Wireless Pers Commun (2018) 98:3021–3033

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-5014-5

A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator

Antenna (RDRA) for 4G LTE Applications

Sadiq Batcha Abdul Rahim1 • Ching Kwang Lee1 • Anyong Qing2 •

Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin3

Published online: 31 October 2017

 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017

Abstract A triple band hybrid rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) in place of
multiple antennas to cover different bands of 4G long term evaluation (LTE) application is
presented. An integrated approach using the combination of radiating slot and higher order
mode techniques is employed to increase the number of resonances of a single RDRA.
Multiple radiating modes are implemented to achieve three resonance bands 1.8, 2.6 and
3.4 GHz. The triple resonances are created simultaneously due to resonant modes of
x x
radiating rectangular ring slot feed coupled together with TE111 and TE131 modes of
RDRA. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the triple resonances characteristics
and to obtain optimal design parameters. The obtained optimized design is fabricated and
validated experimentally. Impedance bandwidth (|S11| \ - 6 dB) of 70% is achieved,
fulfilling the broad coverage of LTE-time division duplex bands of (33–43). The measured
return loss and radiation pattern are in good agreement with the simulated results.

Keywords Rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA)  Higher

order mode  Triple-band antenna  LTE application  Merging technique

& Sadiq Batcha Abdul Rahim

sadiqza@yahoo.com
Ching Kwang Lee
cklee@mmu.edu.my
Anyong Qing
qinganyong@gmail.com
Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin
haizal@utm.edu.my
1
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
2
School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
Chengdu, China
3
Wireless Communication Centre, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

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3022 S. B. Abdul Rahim et al.

1 Introduction

Multi-frequency band antennas are required to operate modern wireless communication

devices. The upcoming 4G long term evaluation (LTE) application is utilizing various
frequency bands ranging from 400 MHz to 4 GHz. The favorable LTE features include
improved operational performance such as high data rates, spectral efficiency, network
latency and VoIP capacity [1]. In order to aid deployment challenges of LTE paired multi-
spectrum allocation, a single compact multi-band antenna having relatively wider band-
width (20–200 MHz) is required.
Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) become popular due to their appealing features
such as high radiation efficiency, simple feed, low profile, and excitation of several modes
with similar radiation patterns [2]. Three basic shapes of DRs, namely, cylindrical, rect-
angular, and hemispherical are available. However, the hemispherical and cylindrical
shape DR are seldom used in practice due to their limited dimensional freedom and the
presence of degenerated resonant modes which may increase the undesirable cross-po-
larisation level. In contrast, a rectangular shape DR offers more flexibility for the selection
of independent set of aspect ratios (width/height and depth/height), along with absence of
degeneracy modes [3]. Many techniques such as creating a notch in DR to generate
multiple modes [4–6], employing multi-segment structures [7] and using multi-resonator as
in hybrid DRA [8, 9] were proposed for multiband or wideband operation of RDRA, some
of them dealing with triple band [10, 11]. However, their structures are generally complex,
large in size, and unable to meet the specific LTE multi-frequency requirements. Hitherto,
only a few single band DRAs have been reported [12, 13] for LTE applications.
A compact, multi-band DRAs can be designed by using resonant modes of slot-fed
DRA or higher order modes of a single dielectric resonator. In [14–16] a radiating slot feed
coupled with DRA provides multiple resonances and resulted adjacent bands are merged in
achieving an optimum bandwidth. Similarly, multimode operation can be achieved by
combining the close resonance bands of the fundamental modes and higher order modes
with similar radiation properties to design dual band [17] or wideband DRA [18]. In
addition, the structure of these designs is simple which can be fabricated by the use of
printed technology without requiring additional layers [19]. Merging the resonance bands
of different modes of RDRA adopted in both approaches are fascinating and worth con-
sidering for multi-band/wideband designs [20]. However, the obtained resonant bands from
these DRAs are not adequate to be used for LTE application. A novel single element
rectangular DRA which has the capability of multiple bands operation which can be used
for LTE application is proposed here.
In our work, a triple-band hybrid RDRA resonating at 1.8, 2.6 and 3.4 GHz of LTE
TDD bands (33–43) is designed. A new multiple resonance technique is developed by
integrating both the hybrid radiating slot and higher order mode approaches. The first
resonance at the lower frequency is excited from the slot and higher order modes of DRA
provide additional dual resonances at higher frequencies. As a result, the triple resonance
frequencies are achieved and merging adjacent bands also improved the bandwidth. The
return loss, electric field distribution, current distributions and radiation characteristics are
simulated using ANSYS HFSS software. The simulation and parametric studies are con-
ducted to demonstrate the effects of aspect ratio on excited modes and their field distri-
butions. The experimental return loss and radiation patterns are validated with simulation.
The significance of the proposed RDRA is a simple design compared to the other reported

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3023

triple band DRA, reduced volume and broadside identical radiation pattern from all the
three modes.

2 Antenna Design Approach

The configuration of the proposed triple band rectangular DRA is depicted in Fig. 1. A
rectangular DR of dimensions a, b with height d placed on dielectric substrate is coupled to
a rectangular ring slot etched in the ground plane of a microstrip feed line. The slot is
created to provide a magnetic current in a direction parallel to its length which excites the
resonant modes in DR. In addition, a microstrip line is printed beneath the FR-4 substrate
which form a stub for impedance matching.
The two resonant structures, namely, slot and dual mode RDRA are designed to exhibit
triple resonances. From the first order approximation [21], the resonances of slot and DRA
are designed independently. This approach is inadequate since in reality, the coupled
resonances are sensitive to slight variation in dimensional parameters, thus disturbing
impedance matching [22]. Hence, it is necessary to consider many other parameters such as

Fig. 1 Configuration of the slot fed rectangular DRA a 3D view and b aerial view

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3024 S. B. Abdul Rahim et al.

slot dimension, the relative position of slot, DRA and microstrip parameters concurrently
since they are dependent on each other. Here novel approach to address this issues by
designing the higher order DRA initially (2.6 and 3.4 GHz) and followed by the radiating
slot (1.8 GHz) is proposed.

2.1 Resonant Modes of the DR for 2.6 and 3.4 GHz

x
The general formula for computing the resonance frequency of TEdmn mode of rectangular
dielectric resonator (DR) from the DWM model found in [3] is given below. The equations
from the general formula given in [23] are used to compute the dual frequencies f1
ðm ¼ 1; n ¼ 1Þ and f2 ðm ¼ 3; n ¼ 1Þ for TE111 and TE131 modes respectively.
c qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
fr ¼ pffiffiffiffi kx2 þ ky2 þ kz2 ð1Þ
2p er
where
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
kx ¼ er k02  ky2  kz2 ð2Þ

2p 2pfr mp np
k0 ¼ ¼ ; ky ¼ ; kz ¼ ð3Þ
k0 c b 2d
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
  2
2 1 1 k0
a ¼ tan 1 1 ð4Þ
kx er kx

where c is the speed of light in free space, k is the free space wavenumber, kx , ky and kz are
the wave numbers in the x; y and z direction respectively.
With reference to Fig. 1a, if b [ a [ 2 d, and by altering the aspect ratio of DRA, the
x x x
fundamental mode is TE111 and the nearer higher order modes TE121 and TE131 will be
x
generated. However, the even mode (TE121 ) in the z direction is vanished when the DRA is
x x
placed on the ground plane [24]. Subsequently, only TE111 and TE131 remained and their
respective resonant frequencies at 2.6 and 3.4 GHz, can be computed by solving Eqs. (1)–
(4).

2.2 Resonance of the Radiating Slot for 1.8 GHz

The design uses a rectangular ring slot slot in order to keep its size smaller than the DR.
This provides a compact design where the slot lies under the DR. The geometry of rect-
angular ring slot is shown in Fig. 1b. Along with DRA, the slot is served as a radiator and
acts as impedance matching element as well. The slot length is taken in terms of ko which
is closely related to the guided wavelength, kg [15]:

kg ¼ k0 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
eeff ð5Þ

where k0 is the free-space wavelength. The effective dielectric constant seen by the slot is
[25]

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3025

Htotal
eff ¼ d
ð6Þ
þ etr
ed

where Htotal is the total height of DRA structure, d is the height of DR, t is the thickness of
substrate and d and er are the dielectric constant of DR and FR4 substrate respectively.

3 Simulation and Parametric Analysis

The proposed multimode RDRA is simulated using the dimensional parameters a, b and d
computed as per Eqs. (1)–(4). The obtained dimensions of the rectangular DR to resonate
at 2.6 and 3.4 GHz are a ¼ 31:6 mm, b ¼ 41:8 mm and d ¼ 12:4 mm with ed ¼ 10. The
DR is mounted on a ground plane of a FR-4 substrate having dielectric constant of er ¼ 4:4
and a size of 70 9 50 9 1.6 mm3 .
At 1.8 GHz, ko is approximately 166 mm. The effective dielectric constant estimated
from Eq. (6) is eeff ¼ 8:75. The resulted guided wavelength kg approximately 56 mm is
obtained from Eq. (5). The initial dimensions of slot are estimated using simulation and the
slot perimeter is adjusted to 46 mm to achieve the desired frequency. This suggests that
slot resonance is approximately equivalent to 0.82 kg . The slot resonance length is not well
defined since the effective dielectric constant seen by the slot is not exactly known and
moreover it requires studying the tuning of the slot length in order to determine its reso-
nance length [26].
The rectangular ring with Ls1 ¼ 14 mm, Ls2 ¼ 9 mm and width Ws ¼ 2:6 mm yield a
perimeter [L = 2 (Ls1 ? Ls2)] of 46 mm. The 50 X microstrip line is designed with
length Lf ¼ 45 mm, width Wf ¼ 1 mm and s ¼ 2:5 mm.
The simulated return loss shown in Fig. 2 demonstrates the triple resonance behavior
and merging of adjacent bands to achieve the optimum bandwidth. As a result of the
x x
resonant modes of slot and fundamental TE111 mode and higher order TE131 mode of DRA,
three resonance frequencies fslot = 1.8 GHz, f1 = 2.6 GHz and f2 = 3.4 GHz are suc-
cessfully created. A parametric study is performed and the dimension of DR from various

Fig. 2 Simulated return loss

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3026 S. B. Abdul Rahim et al.

aspect ratio, slot circumference and height of DR are carefully chosen to achieve the
desired resonances and optimum bandwidth.

3.1 Slot Resonance

The simulated return losses for various slot perimeters with respect to frequencies are
shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that the two upper resonances remain at their fixed fre-
quencies while the lower resonance is shifted with respect to changes in slot perimeters.
This demonstrates that the lower frequency resonance is excited by the slot. However,
variation in the slot width has insignificant effect on lower resonance frequency. Although,
the lower resonance is 1.8 GHz, a slight shift towards 1.9 GHz is maintained by adjusting
the slot position at the center of an offset and altering the slot length to cover maximum
nearer LTE bands.

3.2 Resonances of TEx111 and TEx131 Modes

x x
The effect on resonant frequencies of TE111 and TE131 modes due to different aspect ratios
ðb=d Þ and ðb=aÞ are shown in Fig. 4a, b respectively. When the b=d ratio increases, the two
upper DR resonances become closer and lower slot resonance remains unchanged. Same
observation is noted for increasing b=a ratio. These changes affirm that the upper reso-
nances are due to DR.
Similarly, the effect of d on return losses with respect to frequency is depicted in Fig. 5.
When d is increases from 10.4 to 14.4 mm with an incremental step of 1 mm, the reso-
x x
nance frequencies of both TE111 and TE131 modes are shifted marginally. But, there is no
significant shift in slot resonance. A fairly smaller value of d is chosen to be 12.4 mm to
achieve a dual band operation.
x x
The electric field distribution of TE111 at 2.55 GHz and TE131 at 3.48 GHz are simulated
x
from ANSYS HFSS as shown in Fig. 6. For the E-field distribution of the TE111 mode, a
half wave cycle of the E-field can be observed in Fig. 6a. The side walls of the DR can be
modeled as a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) and the grounded wall can be modeled as
a perfect electric conductor (PEC). Because of these boundary conditions, the E-field lines

Fig. 3 Simulated return loss for slot perimeter variation

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3027

Fig. 4 Simulated return loss a Effect of b/a ratio and b effect of b/d ratio

Fig. 5 Simulated return loss for different DR heights

x x
Fig. 6 Simulated electric field distribution inside DR a TE111 mode 2.55 GHz and b TE131 mode 3.48 GHz

are tangential to the walls of the DR other than the grounded one, where they are normal.
Also, maximum radiation is obtained in the broadside direction because of the strong
x
electric field in the center of the DR. Similarly result is observed for the TE131 mode, as
shown in Fig. 6b. Evidently, the two excited modes in the middle band at 2.55 GHz and

123
3028 S. B. Abdul Rahim et al.

upper band at 3.48 GHz, are confirmed by their E-field variation at the center of the
x x x
resonator. TE121 mode which has a resonance frequency between TE111 and TE131 modes

vanishes at h ¼ 90 due to null Eh radiation.

4 Experimental Results and Discussions

The fabricated RDRA is depicted as shown in Fig. 7. The DR is manufactured from

Eccostock HIK-10 dielectric material of er ¼ 10 and loss tangent, tan d ¼ 0.002. The DR is
fixed with a substrate made of FR-4 material using Araldite non-conductive epoxy
adhesive.

4.1 Merging Multi Resonances

The S parameters of the fabricated prototype DRA are measured using vector network
analyzer (VNA). The simulated and measured S11 return losses are plotted in Fig. 8 for
comparison. It can be observed that the three resonances occurred at 1.96, 2.55 and
3.48 GHz. The lower band from 1.80 to 2.23 GHz (21.9%), the middle band from 2.23 to
2.86 GHz (24.6%) and upper band from 3.22 to 4.04 GHz (23.3%) are merged and an
increased overall (|S11| \ - 6 dB) impedance bandwidth (around 70%) are obtained
which can provide a broad coverage of LTE TDD bands (33–43).
The current distributions generated using simulation from ANSYS HFSS are studied.
The current distributions at three resonant frequencies, 1.96, 2.55 and 3.48 GHz are plotted
as shown in Fig. 9. Figure 9a shows a strong current is flowing around the inductive slot,
confirming that the first resonance at 1.96 GHz is solely dependent on slot. In this case, the
coupling of energy to the DR is very weak as shown by the sparse current vector distri-
bution in the figure. Figure 9b, c shows the current distribution at 2.55 and 3.48 GHz,
respectively. In both these figures, a strong coupling of energy from the slot to the DR can
be seen as confirmed by the dense current vector distributions in the DR. The finding
confirms the other two resonances at 2.55 and 3.48 GHz, are due to the DR. The above
results guarantee the use of radiating mode of slot and higher order modes of DR for triple
resonances.

Fig. 7 Prototype of the RDRA a aerial view, b substrate with slot and c microstripline

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3029

Fig. 8 Simulated and measured return loss for proposed DRA

Fig. 9 Simulated current distribution at a 1.96 GHz, b 2.55 GHz and c 3.48 GHz

4.2 Radiation Pattern

The measured and simulated radiation patterns in the E- and H-planes for all the three
RDRA resonances are compared as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 respectively. The broadside
and symmetrical radiation patterns are observed at all the three frequencies. The three
radiation patterns of E- and H-planes are similar and fairly symmetrical with a maximum
in the broadside direction at all three frequencies. There is a slight difference in lower
resonance radiation because the slot usually radiates in back direction. The identical
radiation patterns of both the slot and the fundamental and higher order modes of RDRA
radiate like horizontal magnetic dipoles.

123
3030 S. B. Abdul Rahim et al.

Fig. 10 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the E plane for all three frequencies

Fig. 11 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the H plane for all three frequencies

Table 1 Comparison of antenna parameters for different resonant modes

Parameters Resonant modes
x x
Slot resonance DRA resonance TE111 mode DRA resonance TE131 mode

Frequency Predicted 1.8 GHz Predicted 2.6 GHz Predicted NA

Simulated 1.96 GHz Simulated 2.55 GHz Simulated 3.48 GHZ
Measured 1.97 GHz Measured 2.63 GHz Measured 3.83 GHz
Bandwidth (- 6 dB) Simulated 430 MHz Simulated 629 MHz Simulated 816 MHz
Measured 534 MHz Measured 753 MHz Measured 761 MHz

The simulated and experimental results are compared and tabulated in Table 1, good
agreement are obtained. In addition, the achieved bandwidth of 70% from the fabricated
RDRA at the three resonance bands fulfill the bandwidth requirements all the LTE TDD
bands (33–43).

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3031

5 Conclusions

A hybrid RDRA operating on multiple modes has been designed, fabricated and validated.
The three resonances occurred at 1.8, 2.6 and 3.4 GHz as a result of slot and low-order
x x
TE111 mode and higher order TE131 mode. By merging these close resonant bands, the
impedance bandwidth (|S11| \ - 6 dB) is increased to 70% which is sufficient for LTE
paired multi-spectrum allocation. Moreover, a broadside and identical radiation pattern
which is desirable for multiband application are obtained in all the three resonant fre-
quencies. This compact RDRA meets the bandwidth requirement of the targeted 4G LTE
TDD bands (33–43). It could be used indoor base stations and portable wireless devices.

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Mr. Lo Yew Chiong, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia
University, Cyberjaya for the facilitating and assisting in conducting the experiments. The authors also wish
to thank Ministry of Education (MOE) (under FRGS Grant: 4F733) for sponsoring the samples of dielectric
resonator material used in this experiments.

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Sadiq Batcha Abdul Rahim received the B.Eng. degree from the
Madurai Kamraj University, Trichy, India and the M.Eng. degree from
the Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India. He is currently pursuing
his Ph.D. at the Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. His
research interests include Dielectric Resonator Antennas and Wireless
Communication. Presently, he is working as a lecturer in the Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Linton University College, Malaysia. He
has published five international journal and conference papers. He is a
Chartered Engineer and member of the Institution of Engineering and
Technology (IET) and Electrical and Institute of Electronics Engineers
(IEEE).

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A Triple-Band Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna… 3033

Dr. Ching Kwang Lee received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Kent at Canterbury, U.K., in 1982 and 1987, respec-
tively. He began his career as a Research Fellow in microwave
antennas - frequency-selective surfaces at University of Kent from
1988 to 1990, and joined Electro-Optic Group, Division of Radio
physics, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization,
Australia as a Research Scientist where he was responsible for near-
field range research from 1990 to 1991. Building on his research
experience, he began his career in academia as a faculty member of the
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Techno-
logical University, Singapore between from 1991 to 2010. Most
recently, he is a Assoc. Professor with the Faculty of Engineering,
Multimedia University, Malaysia since October 2010, with an addi-
tional portfolio as Director of Graduate Institute of Engineering since
March 2014. His research interests include frequency-selective sur-
faces, optimization algorithm, antenna analysis, mess networking,
optical networking and software-defined network. He is an accomplished researcher, having published more
than 80 journal and conference papers. He is also the co-author of the book titled ‘‘Differential Evolution in
EM’’ published in 2010. A Chartered Engineer from Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) since
1990 and elected as Fellow of IET UK in June 2017. He is also a senior member of Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Dr. Anyong Qing received the B.Eng. from Tsinghua University in

1993, the M.Eng. from Communication University of China (former
Beijing Broadcasting Institute) in 1995, and Ph. D from Southwest
Jiaotong University in 1997. Currently, he is a Professor of Electrical
Engineering at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China. He was a lecturer and postdoctoral fellow at the Shanghai
University from 1997 to 1998, a research fellow at Nanyang Tech-
nological University, Singapore from 1998 to 2000, a member of
scientific staff at University of Kassel, Germany from 2000 to 2001.
He joined Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore in
2001 as a research scientist and was promoted as a senior research
scientist in view of his prominent achievements in 2010. Dr. Qing has
been involved in various areas of research in electromagnetics and
evolutionary computation. He has been pioneering and leading in
solving electromagnetic problems using evolutionary algorithms. He
has authored two books, 4 book chapters, 74 peer reviewed journal
papers, and 40 conference presentations. He served as editor for book series, Differential Evolution for
Scientists and Engineers for Bentham Science Publishers. He is an editorial board member and guest editor
for the International Journal of Communication networks and Information Security.

Dr. Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin received the Bachelor’s degree and

Master degree in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia in 2003 and 2006, respectively. He
received the Doctoral degree in Signal Processing and Telecommu-
nications from the Universite de Rennes 1, France in 2009. His
research interest include microwave communication systems and
specific antennas such as dielectric resonator; reflect array and
dielectric dome antennas. He joined Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in
2003 as a Tutor at the Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty
of Electrical Engineering. Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer at
the Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineer-
ing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He has published 33 peer reviewed
journal papers, and 41 international conference papers.

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