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“PRIMARY ENERGY”
*Energy content of original resource
➢Coal
➢Natural gas
➢Petroleum
➢Hydro
➢Wind
➢Solar

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Coal was formed millions

of years ago...

before the dinosaurs

lived!

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Energy in coal:
➢ Lignite – 13 million Btu per ton
➢ Subbituminous – 18 million Btu per ton
➢ Bituminous – 24 million Btu per ton
➢ Anthricite – 23 million Btu per ton

But… Coal is DIRTY!!!!!!

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PENGANTAR BATU BARA

*Batubara adalah :
*Batuan sedimen yang berasal dari material organik
(organoclastic sedimentary rock),
*Dapat dibakar
*Kandungan utama berupa C, H, O.

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* Bagaimana cara terjadinya

* Prosesperubahan sisa-sisa tanaman menjadi gambut (peat)
disebut penggambutan (peatification).
* Selanjutnya gambut menjadi batubara yang disebut
pembatubaraan (coalification )

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Coal is a Fossil Fuel

*Coal is called a fossil fuel

because it was made from
plants that were once alive.

*The energy in coal came from

the sun.

Most Coal is Buried Underground.

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So how do we get coal?

We mine it!

* BAHAN GALIAN
• Bahan galian adalah batuan yang terdapat baik di bawah
permukaan maupun yang tersingkap yang dapat ditambang
secara ekonomis
• Bahan galian : - bijih mengandung logam
- mineral industri
- batubara

Genesa (terbentuknya batuan)

Terbentuknya batuan terdiri dari :
• Endapan primer terbentuk karena aktivitas pembekuan
magma
• Endapan sekunder terbentuk akibat proses-proses
kegiatan umumnya dipermukaan bumi

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Coal Mining
1. Surface Mining:
*Typically occurs at depths above 180 ft.
2. Underground Mining
*Typically occurs at depths below 300 ft.
*Accounts for 60% of world coal production
• The coal is shipped by train or barge to its destination.

What is “Coal”
Anthracite
“Hard Coal” or “Black Coal”

Bituminous Coal
“soft coal”

Sub-Bituminous coal

Also “Lignite” or “Brown Coal”

(not pictured)

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4 Main Types of Coal

*Anthracite
*Carbon content between 86 and 98 percent. Heat
value of about 15,000 BTUs/lb.
*Bituminous
*Carbon content between 45 and 86 percent. Heat
value of 10,500 to 15,500 BTUs/lb.
*Subbituminous
*Carbon content between 35 and 45 percent. Heat
value of 8,300 to 13,000 BTUs/lb.
*Lignite
*Carbon content between 25 and 35 percent. Heat
value of 4,000 to 8,300 BTUs/lb.

Coal Properties
• There are a number of properties which are important in
identifying the suitability of a coal for any given
application:
1. Size
Some common size groups, together with their rather
picturesque names.
Size distribution for coals
Name Upper limit (mm) Lower limit (mm)
Large Cobbles >150 75
Cobbles 100-150 50-100
Trebles 63-100 38-63
Doubles 38-63 25-38
Singles 25-38 13-18 18

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2. Calorific value
The ranking of a coal is not necessarily related to its calorific
value.
– Coal fuels generally have a range of values from 21 to 33
MJ/kg (gross).
– The design rating of a coal-fired burner is usually based on an
estimated calorific value of 26 MJ/kg (6,200 kcal/kg).

3. Ash Fusion Temperature

– The melting point of the ash left after combustion of the
coal is of particular importance in terms of the combustion
and ash disposal equipment.
– If the ash fuses it produces a glassy, porous substance known
as clinker (slag).
4. Sulfur Content
Many deep-mined coals have a fairly high sulfur content,
typically around 1.5% by weight.

KUALITAS BATUBARA
• Kualitas suatu batubara dapat ditentukan dengan cara
analisa parameter tertentu baik secara fisik maupun
secara kimia.

Proximate analyses

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Analisis Ultimate
* Analisis ultimate menentukan berbagai macam kandungan
kimia unsur- unsur seperti karbon, hidrogen, oksigen, sulfur,
dll.
* Analisis ultimate berguna untuk:
* Penentuan jumlah udara yang diperlukan untuk pembakaran
* Volume serta komposisi gas pembakaran.
* Informasi ini diperlukan untuk perhitungan suhu nyala dan
perancangan saluran gas buang

Ultimate analyses (% by mass) of some coals

Coal Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur

Anthracite 94.4 2.9 0.9 1.1 0.7
Bituminous 89.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.8

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Produksi bahan bakar cair

dari bahan bakar padat

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