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March 18, 2014 Stress shift and stress preservation
• stress shift
Does morphology make a mess of – the derived word has a different main stress from the base
word
English primary and secondary
• stress preservation
stress? – primary stress in the base is preserved as secondary stress
in the derivative
Sabine Arndt‐Lappe
– the derived word has the same main stress as its base
HHU Düsseldorf
Stress preservation 1:
stress shift secondary stress in the derivative
• (main) stress not shifted • main stress of the base is preserved as secondary stress in the derivative
– propagánda ~ propagándaless
– radiátion ~ radiátionless • more specifically:
– bases beginning with a weak syllable
– mánager ~ mánagerless
(Plag 2003) • in cases of no preservation: secondary stress in the derivative is on the
initial syllable (assumption: default secondary stress is word‐initial)
• (main) stress shifted
– párent ~ paréntal orìginálity
– compúte ~ computátion
oríginal
– Japán ~ Japanése
– pártial ~ partiálity (Bauer et al. 2013)
òriginálity
(Kiparsky 1979, Hammond 1989, Halle &
Kenstowicz 1991, Pater 2000)
Stress preservation 2: main stress in Phonology‐morphology interaction:
the derivative Theories
stress‐preserving derivational processes • stratification
– Lexical Phonology, Stratal OT
propagánda ~ propagándaless (Kiparsky 1982a, b, Giegerich 1999, Bermúdez‐Otero & McMahon 2006,
Bermúdez‐Otero 2012)
radiátion ~ radiátionless
mánager ~ mánagerless • lexical marking of (exceptional) stress
– Correspondence Theory
(Plag 1999, Pater 2000, Zamma 2012)
• stress is lexicon‐based
– ... in usage‐based theories
– so far: no systematic work on English complex work
– cf. Domahs et al. 2013 for English monomorphemes
Problem: variability Problem: variability
• Evidence is so far often anecdotal.
Affecting main stress in the derivative:
a. failure of stress preservation to apply in stress‐preserving processes • Most of the existing literature has a theoretical focus.
dócument ~ documéntable (Burzio 1995) • Very few systematic empirical studies of the variation
ánecdote ~ anecdótist – main stress in derived words: Zamma 2012, but not explored
tríumph ~ triúmphant systematically
– secondary stress in derived words: Collie 2008a, b
b. failure of stress shift to apply in stress‐shifting processes
díscipline ~ dísciplinary, *discíplinary
• Empirical problem: Variation surfaces only in rare words
antícipate ~ antícipatory, *anticípatory – long words (Bauer et al. 2013 for main stress, Collie 2008a, b for sec.
stress)
Affecting secondary stress in the derivative: – small numbers of data
c. failure of stress preservation to apply – => variation is often overlooked
oríginal ~ orìginálity, òriginálity
• => Scope and determinants of the variability are largely
unclear.
Variability and theories Secondary stress variability: Collie 2008
• stratification in Lexical Phonology, Stratal OT
– classic theories: no productive variability predicted • Stress preservation is variable
‐ differences in behaviour & productivity between Class 1 and
Class 2 processes predicted
(Kiparsky 1982a, b, Giegerich 1999, Bermúdez‐Otero &
– authórity ~ authòritárian, àuthoritárian
McMahon 2006, Bermúdez‐Otero 2012)
• lexical marking of stress
– Correspondence Theory – decónsecrate ~ dèconsecrátion,
– no predictions about variability
accéptable ~ accèptabílity
(Pater 2000, Burzio 2007, Zamma 2012)
• stratification and input marking
– fake cyclicity (Bermúdez‐Otero & McMahon 2006, Bermúdez‐Otero 2012, Collie 2008a, b)
– variability is predicted to occur on stratum 1
Secondary stress variability: Collie 2008 Main stress variability: Zamma 2012
• Stress preservation is • Main stress placement is variable
„a gradient phenomenon, which is probabilistically
predicted by word frequency“ (Collie 2008: 505) – Class 1 and Class 2 processes do not form
homogeneous sets
– preservation is violated in ~ 30% of the data
– Indications of some variation within processes,
– significant predictors: base frequency, derivative
frequency, relative frequency (Hay 2002, 2003) but scope and nature are unclear
• interpretation:
– whole word vs. decomposition route
– high (relative) base frequency favours decomposition
– decomposition involves access to prosodified bases
Case studies: two adjective‐forming
Case Study 1: ‐able (‐ible)
suffixes
‐able ‐ory
• mostly considered to be • mostly considered to be
stress‐preserving stress‐shifting
• highly productive • productive
• of Latinate origin • of Latinate origin
• mostly attaches to verbal
• mostly attaches to verbal bases
bases – some nominal bases (e.g.
– some nominal bases (e.g. statutory)
knowledgeable) – bound bases (stem allomorphs,
– some bound bases (stem e.g. introductory)
truncation of –at: e.g. – extender, non‐etymological –
educable) at: e.g. definatory
(e.g. Bauer et al. 2013: 288ff., Liberman & Prince 1977)
(length of bases ≥ 3 syllables)
20
20
15
15
• 19th and 20th century neologisms
10
10
– only few pronunciation variants given
5
• 104 different types
0
coded for syllable weight and stress, yielding antepen pen fin antepen, fin antepen pen fin
• 112 different weight‐stress configurations
Final stress is more widespread among derivatives than among
bases.
Overview: Stress in the base and the derivative,
OED data Stress preservation? CELEX
Stress is preserved in 41 of 50 tokens, and not preserved in 9 tokens (= 18%).
Stress in the base; N = 112 Stress in the derivative, counted WITHOUT the suffix; N = 112
40
60
stress shift alternative form preserving basal stress
certifíable ‐
50
classifíable clássifiable
30
justifíable jústifiable
40
notifíable nótifiable
20
30
verifíable vérifiable
recognízable récognizable
20
reconcílable (2x) réconcilable (2x)
10
10
disréputable ‐
0
Final stress is more widespread among derivatives than among
bases.
Stress preservation? OED
Stress preservation by basal stress
Stress is preserved in 87 of 112 tokens, and not preserved in 25 tokens (= 22%).
Stress preservation by basal stress, CELEX data (N = 50) Stress preservation by basal stress, OED data (N = 112)
stress shift to the final syllable: 22 of 25 tokens antepen pen fin preantepen antepen pen fin
canonízable
poeticízable
no_pres
no_pres
verbalízable
isolátable
accomodátable
preservation?
preservation?
cultivátable
alkalifíable
yes_pres
exemplifíable
yes_pres
oriéntable
phagocýtable
... stress in the base stress in the base
stress shift to the penult: 3 tokens
autómatable, acclímatable, expéditable
=> stress shift mostly concerns bases with antepenultimate stress
Determinants of stress shift – weight of the
Stress preservation vs. stress shift base‐final syllable
Stress in the -able derivative by weight of the final syllable, OED data (N = 112)
• non‐preservation: robustly ~ 1/5 of the data
H L
preantepen
• mostly stress shifts from the antepenult to the
antepen
• shift takes place only if the final syllable is
heavy
pen
fin
If the base‐final syllable is light, stress is mostly penultimate.
If the base‐final syllable is heavy, there is a substantial proportion of final stress and
antepenultimate stress.
Determinants of stress shift – a segmental
effect of the base‐final rime? Case study 2: ‐ory
• most frequent heavy rimes in the OED data
– [aɪz]/[aɪt]/[aɪ]: 47x
proportion of stress shift: 11x (23.4%)
– [eɪt]/[eɪv]/[eɪ]: 20x
proportion of stress shift: 8x (40%)
‐ [ens]/[ent]: 5x
proportion of stress shift: 1x
• open question: Do all rimes behave the same?
or extenders (or both)?
stress in the derivative, counted WITHOUT the suffix; N = 79
20
30
• stem truncation assumption: bases are exclusively nouns
25
15
ending in –ion
20
– CELEX, inter alia
10
15
10
– exceptions: e.g. adulatory (base: adulate)
5
• extenders assumption: bases are mostly verbs, ‐at is an added
0
antepen pen fin
element (terminology in Bauer et al. 2013: ‚extender‘)
antepen pen fin
Weak Retraction? Stress preservation?
predictions of the Weak Retraction rule: Stress by weight of the final syllable, N = 79
H L
• Stress is preserved in 47 of the 79 items
If the final syllable is heavy, stress must be
final.
(59.5%)
antepen
This is only a tendency here! Unexplained:
antepenultimate stress
pen
stress
• If the final syllable is heavy, stress is final
or antepenult (anticipátory ~
fin
antícipatory, satisfáctory,
circumlocútory)
• If the final syllable is light, stress cannot
be final (*inhibítory) weight of the final syllable
The Weak Retraction rule is violated by 34.18% of the data
stress in the base by stress in the derivative, N = 79 Is stress from the non-nominal base preserved in the derivative?, N = 79
no_pres
antepen
stress in the derivative
stress preservation?
pen
yes_pres
fin
Summary of the case studies
Stress shift vs. stress preservation
• ‐able: There is stress shift in stress‐preserving
• non‐shift: ~ 1/3 of the data processes
• mostly stress shifts from the antepenult to the • ‐ory: There is stress preservation in stress‐shifting
processes
final syllable
• Both processes show the same effects, but to
different degrees
– antepenultimate stress is avoided
– most stress shifts: antepenultimate stress in the base
becomes final stress in the derivative
– final stress is constrained by syllable weight
– Those stress shifts that are discussed in the literature turn
out to be extremely rare (of the cómparable ~ compárable
type)
Variability Variability – theoretical implications
• Collie (2008): There is systematic variability in secondary • Retraction and preservation are commonly viewed as
stress assignment in derived words. processes that are independent of each other
• this study: There is systematic variability in main stress – This does not seem to be the case: Shifts to the antepenult are
frequent, shifts to the penult are rare (potential explanation:
assignment in derived adjectives ending in preservation of rhythmic structure)
–able and –ory.
• Both main stress and secondary stress variability is an • ‐able and –ory are commonly viewed to show different
interaction of two types of effect: morphophonological behaviour
– stress preservation – The difference is a gradual one
– phonological wellformedness
• Stress preservation effects seem to be much more
• These factors are gradient, not categorical. systematic than is often assumed
• Alternative stress patterns arise especially where stress shifts – not restricted to stratum 2 suffixes
still guarantee the survival of the rhythmic structure of the – systematically constrained: by phonological properties of bases
base (antepenultimate – final stress)
Variability – lots of questions
• Further testing of extent and scope of stress variability is
needed.
Thank you very much for your
attention!
• What determines speakers‘ choices between alternative
stressing possibilities?
– frequency effects? (parallel to Collie‘s study of secondary stress)
– effects of stress patterns in the lexicon / segmental effects?
• Weight effects: Do all heavy final syllables behave alike or is For comments and questions please don‘t hesitate to contact me:
there an effect of the segmental makeup of that syllable?
sabine.arndt‐lappe@uni‐duesseldorf.de
• What is the prosodic role of stem truncation (‐able) and
extenders (–ory)?
– Both lead, in effect, to penultimate stress
References
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