Unit 4

Picture Story Practice and Reading

Picture 1. Discuss what is it in the pictures!

Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions!

The Maltesse Amoeba may sound like a cartoon character, but if it attacks your
computer, you wouldn’t be laughing. The Maltesse Amoeba is a computer virus. It is a
form of software which can “infect” your system and destroy your data. Making your
computer viruses is only one type of computer crime. Others include hacking (changing
data in a computer without permission) and pirating (illegally copying software
programs).
Viruses are programs which are written deliberately to damage data. Viruses can
hide themselves in a computer system. Some viruses are fairly harmless. They may flash
on screen, such as “Gotcha! Bet you don’t know how I crept in”. The Yankee Doodle
virus plays this American turn on the computer’s small internal speaker every eighth day
at 5 p.m. Others have serious effects. They attack themselves in the operating system
and can wipe out all your data. When the casade virus attacks, all the letters in a file fall
into a heap at the bottom of the screen. This looks spectacular but it’s hard to see the
funny side when it’s your document.
Viruses are most commonly passed via disks but they can also spread through
bulletin boards, local area networks, and email attachments. The best form of
treatment is prevention. Use an anti-virus program to check a floppy before using it.
Always download email attachments onto a floppy and check for viruses. If you do catch
a virus, there are anti-virus programs to hunt down and eradicate the virus. The
problem is that around 150 new viruses appear every month and you must constantly
update your antivirus package to deal with these new forms.
1. Mention common types of computer crimes stated in the text!
2. What is a “computer virus”?
3. What is the name of a harmless virus mentioned in the passage? What does it do?
4. How do computer viruses spread?
5. What should you do to protect your computer from viruses?

Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions!

EFFECTS OF TV
Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we, humans, find
a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a
mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV
was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders,
education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to
overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.
One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is
true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye,
the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our
eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep
watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in
people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term “TV
snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a
powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.
  Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is
a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people
start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their
environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among
people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to
become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in front of
the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is
very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.
  Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how
to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right
purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age)
period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological
and psychological effects of watching too much TV.
Answer the following questions based on the text!

1. What are the positive idea of inventing TV?

2. Wich rules do not prevent our eyes from getting tired?
3. How does watching TV may related to obesity?
4. On what subjects does TV affect peole psychologically?
5. In your opinion, does watching TV brings benefit or bad effects for you? What
are they?

Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions!

Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather-torrential

rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes-begin quickly, strike suddenly, and
dissipate rapidly, devastating small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched.
One such event, a tornado, struck the northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in
July 1987.
Total damages from the tornado exceeded $ 250 million, the highest ever for
any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited
value in predicting short-live local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the
available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern
the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms. In most nations, for
example, weather balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at
locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional
forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over
large regions than they do forecasting specific local events.
Until recently, the observation-intensive approach needed for accurate, very
shortrange forecasts, or "Nowcasts", was not feasible. The cost of equipping and
operating many thousands of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and
the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from
such a network were insurmountable. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances
have overcome most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather
instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous
observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can
transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computers
can quickly compile and analyzing this large volume of weather information.
Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer
programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words,
symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As
meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices,
Nowcasting is becoming a reality.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. Computers and weather
b. Dangerous storms
c. Weather forecasting
d. Satellites
2. Why does the author mention the tornado in Edmonton, Canada?
a. To indicate that tornadoes are common in the summer
b. To give an example of a damaging storm
c. To explain different types of weather
d. To show that tornadoes occur frequently in Canada
3. The word "subtle" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. complex
b. regular
c. imagined
d. slight
4. Why does the author state in line 10 that observations are taken "just once every
twelve hours"?
a. To indicate that the observations are timely
b. To show why the observations are of limited value
c. To compare data from balloons and computers
d. To give an example of international cooperation
5. The word "they" in line 13 refers to
a. models
b. conditions
c. regions
d. events
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advance in short-range weather
forecasting?
a. Weather balloons
b. Radar systems
c. Automated instruments
d. Satellites
7. The word "compile" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
a. put together c. pile high
b. look up d. work over
8. With Nowcasting, it first became possible to provide information about
a. short-lived local storms
b. radar networks
c. long-range weather forecasts
d. general weather conditions
9. The word "raw" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
a. stormy
b. inaccurate
c. uncooked
d. unprocessed
10. With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?
a. Communications satellites can predict severe weather.
b. Meteorologists should standardize computer programs.
c. The observation-intensive approach is no longer useful.
d. Weather predictions are becoming more accurate.
11. Which of the following would best illustrate Nowcasting?
a. A five-day forecast
b. A warning about a severe thunderstorm on the radio.
c. The average rainfall for each month
d. A list of temperatures in major cities

Picture 2. Write a story based on these series of pictures!

 Unit 5
Modal Verbs: Requests, Offers, and Permissions

Modal verbs are not complete verbs, and they can only be used with a verb.
The usage of model verbs:
Model verbs stay in the base form - bare infinitive - the infinitive without "to" before
the verb.

The following modal verbs are used to with the present tense:
can, will, shall, ought to, must, need, may

The following modal verbs are used in the past tense:

would, should, could, might

Table 1. Requests with “I” as a subject

MAY I a. May I (please) borrow May I and could I are used to request
COULD I your pen? permission. They are equally polite.*
Note in (b): In a polite request, could has a
present or future meaning, not a past meaning.
b. Could I borrow your
pen (please)?
CAN I c.Can I borrow your Can I is used informally to request permission,
pen? especially if the speaker is talking to someone
s/he knows fairly well. Can I is usually
considered a little less polite than may I or could
I
TYPICAL RESPONSES Often the response to a polite request is an
Certainly. Yes, certainly. action, such as a nod or shake of the head, or a
Of course. Yes, of simple “uh-huh."
course.
Sure. (informal)
I am really sorry, but I
am using it.
I am sorry. I have to
leave now

*Might is also possible: Might I borrow your pen? Might I is quite formal and polite; it is
used much less frequently than may I or could I?
Table 2. Requests with “You” as a subject

WOULD a. Would you pass the salt The meaning of would you and will
YOU (please)? you in a polite request is the same.
Would you is more common and is
WILL YOU often considered more polite.
b. Will you (please) pass the The degree of politeness, however, is
salt? often determined by the speaker's
tone of voice.
COULD c. Could you pass the salt Basically, could you and would you
YOU (please)? have the same meaning. The
difference is slight:
Would you = Do you want to do this
please?
Could you = Do you want to do this
please, and is it possible for you to do
this?
Could you and would you are equally
polite.
CAN YOU d. Can you (please) pass the Can you is often used informally.
salt? It usually sounds less polite than could
you or would you.
TYPICAL RESPONSES A person usually responds in the
Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to/be affirmative to a polite request.
glad to. If a negative response is necessary, a
Certainly. person might begin by saying "I'd like
Sure. (informal) to, but . . ." (e.g. … I'd like to pass the
salt, but I can't reach it',).
INCORRECT: May you pass the May is used only with I or we in polite
salt requests.

Table 3. Request with "would you mind"

ASKING PERMISSION Notice in (a): Would you mind if I is followed

(a) Would you mind if I closed the by the simple past.*
window? The meaning in (a): May I close the window?
Is it all right if I close the window? Will it
(b) Would you mind if I used the phone? cause you any trouble or discomfort if I close
the window?
TYPICAL RESPONSES Another typical response might be "unh-
No, not at all/of course not. unh," meaning "no."
No, that would be fine.
ASKING SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING Notice in (c): Would you mind is followed by
c) Would you mind closing the window? -ing (a gerund). The meaning in (c): I don't
d) Excuse me. Would you mind want to cause you any trouble, but would
repeating that? you please close the window? Would that
cause you any inconvenience?
TYPICAL RESPONSES The informal responses of "Sure" and "Okay"
No. I'd be happy to. are common, but are not logical: the speaker
Not at all. I'd be glad to. means "No, I wouldn't mind" but seems to
Sure/Okay. (informal) be saying "Yes, I would mind."
Native speakers understand that the
response "Sure" or "Okay" in this situation
means that the speaker agrees to the
request.
Sometimes, in informal spoken English, the simple present is used: Would you mind if I
close the windows?
(NOTE: The simple past does not refer to past time after would you mind; it refers to
present or future time.

Table 4. Offers

Would you like a. Would you like to come round to

morrow? (invitation)

b. Would you like another drink?

Can c. Can I help you?

d. Can I do that for you?

Shall e. Shall I help you with that?

f. Shall I call you on your mobile?

We sometime say I can ... or I g. I can do that for you if you like.

could ... or I’ll (I will) ... to make an offer:
h. I can give you a lift to the station.

i. I’ll do that for you if you like.

j. I’ll give you a lift to the station.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blank with the suitable modal verbs

Alvin : This is a nice place. …………….. we have our picnic here? 
Louise : Yes, all right. …………….. you all sit round here, please? 
Alvin : Oh, I’ve forgotten the sausages. They are in the car. 
Vicky : …………….. I get them? 
Alvin : Oh, thanks Vicky 
Darren : We could sit by those trees. It looks nicer over there. 
Louise : No, it’s fine here. 
Mark : …………….. passing the sandwiches along, please? 
Thanks. Would you like a sandwich, Louise? 
Louise: Oh, thank you 
Vicky: Here are the sausages. Would anyone like one? 

Exercise 2
Complete the following conversation. Use these modal’s: will, would, may, can, could
and the pronouns; I , you or we. More than one answer may be correct. The first are
done as example.

Carlos : Psssst! Waiter

Ellen : Carlos, ......(1) may ......(2) make a request? Please don’t psssst the waiter. It is
not considered polite in the United States
Carlos : Oh, I didn’t know that. ..........(3) ..........(4) wave at him?
Ellen : Sure, that’s fine
Waiter : Yes, .........(5) ............(6) get you something else?
Carlos : ...........(7). ...........(8) get a cup of coffee, please?
Waiter : sure
Ellen : ..........(9) ..........(10) have the check too, please?
Waiter : Right away
Ellen : .........(11) ............(12) pay by credit card?
Waiter : yes you can

Exercise 3
Multiple choice relating with the situation!

1. If we feel irritating with someone because he/she make a noisy. So what should
we say to him/her?
A. Could you rise your voice, please?
B. Will you sing loudly?
C. Don’t be noisy
D. Don’t be quite
 2. If we see that our friend litterng the trash, in fact that there is a sign to care our
environment so what should we should we say to our friend?
A. Don’t throw the trash in the dustbin!
B. Can you sweep the trash?
C. Will you not to litter?
D. Don’t eat the trash!

3. If we want to watch some news on Television with our brother but we couldn’t
hear the sound clearly, so what whould we say to our brother?
A. Will you take me the remote control?
B. Would you please turn on the Television?
C. Can you help me to turn off the Television?
D. Could you help me to turn down the volume?
4. If we want to ask our friend to teach us about some difficult homework, so what
should we say to our friend?
A. Will you do my home work?
B. Don’t teach me because I am smart!
C. Don’t help me because you are fool!
D. Can you lend a hand to finish my homework?

5. If we feel so thirsty and then we need some beverage, so what should we say to
our friend?
A. Don’t go to the store!
B. Will you eat a fried rice?
C. Don’t eat a cone of ice cream!
D. Will you give me a water, please?

Choose the correct request based on the following dialogue!

6. Serra : Don’t you feel hot in this room?
Shilla: Yes, I do.
Serra : ……….?
Shilla: Sure
A. Could you switch on the lamp
B. Could you turn on the air conditioner
C. Would you move the chair, please
D. Would you mind going home now
7. The room boy : ..., sir?
The guest : Yes, please. Give me a hand with these two big suitcases, will
you? I'll bring the small one myself.
The room boy : Right, sir.
A. Can I help you
B. May you help me
C. Could you help me
D. Would you like to help me

8. Ardi: Where is the bus station?

Arla : The bus station is between cinema and market
Ardi: . . . .
Arla : Ok
A. Can you accompany me in the cinema?
B. Will you go with me to the market?
C. Could you take me there?
D. Would you be with me?

9. Dylan : I’ve got terrible cough! I need to see the docter.

Brandy : Yeah, it will be better for you because you look so pale
Dylan : That’s why I need someone to accompany me! Would you mind taking
me to the doctor?
Brandy : . . . . . I don’t have any activity anyway
A. Sure
B. I mind
C. Of course
D. I don’t mind

10. Carla : The Coffee si so bitter!

Gerard: I don’t think so. I have added the sugar into the coffee
Carla : but I need more.
....
Gerard: with my pleasure
A. Can I have some more?
B. Can I give you more?
C. Will you take it from me?
D. Will you get it from me
 Unit 6
Article: A, An, and The

Table 5. Using a or Ø : Generic Nouns

SINGULAR a. A banana is A speaker uses generic nouns to make

COUNT NOUN yellow.* generalizations.
A generic noun represents a whole class of
things; it is not a specific, real, concrete thing,
PLURAL b. Ø Bananas are but rather a symbol of a whole group.
COUNT NOUN yellow In (a) and (b): The speaker is talking about any
banana, all bananas, bananas in general.
In (c): The speaker is talking about any and all
NONCOUNT c. Ø Fruit is good for fruit, fruit in general.
NOUN you.
Notice that no article (Ø) is used to make
generalizations with plural count nouns, as in
(b), and with noncount nouns, as in (c).

Table 6. Using a or some : Indefinite Nouns

SINGULAR d. I ate a Indefinite nouns are actual things (not symbols),

COUNT NOUN banana. but they are not specifically identified.
In (d):The speaker is not referring to “this banana,
or “that banana" or "the banana you gave me”
The speaker is simply saying that s/he ate one
PLURAL e. I ate some banana.
COUNT NOUN bananas The listener does not know nor need to know which
specific banana was eaten; it was simply one
banana out of that whole group of things in this
world called bananas.
NONCOUNT f. I ate some
NOUN fruit In (e) and (f): Some is often used with indefinite
plural count nouns and indefinite noncount nouns.
In addition to some, a speaker might use two, a
few, several, a lot of, etc., with plural count nouns,
or a little, a lot of, etc., with noncount nouns.
Table 7. Using the : Definite Nouns

SINGULAR g. Thank you for the A noun is definite when both the speaker
COUNT banana. and the listener are thinking about the same
NOUN specific thing.
PLURAL h. Thank you for the In (g): The speaker uses the because the
COUNT bananas listener knows which specific banana the
NOUN speaker is talking about, i.e., that particular
NONCOUNT i. Thank you for the fruit banana which the listener gave to the
NOUN speaker.
Notice that the is used with both singular
and plural count nouns and with noncount
nouns.

*Usually a/an is used, with a singular generic count noun.

Examples:
A window is made of glass.
A doctor heals sick people.
Parents must give a child love.
A box has six sides.
An apple can be red, green, or yellow.

However, the is sometimes used with a singular generic count noun (not a plural generic
count noun, not a generic noncount noun).
"Generic the” is commonly used with, in particular:
1. Species of animals: The blue whale is the largest mammal on earth. The
elephant is the largest land mammal.
2. Inventions: Who invented the telephone? The wheel? The refrigerator? The
airplane? The computer will play an increasingly large role in all of our lives.
3. Musical instruments:
I'd like to learn m play the piano.
Do you play the guitar?
Exercises for article

Complete these sentences about pullution and environment. Put in a/ an or the

 There was a programme on television abut dangers to the environment

1. There were also . . . article about pollution in . . . paper
2. . . . ozone layer will continue to dissapear if we don’t find . . . way to stop it
3. . . . world’s weather is cahnging. Pollution is having . . . effect on our climate
4. Last week . . . oil tanker spilled oil into . . . sea, damaging wildlife
5. Some prefessors have signed . . . latter of protest and have sent it to . . .
government
6. If . . . earth was . . . human being, it would be in hospital

Put in a/ an, some or one

 Have you only got one bedroom? I thought you had two
1. Melanie wanted somethng to drink. She was looking for ..... cafe
2. It was Sunday. .......... shop was open, but all the others were closed
3. ........ of these photos is of you. Would youlike it?
4. Shall I take ..... photo of you together?
5. Do you want ......... coffee?
6. She had ....... house so large that ...... elephant would get lost without ......
map
Complete the conversations. Put in a/ an or the

Mark: why were you late for your meeting?

Sarah: Well, first I had to go to ..... hotel I’d booked into, I took ...... taxi from .....
airport, and ......driver got completely lost. It was ...... terrible nuisance. ........
man was ....... complete idiot

Complete the conversations. Put in a/ an or the

Mathew : Is this ..... book you were telling me about?

Emma : yes, It’s ..... really interesting story.
Mathew : what did you say It’s about?
Emma : I knew you weren’t listening to me. It’s ..... science fiction story. It’s
Refer
about ....... beginning of ....... universe