
mimicked natural products in some way
 Where do drugs come from?
1. Extracts from plants and herbs
 Opium poppy:
 Dried juice from seeds yields morphine, a natural opiate
 Physicians only effective drug of choice early 1900s
 Powerful painkiller and inducer of euphoria (and constipation)
 Foxglove leaves contain digitalis (digoxin):
 Reversible inhibitor of Na/K ATPase
 Widely used to treat congestive heart failure
 At high doses it can be letha
 Where do drugs come from?
2. From the body itself
 Hormones
 Insulin, used to treat diabetes
 Thyroxine, for treatment of thyroid insufficiency

 Growth hormone, for treatment of short stature

 NB: Most hormonal drugs are now produced by

 recombinant DNA technology (if they are proteins)

or by chemical synthesis (e.g. steroids, peptides)
 Where do drugs come from?
3. From micro-
micro-organisms
(fungi, bacteria)
 Antibiotics
 Penicillin - prototypic b-
b-lactam
antibiotic, discovered by
Alexander Fleming in 1928 as a
product of penicillium notatum (a
mold growing in his lab)
 Interferes with bacterial cell wall
synthesis
 Where do drugs come from?
4. Chemical modification of the body's own
 hormones/chemical regulators Hormonal drugs
 Ethinyl estradiol - readily adsorbed form of oestrogen
 Prednisolone - synthetic steroid with glucocorticoid-
glucocorticoid-like actions
 Anti--cancer drugs
Anti
 6-mercaptopurine and 6-
6-thioguanine – modified base components of
DNA/RNA - interfere with RNA synthes
 Where do drugs come from?
5. Chemical synthesis of novel compounds
with desirable properties
 Indomethacin, celecoxib - COX inhibitors (NSAIDS)
 Cimetidine - Histamine receptor modulator

 Simvastatin - HMG-
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
 Sulfonylureas - ATP-
ATP-sensitive K+ channel
modulators
 And many, many more……………………….
 Not Always an Exact Science…
Many drugs were discovered by chance:
 Antidepressants
 Some monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic
antidepressants
 Discovered during failed attempts to develop treatments for
tuberculosis and pre-
pre-anaesthetic agents, respectively.
 Cisplatin
 Platinum-containing drug used to treat a number of cancers
Platinum-
 Discovered while investigating the effects of electrical fields
on bacterial cell growth.
 Drug Exploration, Identification &
Validation
 Pharmaceutical companies now invest heavily in
identifying new drugs and getting them
approved for sale.
 Very active drug discovery programmes,testing
hundreds of thousands of compounds
 Average cost of finding and marketing a new
drug > 1Billion
 DRUGS CLASSES
 Obat jadi  Obat murni atau campuran dalam sediaan
baku dengan nama teknis sesuai farmakope indonesia
atau buku-
buku-buku lain yang ditetapkan
 Obat baru  obat dengan zat aktif atau adtitif yang
belum dikenal, belum masuk dalam farmakope dan atau
belum digunakan secara resmi
 Obat paten  obat jadi dengan nama dagang dan
kemasan pabrik yang memproduksi
 standar obat dengan formula yang tercantum
Obat standar
dalam literatur standar/resmi
 Obat asli  obat yang langsung didapat dari bahan
alam, diolah secara sederhana berdasarkan pengalaman
untuk pengobatan tradisional
 Drug Names

 The generic name is related to the structure/

composition/source of the drug. This is the
preferred name for general use.
 The brand name is the drug company's
marketing name for the drug, e.g.
 paracetamol vs. Pamol/Panadol
 aspirin vs. Dispirin
 sildenafil vs. Viagra
 Generic Names

 Generic names often have similar sounding

endings that give some insight into the
class/type of drug.
 Selective COX-
COX-2 inhibitors:
 celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib
 Naming Complications

 Brand names can change over time as patents expire or

Pharmaceutical Companies merge etc
 Most drugs are marketed by numerous names in
different countries
 e.g. Sanmol, Termorex (Ina), Panadol [UK] = Tylenol [USA])
 Even generic names can differ in different countries
 e.g. paracetamol [UK, Ina] = acetaminophen [US]
Brand names for PREDNISONE:
 Apo-Prednisone; Adasone; Cartancyl; Colisone; Cordrol;
Apo-
Cortan; Cortancyl; Dacortin; Dacorten; Decortin;
Decortisyl; Delcortin; Dellacort; Dellacort A; Delta-
Delta-Dome;
Deltacortene; Deltacortone; Deltasone; Deltison; Deltisona;
Di--Adreson; DiAdreson; Econosone; Encorton; Fernisone;
Di
Hostacortin; Liquid Pred; Me-
Me-Korti; Meticorten; Nisona;
Novoprednisone; Orasone; Origen Prednisone; Panafcort;
Panasol; Paracort; Parmenison; Pehacort; Predeltin;
Prednicen--M; Prednicorm; Prednicort; Prednicot; Prednidib;
Prednicen
Predniment; Prednitone; Rectodelt; Sone; Sterapred;
Ultracorten; Winpred.
DRUGS CLASIFICATION

 Obat Narkotika
 Obat Keras
 Obat Bebas Terbatas
 Obat Bebas
 NARKOTIKA
(UU 22 TH 1997)
 Golongan I
 Hanya untuk kepentingan Ilmu Pengetahuan
 Pengawasan ketat oleh Menkes
 Co : Kokain, Heroin, Canabis sativa (marihuana).
 Golongan II
 Untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan dan pelayanan kesehatan
 Distribusi diatur pemerintah
 Co : Morfin dan garamnya, petidin
 Golongan III
 Untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan dan pelayanan kesehatan
 Distribusi diatur pemerintah
 Co : Kodein
 OBAT KERAS

 Obat Keras (OK)

 Obat Keras Tertentu (OKT)
 Obat Wajib Apotek (OWA)
 OBAT KERAS
 Semua obat yang diperoleh harus dengan
resep dokter
 Tanda bulatan : garis lingkaran dan huruf K
warna hitam dengan dasar warna merah
K

 Semua obat dengan parenteral

 Antibiotik, hormon
 Semua obat baru
 OBAT KERAS TERTENTU
 Psikotropika  semua obat yang berkhasat
SSP
psikoaktif melalui pengaruhnya terhadap SSP
menyebabkan perubahan mental dan perilaku
 Psikotropika
 Potensi adiksi
 Potensi toleransi
 OKT Lanj.
PSIKOTROP KETERANGAN

Gol 1  Hanya untuk ilmu pengetahuan, not used for therapy

 Potensi adiksi sangat kuat

 Co : Brolamfetamin, LSD

Gol 2  berkhasiat terapi dapat untuk ilmu pengetahuan dan terapi

 Potensi adiksi kuat

 Co : Amfetamin, sekobarbital

Gol 3  berkhasiat terapi cukup banyak untuk ilmu pengetahuan dan

terapi
 Potensi adiksi sedang

 Co : Amobarbital, fentobarbital

Gol 4  Berkhasiat terapi  banyak dan luas digunakan untuk ilmu

pengetahuan dan terapi
 Potensi adiksi ringan

 Co : Diazepam, klordiazepoksid, nitrazepam, meprobamat

 OBAT WAJIB APOTEK
 Obat keras yang dapat diserahkan tanpa resep dokter
 Tujuan
 Meningkatkan kemampuan masy menolong sendiri
 Meningkatkan kekmampuan self therapy secara tepat, aman dan rasional
 Contoh
 Obat saluran cerna
 Obat Kulit
 Obat anti TBC
 Obat sitim muskuloskeletal
 Obat saluran nafas
 Obat mata dan telinga
 OBAT BEBAS TERBATAS

 Obat keras yang diberi batas takaran dan kemasan

 Digunakan untuk pengobatan ringan yang dikenali oleh penderita
 Tanpa resep dokter
 Tanda lingkaran 
 Tanda Peringatan  dasar hitam dan tulisan putih
 P1 awas obat keras, baca aturan pemakaiannya
P1
 P2 awas obat keras, hy untuk kumur, jangan ditelan
P2
 P3 awas obat keras, Hanya untuk bagian luar badan
P3
 P4 awas obat keras, hanya untuk dibakar
P4
 P5 awas obat keras, tidak boleh ditelan
P5
 P6 awas obat keras, obat wasir, jangan ditelan
P6
 OBAT BEBAS
 Dapat dibeli tanpa resep dokter
 Tanda lingkaran 
 Aman
 Cara pemakaian mudah
How Do We Study
Pharmacology?
 General Concepts
Drug Dose
Administration

Disintegration
Pharmaceutical of Drug

Pharmacokinetics Absorption/distribution
metabolism/excretion

Pharmacodynamics Drug/Receptor
Interaction

Pharmacotherapeutics Drug Effect

or Response
How are Drugs
Administered?
 Routes of Drug Delivery
Parenteral Inhaled
(IV)
Oral

Transdermal

Parenteral
Topical (SC, IM)

Rectal
We Will Discus More Within PK-
PK-
PD of The Drugs ...