For research:

Stockholm Declaration and UN Environment Program

The Paris Climate Agreement

A legally binding international treaty on climate change, adopted on December 2015 and entered into
force on November 4, 2016

Goals:

 Limit global warming to well below, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-
industrial levels.

The implementation requires economic and social transformation based on the best available science. It
works on a 5-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action carried out by countries. By 2020
countries submit their plans for climate action known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs)

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

June 1992, enter into force 2 years after, with 197 countries.
Recognized climate change is real, and agreed to reduce greenhouse emissions.
Only developed countries are required to reduced carbon emissions

Climate Justice – countries who have benefited from emissions in the form of on-going economic
development and increased wealth have an ethical obligation to share those benefits with countries
who are suffering from the effects of these emissions.

Kyoto Protocol

First commitment period is 2008-2012

Second commitment period is 2013-2020
Adopted on December 11, 1997 entered into force on February 16, 2005 with 192 Parties

Reduce GHG of 5% to 1990 levels. 1 st phase, 2008-2012

Reduce GHG of 18% to 1990 levels. 2 nd phase 2013-2020
Operationalized the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Kyoto Protocol only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle
of common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities – they are largely responsible for
the current high levels of GHG emission in the atmosphere

Doha Amendment - adopted in 2013-2020 but has not yet entered into force.

Covers the emission of the six main greenhouse gases, namely: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide,
Hyrdoflourocarbons, Perflourocarbor, and Sulohur hexafluoride.

The Market-Based mechanisms.

When countries set a limit on GHG emissions – right to emit gets valued – this right to emit can be sold
and bought.

Countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions
must meet their targets primarily through national measures. As an additional means of meeting these
targets, the Kyoto Protocol introduced three-market-based mechanisms, thereby creating what is now
known as the carbon market

Kyoto Mechanism:

 Stimulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment

 Help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or
removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way
 Encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission reduction
efforts

Eligibility requirements to the Kyoto Mechanism

1. The must have ratified the Kyoto Protocol

2. They Must have calculated their assigned amount in terms of tonnes of CO2-equivalent
emissions
3. They must have in place a national system for estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse
gases within their territory
4. They must have in place a national registry to record and track the creation of ERUs, CERs, AAUs,
and RMUs and must annually report such information to the secretariat
5. They must annually report information on emissions and removals to the secretariat.

Article 12 Kyoto Protocol: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows a country with an emission-
reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-
reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction
(CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto
Targets.

A relationship between a developed nation and a developing nation. A developing nation will sell the
credit to developed nation. The developed nation will provide investments in clean projects.

Article 6 Kyoto Protocol: Joint Implementation allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation
commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-
reduction or emission removal project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2,
which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto Targets.

A relationship between Annex A parties or between developed nations to reduced emissions of Carbon
and other greenhouse gases

International Emissions Trading: Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol have accepted
targets for limiting or reducing emissions. These targets are expressed as levels of allowed emissions, or
assigned amounts, at over the 2008-2012 commitment period. The allowed emissions are divided into
assigned amount units (AAUs)

Emissions trading allows countries that have emission unit to spare-emissions permitted them but not
used – to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a new commodity was
created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse
gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other
commodity. Known as the carbon market

Country to country financial market for carbon

Cap and trade – when the national government sets the cap for carbon emissions

Annex A are developed nations

Annex B are developing nations

Philippines
Joint Circular 2013-01. December 27, 2013 tagging government expenditures for CC adaptation and
mitigation in the budget process CCC developed typologies for Adaptation and Mitigation issued for all
NGAs, Commissions, SUCs

The People’s Survival Fund recognizes the adaptation needs and local capacities of each community are
unique. The vulnerability of local communities to climate change varies greatly; thus, determining the
cost of protecting one’s community from the impacts of climate change is a challenge

PSF will fund adaptation projects such as, but not limited to the following:

1. Adaptation activities in areas of water resources management, land management, agriculture

and fisheries, health, infrastructure development, natural ecosystems including mountainous
and coastal ecosystems
2. Monitoring, control, and prevention of vector-borne diseases triggered by climate change
3. Forecasting and early warning systems
4. Supporting institutional development for local governments, in partnership with local
communities and civil society groups
5. Strengthening existing, and where needed, establish regional centres and information networks.
6. Serving as a guarantee for risk insurance needs for farmers, agricultural workers and other
stakeholders.
7. Community adaptation support programs by local organizations accredited by the Commission.

Who can access PSF: LGUs and Local Community Organizations

 LGUS: Province to barangays (Barangays will access through their respective municipal LGU
counterparts)
  LCOs: locally based organizations that are accredited for the purpose of PSF based on the criteria
of organizational independence, track record in the community and/or filed expertise, financial
management and participatory practices.

LCOs are limited to propose soft type projects (Researches and capacity building programs)

Where does the funding come?

1 Billion Annually through the GAA, augmented by donations, grants, contributions or edowments from
private sector or development agencies.

Three main criteria for project prioritization

1. Poverty Incidence
2. Presence of multiple hazards
3. Presence of Key Biodiversity Areas