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Chapter 4 Outline
• Introduction
Categories of Microorganisms
• Microbes can be divided into those that are truly cellular
(bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and fungi) and those
that are acellular (viruses, viroids, and prions).
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• Cellular microbes (microorganisms) can be divided into
those that are procaryotic (bacteria and archaea) and
those that are eucaryotic (algae, protozoa, and fungi).
• Viruses, viroids and prions are often referred to as
acellular microbes or infectious particles.
Acellular Microbes
• Viruses
– Complete virus particles are called virions.
– Most viruses are from 10 to 300 nm in
diameter.
– Viruses infect humans, animals, plants, fungi,
protozoa, algae and bacterial cells.
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
– Some viruses, called oncogenic viruses or
oncoviruses, cause specific types of cancer.
– A typical virion consists of a genome of either
DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid (protein
coat) which is composed of protein units called
capsomeres.
– Some viruses (enveloped viruses) have an
outer envelope composed of lipids and
polysaccharides.
20
facets,
filled with
DNA
Borrelia hermsii in a
stained blood smear;
a cause of relapsing
fever.
Spores
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Epithelial cells
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Domain Bacteria
Colony Morphology
• A bacterial colony contains millions of organisms.
Domain Bacteria
Nutritional Requirements
Domain Bacteria
Biochemical and Metabolic Activities
Domain Bacteria
Pathogenicity
Domain Bacteria
Genetic Composition
Unique Bacteria
• Rickettsias, chlamydias, and mycoplasmas are bacteria,
but they do not possess all the attributes of typical
bacterial cells.
• Rickettsias and chlamydias have a Gram-negative type
of cell wall and are obligate intracellular pathogens (i.e.,