‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

University of Khartoum
B.Sc. of Communication Engineering
4th Year Electrical Engineering

Communications Systems I
EEE 41201

LECTURE 4

MODULATION OF SIGNALS
Moutaman Mirghani
Institute of Space Research and Aerospace (ISRA)

A signal could be modulated by
another signal in order to generate a
3rd signal that contains attributes of
both signals.
Introduction
Modulation is the process whereby an
information signal modifies (modulates)
a sinusoidal carrier.

As a result, the information signal is
carried by the carrier signal.
Sinusoidal signal has smallest spectrum,
hence it requires the smallest channel
bandwidth to be transmitted.
A signal is modulated in order to match
channel of transmission such as copper
cables, fiber glass cables and atmosphere.
In general, modulation enables practical
In
transmission, such as using small antenna
or waveguide, or to multiplex signals and
obtain multiple access.
Modulated information signals are either
analogue or digital.
Digital modulated signals would have better
immunity to interference. However, analogue
modulated signals require less bandwidth.

Information signals modulate sinusoidal carriers

in several ways, such as amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM).

Since it mostly produces signals of different

frequencies, modulation of signals is nonlinear
process. It involves multiplication of signals.

Analogue modulation methods are classified

as envelope and angle modulation.
Envelope Modulation

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Before Modulation After Modulation
 One very popular type of envelope
modulation is amplitude modulation,
in which the carrier is not supressed.
Amplitude It is the modulation used for AM
radio broadcast within the Medium
Modulation Wave (MW) and Short Wave (SW).
The frequency range of MW is about
500~1600 kHz, while that of SW is
within 3~30 MHz (High Frequency).

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 Frequency Bands
Frequency Band Abbreviation Frequency Range Wavelength Range
Very Low Frequency VLF 3–30 kHz 10,000 – 100,000 m
Low Frequency LF 30–300 kHz 1000 – 10,000 m
Medium Frequency MF 300–3,000 kHz 100 – 1000 m
High Frequency HF 3–30 MHz 10 – 100 m
Very High Frequency VHF 30–300 MHz 1 - 10 m
Ultra High Frequency UHF 300–3,000 MHz 0.1 – 1 m
Super High Frequency SHF 3–30 GHz 0.01 – 0.1
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30–300 GHz 0.001 – 0.01

RF = Radio Frequency AF = Audio Frequency IF = Intermediate Frequency

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 AM Signal

Before Modulation After Modulation

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