UNIT 2

ACTIVITY 1

1. NAME SOME ASPECTS RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2.

2. READ THE TEXT AND SAY IF THE STATEMENTS BELOW ARE TRUE OR FALSE.
CORRECT THE FALSE ONES.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemists have always looked for ways of arranging the elements to reflect the
similarities between their properties. The modern periodic table lists the
elements in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom). Historically, however, relative atomic masses were used by
scientists trying to organize the elements.

1
This was mainly because the idea of atoms being made up of smaller sub-atomic
particles (protons, neutrons and electrons) was not developed. Nevertheless, the
basis of the modern periodic table was well established and even used to predict
the properties of undiscovered elements long before the concept of the atomic
number was developed.

Although it is considered that Dmitri Mendeleev invented the periodic table and
was the first to publish a version of the table that we recognize today, there was
a number of other chemists before him who investigated patterns in the
properties of the elements that were known at the time. The earliest attempt to
classify the elements was in 1789, when Antoine Lavoisier grouped the elements
based on their properties into gases, non-metals, metals and earths. Several other
attempts were made to group elements together over the coming decades. In
1829, Johann Döbereiner, recognized triads of elements with chemically similar
properties, such as lithium, sodium and potassium, and showed that the properties
of the middle element could be predicted from the properties of the other two.

It was not until a more accurate list of the atomic mass of the elements became
available at a conference in Karlsruhe, Germany in 1860, that real progress was
made towards the discovery of the modern periodic table.

In celebration of the periodic table's 150th anniversary, the United Nations

declared the year 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table,
celebrating "one of the most significant achievements in science”.

(Adapted from: http://www.rsc.org. Royal Society of Chemistry)

1. Chemists arranged the elements to reflect the differences between their

properties.

2. Scientists didn’t use relative atomic masses to organize the elements.

3. The properties of undiscovered elements were predicted before the

development of the concept of the atomic number.

4. Before Mendeleev, other chemists investigated patterns in the properties

of the elements.

5. In 1789, the elements were grouped based on their properties.

6. In 1829, Dobereiner showed that the properties of the middle element

were not predicted from the properties of the other two.

2
 THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

SUBJECT VERB EXAMPLES

I I work in a factory.

work

You You work in a factory.

He He works in a factory.

She works She works in a factory.

It It works.

We We work in a factory.

You work You work in a factory.

They They work in a factory.

THIRD SINGULAR PERSON (HE/SHE/IT) EXAMPLES

If the verb ends in  -SS, -SH, -CH, -O, o -X, we add  -ES. To kiss
 
He kisses

To fish
 
He fishes

To watch
 
She watches

3
 THIRD SINGULAR PERSON (HE/SHE/IT) EXAMPLES

To go
 
She goes

To fix
 
He fixes

To study
 
He studies
If the verb ends in a consonant + -Y, we change -Y for -IES
To fly
 
She flies

To play
 
He plays
If the verb ends in a vowel + -Y, we add an -S
To stay
 
He stays

NEGATIVE FORM

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB EXAMPLES

I work I don't work in a factory.

do not
don't
You You don't work in a factory.

He He doesn't work in a factory.

does not
She She doesn't work in a factory.
doesn't

It It doesn't work.

We do not We don't work in a factory.

4
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB EXAMPLES

You don't You don't work in a factory.

They They don't work in a factory.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB EXAMPLES

I Do I work in a factory?

Do work?

you Do you work in a factory?

he Does he work in a factory?

Does she work? Does she work in a factory?

it Does it work?

we Do we work in a factory?

Do you work? Do you work in a factory?

they Do they work in a factory?

5
 SHORT ANSWERS

ADVERB SUBJECT AUXILIARY

do

you

he

she does

Yes,

it

we

you do

they

Do you work in a factory? Yes, I do.

ACTIVITY 3.

6
3. READ THE DIALOGUE AND WRITE DOWN A SIMILAR ONE.

Question: Why are chemists good at solving problems?

Answer: They have all the solutions.

Question: If H-two-O is the formula for water, what is the formula for ice?

Answer: H-two-O cubed.

Teacher: “What is the formula for water?”

Student: “H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O”

Teacher: “That´s not what I taught you! ”

Student: “But you said the formula for water was H – to – O. ”

A chemist walks into a pharmacy and asks the pharmacist:

“Do you have any acetylsalicylic acid?”

“Do you mean aspirin?” asked the pharmacist.

“That´s it, I can never remember the word.” answered the chemist.

Teacher: “What does HNO3 signify?”

Student: “Well, …ah, … I´ve got it right on the tip of my tongue.”

Teacher: “Well, you had better spit it out.”

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7
8
ACTIVITY 4

4. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS IN
PARENTHESES.

1. These substances _________________ (be) harmful.

2. You __________ (create) a change in this element.
3. She __________ (finish) her homework.
4. He ___________ (send) the report yesterday.
5. I ____________ (break) my test tube.
6. This substance ______________(become) part of the experiment.
7. Luis and Mary _______________(work) with two water boils.
8. They _________________(try) twice the same formula.
9. My classmate ______________(fail) with the procedure.
10. She _________________(invent) the mix of great substances.

9
ACTIVITY 5

5. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Describe Mendeleyev´s periodic table. Do you know what he predicted?

2. How are the elements arranged in the modern-day periodic table?

3. What is the periodic table divided into?

4. What are group 1 elements called?

5. What are group 2 elements called?

6. What are group 17 elements called?

7. What are group 18 elements called?

8. Name some properties of metals.

9. Describe semi-metals.

10. Describe non-metals.

10