Topic 1: Long term effect of anabolic steroid use on the human body

A number of unhealthy and damaging effects may result from the use of anabolic steroids that
can lead to both emotional and physical problems. Studies have shown that abuse of steroids can
increase aggressive behavior, cause mood swings, and impair judgment. Other reported effects
include male-pattern baldness, acne, and liver damage. Using steroids can increase the risk of
heart disease, stimulate the growth of certain cancers, and worsen other medical problems.

Reference: Health Effects of Steroids | Hormone Health Network. (2018b, December 11).
Retrieved from https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/steroid-and-
hormone-abuse/health-effects-of-steroids

Topic 2: Ethical and legal considerations in euthanasia

Health care professionals, including
oncology nurses, frequently
encounter ethical issues when
caring for end of life patients and
have to make a decision and choose
between dif cult or unacceptable
options and are frequently obligated
to use their own moral reasoning to
solve these ethical issues (Elis &
Hartley, 2007)
Health care professionals, including
oncology nurses, frequently
encounter ethical issues when
caring for end of life patients and
have to make a decision and choose
between dif cult or unacceptable
options and are frequently obligated
to use their own moral reasoning to
solve these ethical issues (Elis &
Hartley, 2007)
Health care professionals, including oncology nurses, frequently encounter ethical issues when
caring for end of life patients and have to make decision and choose between difficult or
unacceptable options and are frequently obligated to use their own moral reasoning to solve these
ethical issues (Elis & Hartley, 2007)
Therefore, withholding or withdrawing treatment of any patient is never easy and cannot be
generalized without taking into consideration the cultural, social, and religious factors when
making decisions. The incidence of death as a result of euthanasia has been found to differ
between countries (Onwuteaka – Philipsen et al., 2006)
Reference: Naga, B. S. H. B., & Maryyan, M. T. (2013). Legal and Ethical Issues of Euthanasia :
Argumentative Essay. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 7(5), 31–39.
https://doi.org/10.5742/mejn.2013.75330

Topic 3: Good Samaritan law and healthcare professionals

Good Samaritan laws have their basis on the idea that consensus agreement favors good "public
policy" to limit liability for those who voluntarily perform care and rescue in emergency
situations.  It is well known that medical emergencies outside of the umbrella "medical setting"
or "clinical environment" are common.[2]  Thus, in theory, and principle, we are improved as a
society if the potential rescuers (i.e., the good Samaritans) are solely concerned about helping a
person in need as opposed to worrying about the possible liability associated with assisting their
fellow man or woman. 
The general principle of most versions of the good Samaritan law provides for protection from
claims of negligence for those who provide care without expectation of payment.  The good
Samaritan laws also further public policy because few jurisdictions have created an affirmative
duty for a medical professional to provide care in the absence of an established patient
relationship. Each state has its version(s) of the law, and federal laws also exist for individual
circumstances.

Reference: West, B. (2020, August 16). Good Samaritan Laws - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542176/

Topic 4: Placebo treatment

The placebo effect is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when a sham medical intervention
causes improvement in a patient's condition because of the factors associated with the patient’s
perception of the intervention. Examples of placebo interventions include sugar pills, saline
injections, and therapeutic rituals. Placebo effects are not limited to inert interventions. Proven
effective treatments can also generate a placebo effect. Traditionally, the placebo effect was
considered a nuisance variable to be controlled for; however, in light of some remarkable
research demonstrating its potential to modulate treatment outcomes in recent decades, there has
been a spiked interest in studying this phenomenon.
The placebo effect can be verbally induced or result from conditioning and prior experiences that
shape patient expectations. The role of the placebo effect as a powerful determinant of health in
certain disease conditions has been demonstrated in several research studies. Migraines, joint
pain, arthritis, asthma, high blood pressure, and depression are some disease conditions that are
more sensitive to the placebo effect. It is a complex phenomenon with several underlying
psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. These underlying mechanisms that mediate
placebo responses differ based on the medical condition and the investigated outcomes.
Reference: Munnangi, S. (2020, July 26). Placebo Effect - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513296/

Topic 5: Eating disorders in adolescence

Eating disorders often occur in the growing years of puberty, and its effect tends to last
throughout life since its progress is chronic. Behaviors including apocleisis, binge-eating,
self-vomiting, and a desire to be slim become psychologically threatening for family
members and other people around these patients. They find themselves at a loss as to how
to cope with their behavior. Moreover, since it is difficult to treat these disorders,
malnutrition will occasionally lead to a fatal outcome or to suicidal behavior. In some
cases, the family is destroyed. Eating disorders are not only diseases about eating
behavior such as simply eating or not eating, but they are diseases that affect the physical
and psychological conditions of the patient, and the social environment as well

Reference: Tsuboi, K. (2005). Eating Disorders in Adolescence and Their Implications. Eating

Disorders in Adolescence and Their Implications, 48, No. 3, 123–129. Retrieved from

http://www.med.or.jp/english/pdf/2005_03/123_129.pdf