21st Century Literature

from the Philippines and

the World
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Literary Forms in
Philippine Literature
21st Century Literature of the Philippines and the World– Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Literary Forms in Philippine Literature
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Schools Division Office Quezon City

Quezon City Local Government
Schools Division Superintendent Jenilyn Rose B. Corpuz
Honorable Mayor Josefina Belmonte Alimurong

Development Team of the Module

Writers: KAREN R. PASTORAL

Editors: JOSEPHINE L. BONSOL
Reviewers: MA. NIMFA R. GABERTAN, RYAN RIC E. MARY
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21st Century Literature
of the Philippines and
the World
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Literary Forms in
Philippine Literature
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Module 1 of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines

and the World- Grade 12 Supplementary Learning Material for the First Quarter on
the Literary Forms in Philippine Literature!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
 For the learner:

Welcome to Module 1 of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines

and the World- Grade 12 Supplementary Learning Material for the First Quarter on
the Literary Forms in Philippine Literature!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
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and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will
be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the
module. What I Need to Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson
to take. If you getWhat
all theI answers
Know correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s In
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story,
a song, a poem, aWhat’s
problemNew
opener, an activity, or a situation.
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understand new concepts
What is Itand skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.What’s
You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at
More
the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to process what
you learned from What
the lesson.
I Have Learned

iii
This section provides an activity that will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill in
real-life situationsWhat
or concerns.
I Can Do
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competency. Assessment
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends
Additional to the retention of learned concepts.
Activities
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the history of Philippine literature. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
o Lesson 1 – The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary
history from pre-colonial to the contemporary
2. classify each literary genre according to its era
3. identify the purpose of each text
4. write a poem through mobile text –‘tula’
5. summarize the significance of each period in Philippine literature

1
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer and write them on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The form of folk lyric which expresses hopes aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as
well as their love is
A. riddles B. proverbs C. folk songs D. tale myth

2. Notable works in Spanish era are the following EXCEPT for .

A. Ibong Adarna C. Florante at Laura
B. Noli Me Tangere D. Doctrina Christiana
3. A mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is
known as .
A. Tanaga B. Zarzwela C. Komedya D. Balagtasan

4. Both Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar are famous for their genre in .
A. essay B. novel C. drama D. poetry

5. During the American period, the weekly magazines that were published are
following EXCEPT for .
A. Bisaya B. Bulalat C. Liwayway D. Bannawag

6. The first short story written in English is .

A. “Dead Stars”
B. “Laughter of my Father”
C. “ Children of Ash Covered Loam”
D. “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife”

7. The debate in verse that is spontaneously done with the protagonists who debate
about the pros and cons of an issue is known as .
A. Duplo B. Zarzwela C. Komedya D. Balagtasan

8. Various literary awards that recognized the works of Filipino writers are the
following EXCEPT for .
A. Philippine Herald
B. Philippine Free Press
C. HomeLife and Panorama
D. Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature

9. The following are genres in 21st century literature EXCEPT for .

A. Blogs B. Chic lit C. Metrical romance D. Creative nonfiction

10.Themes in the 21st century literature commonly deal with .

A. chivalry, family, nature, and filial piety
B. beliefs, customs, rituals, and traditions
C. identity, history & memory and technology
D. ethics, education, governance, and philosophy
 Lesson
The Literary Forms in
1 Philippine Literature

What is literature?

Literature is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken

material. Derived from the Latin word literature meaning "writing formed with
letters," literature most commonly refers to works of the creative imagination,
including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, and in some instances, journalism,
and song. Esther Lomabardi (2001)

The world is constantly evolving with time and significant events in our
country’s history so is literature. With the emergence of new genres, the birth
of contemporary writers, and different platforms used in the 21 st century, many
forms of literature are now being recognized. Old forms of literature in print
should not be forgotten or replaced but rather be acknowledged and be
considered as the basis of the new forms of literature that we are now enjoying
today. Modern-day writers are more confident in expressing their artistry at the
same time being able to retain their style and techniques of writing at the same
time retaining their sense of nationalism. Various methods are employed by the
present-day Filipino authors to reach a wider audience across the globe in this
Internet age.

Since writers can reach wider readers from around the world, they can
exchange thoughts and ideas through discussion on women’s rights and
LGBTQIA plus that deals with the concept of self and its relation to the body,
mind, and soul. Identity is one of the common topics in today’s literature.

History is an important part of literature. Thus present-day readers can

depict history and memory from the works of contemporary writers. An
example of which is “The Safe House” by Sandra Nicole Roldan wherein readers
were able to glean society and relationships during the Martial Law era through
the mind of the main character.

Technology is one of the themes in literature since it has become a part

of our daily life. Although some writers may view that there is a demise in
humanity as a result of technology and others as beneficial effects in the future
could be reflected in their work.

21st Century Philippine literature is an important part of the curriculum

amongst young Filipinos like you who can mirror yourselves through the works
of the modern-day writers. Thus, being inspired and being aware of the new
ideas and being open to new perspectives in life.
 What’s In
Literature has two main divisions namely prose and
poetry. One of the oldest genres in Philippine literature
is the poem.

Read the poem below;

Sonnet 1
Jose Garcia
Villa

First, a poem must be

magical, Then musical as a
sea-gull.
It must be a brightness moving
And hold secret a bird's
flowering. It must be slender as a
bell,
And it must hold fire as well.
It must have the wisdom of
bows And it must kneel like a
rose.
It must be able to hear
The luminance of dove and
deer. It must be able to hide
What it seeks, like a bride.
1. Are you familiar with the writer? Do you know that he is a Filipino?
Yes, he is a Filipino well-known poet and a short story writer who resided in
the United States of America.

2. Have you encountered pairs of rhyming words?

Encircle the (7) pairs of rhyming words that you have recognized.

3. Answer the following questions;

a. How did you feel upon reading the poem?

b. What is the effect of the rhyming words?

c. What is the poet trying to tell us?

 Notes to the Teacher
To activate prior knowledge on the basic elements of a poem as one of the major ge

What’s New

Aside from poetry, many forms of literature can be classified according to its
period in Philippine history which has a strong effect on Filipino literary writers’ ability
since ancient times until these days. Some of the old forms of prose and poetry are
being modified by modern-day writers through their creative imagination while new
forms of literature are arising with the advent of technology.
As shown in the table that follows, literary forms in literature are divided into
the following era; (1) Pre-colonial times, (2) Spanish colonial tradition, (3) American
colonial period, and Contemporary Period.
● signifies the different forms

⮚ signifies the examples

Era Literary Form Different Forms and/or Examples
Folk ⮚ tigmo in Cebuano,
Speeches ⮚ bugtong in Tagalog,
⮚ burbutia in Ilocano
⮚ paktakon in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol
Songs or Awit ⮚ Uyayi or hele is a lullaby of putting a child to sleep
⮚ Soliranin is a song for travelers
⮚ Kumintang is a war song
⮚ Maluway is for collective behavior
⮚ Kundiman for melancholic love song
⮚ Panambitan is a courtship song
⮚ Pamanhikan is a song of a would-be bridegroom
⮚ Subli is a dance ritual song of courtship & marriage
⮚ Dallot & duayya are Ilocano love songs
⮚ Dung-aw is a wake or dirge song
 ⮚ Bagbato is a song ritual for harvest from
Mountain province
⮚ Laji, Kanta or kalusan are popular folk songs
in Batanes
Tagalog ⮚ Salawikain or Sawikain
Proverbs or ⮚ Sarsarita in Iloko
Aphorisms
Tanaga ⮚ basahanon or extended didactic sayings from
Bukidnon daraida
⮚ daragilon from Panay
Pr Folk songs ⮚ children's songs or Ida-ida (Maguindanao), tulang
e pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag)
Co
lo ⮚ drinking songs or tagay (Cebuano and Waray); dirges
ni and lamentations extolling the deeds of the dead like
al the kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako(Bontoc)
Pe
rio
d
Lullabyes ⮚ Ili-ili (Ilongo); love songs like the
panawagon and balitao (Ilongo);
⮚ harana or serenade (Cebuano);
⮚ bayok (Maranao);
⮚ ambahan of the Mangyans; he seven-syllable per line
poem
⮚ kalusan (Ivatan),
⮚ soliranin (Tagalog rowing song)
⮚ mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song
⮚ duplo , the verbal jousts/games
Narrative ⮚ kissa among the Tausug of Mindanao
Song
Folk ⮚ Folktales
Narratives
⮚ fables

⮚ myth

Sp Theater ⮚ komedya or later called moro-moro

an ⮚ sinakulo
is ⮚ sarswela
h Religious ⮚ dalit
Co Lyrics
lo
⮚ novenas
⮚ catechisms
ni Religious ⮚ pasyon-dialogo (dialogue),
al Poetry ● Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong
Pe Panginoon natin na tola" (Holy Passion of Our Lord
rio Jesus Christ in Verse) by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
d ⮚ Manual de Urbanidad (conduct book);
⮚ ejemplo (exemplum)
⮚ tratado (tratado).
● "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si
Urbana at si Feliza" (Correspondence between
the Two Maidens Urbana and Feliza)
● Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson)

Secular ⮚ korido
poetry or the ● “ Ibong Adarna”
metrical ⮚ awit
romance ● “Florante at Laura” in Tagalog
Secular lyrics ● Ang Manok Kong Bulik ("My White Rooster” )
of Jose Corazon de Jesus

Novels ● “Noli Me Tangere,”

● “El Filibusterismo”
A Free verse or ● “ Ako ang Daigdig” of Alejandro G. Abadilla
m Modernist
eri Poetry
ca
n Short story ● “ Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez Benitez
Co Zarzwela ● “ Tanikalang Ginto,”of Juan Abad
lo ● “Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas” & of Aurelio Tolentino
ni ● “Malaya” of Thomas Remigio
al ● “Hinde Ako Patay,” by Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino,
Pe Juan Matapang Cruz,& Juan Crisostomo Sotto
rio Novels in ● Published in Liwayway, Bannawag, and Bisaya.
d Tagalog n ● Iloko, Hiligaynon, & Sugbuano
Novels ● “Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa,” by Ishmael Amado
● “Nena at Neneng,”by Valeriano Hernadez
“Pinaglahuan,” by Faustino Aguilar &
● “ Banaag at Sikat” by Lope K. Santos
Balagtasan ⮚ Bukanegan in Ilocos,

⮚ Crissottan in Pampanga,
Essay in ● “I am a Filipino” by Carlos P, Romulo
English
Newspapers ● “El Nuevo Dia ( The New Daily) established by Sergio
Osmena
● “ El Grito Del Pueblo” ( The Call of Nation) established
by Pascual Poblete
● “El Renacimiento” ( The Rebirth) established by Rafael
Palma
 Tagalog ⮚ dali or pasingaw
fiction
One-act play ● “ Wanted Chaperone,” &
● “ Forsaken House” by Wilfredo Maria Guerrero
Co Mobile Text ⮚ Textanaga
nt Tula
e ⮚ Dalitext
m
po ⮚ Dionatext
ra Graphic novels ● “Trese 5: Midnight Tribunal,” by Ferdinand Benedict T. Tan
ry & Jonathan A. Baldisimoa ;
Pe
● “Zsazsa Zaturnah sa Kalakhang Maynila” by Carlo Vergara
rio
d Creative ● “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the
Nonfiction Martyr’s Testimony, and Other Affirmations” by
Gregorio C. Brillantes
● “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila And Other Stories” by
Jessica Zafra
Chick lit ● “Spotlight New Adult” by Mina V. Esguerra
● “Tall Story” by Candy Gourlay
● “All’s Fair in Blog and War” by Chrissie Per
Speculative ● “Smaller and Smaller Circles” by FH Batacan
Fiction ● “Sink” by Isabel Yap
● “The Secret Origin of Spin-Man” by Andrew Drilon
Flash fiction ● “100 Kislap,” by Abdon M. Balde Jr.
● “Karapote: Antolohia Dagiti 13 a Nasuerte A Sarita” by Ariel
S. Tabag
Hyper Poetry ● http://www.yhchang.com/ALL_FALL_DOWN.html
Hyper Fiction http://www.glasswings.com.au/GlassWings/modern/24hours/
eBooks ● https://www.anvilpublishing.com/ebooks/
Blogs ● https://www.rappler.com/rappler-blogs
 What is It

Philippine literature is highly influenced by our

history. Let us know more about it. Select particular
learners to read aloud the following:
What are the significant events in Philippine Literature?

The historical events in our country played a significant role that facilitated the
evolution of the 21st-century literature in the Philippines. We can experience a better
appreciation of how Philippine literature has developed through a better
understanding of our country’s culture, traditions, and history that have shaped and
have awakened the sense of pride of being nationalistic of the present-day writers,
artists, and journalists.

1. Pre Colonial Times

o The pre-colonial inhabitants were able to showcase the rich culture
of Filipinos through oral performance of folk songs, folk narratives,
folk and speeches were reflection of the early life of the Filipinos.
o The earliest forms of literature were written in our system of writing
which is baybayin, consisting of 3 vowels and 14 consonants.
o Ancient ethnic rituals and dances established Filipinos’ strong
connection with its neighboring countries such as China, Japan,
Indonesia, Malaysia, and Arabia through trading.

2. Spanish Colonial Period

o The Spanish conquistadors used the Roman alphabet to replace
Alibata, the first Filipino alphabet in recording the oral forms of
literature of our early inhabitants.
o Oral traditions such as epics, proverbs, riddles, and songs were the
oral form of literature still flourished at that time and were collected
and translated to Tagalog and other dialects in certain areas where
colonial power is inaccessible.
o The conversion of Filipinos to Christianity was a great influence in the
lives of the people and religious themes dominated our literature.
o The literary works during this time were imitative of the Spanish
theme, forms, and traditions.
o Some Spanish words were lent in our language when the Spanish
language became the literary language.

3. American Colonial Period

o The introduction of free public education for children of school age
was introduced.
 o Usage of English as a medium of instruction in all levels of education
in public schools was implemented.
o New forms of literature such as free verse in poetry, critical essay,
and modern short story were discovered during this era.
o Philippine literature prospered in English at the same time Filipino
literary writers were faced with the introduction of New Aesthetics but
"indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude" towards vernacular
writing and sometimes sacrificing their social consciousness.

4. Post-war and Contemporary Period

o Philippine literature continued to flourish through the use of various
languages particularly with the rise of the new publication after the
Martial Law years.
o There was a rebirth of devoted literature in the 1960s and 1970s
wherein writers continued to write poetry, short stories, novels, and
essays.
o Literary awards emerged such as the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for Literature, the Philippines Free Press, Philippine Graphic,
Home Life, and Panorama literary awards to recognize the works of
the Filipino writers.
o The usual themes of contemporary writers in the 21 st century are
identity, history, memory, and technology. Different approaches are
employed by the writers in exploring different themes such as love,
sex, family, and religion. With easier access to technology, writers
become socially aware and use digital platforms in expressing
themselves in this age of technology.
 What’s More
Try answering the following activities.

Activity 1.Read the following lines and write the genre of Philippine
literature in Pre-colonial times on the first line then the purpose of each
on the second line.

GENRE: Proverb Uyayi Riddle Folk song Tanaga

PURPOSE: To entertain To preserve culture To teach a lesson

1. Nang hatakin ko ang baging, nagkagulo ang mga matsing.

(When I tugged on the vine, the monkeys went crazy.)
Riddle
To entertain
Proverb Ang naglalakad nang matulin, pag natinik ay malalim.
2
(A person who walks fast will have a deeper wound when he is
To teach a lesson
pricked.)

Uyayi
3. Matulog ka na, bunso
To preserve culture Sleep now, youngest one
Ang ina mo ay malayo
Your mother is far away
at hindi ka masundo
and she can’t come for you
May putik, may balaho
There’s mud, there’s a swamp

Tanaga
Kakatibay ka tulos
4.
You may stand sturdy
To teach lesson Sakaling datnan ng agos
But when the water flow
Ako’y mumunting lumot
I, the humble moss
Sa iyo’y pupulupot
Can strangle you

Magtanim ay di biro;
Folksong Planting rice is not a
joke; maghapong
5. nakayuko.
To preserve culture the whole day you’re bent like an ox.
Di naman makatayo;
You cannot stand more than one bit;
di naman makaupo.
till you’re done you cannot sit.
Activity 2. Fill in each column. No. 1 is done for you.
*On the first column is the title of the text from Spanish
Colonial tradition. On the second column, is the type of
genre. On the third column is the language originally used
in the text. On the fourth column is the language or
languages it was translated. Write NA if it was not
translated at all and MANY if it was translated in different
languages.

Title of the Text Genre Original Translation/s

Language
Used
A.” Doctrina Christiana” Prayer book Spanish English,
Filipino
B. “ Mahal na Passion Pasyon Tagalog/Filipino NA
ni Jesu Christo”
C.” Ibong Adarna” Korido Tagalog/ Filipino English
D.”Florante at Laura” Awit Tagalog/Filipino Many
E.” Noli me Tangere” Novel Tagalog/Filipino Many
F.” El Filibusterismo” Novel Tagalog/Filipino Many
G.” Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Poem Tagalog/Filipino English
Lupa”
H.” Mi Ultimo Adios” Poem Spanish Many

B. Write the letter on the blanks that corresponds to your

answer. For letters (A-D)
D 1. It is about the tyranny in Albanya but perceived about the
tyranny in the Philippines.
B 2. It follows the rendition of a folksy in rendition humanized
nativized Jesus.
A 3. It is a book on the Catholic Catechism for the exclusive use of
the missionaries who invariably read them aloud to the unlettered Indio,
catechumens ( Medina), who were to rely on memory.
C 4. It revolves around the life of King Fernando, Queen Valeriana,
and their three sons, Princes Pedro, Diego, and Juan.

For letters (E-F)

H 5. It is about the last message of Rizal for the Philippines, his

family and friends, to prayerful men, and next-generation Filipinos.
G 6. It is written to exhort Filipinos to join the crusade to achieve
real Philippine independence.
E 7. It is a chronicle of the life and ultimate death of Ibarra, a
Filipino educated abroad who attempts to reform his country thru
education.
F 8. It is about the character that reinvents himself as Simon who
is a healthy jeweler by further corrupting the social fabric till the
oppressed react violently to overthrow the system.
Activity 3. Read the excerpt from American colonial literature,
“How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife.” by Manuel E. Arguilla.

"I am afraid. He may not like me."

"Does that worry you still, Maria?" my brother Leon said. "From the way
you talk, he might be an ogre, for all the world. Except when his leg that
was wounded in the Revolution is troubling him, Father is the mildest-
tempered, gentlest man I know."

We came to the house of Lacay Julian and I spoke to Labang loudly, but
Moning did not come to the window, so I surmised she must be eating
with the rest of her family. And I thought of the food being made ready at
home and my mouth watered. We met the twins, Urong and Celin, and I
said "Hoy!" calling them by name. And they shouted back and asked if my
brother Leon and his wife were with me. And my brother Leon shouted to
them and then told me to make Labang run; their answers were lost in
the noise of the wheels.

I stopped Labang on the road before our house and would have gotten
down but my brother Leon took the rope and told me to stay in the cart.
He turned Labang into the open gate and we dashed into our yard. I
thought we would crash into the camachile tree, but my brother Leon
reined in Labang in time. There was light downstairs in the kitchen, and
Mother stood in the doorway, and I could see her smiling shyly. My
brother Leon was helping Maria over the wheel. The first words that fell
from his lips after he had kissed Mother's hand were:

"Father... where is he?"

"He is in his room upstairs," Mother said, her face becoming serious. "His
leg is bothering him again."

Underline your response to questions 1-4. Then write the keywords

on the blanks below to complement your answers.
1. Did the story happen in Ilocos? Yes No
Keyword/s:

2. Did the story happen after Spanish Revolution? Yes No

Keyword/s:

3. Did the writer use local color in the text? Yes No

Keyword/s:
4. Did the writer mention about any Filipino culture? Yes No
Keyword/s:

5. What words show local color of the text?

Answer:
Activity 4. Write the letter of the genre of literature in the
Contemporary Period on the blanks provided before each number.
Be guided with the italicized words.
Blog B. e Books
1.It is a book publication made available in digital form consisting of images,
or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices.

2. It is an online journal or informational website displaying information in

the reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first. It is a platform
where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual subject.

Graphic novel B. Mobile

3. Iade up of comics content.

4. A cell phone novel, or mobile phone novel is a literary work originally

written on a cellular phone via text messaging.
Speculative fiction B. Chic

5.It is a broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain

elements that do not exist in the real world, often in the context of supernatural,
futuristic, or other imaginative themes.

6. It is genre fiction, which “consists of heroin-centered narratives that

focus on the trials and tribulations of their protagonists. The genre often addresses
issues of modern womanhood – from romantic relationships to female friendships
to matters in the workplace – in humorous and lighthearted ways.

Flash fiction B. Creative

7. It is a rich mix of flavors, ideas, and techniques, some of which are

newly invented and others as old as writing itself. It can be an essay, a journal
article, a research paper, a memoir, or a poem; it can be personal or not, or it can
be all of these.

8. It is a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers character and plot
development. Identified varieties, many of them defined by word count, include
the six-word story; the 280-character story (also known as "twitterature"); the
"dribble" (also known as the "minisaga," 50 words);[2] the "drabble" (also known as
"microfiction," 100 words);[2] "sudden fiction" (750 words); flash fiction (1,000
words); and "micro-story".

Hyper poetry B. Hyper

9. It can consist of words, although not necessarily organized into lines and
stanzas, as well as, sounds, visual images, movement, or other special effects.

10. A work of fiction written and presented as an electronic hypertext

document, especially one that allows variations in plot development.
 What I Have Learned
Write emoticon/emoji appropriate for each item you’ve
learned from this lesson at the space provided or on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. The pre-colonial forms of literature are folk speeches, songs or awit, Tagalog
proverbs or aphorisms, tanaga, folk songs, lullabies, narrative songs, folk
narratives, and epics.
2. Baybayin is a native alphabet or syllabary used by the Tagalogs in writing
songs, riddles, proverbs, short poems, narrative poems as well as epic poems.
3. Religion was a major influence in literature in the Spanish colonial area in which
4. The forms of literature during the Spanish period were classified as religious
prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry.
5. Free public education and the use of English as a medium of instruction were
introduced in the Philippines during the American colonization.
6. Filipino writers in the American colonial period began writing critical essays,
free verse in poetry, and modern short story.
7. Resurgence of committed literature paved the way for awakening the Filipino
writer’s sense of nationalism.
8. Identity, history & memory, technology, and intertextuality are some of the
common themes explored by Filipino contemporary writers.
9. The newest forms of genres in the 21st century are blogs, eBooks, chic lit,
creative nonfiction, flash fiction, speculative fiction, graphic novels, hyper
poetry, hyperfiction, and mobile text Tula.
 What I Can Do
Given the definition of mobile text Tula and an
example, create your own tex Tula and send it to the
number provided by the teacher.

What is a mobile cellphone text Tula?

A cell phone novel, or mobile phone novel is a literary work originally
written on a cellular phone via text messaging. Chapters usually consist of
about 70-100 words each due to character limitations on cell phones.

Write a poem through a mobile text Tula like the example given.

Forty
Alone but not
lonely,
Blessed and
contended.
Embraced by a
loving family
And fortified by
caring friends
Good health and
life is all
That I ask from
God above.

Kaycee
 Assessment
Let us find out how well you understood the lesson in
this part.

Write True if the statement is correct and False if it not.

1. Philippine literature remained stagnant through generations

and has fixed genres.
2. The earliest forms of literature were written and were recorded by
Filipino inhabitants.
3. The first Filipino alphabet is known as alibata.

4. Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial era awakened

the revolutionary hearts of the Filipino.
5. Spanish language was solely used by Filipinos in their writings
during the Spanish colonial period.

6. With the advent of the use of the English language in several

literature pieces during the American colonial time, Tagalog
works still thrived.
7. The modern short story was introduced in the contemporary
period.
8. Filipino literary writers started to be recognized by award-giving
bodies during the American colonial period.
9. Contemporary Filipino writers utilized online platforms as a
medium for to express themselves.
10. Old forms of literature are being adapted and integrated in
recent genres of literature.
 Additional Activities
Let’s review

Write a timeline of the important periods in Philippine literature.

 Answer Key

Assessment
What's More? What's More?
False
Activity 3. Activity 4.

1.Yes 1.B False

2.A
2.No True
3. A
3. Yes True
4. B
4. Yes 5. A False

Lacay,H 6. B True

o False
y, Labang, 7.B
Urong True
8. A
9. A True

10. B True
References

Agum, Arjem Noryn C., Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference

Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019.
Cruz, Katrina Melissa, Introduction to Philippine Literature :
Retrieved from:https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-
literature/

Macasantos, Francis et al., Philippine Literature in the Spanish Colonial Period

Retrieved from: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/philippine-literature-in-the-spanish-colonial-period/

https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-
sca/literary-arts/philippine-literature-in-the-post-war-and-contemporary-period/

Ortega, Christine F. The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature

Retrieved from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature/
Santiago, Lilia, Philippine Literature in the American Colonial Period
Retrieved from: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/philippine-literature-during-the-american-period/

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