MC 40: The effect of changes in concentration and temperature on chemical equilibria

KOWLOON TONG SCHOOL

(SECONDARY SECTION)
CHEMISTRY

Name: ( )

1 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)

CS2(g) + 4H2(g)
Which of the following actions can cause the position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A ​Adding CH (g)
4

:
B ​Adding CS (g)
2

C ​Removing H S(g)
2

D ​Removing CH (g) 4

2 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)

2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Which of the following actions will cause the position of equilibrium to shift to the left?
A ​Adding ZnO(s)
B ​Adding SO (g)
2

C ​Removing SO (g) 2

D ​Removing ZnO(s)
3 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g)
Which of the following graphs represents what happens when some HI(g) is added at time t
and a new state of equilibrium is established?

4 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

CH4(g) + H2O(g)

CO(g) + 3H2(g)
Which of the following, when added to the system above, would result in a decrease in
[CO(g)] relative to the previous equilibrium?
A ​CH (g)
4

:
B ​CO(g)
C ​H (g)
2

D ​H O(g)
2

​
5 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO(g) + H2O(g)

CO2(g) + H2(g)
Some CO2(g) is injected into the system while the volume and the temperature of the
mixture are both kept constant. Which of the combinations is correct?
Shift of position Change of [CO2(g)] relative to
of equilibrium previous equilibrium
A To the left increases
B To the left decreases
C To the right increases
D To the right decreases
Directions: ​Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following information.
The diagram below shows a gas syringe containing a pale brown mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g)
at equilibrium at room temperature:
N2O4(g)

2NO2(g)

pale yellow ​dark brown

Some NO2(g) is added to the gas syringe at time t while the volume and the temperature of the
mixture are both kept constant.

6 ​What would be observed?

A ​The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.

:
B ​The mixture first lightens, and then becomes colourless.
C ​The mixture gradually gets darker.
D ​ he mixture gradually becomes colourless. ​
T

7 ​Which of the following graphs represents how the concentration of N2O4(g) in the mixture
varies until a new state of equilibrium is established?
8 ​At high temperatures, nitrogen is oxidized by oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide in a
reversible reaction as shown in the equation below.
N2(g) + O2(g)

2NO(g)
O
ΔH = +180 kJ
N2(g), O2(g) and NO(g) were mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium. The
concentrations of the gases were then measured at various times and the results plotted. At
time t, some N2(g) was added and a new state of equilibrium was established.
Which of the following graphs represents the changes in the concentrations of N2(g) and
NO(g) in the reaction mixture?

A ​

0
B ​

C ​
D ​

​
9 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
2– +
2CrO4 (aq)+2H (aq)
2–
Cr2O7 (aq) + H2O(l)
A little dilute sulphuric acid is added to the above equilibrium system at time t.
2–
Which of the following graphs correctly represents how the concentration of CrO4 (aq) ions
2–
and Cr2O7 (aq) ions in the mixture varies until a new state of equilibrium is established?

O
A ​

B ​

C ​
D ​
​

Directions: ​Questions 10 and 11 refer to the following information.

At a particular temperature, the equilibrium system
C3H8O(g)

C3H6O(g) + H2(g)
–3 –3 –3
contained 0.0450 mol dm C3H8O(g), 0.0300 mol dm C3H6O(g) and 0.0150 mol dm H2(g).
10 ​What is the equilibrium constant, K , for the reaction?
c

A ​1.00 x 10 –2
mol dm
–3

:
B ​2.25 x 10 –2 –3
mol dm
C ​4.44 x 10 –2
mol dm
–3

D ​9.00 x 10 –2
mol dm
–3

11 ​The concentration of H (g) was suddenly increased to 0.200 mol dm

2
–3
. The volume and
–3
the temperature were kept constant. Which of the following concentrations (in mol dm ) are
correct when a new state of equilibrium was established?
[C3H8O(g)][C3H6O(g)][H2(g)]
A 0.0190 0.00400 0.226
B 0.0190 0.0560 0.174
C 0.0710 0.00400 0.174
D 0.0710 0.0560 0.226

12 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

N2H4(g) + 2O2(g)

2NO(g) + 2H2O(g)
Some O2(g) is injected into the system while the volume and the temperature of the mixture are
both kept constant.
Which of the following concentrations will increase relative to the previous equilibrium when a
new state of equilibrium is established?
(1) ​[N H (g)]
2 4

(2) ​[NO(g)]
 (3) ​[H O(g)]
2

A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
O
D ​(2) and (3) only

13 ​The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
O
CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ
Equal amounts of CH4(g) and H2O(g) are placed in a reaction vessel and allowed to react.
After 10 minutes, equilibrium has been reached. At that time, some H2(g) is added to the
mixture and a new state of equilibrium is established at the 20th minute.
Which of the following statements concerning the system are correct?
(1) ​The new equilibrium concentration of CH4(g) increases relative to the previous
equilibrium.
(2) ​The new equilibrium concentration of H2(g) decreases relative to the previous
equilibrium.
(3) ​The temperature of the system increases between the 10th and the 20th minute.
A ​(1) and (2) only
​(1) and (3) only

:
B
C ​(2) and (3) only
D ​(1), (2) and (3) ​

14 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

2NF2(g)

N2F4(g)
How will the rates of the forward and backward reactions change when the volume of the
reaction vessel is decreased?
Rate of forward reaction Rate of backward reaction
A Increases increases
B Increases decreases
C Decreases increases
D Decreases decreases

Directions: ​Questions 15 and 16 refer to the following information.

At room temperature, N2O4(g) and NO2(g) exist in equilibrium as follows:
N2O4(g)
 2NO2(g)

pale yellow ​dark brown

A gas syringe is filled with a pale brown mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) at equilibrium.

15 ​What would be observed when the plunger is drawn back rapidly from position P to Q at
time t?
A ​The mixture first lightens, and then becomes colourless.

:
B ​The mixture first darkens, and then becomes colourless.
C ​The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
D ​The mixture first lightens, and then darkens.

16 ​Which of the following graphs represents how the concentration of NO2(g) in the mixture
varies until a new state of equilibrium is established?

​
17 ​The reaction between phosphorus and hydrogen can result in the formation of phosphine
(PH3) as shown:
2P(s) + 3H2(g)

2PH3(g)
The graph shows the change in concentration of hydrogen for this reaction in which the
system was disturbed after four hours.
 Which of the following could explain the change in the concentration of H2(g) at time = 4
hours?
A ​The volume of the reaction vessel was decreased.

:
B ​A catalyst was added.
C ​The pressure on the reaction mixture was decreased.
D ​ ore phosphorus was added. ​
M

18 ​For which of the following equilibrium systems does a decrease in the volume of the
container cause a decrease in product(s) at constant temperature?
A ​CaCO (s) 3

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

B ​2SO (g) + O (g)

2 2

2SO3(g)

C ​HCl(g) + H O(l)2

–
H3O+(aq) + Cl (aq)

D ​SO (g) + NO (g)

2 2

SO3(g) + NO(g) ​

19 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

N2O4(g)

2NO2(g)
O
ΔH = +57.6 kJ
Shifting the position of equilibrium to the left is accompanied by
A ​an increase in the volume of the system.
O
B ​a gradual darkering of the colour of the system.
C ​an absorption of heat by the system from the surroundings.
D ​an increase in the average relative molecular mass of the gas molecules in the system.
20 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)

4HCl(g) + O2(g)
Which of the following statements is / are correct when the pressure of the system is
increased?
(1) ​The position of equilibrium shifts to the righ.
(2) ​The rate of the backward reaction is greater than that of the forward reaction.
(3) ​The value of K c
decreases.

:
A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only

​
21 ​For which of the following equilibrium systems will the amounts of reactants increase
with an increase in the container volume?
(1) ​N H (g) + 2O (g)
2 4 2

2NO(g) + 2H2O(g)

(2) ​C H (g) + H O(g)

2 4 2

C2H5OH(g)

(3) ​CO(g) + Cl (g)

2

COCl2(g)

A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only

22 ​The temperature of an equilibrium system with an exothermic reaction is increased by 10

o
C. The value of Kc
A ​doubles.
B ​increases.
C ​decreases.
O
D ​remains constant.

Directions: ​Questions 23 and 24 refer to the following information.

When carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen, a dynamic equilibrium is established.
CO(g) + 2H2(g)

CH3OH(g) ΔH < 0
Some H2(g) is introduced into the equilibrium mixture at time t1, while the volume and the
temperature are both kept constant.
23 ​Which of the following graphs represents how the concentration of CH3OH(g) in the
mixture varies until a new state of equilibrium is established?

24 :
​The temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased at time t2. Which of the following
graphs represents how the concentration of CH3OH(g) in the mixture varies until a new state
of equilibrium is established?

25 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

CaCO3(s)
 CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH > 0
Which of the following graphs represents the change in the concentration of CO2(g) as

O
temperature is decreased at time t?

26 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

3+ –
Fe (aq) + SCN (aq)
2+
[Fe(SCN)] (aq)
yellow-brown colourless ​ ​deep red
In an experiment, a student places the above equilibrium system into a cold water bath and
notes that the intensity of the red colour increases.
Which of the following combinations concerning the forward reaction is correct?
Sign of ΔH Value of Kc
A + increases

:
B + decreases
C – increases
D – decreases

27 ​Consider the following graph which relates to this equilibrium system:

N2O4(g)

2NO2(g)

Heat is applied to the system at time t. Which of the following combinations is correct?
Forward reaction is Value of Kc
A exothermic increases
B exothermic decreases
 C endothermic increases
D endothermic decreases

28 ​Consider the following reaction:

CH4(g) + H2O(g)

CO(g) + 3H2(g)
–3 o
The values of the equilibrium constant for the reaction are 1.78 x 10 at 800 C and 4.68 x
–2 o
10 at 1 000 C.
Which of the following combinations concerning the forward reaction is correct?
Product yield as
Sign of ΔH temperature increases
A + increases

:O
B + decreases
C – increases
D – decreases

​
29 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)
Ni(CO)4(l)
ΔH = –161 kJ
Which of the following actions will cause the position of equilibrium to shift to the left?
A ​Adding some CO(g)
B ​Decreasing the volume
C ​Removing some Ni(CO) (l)4

D ​Increasing the temperature

Directions: ​Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following equilibrium system:

N2(g) + O2(g)

2NO(g) ΔH > 0
30 ​Which of the following actions will NOT cause the position of equilibrium to shift?
A ​Decreasing the concentration of N (g) 2

B ​Increasing the concentration of O (g)

2

C ​Decreasing the volume of the container

D ​Increasing the temperature
31 ​Which of the following graphs shows the rate of the backward reaction when the volume
of the equilibrium system is decreased at time t?

:
32

A
B
​Consider the following graph which relates to this equilibrium system:
H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g) ΔH > 0

Which of the following actions at time t would cause the concentration changes shown
above?
​Addition of H (g)
​Removal of I (g)
2
2
C ​Decrease in temperature
D I​ ncrease in volume ​

Directions: ​Questions 33 and 34 refer to the following information.

Consider the following graph which relates to this equilibrium system:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)

2SO3(g) ΔH < 0

​
33 ​Which of the following actions at the 10th minute would cause the concentration changes
shown above?
A ​Adding a catalyst
B ​Adding O (g)
2

:O
C ​Decreasing the pressure
D ​Increasing the temperature

34 ​Which of the following statements concerning the system is correct?

A ​X represents SO (g) in the system.
2

B ​Y represents SO (g) in the system.

3

C ​The temperature of the system increases between the 10th and the 20th minute.
D ​The temperature of the system decreases between the 10th and the 20th minute.

​
35 ​For which of the following systems will the position of equilibrium shift to the right upon
an increase in pressure, but to the left upon an increase in temperature?
A ​N (g) + O (g)
2 2
 2NO(g) ΔH > 0
B ​CH OH(g)3

HCHO(g) + H2(g) ΔH > 0

C ​CH COOC H (l) + H O(l)

3 2 5 2

CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) ΔH < 0

D ​C H (g) + H O(g)
2 4 2

C2H5OH(g) ΔH < 0

36 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following actions will increase the amount of HI(g) in the equilibrium
mixture?
(1) ​Increasing the pressure
(2) ​Decreasing the temperature
(3) ​Adding H (g) 2

A ​(1) and (2) only

B ​(1) and (3) only
0
C (​ 2) and (3) only
D ​(1), (2) and (3) ​

37 ​ onsider the following graph which relates to this equilibrium system:

C
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

PCl5(g) ΔH < 0
 Which of the following actions at time t would cause the concentration changes shown
above?
(1) ​Adding a catalyst
(2) ​Increasing the temperature
(3) ​Decreasing the volume of the container

:
A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only ​

38 ​Consider the following graph which relates to this equilibrium system:

H2O(g) + C(s)

H2(g) + CO(g)
ΔH = +131 kJ

Which of the following actions at time t would cause the concentration change of H2(g)
shown above?
(1) ​Adding some C(s)
(2) ​Increasing the temperature
(3) ​Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume of the container
A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only ​

39 ​Consider the following equilibrium system in a closed reaction vessel.

 C6H12O6(s)

2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
O
ΔH = –72 kJ
Which of the following actions can cause an increase in the value of Kc?
(1) ​Adding some CO (g) 2

(2) ​Decreasing the temperature

(3) ​Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel

:
A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only

​
40 ​For which of the following system will the equilibrium position shift to the left upon an
increase in pressure and a decrease in temperature?
(1) ​CO(g) + 2H (g) 2

CH3OH(g) ΔH < 0

(2) ​N O (g)
2 4

2NO2(g) ΔH > 0

(3) ​CH (g) + H O(g)

4 2

CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH > 0

A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only
D ​(2) and (3) only
41 ​Styrene is manufactured as follows:
C6H5CH2CH3(g)

C6H5CHCH2(g) + H2(g) ΔH > 0

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​styrene ​
Which of the following describes the temperature and pressure needed for the maximum
yield of styrene?
Temperature Pressure
A Low low
B Low high
O C High low
D High high

42 ​ICl(l) + Cl (g)2

ICl3(s) ΔH = –106 kJ
Which of the following combinations will cause the greatest increase in the proportion of
solid in the equilibrium system?
Temperature Pressure
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases increases

:
C Increases decreases
D Increases increases

​
43 ​The graph shows how the yield of ammonia changes with temperature at two different
pressures.

Which of the following conditions would produce the highest percentage yield of ammonia?
A ​200 o
C and 1 000 atmospheres
B ​600 o
C and 300 atmospheres
C ​200 o
C and 300 atmospheres
D ​400 o
C and 1 000 atmospheres ​
44 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)

2NH3(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the effect of temperature and pressure on the
percentage of NH3(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
:
​
45

A
B
C
D

​
​The standard enthalpy of formation,
–1
ΔHӨ f, of O3(g) is +142 kJ mol . In which of the following will both the changes shown
increase the amount of O2(g) in an equilibrium mixture containing only O2(g) and O3(g)?
​Increasing the temperature and increasing the pressure
​Increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure
​Decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure
​Decreasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure
46 ​The graph below shows the effect of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium yield of
the product in a gaseous equilibrium system.

Which of the following reactions would have the relationship between the yield, temperature
and pressure shown in the graph?
A ​CO(g) + H O(g)
2

CO2(g) + H2(g) ΔH < 0

B ​N F (g)
2 4

2NF2(g) ΔH > 0

C ​CO(g) + 2H (g) 2

CH3OH(g) ΔH < 0

:
D ​N (g) + 2O (g)
2 2

2NO2(g) ΔH > 0

Directions: ​Questions 47 – 49 refer to the following information.

Ethanol is manufactured by catalytic hydration of ethene:
CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g)

CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH < 0
47 ​Which of the following combinations describes the effect of increasing the pressure of the
system?
Yield of product Reaction rate
A Decreases increases
B Decreases decreases
C Increases increases
D Increases decreases

48 ​Which of the following combinations describes the effect of increasing the temperature of
the system?
Yield of product Reaction rate
A Decreases increases
B Decreases decreases
O
C
D
Increases
Increases
increases
decreases

49 ​Which of the following combinations describes the effect of removing the catalyst from
the system?
Yield of product Reaction rate
A Decreases decreases

:
B No change decreases
C No change no change
D Decreases no change

50 ​Which of the following combinations applies to the use of a catalyst in a chemical

reaction?
Position of equilibrium Value of ΔH
A Shifts to the right decreases
B No change increases
C Shifts to the left no change
D Decreases no change

51 ​The following reaction reaches equilibrium in a closed reaction vessel.

2SO2(g) + O2(g)

2SO3(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the rate of the backward reaction when a catalyst is

D
added to the equilibrium system at time t?

52 ​The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
O
CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ
Some methane and steam are placed in a closed container and allowed to react at a fixed
 temperature. The following graph shows the change in [H2(g)] as the reaction proceeds.

The experiment is repeated in the pressure of a catalyst. Which of the following dotted curve
shows how the change in [H2(g)] compares with that in the previous experiment?

:
53

A
B
C
D

54
​When carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water, the following equilibrium occurs.

+
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
–
H (aq) + HCO3 (aq)
If this solution is heated, carbon dioxide gas escapes.
Which of the following occurs when this solution is heated?
​The pH increases.
​The pH remains constant.
​The hydrogen carbonate concentration increases.
​The hydrogen carbonate concentration remains constant.

​Consider the following equilibrium system at 1 000

2CO(g) + O2(g)
o
C:

2CO2(g) ΔH = –566 kJ
Which of the following changes will result in a larger concentration of CO2(g)?
(1) ​Decreasing the volume
(2) ​Increasing the temperature
(3) ​Adding a catalyst
A ​(1) only
B ​(2) only
C ​(1) and (3) only

:
D ​(2) and (3) only

55 ​Consider the following equilibrium system:

CO2(g)

CO2(aq) ΔH < 0
Which of the following will cause more CO2(g) to dissolve in water?
(1) ​Increasing the volume
(2) ​Decreasing the temperature
(3) ​Adding more CO (g)
2

A ​(1) and (2) only

B ​(1) and (3) only
C ​(2) and (3) only
D ​(1), (2) and (3) ​

14