TRANSMISSION LINES 31

Length of the stub L = pmn-'(~1-lk 12

2lkl
J
L = 2tr tan-' (~1-1 k 12 J= 2tr tan-' (~1- (0.557)2 J= 0.201 m
A- 21 k I 20 2(0.557)

Problem 5.12
A 100 n transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load impedance
ZR = 26 - j 16 n. Find the position and the length of a shunt short-circuit stub required to
match the 100 n line.

Main line Z 0

Short

Fig. 5.25

Given ZR = 26- j16 n, Zo= 100 n, finds and L for the diagram shown in Fig.5.25
• The normalized impedance ZR/Z0 = 0.26- j0.16
Plot this normalized impedance on smith chart as shown in Fig.5.26.
• Let 0 be the centre of the smith chart and P be the normalized impedance point on
the smith chart. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OP as radius, which gives the
constant VSWR circle.
• Extend the line from P to 0 and it cuts the constant VSWR circle at point Q as
shown in smith chart. Where point Q is normalized admittance. YJY0 = 3 + j 1.9
(The stub, which is given is the shunt stub so prefer output admittance instead of
output impedance).
• Rotate the line OQ towards generator such that the line cuts the intersection of
VSWR circle and R = 1 circle. Let the intersection point is S.
• From the OQ line to OS line measure the distance on 'wavelength towards
generator' scale, which will give the position'S' of the line.
The OQ line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.2231..
1 ' BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC§ AND TRANSMISSION LINES

D=0.103'A
L= 0.412 'A
Radially scaled parameters
: : : : ! ! ! ~ >
-~LoAD
~ W i 1 I I I I
• • • ••• ·~~~r··~"·"t··~···:''.,..r""!·~ ,r.l-!'·"'"n ..
I , ~~ ~
·
tJi :
' :
: '
9 :
• ~ • • ~
;. • J ~ • : : '
:
' ' & ¥ ;
; I,· .. I ..: I I : I:·, c' I
•
' I·~ J c'
ZL = 26 - jl6 Center
Z0 = lOOn

Fig. 5.26 Smith chart for Problem 5.12

The OS line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.32 A.

So, position'S'= 0.32 A.- 0.223 A.
=0.103A.
• From the Fig.5.26, the admittance at pointS is 1- j 1.61
 TRANSMISSION LINES 319

• In order to make Y JY 0 = 1, we must cancel the imaginary part in the existing

admittance at point S. so +j1.61 is used to cancel the imaginary part of
admittance
Draw a point (0, + j1.61) in the smith chart as shown in Fig.5.26, let this point be
M.
The line OM cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.338 A.
From the OM line to the OYsc (as shown in Fig.5.26) measure the distance on a
'wavelength towards load' scale, which will give the length of the stub L.
So, L = 0.25 A.+ (0.5 A. -0.338 A.)
= 0.412 A..

Problem 5.13
A 50 n transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load impedance
ZR = 1OO+j 100 n. Find the position and the length of a shunt open-circuit stub required to
match the 50 n line

Main line Z 0

Open

Fig. 5.27

Given ZR = 100 + jlOO n, Zo= 50 n, finds and L for the diagram as shown in Fig.5.27
• The normalized impedance ZR/ Zo = 2 + j2
Plot this normalized impedance on smith chart as shown in Fig.5.28.
• Let 0 be the centre of the smith chart and P be the normalized impedance point
on the smith chart. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OP as radius, which gives
the constant VSWR circle.
• Extend the line from P to 0 and it cuts the constant VSWR circle at point Q as
shown in Fig.5.28. Where point Q is normalized admittance. Y JY 0 = 0.28- j0.26
(The stub, which is given is the shunt stub so prefer output admittance instead of
output impedance).
~2Q BAsiCS OF ELECTROMAGNEnCSANDTRANSMISSION LINES

• Rotate the line OQ towards generator such that the line cuts the intersection of
VSWR circle and R = 1 circle. Let the intersection point is S.
• From the OQ line to OS line measure the distance on a 'wavelength towards
generator' scale, which will give position 'S'
The OQ line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.458A.
The OS line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.177 A.
So, S = 0.177 A.+ 0.5 A.- 0.458 A.
= 0.219A.
• From the Fig.5.29, the admittance at point S is 1 + j 1.56
• In order to make Y JY 0 = 1, we must cancel the imaginary part in the existing
admittance at point S. so -j 1.56 is used to cancel the imaginary part of
admittance
Draw a point (0, -jl.56) in the smith chart as shown in Fig.5.28, let this point be
M
The line OM cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.16 A.
From the OM line to the OYoc (as shown in smith chart) measure the distance on
a 'wavelength towards load' scale, which gives the length L.
So, L= 0.5 A.- 0.16 A.
= 0.34 A..
 TRANSMISSION LINES 32

D = 0.219 A.
L= 0.34 A.

Fig. 5.28 Smith Chart for Problem 5.13

 2 BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC$ AND TRANSMISSION LINES

~
Radially scaled parameters -~~
r 7 ~:
;i.~! . r.
~
t ;: : :: ' ~ ., :; eo o ~ JJ
t .
¥ !) ~+W+w-b
. •

~ ~£ TOWARD GENERATOR - - TOWARD LOAD • 8 t I i 0 X ¥ t g t a II S .; j •

~~ ·a at ~
: - y I I •
f
1/' • I
•
\ I I;.' . ' .
o '~ i$(J ~;. f :: c: &~ 0:; 0 l ;:
~, ~ : g ' ~ 2 : : : :: ~ ' ~ ~ ·= G ~ 1:: ' ~ ;. 8 ~ I !
~ Center
Fig. 5.29 Smith Chart for problem 5.14

Problem 5.14
Consider the shunt connected open circuited stub as shown in Fig.5.27
Given ZR = 30 + j 60 n ' Zo = 50 n ' find L and s
 TRANSMISSION LINES 23,

Solution:

. d. da . , zR 30 + j60 n
1. Norma11ze 1mpe nee IS ZL = - = - - - - = - - o.6+ j 1.5 n
Z0 50
2. From the smith chart in Fig.5.28, Normalized admittance is

Y£ = YL =0.35- j 0.66
Yo
3. Draw constantS-circle, which intersects r = 1 circle at 1 + jl.6 (i.e., nearer to load)
4. So, S = 0.5 A- 0.401A + 0.179 A TWG
= 0.278 A
5. -j 1.6 is used to match the load
So, L = 0.162 A

Problem 5.15
A 50 n transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load impedance
ZR = 100 + j 80 n. Find the position and the length of a series open-circuit stub required to
match the 50 n line

r~------------------,' A A I
1+----+-- S ------+-1~ ZR = R + jX
I
Open
I L

JJ
stub

'--'
No connectiOn
between conductors

Fig. 5.30

Given ZL =100+j80 n, Zo=50 n, finds and L for the diagram as shown in Fig.5.30.

• The normalized impedance ZR/Zo = 2 + jl.6

Plot this normalized impedance on smith chart as shown in Fig. 5.31.
• Let 0 be the centre of the smith chart and P be the normalized impedance point
on the smith chart. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OP as radius, which gives
the constant VSWR circle.
2 BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC§ AND TRANSMISSION LINES

• Rotate the line OP towards generator such that the line cuts the intersection of
VSWR circle and R = 1 circle. Let the intersection point is S.

D = O.li9A,
L = 0.401A-

Fig. 5.31 Smith chart for problem 5.15

 TRANSMISSION LINES ~

• From the OP line to OS line measure the distance on a 'wavelength towards

generator' scale, which will give the position'S'
The OP line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.207A.
The OS line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.326 A.
So, S = 0.326 A.- 0.207 A.
= 0.119 A.

• From the smith chart shown in Fig.5.32, the impedance at pointS is 1- jl.4
• In order to make Z.WZ0 = 1, we must cancel the imaginary part in the existing
impedance at point S. so +j 1.4 is used to cancel the imaginary part of impedance
Draw a point (0, + j1.4) in smith chart shown in Fig.5.32, let this point be M
The line OM cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.349 A.
From the OM line to the OZoc (as shown in smith chart) measure the distance on
a 'wavelength towards load' scale, which gives the L.
So, L = 0.25 A.+ 0.5 A.- 0.349 A.
= 0.401 A..

Problem 5.16
A 50 n transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load impedance
ZR = 1OO+j200 n. Find the position and the length of a series short-circuit stub required to
match the 50 n line

t- --,
z0 I AAA
y
I
s ZR = R+jX
I
Closed
I L

lJ
stub

Shorted connectiOn
between conductors

Fig. 5.32

Given ZL = 100 + j200 n, Zo=50 n, finds and L for the diagram as shown in Fig.5.32
• The normalized impedance ZR I Zo = 2 + j4
Plot this normalized impedance on smith chart as shown in Fig.5.33.
26 BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC§ AND TRANSMISSION LINES

D = 0.079 A
L= 0.198 A
..
1 !51 t ~ :! !
Radially scaled parameters
L..-4-- ~ .. ~ .. ,~,,!,,!q,!, . .. f, . 'Ill
•7
I'. . . I I :
! : : : I i
~~E TOWARDGENERATOR- -TOWARDLOAD oa til• '•; il l ' j i'~'1 il ·j· n ·
Iu n • 1 • • : : : : ~ 1 ' ~ 1 : : 1 ~ ~ r . ~ f ~~
Jti''!! :' J :'::., ! ~····; :·:·c·"·'~J'·
• ZL = 100 + j200 Center
Z0 = 50
Fig. 5.33 Smith chart for problem 5.16
• Let 0 be the centre of the smith chart and P be the normalized impedance point on
the smith chart. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OP as radius, which gives the
constant VSWR circle.
• Rotate the line OP towards generator such that the line cuts the intersection of
VSWR circle and R = 1 circle. Let the intersection point is S.
 TRANSMISSION LINES 2~

• From the OP line to OS line measure the distance on a 'wavelength towards

generator' scale, which will give the position 'S'
The OP line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.21 TA
The OS line cuts the 'wavelength towards generator' scale at 0.296 A
So, S = 0.296 A- 0.217 A
= 0.079 A
• From the smith chart shown in Fig:5.33, the admittance at point S is 1 - j 3.2
• In order to make ZwZo = 1, we must cancel the imaginary part in the existing
impedance at pointS. so+ j3.2 is used to cancel the imaginary part of impedance.
Draw a point (0, + j3.2) in smith chart shown in Fig.5.33, let this point be M
The line OM cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.302 A
From the OM line to the OZsc line (as shown in smith chart) measure the distance on
a 'wavelength towards load' scale, which gives the L.
So, L = 0.5 A- 0.302 A
= 0.198 A.
Double Stub Matching
The disadvantages of single stub matching can be reduced by using double stub matching
as shown in Fig.5.34, in which two short-circuited stubs whose lengths are adjustable
independently but whose positions are fixed.
Usually, these stubs are separated by a length A/4 or 0.375A.
- - - /../4 - - •
2

Fig. 5.34 Double stub matching

~- BAsiCS OF ELECTROMAGNEnCSANDTRANSMISSION LINES

Problem 5.17
A 50 .0 transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load impedance
ZR = 100 + jlOO .0. Find the position and the lengths of a shunt short-circuit double stub
required to match the 50 n line.
Given ZR = 100 + j 100 n, Zo = 50 n find Ll and L.z.
• The normalized impedance ZR/ Z0 = 2 + j2
Plot this normalized impedance on smith chart as shown in Fig.5.35.
• Let 0 be the centre of the smith chart and P be the normalized impedance point on
the smith chart. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OP as radius, which gives the
constant VSWR circle.
• Extend the line from P to 0 and it cuts the constant VSWR circle at point Q as
shown in smith chart. Where point Q is normalized admittance. YrfY0 = 0.25 - j0.26
(The stub, which is given is the shunt stub so prefer output admittance instead of
output impedance).
• Rotate R = 1 circle with a distance A/4 (given in problem) in anti-clockwise
direction. Let this circle be R' circle. (as shown in smith chart)
• Given D = 0.03 A., rotate the line OQ towards generator on 'wavelength towards
generator' scale with a distance of 0.03 A. then it cuts the VSWR circle at
0.24 - j0.072. let this point be C
• Let the intersection ofR = 0.24 circle and R' circle is K, k = 0.24 + j0.37 (here there
is a possibility of two intersection points but take the intersection point which is
nearer.)
• Draw a circle path in clockwise direction with 0 as centre and OK as radius, which
cuts the R = 1 circle at 1 + j 1.7, let this point be S
• The difference between the points K and C, which gives K- C = j0.442
So, +j0.442 is used to fmd out the L1
Draw a point (0, + j0.442) in smith chart as shown in Fig.5.35, let this point beN
The line ON cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.434 A.
From the ON line to the OYIIC (as shown in smith chart) measure the distance on a
'wavelength towards load' scale, which will gives the L 1•
So, L 1 = 0.25 A.+ (0.5 A- 0.434 A.)
= 0.316 A.
• From the smith chart, the admittance at point S is 1 + j 1.7
 TRANSMISSION LINES 329

Ll = 0.316 A,
L2 = 0.084 A.
D = 0.03 A.
Radially scaled parameters
'li!.'''I
I' .'I' ,i~ ;I: ;
1-:Ti-'---"-".......,......._......u...,..._........_.,..._.....,._,_._,~LOAD
: ! ! ' > i
•' li It I I• 'lllrl'i"o'~''•'~'P:I'~I
l I I • J ':I~
I ;

f. • . JiJi :
'l ~ Jc•
• : : : : ;J • • , I : : '
f : : J 2 : ' : ! ., f : i I ( I I; ~ I \ I

ZL = 100 + j100 Center

Z0 = 50

Fig. 5.35 Smith chart for problem 5.17

In order to make Y JY 0 = 1, we must cancel the imaginary part in the existing
admittance at point S. so - j 1. 7 is used to cancel the imaginary part of admittance
Draw a point (0,- jl.7) in smith chart, let this point be M
The line OM cuts the 'wavelength towards load' scale at 0.166 A.
30 BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC§ AND TRANSMISSION LINES

From the OM line to the OYsc (as shown in smith chart) measure the distance on a
'wavelength towards load' scale, which will gives the L2 •
So, L2 = 0.25 A.- 0.166 A.
= 0.084 A..
IMPEDANCE OR ADMITTANCE COORDINATES
0.097

0.141
Radially scaled parameters
:: : : ' : a ll I
!~ TOWARD GENERATOR- -TOWARD LOAD 1 ~ t t I b a ¥ & ~ & I l
! I ' ... I ·, I ~" ~ ·.? ' ,· I ... I tt:
I : : ;t 4f J ~ & : : ' ' : t t :: •

Fig. 5.36 Smith chart for problem 5.18

 TRANSMISSION LINES !331l

Problem 5.18
Given Y L = 20- j60 U, Go= 50 U find L 1 and L2 • (distance between two stubs are equal
to~).
Solution:

1. YL = 0.4- j1.2, (plot this point)

Go

2. Rotate ga = 1 circle Anti-clockwise by ~ distance i.e., circle Bas shown in Fig.5.36.

3. Move the Admittance YL towards circle B and the intersection point is

Go

~ = 0.4- j0.5 (i.e., conductance value is not changed).

Go

4. Transform the point ~ with VSWR = 3.2 on to the circle A i.e., Now 12. = 1.0 +
Go Go
j1.21.
5. So, stub 2 having inductive susceptance -1.21 and stub 1 having susceptance= 0.7

I;
( ·;from Go to~)
Go
. . L1 = 0.25 + 0.097 = 0.348 A
1.:2 = 0.25-0.141 = 0.109 A

5.18 Mlcrostrlp Transmission Une

Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated using printed
circuit board technology, whose cross-sectional view is as shown in Fig.5.37 and is used
to convey microwave-frequency signals. It consists of a conducting strip separated from
a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microwave components such
as antennas, couplers, filters, power dividers etc., can be formed from microstrip, the
entire device existing as the pattern of metallization on the substrate. Microstrip is thus
much less expensive than traditional waveguide technology, as well as being far lighter
and more compact.