

Øv`k Aa¨vq
Gregor Johan Mendale

Rx‡ei eskMwZ I weeZ©b

†MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj

'Experiments in Plant Hybridization'

Heredity in a Oraganisms and Evolution

cvV m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 †µv‡gv‡mvg :

DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) RNA

(Ribonucleic Acid)

 DNA : (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)

DNA Watson
Crick DNA Double helix
(A) (G) (C) (T)
(A) (T) (A = T)
(G) (C) (G  C)
 RNA : RNA
RNA
RNA
 wRb : DNA

 eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK :
(Factor)

 cÖKU ˆekó¨ :
 cÖKU wRb :
 cÖ”Qbœ wRb :
 DNA Abywjcb : DNA DNA DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
 DNA †U÷ : DNA
DNA
 A‡Uv‡mvg :
 wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡mvg :
 

 Kvjvi eøvBÛ ev eY©vÜZv :

 _¨vjv‡mwgqv :

 ˆRe weeZ©b :

 WviDB‡bi gZev` :

mxwgZ Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb :

Rxeb msMÖvg :

†hvM¨Z‡gi Rq :
cÖKiY ev Rxe‡`‡n cwieZ©b :

Abykxjbxi enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. BDivwmj †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K DNA
 RNA
M
N
2. RNA †Z _v‡KÑ
i.
ii.
3. DÏxc‡K X Ae¯’vq †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v KqwU _v‡K?
iii.
K L  N
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 4. DÏxc‡Ki A Ges B †Z †Kvb ai‡bi wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡mvg
Ki Li ii Av‡Q?
M ii iii  i, ii iii  X, XY L X, XX M Y, XX N Y, XY

¸iæZ¡cY~ © enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

5. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡Mi KviY †KvbwU? 10. Rx‡ei mKj ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿‡Yi GKK †KvbwU?
  L
L M N
M 11. †nbv †eMg GKwU †Q‡j mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb? wb‡Pi †Kvb
N †µv‡gv‡mvg †Rvov GRb¨ `vqx?
6. †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq Kq ai‡bi †cÖvwUb _v‡K? K XX  XY M YY N YZ
 L M N 12. †KvbwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em cvIqv hvq?
7. DNA–Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? K L
K Double Nucleic Acid  Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid M 
M Dexo Nucleic Acid N Deoxyribo Nitric Acid 13. †KvbwU wcDwib?
8. Kb¨v mšÍvb Rb¥ †`Iqvi Rb¨ g~jZ `vqx †K?  L M N
 L M N 14. gvbe †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg KZwU?
9. Watson I Crick KZ©„K wWGbG Wvej †nwj· g‡Wj Avwe®‹…Z nq K  M N
†Kvb mv‡j? 15. dvwinvi Pzj Zvi gv Gi g‡Zv| Pz‡ji m`„k¨Zvi Rb¨ `vqxÑ
K L M  K  M DNA N RNA
 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
P Q
17. P †Z we`¨gvbÑ
 Double helix L
Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M N
16. P I Q Df‡qiBÑ
i. ii.
iii.

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

M  DNA
33. †µv‡gv‡mvg j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e wef³ n‡q Kx MVb K‡i?
K L
 N
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
34. DNA †nwj‡·i GKwU c~Y© N~Y©‡bi g‡a¨ KZwU wbDwK¬IUvBW _v‡K?
18. wcZvgvZvi ˆewk󨸇jv eskvbyµ‡g mšÍvb-mšÍwZi †`‡n mÂvwiZ K  M N
nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j? 35. DNA AYy‡Z cvk¦©eZx© `ywU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi `~iZ¡ KZ?
 L
K 
A  
A M 
A N 
A
M N
36. RNA †Z cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW m~‡Îi msL¨v KqwU?
19. RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq wRb I eskMwZaviv Av‡jvwPZ nq?
 L M N
K  M N
20. eskMwZi ˆewk‡ó¨i aviK I evnK †KvbwU? 37. GKB cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ ˆewPΨ †`Lv hvq wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Rb¨?
K L  N
K L
M 
38. eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK †K?
K L
21. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
K L RNA  DNA N M 

22. DNA, RNA I †cÖvwUb Øviv MwVZ †KvbwU? 39. †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj Kx Rb¨ weL¨vZ?
 L M N K

23. Rxe‡Kv‡li †Kvb A½vYyi g‡a¨ eskMwZi evnK _v‡K? 

K 
M N
24. DNA wK‡mi ivmvqwbK MVb?
K L
 N
25. †µv‡gv‡mvg me©cÖ_g †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
 Strasburger L Robert Delvin
M Baylim N Sturling
26. GKwU †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
 L
M N
27. GKwU †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖ¯’ KZ?
K 
M N
28. wWGbG Kqm~Î wewkó cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW?
K  M N
29. wWGbG Gi AvK…wZ wKiƒc?
K L
 N
30. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¯’vqx ivmvqwbK c`v_© †KvbwU?
 DNA L RNA M N
31. DNA †nwj‡·i cÖwZwU c~Y© N~Y©b KZ ˆ`N©¨wewkó?
M
N
40. cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡mv‡g KqwU †µvgvwUW †`Lv hvq?
K L  N
41. †µv‡gv‡mvg †Kv_vq we¯Í„Z _v‡K?
 L
M N
42. †Kvb m~Î `ywU DNA-†Z wecixZfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i?
K L
 N
43. TMV fvBivm Gi eskMwZi e¯‘ †KvbwU?
K DNA  RNA M N
44. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †h ¯’v‡b wRb Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K Kx ejv nq?
K L
M 
45. gvZv-wcZv n‡Z cÖ_g eska‡i Rx‡ei †h ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K
Kx e‡j?
 L
M N
46. GKwU DNA AYy Avi GKwU bZzb DNA AYy ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K Kx
ejv nq?
 L

K

A L

A 

A N

A M N

32. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †Kvb Dcv`vb‡K wRb ejv nq? 47. wWGbG †U‡÷i weÁvbwfwËK e¨envwiK c×wZ‡K ejv nq Kx?
K L
K RNA L
M 
 
48. 1 gvBµb = KZ wgwg? K  M N
67. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ïay RNA-†Z cvIqv hvq?
K 
K  M N
68. _vBwgb Kx?
M N
K 
49. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi eskMZ ˆewkó¨ wba©viYKvix Dcv`vb n‡jv †KvbwU? M N
K  69. DNA-†Z ¸qvwbb Kvi wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i?
M N K L M 
50. DNA AYyi GKwU cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK n‡jv †KvbwU?
K L M 
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
51. GwWwbb †Kvb ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ H eÛ Øviv hy³ _v‡K? 70. mšÍvb-mšÍwZi eskMwZaviv wba©vwiZ nq-
 L M N i.
52. †Kvb ÿviKwU wWGbG‡Z _v‡K bv? ii. DNA RNA
K L  N iii.
53. DNA AYy‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em, dm‡dU I kK©iv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†KvbwU? i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
K 
71. GKwU wbDwK¬IUvB‡W _v‡K-
M N
i.
54. ¸qvwbb †Kvb ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ H eÛ Øviv hy³ _v‡K? ii.
K L M 
iii.
55. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †em¸‡jv KZ ai‡bi nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 L M N Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii
56. wcZvgvZvi ˆewkó¨vewj Zv‡`i mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡Z mÂvwiZ nq 72. DNA Gi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em¸‡jv n‡jv-
wK‡mi gva¨‡g? i. ATCG
K L RNA  DNA N ii. AUGC
iii. GCAT
57. DNA-Gi mv‡_ _v‡K cuvP Kve©bhy³ wWAw· ivB‡evR kK©iv Avi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
RNA Gi mv‡_ _v‡K †KvbwU?
Ki ii L ii iii Mi iii  i, ii iii
 L
73. gvZv-wcZvi ˆewkó¨‡K cieZx© eska‡i enb K‡i wb‡q hvq-
M N
i.
58. wR‡bi wWAw· kK©iv, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em I A‰Re dm‡dU GK‡Î ii.
MVb K‡i †KvbwU? iii.
K  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M N Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
59. DNA AYyi Double helix KvVv‡gv Avwe®‹…Z nq KZ mv‡j? 74. wcDwib ÿvi-
K L i.
 N ii.
60. DNA AYywjcb cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j? iii.
K L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 N i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
61. ¸qvwbb I mvB‡Uvwm‡bi gv‡S KqwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv hy³ _v‡K? 75. cvBwiwWb ÿviK-
K L  N i.
62. DNA AYyi Wej †nwj‡·i e¨vm me©Î KZ? ii.
    iii.
K A L A  A N A
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
63. †KvbwU‡Z DNA Abycw¯’Z?
i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
K  TMV
M N Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
64. Rx‡ei wØZxq eska‡i KZ Ask cÖ”Qbœ ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq?
wb‡Pi wPÎ †_‡K 76-78 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K L
 N
65. DNA-i `ywU Zš¿x nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ w`‡q hy³ _v‡K Kvi Øviv?
K L
 N
66. †Kvb †emwU DNA-†Z Abycw¯’Z?
 
86. ïµvYy Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K †KvbwU m„wó nq?
K 2n L 3n n N 4n

A 87. GK esk †_‡K cieZx© es‡k ˆewk‡ó¨i evnK †KvbwU?

C  L M N
88. gvby‡li wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi UvBc n‡jv †KvbwU?
 XX − XY L XX − XO M ZW − XY N XO − XY
89. cyiæl gvby‡li wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡mvg †KvbwU?
76. wP‡Îi C AskwU Kx? K XX  XY M XO N YY
K 
90. †Kv‡bv `¤úwZi cyÎmšÍvb Rb¥v‡e hw` wbwl³ wW¤^vYywU nq−
M N
K 2A XX L 2A XXY M 2A XYY  2A XY
77. wP‡Îi A AskwU Kx?
91. gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v KZ?
K 
K  M N
M N
92. GKwU eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei Rxeb ïiæ nq †KvbwU †_‡K?
78. wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi C kK©ivwU hy³ _v‡K-
K L  N
i.
ii.
93. gvby‡li Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v KZ †Rvov?
K L  N
iii.
94. gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡l KZ †Rvov A‡Uv‡mvg _v‡K?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K  M N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 79 I 80 bs cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI : 95. wb‡Pi †Kvb cyiæl Rbb †KvlwU †_‡K cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i?
TMV (Tobacco
K 22 + X  22 + Y M 23 + X N 23 + Y
Mosaic Virus) 96. gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î mšÍvbwU cyyiæl n‡e bv ¯¿x wj‡½i n‡e wba©vwiZ nq
79. DwjøwLZ fvBiv‡mi eskMwZ e¯‘ †KvbwU? Kvi Øviv?
 RNA L DNA M XX N XY K L
80. TMV Gi eskMwZ e¯‘‡Z-  N
i. A = T 97.
ii. G  C
iii. A = U
AX AY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii AX B C

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 81 I 82 bs cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI : AX D E

Dc‡ii Q‡K cyiæl Ges ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki Rbb †Kv‡li wgjb †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kb¨v mšÍvb n‡e?
K B, E L D, C M C, E  B, D
98. Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl 2n n‡j RvB‡MvU †Kvl †Kvb ai‡bi n‡e?
Kn  2n M 3n N 4n
99. cyiæ‡li 1wU cwiYZ ïµvYy‡Z †Kvb †m· †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K?
X Y L X M Y N XY

81. wP‡Îi e¯‘‡Z wecixZfv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki †Kvb m~ÎwU? 100. gvbe‡`‡n bvix I cyiæ‡li †Kv‡l GKB cÖKvi †µv‡gv‡mvg Kq
†Rvov we`¨gvb?
K L
K  M N
 N
101. †KvbwU wW¤^vYyi †m· †µv‡gv‡mvg?
82. wP‡Îi `ywU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi `~iZ¡ KZ? X LY M XY N YY
    102. †KvbwU Kb¨vmšÍv‡bi †µv‡gv‡mvg web¨vm?
K A  A M A N A K XY  XX M YY N XYY
103. gvby‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡mvg KqwU?
K  M N
104. D”P †kªwYi Rx‡ei †`n‡Kvl †Kvb ai‡bi?
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K 4n L 3n  2n Nn

83. †Kv‡li n msL¨K †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K Kx e‡j?
K L M 
84. †Kv‡li 2n msL¨K †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K Kx e‡j?
K L  N
85. Rx‡ei †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v aªæeK _v‡K †Kvb ai‡bi †Kvl wefvR‡bi
d‡j?
K L
 N
105. mvaviY Kvjvi eøvB‡Ûi AbycvZ †KvbwU?
 L
M N
106. eY©vÜZvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU `vqx?
K L
 N
107. i³RwbZ mgm¨v e‡j we‡ewPZ †KvbwU?
K 
M N
 
108. gvby‡li _¨vjv‡mwgqv nq i‡³ †Kvb `ywU †cÖvwUb Drcv`bKvix wRb
b‡ói Kvi‡Y †KvbwU?
K  L 
  N 
109. _¨vjv‡mwgqvi jÿY †KvbwU?
K 
M N R¡ 122. wP‡Î wcZv A_ev gvZvi †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v Kxiƒc?
110. mvaviYZ eskMZ †ivM †KvbwU? K  M N

K  M N 123. A Ges Q-†Z †Kvb ai‡bi wj½ wba©viY †µv‡gv‡mvg _vK‡e?

111. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivM Kq ai‡bi nq? K X − XX L X − XX  Y − XX N Y − XY
 L M N
112. f‚ga¨mvMixq GjvKvq †Kvb †iv‡M AvµvšÍ †ivMxi msL¨v †ewk?
K 
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
M N
113. _¨vjv‡mwgqvq AvµvšÍ †ivMx‡`i †Kvb LwbR jeY mg„× dj LvIqv 124. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev‡`i cÖeZ©K †K?
wb‡la?  L
K L  N M N
114. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †gRi †ivMx‡`i g„Zz¨i SzuwK _v‡K KZ †_‡K KZ 125. ÒThe Origin of SpeciesÓ bvgK MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
eq‡mi g‡a¨? K L  N
K L 126. WviDB‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPbev‡`i g~jwfwË †KvbwU?
 N K
115. eY©vÜ gvbyl c„_K Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †Kvb is? L
K  M
M N 
116. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †me‡b GKRb e¨w³ Kvjvi eøvB‡Û AvµvšÍ n‡Z 127. AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖv‡gi mwVK aviv †KvbwU?
cv‡i? K
 L 

M N M
N
117. †Zvgvi †ev‡bi †`n‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg †Kvb †Rvov?
K AAXY L AX  AAXX N AY
128. weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wK‡mi D™¢e N‡U?
118. †Zvgvi †`n‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mvg †Kvb †Rvov? K L  N

 AAXY L AX M AAXX N AY 129. weeZ©b RxeweÁv‡bi Kx ai‡bi kvLv?

K L  N
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 130. wjD‡Kwgqv †iv‡M †Kvb A½wU bó nIqvi SuywK _v‡K?
K L  N
119. †jvwnZ i³‡Kv‡li †cÖvwUb− 131. Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU?
i. -  L M N
ii. - 132. RxeweÁv‡b weeZ©b ev Awfe¨w³i mwVK A_© n‡jv †KvbwU?
iii. - K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L
i ii L ii iii Mi iii N i, ii iii 
120. eY©vÜ gvbyl c„_K Ki‡Z cv‡i bv- N

i. 133. cÖK…wZ‡Z Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvg Ges †hvM¨Z‡gi Rq ZË¡wU Kvi

ii.
gZev`?
K  M N
iii.
134. weeZ©‡bi Ges cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi mgq †KvbwU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? f‚wgKv iv‡L?
Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K L
121. eY©vÜZv− M 
i. 135. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPbev‡`i cÖe³v †K?
ii. K L M 

iii. 136. The Origin of species by means of natural selection KZ mv‡j

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj?
K L  N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
137. Pvj©m WviDB‡bi †jLv eBwUi bvg Kx?
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K Species Plantarum
 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
M Genera Plantarum
wb‡Pi QK wPÎ †`L Ges 122 I 123 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 
N Philosophic Zoologique ii.
138. Pvj©m ievU© WviDBb †Kvb Rvnv‡R P‡o wek¦åg‡Y †ei n‡qwQ‡jb? iii.
K L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M  Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
139. Pvj©m ievU© WviDBb †Kvb mv‡j wek¦ åg‡Y †ei n‡qwQ‡jb?
K  M N Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
140. RbmsL¨v ZË¡ gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib †K? wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co 143 I 144 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K L
 N

enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 143. eY©vÜZvi wRbwUi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?

K 
141. cÖvYxi AvZ¥iÿvq QÙ‡ek- M N
i.
144. gBb I wjRvi eskai‡`i g‡a¨−
ii.
i.
iii.
ii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii.
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
142. AvšÍtcÖRvwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi D`vniY- Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii
i.

wbe©vwPZ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

145. 17A ˆ`N©¨wewkó DNA †nwj‡· KqwU wbDwK¬IUvBU _v‡K? 159. RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq Rx‡ei weeZ©b Ges µgweKvk m¤ú‡K©
 L M N Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq?
146. n¨vcø‡qW †Kv‡l KZwU †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K? K Ecology  Evolution
M Genetics N Palaeontology
K  M N
160. eskMwZi ivmvqwbK wfwË †KvbwU?
147. Avw` †Kv‡li DNA †`L‡Z †Kgb?  DNA L RNA M N
 L M N
161. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z BDivwmj _v‡K?
148. †Kvb is‡qi †ÿ‡Î eY©vÜZv †`Lv hvq? K L  RNA N DNA
 L M N
162. WviDBb †Kvb weÁvbxi RbmsL¨v ZË¡ cvV K‡ib?
149. †Kvb i‡Oi eY©vÜZv‡K me©Rbxb eY©vÜZv e‡j? K 
K L M 
M N
150. RNA Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? 163. DNA i mv‡_ wRb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K?
K A=T L T=A  A=U N A=C
 L M N
151. †g‡Û‡ji M‡elYvjä Dw™¢`wUi bvg Kx?
 L M N 164. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivMx‡`i †Kvb RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y evav cÖ`vb Kiv nq?
152. †Kvb¸‡jv eskMwZ e¯‘? K L  N
 DNA, RNA L 165. †Kvb weÁvbx †KŠwjZ‡Ë¡i m~Îmg~n Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
M N NH3, NO23, 2K4+,SO4 K L
153. DNA †Kvb c×wZ‡Z AYywjwcZ nq?  N
K  166. eZ©gv‡b DNA wd½vi wcÖ›U wbfz©jfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡”Q-
M N K 
154. †KvbwU gvby‡li †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi GK A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vRwbZ M N
†iv‡Mi bvg? 167. wbDwK¬IUvBW n‡”Q-
K  M AIDS N K H
155. wRb I eskMwZi aviv †Kvb kvLvq Av‡jvwPZ nq? L
 Genetics L Cytology M Evolution N Embryology M
156. Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i †KvbwU? 
K L M 
168. cÖKU wRb cÖKvk cvq-
157. †Kvb weÁvbxØq DNA AYyi wØ-m~Îx KvVv‡gvi eY©bv †`b?
K Watson L Crick K L
M Al Nafis  Watson & Crick
158. †Kv‡bv is mwVKfv‡e wPb‡Z bv cviv‡K Kx e‡j?
 N
K  M N
 
169. GKwU DNA m~‡Îi _vqvwgb Aci m~‡Îi GwWwbb Gi mv‡_ KqwU ii.
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e‡Ûi gva¨‡g hy³ nq? iii.
 L M N wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
170. †Kvb _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡Mi Aci bvg Kzwji _¨vjv‡mwgqv? i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
Kα  179. Awf‡hvR‡bi D`vniY n‡jv-
Mγ N i.
171. eZ©gv‡b †Kvb c×wZ‡Z DNA †U÷ Kiv nq? ii.
 PCR L iii.
M PCV N wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
172. g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z c„w_ex‡Z gvbeRvwZi msL¨v e¨vnZ nIqvi KviYÑ i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
i. 180. X I Y †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi AvK…wZ-
ii. i.
iii.
ii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii.
Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
173. †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq Dcw¯’Z †cÖvwUbmg~n n‡jvÑ
Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii
i. 
ii.  181. RNA †Z _v‡K−
iii.  i.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii.
i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii iii.
174. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
B
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 182 I 183 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
A

B
B
A X X X
A B
B

2n
i. C D
ii. A B 182. wP‡Îi 'A' wPwýZ ¯’v‡b †KvbwU n‡e?
iii. KX Y MZ N XY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 183. C‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi †µv‡gv‡mvg _vK‡e?
Ki ii L i iii M ii iii  i, ii iii K XX LY  XY NX

175. Hereditary Material n‡jv- wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K 184 I 185bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i.
ii. DNA
iii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i ii L ii iii Mi iii N i, ii iii
176. cÖ”Qbœ wR‡bi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i.
ii.
iii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 184. wP‡Î Bs‡iwR eY©gvjvi eY©¸‡jv Kx wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q?
Ki ii L ii iii M iii i  i, ii iii K 
177. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi DNA Abym~‡Î wRb¸‡jv †hfv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K- M N
i. 185. wPwÎZ e¯‘wU-
ii.
i.
iii.
ii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii.
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
178. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡Mi d‡j- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
 
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 186 I 187bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 190. DÏxc‡K †Kvb †ivMwU m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q?
K L
M 
186. ivnv‡Zi †Kvb i³KwYKv bó nq? 191. D‡jøwLZ †ivMwU−
K L i. -
 N ii. -
187. _¨vjv‡mwgqvi †ÿ‡Î- iii. -
i.  - wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
iii. 192. dqmvj‡K †jŠn mg„× dj †L‡Z wb‡la Kivi KviY n‡jv GwU−
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i.
Ki L ii iii Mi iii  i, ii iii ii.
wb‡Pi Z_¨wU n‡Z 188 I 189bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : iii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
188. gvby‡li eY©vÜZvi wRbwUi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq? wb‡Pi wPÎwU co 193 I 194 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 
M N
189. gBb I wjRvi eskai‡`i g‡a¨- B
A X X X
i.
ii.
iii. XX
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? C D
Ki ii L ii iii M i, ii iii i iii 193. wP‡Îi ‛A’ wPwýZ ¯’v‡b †KvbwU n‡e?
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co 190 Ñ 192 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K X  Y M Z N XY
194. C-‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi †µv‡gv‡mvg _vK‡e?
K X L Y  XY N XX

G A a¨v‡q i c vV mg wš^Z e nyw b e©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi Ki ii i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
195. DNA AYy wØm~ÎK Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib−
i. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
ii. wb‡Pi wPÎ †_‡K 198 I 199 bs cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI :
iii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki ii i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
196. _¨vjv‡mwgqvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨-
wPÎ : DNA
i.
198. wP‡Îi DNA AYyi G hy³ n‡e Kvi mv‡_?
ii. KX C MY NA
iii. 199. G KqwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv hy³ n‡e?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K L  N

i ii Li iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 200 I 201 bs cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI :
M ii iii N i, ii iii
197. WviDBb ZË¡ Abymv‡i cÖK…wZ Øviv wbe©vwPZ nq-
i. 200. cywjk welqUv Kxfv‡e wb®úwË Ki‡Z cv‡i?
ii. K 
iii. M N
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 201. gwnjvi cÖKZ
… wcZv‡K kbv³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i−
 
i. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
iii.

Abykxjbxi m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

œ 1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk- X X
XX
Y
XY

cÖkœ-2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 

DNA DNA

DNA

 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Variation

Variation

X
X Y
 

mKj †ev‡W©i GmGmwm cixÿvi m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

–
 –
 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ()

 – –

DNA
(DNA)

– –
(DNA)

A byk xj b g ~j K K v‡R i A v‡j v‡K m„R b kxj cÖk œ I D Ëi

œ 4  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk-
 4bs cª‡kœi DËi 
DNA

DNA
 

DNA

DNA DNA

A G
C T

A T
A = T G
C (G
 C

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

œ 5  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk-

PCR

 5bs cª‡kœi DËi  A

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

(X) (Y)
X
XX
A X Y XY
 

X
Y X Y

X Y
X XX
X Y XY

 
A
œ 6  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk-

œ 7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk-

 6bs cª‡kœi DËi  DNA

The Origin of DNA

Species by Means of Natural Selection.

†m· †µv‡gv‡mvg A‡Uv‡mvg

XY
XX  7bs cª‡kœi DËi 
DNA

i. ii. iii.

DNA
 

DNA
DNA DNA

A G
C T DNA
A T DNA
A = T DNA
G C
G  C
DNA

DNA

DNA

N2
DNA 
20A

œ 8  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk-
DNA
DNA
DNA

DNA
DNA RNA

DNA

œ 9  wb‡Pi QKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk-
 8bs cª‡kœi DËi  

ATP NADPH + H+ F1
DNA RNA 
F2

DNA RNA

F1, F2

 9bs cª‡kœi DËi 

DNA

DNA
 

 10bs cª‡kœi DËi 

T
t

TT tt
  
TT t t The origin of Species
 by means of Natural Selection
Tt F1
Tt

T t T t ⎯⎯

TT Tt Tt tt ⎯F2
TT, Tt Tt -
tt -
F2

œ 10  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk-
 

wewf bœ ¯‹z‡ j i wbe©v wPZ m„R bkxj cÖk œ I D Ëi

œ 11  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk- XY
DNA RNA
X

X Y
X Y
DNA RNA
X X Y
X XX
X Y
 11bs cª‡kœi DËi  XY

œ 12  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk-
DNA RNA
DNA
RNA DNA
RNA
DNA
RNA DNA
RNA
DNA
RNA

DNA DNA
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

DNA
 12bs cª‡kœi DËi 
DNA

DNA
(A) (G)
(T) (C)
(A = T)

(G  C)

(X) (Y)

X
XX X Y
 

(G) (C)
(G  C)

A DNA B
DNA, RNA

DNA
DNA


 DNA
 DNA

DNA

DNA
DNA

œ 13  wb‡Pi wPÎ`ywU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖk- œ 14  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk-

A B

DNA

A
A B
 14bs cª‡kœi DËi 
 13bs cª‡kœi DËi 
DNA
DNA

DNA
A DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA

DNA
(A) (T) DNA
(A = T)
DNA
 

m„R bkxj cÖkœe¨vsK

œ 15 
cÖk- œ 18 
cÖk-
X Y

DNA RNA DNA

DNA
DNA RNA
'X'
Y– DNA

œ 16 
cÖk- œ 19 
cÖk-

DNA
DNA PCR.
DNA
DNA RNA

œ 20 
cÖk-
œ 17 
cÖk-

X
Gene
Survival of the fittest

Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -21  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

 21bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 

C3 C4
C3 MwZc_ C4 MwZc_

CO2 CO2

HIV
AIDS

XX
XY X
Y
(XY) X X
(XX)
Y
Y Y

cÖwZKvi :

cÖkœ Ñ22  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

HIV

C3 C4

cÖwZ‡iva :
 22bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Abykxjbxi mvaviY cÖkœ I DËi

 mswÿß cÖkœ I DËi DËi :

cÖkœ \ 1 \ RNA Kx? cÖkœ \ 5 \ _¨vjv‡mwgqv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

DËi : RNA Ribonucleic Acid
DËi :
cÖkœ \ 2 \ wRb Kx?  
DËi :
cÖkœ \ 3 \ †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †Kb?
DËi :
 iPbvg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ \ 1 \ DNA Abywjcb Kxfv‡e nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ \ 4 \ A‡Uv‡mvg Kx?
 

DËi : DNA DNA

DNA
DNA

DNA
DNA

DNA

D P A T G
C 
DNA

Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ `ÿZv¯Í‡ii cÖkœ I DËi

 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi  cÖkœ \ 12 \ DNA I RNA'Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m †KvbwU
AwaK cwigvY _v‡K?
cÖkœ \ 1 \ DNA Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
DËi : DNA
DËi : DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
cÖkœ \ 13 \ wR‡bvUvBc Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖkœ \ 2 \ RNA Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
DËi :
DËi : RNA Ribo Nucleic Acid
cÖkœ \ 14 \ wd‡bvUvBc Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖkœ \ 3 \ TMV Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
DËi :
DËi : TMV Tobaco Mosaic Virus
cÖkœ \ 15 \ Kv‡K wRbZ‡Ë¡i RbK ejv nq?
cÖkœ \ 4 \ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em ¸wj Kx Kx?
DËi :
DËi : (A) (G)
(C) (T) (U)
cÖkœ \ 5 \ Biotechnology kãwU cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?  Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 
DËi : (Karl Ereky)
Biotechnology
cÖkœ \ 1 \ AvšÍtcÖRvwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
DËi :
cÖkœ \ 6 \ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb Kx?
DËi : DNA
cÖkœ \ 7 \ GKwU †R‡bwUK wWmAW©vi †iv‡Mi bvg †jL|
DËi : cÖkœ \ 2 \ GKRb evZ †ivMx Kxfv‡e Kvjvi eøvBÛ n‡Z cv‡i?
cÖkœ \ 8 \ Kviv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib DNA AYy wØm~ÎK? DËi :
DËi :
DNA
cÖkœ \ 9 \ B‡fvwjDkb kvLvq Kx Rvbv hvq?
DËi : cÖkœ \ 3 \ †Q‡j mšÍvb Kxfv‡e wcZvi ˆewkó¨ AR©b K‡i?
DËi : XY
cÖkœ \ 10 \ eskMwZ Kv‡K e‡j? XX X
DËi : - - X
XX Y X
cÖkœ \ 11 \ †g‡Û‡ji m¤ú~Y© bvg Kx? XY
DËi :
 

cÖkœ \ 4 \ RNA Kx w`‡q MwVZ? DËi :

DËi : RNA

cÖkœ \ 5 \ †R‡bwU· ej‡Z Kx †evS?

DËi :

cÖkœ \ 9 \ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¸i“Z¡ D‡j­L Ki|

DËi :
cÖkœ \ 6 \ †µv‡gv‡mvg I †µvgvwUW Gi cv_©K¨ Kx?
DËi :

cÖkœ \ 7 \ †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K eskMwZi evnK ejv nq †Kb?

DËi :
cÖkœ \ 10 \ wbDwK¬IUvBW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
DËi : DNA
DNA

cÖkœ \ 8 \ cÖK…Z †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Kx?