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1. Introduction
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/ 1MT -Advanced standards, 5G planning aims at higher
capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-
device1 uEtra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development afso aims at iower
latency than 4G equipment and iower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things,
Based on the ongoing technical work, the 5G NR standard will consider standalone and non-standalone
operation of NR cells, In non-standalone operation NR cell will uses LTE cell as the control plane anchor while
in standalone operation NR cell will have full control plane functionality. Target use cases include Enhanced
Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Mission-Critical Services (MCS) and Massive Connected Device with ultra-reliable,
low-latency communications in frequencies both above and below 6 GHz.
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# New RAN: A Radio Access Network which car supports either NR/E-UTRA or both and have
capabilities to interlace with Next Generation Core Network (NG-CN). NG-C/U is the Control/User
Plane interface toward NG-CN
# gNB: New Radio (NR) Base stations which shall have capability to interface with 5G Core named as
NG-CN over NG-C/U (NG2/NG3) interface as well as 4G Core known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
over S1-C/U interface.
* eLTE eNB: An eLTE eNB is evolved eNodeBthat can support connectivity to EPC as well as NG-CN
# Non-standalone NR : It is a 5G Network depioyment configuration, where a gNB needs a LTE eNodeB
as an anchor for control plane connectivity to 4G EPC or eLTE eNB as anchor for control plane
connectivity to NG-CN
# Standalone NR: Jt is a 5G Network deployment configuration where gNB does not need any
assistance for connectivity to core Network, it can connect by its own to NG-CN over NG2 and NG3
interfaces
* Non-standalone E-UTR A: It is a 5G Network deployment configuration where the eLTE eNB requires
a gNB as anchor for control plane connectivity to NG-CN.
* Standalone E-UTRA: It is typical 4G network deployment where a 4G LTE eNB connects to EPC
* Xn interface: It is a logical interface which interconnect the New RAN nodes i.e. it interconnects gNB
to gNB and eLTE eNB to gNB and vice versa.
Consider above NR supports can have subcarrier spacing of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 KHz depending on the
value Here is known as the NR numerology constant.
Subcarrier spacing is a trade-off between symbol duration and cyclic prefix overhear. When SCS is lower
symbol duration is larger and to avoid Enter symbol interference (ISI) small CP should be enough, while larger
SCS result shorter symbol duration and it large CP to handle inter symbol interference.
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* 1 NR Radio Frame = 10 ms
1 NR Subframe = 1 ms
10 ms
Frame FRAME
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Subframe SuBframo 0 SLtrrama 1
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A Af —
2n *15 KHz No. ol OFDM No. of Slot No. of Subframe No. of Slots
Symbols per Slot per Subframe per Frame per Frame
0 15 KHz 14 1 10 10
1 30 KHz 14 2 10 20
2 80 KHz -Normal CP 14 4 10 40
2 80 KHz Extended CP 12 4 10 40
3 120 KHz 14 8 10 80
4 240 KHz 14 16 10 160
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Symbol 4
*• 1 ms = 1 subframe = 2 slot = 2B symbols
012 13
1 ms
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Slot 1 ms = l Subframe s 4 slot
Symbol 11 1
1 ms = 1 subframe - 4 slot ■ 56 symbols
012 13
1 ms
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* •• 8 1 ms = lSu bfrarne = 16 slot
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Symbol t
*• I 1 ms = 1 subframe = 16 slot = 224 symbols
012 13
* Numerology =0, A/ = 15 KHz: One Resource Block is 180 KHz (15 x 12) in frequency domain and
1ms in time domain, Normal CP
* Numerology p =1, Af = 30 KHz: One Resource Block is 360 KHz (30 x 1 2) KHz in frequency domain
and 0.5ms in time domain, Normal CP
* Numerology n =2, Af = 60 KHz: One Resource Block is 720 KHz (60 x 1 2) KHz in frequency domain
and 0.25ms in time domain ,Normal CP
* Numerology =3, Af = 120 KHz: One Resource Block is 1440 KHz (120 x 12) KHz in frequency
domain and 0.125ms in time domain, Normal CP
* Numerology =4, Af = 240 KHz: One Resource Block is 2B80 KHz (240 x 12) KHz in frequency
domain and 0.0625ms in time domain, Normal CP
Each numerology has defined minimum and maximum number of resource block and having knowledge of
one resource block bandwidth, one can calculate minimum and maximum channel bandwidth.
Table below shows the same calculation for minimum and maximum channel bandwidth considering lower
band and higher band. The bandwidths shown here include the guard band bandwidth also.
li A/ — Zji *1 5 KHz Min RBs Max RBs Min. Channel BW (MHz) Max Channel BW (MHz)
0 15 KHz 24 275 4.32 49.5
1 30 KHz 24 275 8.64 99
2 60 KHz 24 275 17.28 198
3 120 KHz 24 275 34.56 396
4 240 KHz 24 138 69.12 397.44
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4.6 Maximum Number of Resource Block after Guard band
3GPP 38.101 has specified maximum transmission bandwidth configuration for each UE channel and
subcarrier spacing provided in below table. The resource block number shown here are after removing guard
band from channel bandwidth and maximum bandwidth considered is 100 MHz
Transmission
ai | Bandwidth | RB]| I
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Guardband, can be asymmetric
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16-QAM 4 o l oo 11 000 111
64-QAM 6
QPSK 16 QAM WQAM
256-QAM 8 * 2 bits/Eymbot ♦ 4 biti/symbol »6 bits/symbol
One QPSK symbol can carry 2 bits, one 1 6-QAM symbol can carry 4 bits, one 64-QAM single can carry 6 bits
and one 256-QAM symbol can carry 8 bits.
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Data Rate (in Mbps)= I0“h ■
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Where in
is NR numerology
J
is the average OFDM symbol duration in a subframe For numerology . i.e,
10_1
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=
14 -2M assuming the normal cyclic prefix.
J V
PRB is the maximum R8 allocation in bandwidth BW0) with numerology
BWiJ] is the UE supported maximum bandwidth in the given band or band combination.
142" 142
f‘k& = 273 Max number of resource block with =1 and j =1
OH'J) = 0.14 & 0.08 Consider band is designated in FR1 frequency range
Assumption: In following snapshots1 we are considering J as 1,2, 4 and 8 which indicates number of
aggregate carrier components. In each case we assume the every carrier component has same number of
Resource block and use same P across all carrier components, E,g, in case of J=4, all four carrier component
use same number of resource blocks and same >u ,
J=2 v(fl
J"..
= 4 and
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j=8 v'-1
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=3
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we discussed about 5G New Radio also known as NR. NR is developed as part of IMT -2020 and
its specification has been start as part of 3GPP release 15 onwards. New Radio is targeted to support major
three service segment namely ultra-high speed internet (eMBB), ultra reliable and low latency communication
(URLCC) and internet of thing (MIoT).
To support Enhance Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC) and
Massive loT (MIoT) using single technology, NR requires a scalable and flexible physical layer design. To
enable all these, 3GPP has introduced a set of parameters to define such as subcarrier spacing, Symbol
tength, cyclic prefix, Transmission Time Interval (TTJ). A numerology is defined as a fixed configuration for
these set of parameters.
Based on numerology, we have calculated the maximum throughput capabilities. The maximum throughput
depends on no. of aggregate carrier components, no. of transmission layer layers, Modulation, numerology,
no. of resource block, scaling and overhead data.
As per our calculation the maximum throughput can be achieved in numerology 1 when 8 carrier
components are aggregated and each carrier component transmission is of 4 layer transmission with
100MHz as channel bandwidth and UE is able to decode highest MCS QAM-256.
7. References
1. 3GPP TS 38. 101 -1 : MNR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 1: Range 1
Standalone".
2. 3GPPTS 38.101-2: "NR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 2: Range 2
Standalone".
3. 3GPP TS 38.101-3: "NR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 3: Range 1 and
Range 2 Interworking operation with other radios".
4. 3GPP TS 38.133: NNR Requirements for support of radio resource management".
5. 3GPP TS 38.201 : NNR; Physical Layer - General Description
6. 3GPP TS 38.211 : NNR Physical channels and modulation"
7. 3GPP TS 38.212: "NR; Multiplexing and channel coding"
8. 3GPP TS38.3QQ: "NR; NR and NG-RAN Overall Description; Stage 2b
9. Nomor White Paper
10. 5 G America White Paper
8. Authors
1 Disclaimer:
Authors state that this whitepaper has been compiled meticulously and to the
best of their knowledge as of the date of publication. The information
contained herein the white paper is for information purposes only and is
intended only to transfer knowledge about the respective topic and not to earn
any kind of profit
Every effort has been made to ensure the information in this paper is
accurate. Authors does not accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever
for any error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present,
however it may have occurred