LOAD-PATH EFFECTS IN COLUMN BIAXIAL BENDING WITH AXIAL FORCE

By Stathis N. Bousias,l Guido Verzeletti,2 Michael N. Fardis,3 Member, ASCE, and

Eugenio Gutierrez 4

ABSTRACT: Twelve identical cantilever-type column specimens were subjected to load paths of cyclic uniaxial
or biaxial flexure with axial load, to provide data for the development and calibration of mathematical models
of columns subjected to biaxial bending. The specimens had a shear span ratio of 6.0 and were overdesigned
in shear, so that their behavior and damage were controlled by flexure. The only test variable was the load
path. In 10 of the tests the axial load was essentially kept constant and in the rest it varied, either simultaneously
or independently of the transverse loads and/or displacements. Very strong coupling was observed between
the two directions of bending and between these two directions and the axial direction. The coupling between
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the two transverse directions significantly increased the hysteretic energy dissipation. This increase was related
to the phase lag of the vector of biaxial deflections relative to that of biaxial transverse loads, and to the
relative rotation of the biaxial load path with respect to that of biaxial deflections. Cycling of the deflections
had two effects on axial deformations: (1) gradual permanent shortening for low-to-medium axial loads, or a
gradual extension, which turned into shortening when failure was approaching, for very low axial loads: and
(2) a recoverable axial extension, approximately proportional to the vector resultant of deflections. Cycling
of the axial force caused a ratcheting increase of deflections under constant transverse force.

INTRODUCTION
According to modern seismic codes, structures are ana-
lyzed and designed assuming independent action of the uni-
directional design seismic motion. For structures with a reg-
ular structural layout these directions are chosen to coincide
with the principal axes of the structure plan. Under these
conditions, the structure responds primarily or exclusively in
one horizontal direction and columns are subjected to essen-
tially uniaxial flexure with varying axial force. It is for these
two-dimensional response conditions that seismic code pro-
visions have been developed and for which they provide target
seismic safety levels. Earthquakes, however, have two si-
multaneous horizontal components causing response in oblique
directions and biaxial bending in the columns. To make mat-
ters worse, typical building structures are far from absolutely
regular and have a tendency to develop torsional response
and biaxial bending in the columns, even under unidirectional
seismic motions.
Given these aspects, it is important to develop an in-depth
understanding of the inelastic load-deformation behavior and
failure of columns under cyclic load histories of biaxial flexure
and axial load. Mathematical models, which can simulate this
behavior and can be used in analytical studies of the inelastic
response of structures to three-dimensional ground motions,
are also needed. For the development of a deeper under-
standing of such effects and representative models, a broad
data bank of test results on columns under a variety of load
histories of biaxial bending with axial load is required. In
contrast to the large amount of experimental data on column-
like specimens subjected to cyclic uniaxial flexure with zero
or constant axial load. test results for biaxial bending or
'Postdoctoral Rcs .. Univ. of PaWlS. P.O. Box 1408. GR-26500. Pa-
tras. Greece.
'Principal Sci. OfcL. Appl. Mech. Div .. Safety Tech. Inst., Comm
Europ. Comm. Ispra, Italy.
'Prof.. Dept. of Civ. Engrg.. Univ. of Patras. P.O. Box 1424. GR-
26500. Patras. Greece.
~Sci. Ofcr .. Appl. Mech. Div.. Safety Tech. Ins!.. Comm Europ.
Comm. Ispra. Italy.
Note. Associate Editor: John Tassoulas. Discussion open until Oc-
toher 1, 1995. To extend the closing date one month. a written request
must hc filcd with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for
this paper was suhmitted for review and possible puhlication on May 9,
1994. This paper is part of thc Journal of Engineering Mechanics. Vol.
121, No.5. May. 1995. ©ASCE. ISSN 0733-9399/95/0005-0596-0605/
$2.00 + $.25 pcr pagc. Paper No. 8422.
uniaxial, but with varying axial load are limited. A broad
review of the available experimental results is included in
"Behavior" (1994). The variation of axial load independent
of (Gilbertsen and Moehle 1980), or in proportion to, lateral
force (Ristic et al. 1986; Kreger and Linbeck 1984; Li et al.
1987), or displacement (Abrams 1987), has been considered
only for uniaxial bending with few exceptions (Li et al. 1987:
Saatcioglou and Ozcebe 1989; Low and Moehle 1987). Most
biaxial test results (Takizawa and Aoyama 1976; Otani et al.
1980; Takiguchi et al. 1980; Low and Moehle 1987; Li et al.
1987. Saatcioglou and Ozcebe 1989; Zahn et aI. 1989) were
limited to constant axial load and to imposed deflection paths
that followed diagonal. square, clover leaf, circular, or el-
liptical patterns. These results reveal strong and complex cou-
pling between the two directions of bending with varying axial
load, and the significant effect of the axial load variation on
the flexural behavior. However, these findings are not enough
to support a complete mathematical model or the complex
biaxial behavior of columns. Most important among the short-
comings of earlier work is that not all experimental infor-
mation. which can be extracted from tests and is important
for model development and calibration, has been measured
or reported.
This paper focuses on the effect of load path on the flexure-
dominated inelastic load-deformation behavior of columns
under general three-dimensional load histories. The load paths
examined do not duplicate those of earlier researchers, but
cover different transverse displacement-controlled paths, mixed
force-controlled and displacement-controlled paths, and the
axial load's simultaneous independent control. Results com-
prise not only the typically presented hysteresis loops in the
two transverse directions or the resulting transverse load paths,
but also the variation of axial displacements with transverse
forces or displacements and the cross plots of various control
and response parameters. These results can be used as a basis
for the development and calibration of mathematical models
of column behavior, which include biaxial moments and axial
load and the three corresponding deformation components
[e.g., Bousias and Fardis (1994)].
SPECIMENS, EXPERIMENTAL SETUP, AND TESTING
The specimens were similar to those tested by Gutierrez
et al. (1993). They had a 0.25-m-square cross section and a
free length of 1.5 m, and were built in as a cantilever into a
I-m-square, 0.5 m thick. heavily reinforced foundation base.

596/ JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 Longitudinal reinforcement consisted of eight 16-mm-diam-
eter deformed bars, uniformly distributed around the perim-
eter of the section. A double hoop pattern of 8-mm-diameter
stirrups at a 70 mm spacing was used as transverse reinforce-
ment. The concrete cover of the stirrups was 15 mm thick. - \1 _------
---::::7--- Actuator
The uniaxial concrete strengths during testing are listed in I
I

Fig. 1. Reinforcing bars showed yield stress and ultimate I

I

I
strength of 460 MPa and 710 MPa, respectively, the latter at I
I
a uniform elongation of 11 %. Additional details and drawings I
I
I
of the specimens are given by Bousias (1993) and Gutierrez I
I
et al. (1993), who also describe the test setup. It involved a I
I
I
very stiff reaction frame fastened to the top surface of the I
i

concrete base with twelve 24-mm-diameter bolts, passing I

through holes left around the perimeter of the base during

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casting. Two servocontrolled 150-kN-capacity actuators ap-

plied the desired transverse load/deformation histories. Each
actuator was mounted on the frame and connected to a thick
steel plate at the top of the column. The transverse forces
were applied to the specimen by bolting the longitudinal bars
to the steel plate. When the column top is biaxially displaced,
the principal axes of the specimen cross section do not co-
incide any more with the axes of the actuators (Fig. 2). Ac-
cordingly, an iterative numerical procedure had to be devel-
oped at the control signal generation level of the transverse
displacement history. The same geometric effect was ac-
counted for at the data-treatment level.
The axial force was applied through the center of the load-
ing plate at the top of the column with a single-acting 600-
kN-capacity actuator located inside a steel cup-shaped cham-
ber. The chamber was secured in place through two vertical
steel arms, which passed through the column base and exerted
the resultant reaction force at the center of the bottom face
of the foundation block. In this way second-order (P-6.) ef-
fects were avoided. The axial load was measured through two
Test 5pecimen fe ' (MPa) N/Acf( load Path
(1 ) (2) (3) (4)
FIG. 2. Geometric Error Correction in Biaxial Test
load cells, interposed in the vertical arms. The axial defor-
mation of the column was measured with a conceptually sim-
ilar setup comprising a thin, square steel frame, pin-connected
to two opposite corners of the column top, and two wires of
high axial stiffness connected to the two free corners of the
frame and the top ofthe base block. Transverse displacements
of the column in two orthogonal directions were measured
with linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) mounted
on the frame. Relative rotations and average axial displace-
ments of three cross sections at distances of 125 mm, 250 mm,
and 500 mm from the base were also measured, as described
by Bousias (1993) and Gutierrez et al. (1993).
Fig. 1 provides an overview of the testing program and the
main test parameters. Column 2 gives the cylinder concrete
strengths at the day of testing, and column 3 presents the
normalized axial-load value (compression positive). Column
4 presents the applied load and/or displacement histories, with
&and F denoting deflections and forces in transverse direc-

~
50 30.75 0.16 tions X and Y, and N denoting the axial force.

51 29.0 0.12 A A A Ox TEST RESULTS: PRESENTATION AND COMMENT

VA. VA. V
oy Test SO
V V
52 31.1 0.15
V oy This is a cyclic uniaxial test under constant axial load. A
0 0 0 OX set of three sequences of deflection cycles are applied, each
53 29.9 0.17 ",I .". sequence consisting of 13 cycles. The first seven cycles have
2'.!. ox an increasing amplitude and are followed by six decaying
cnoO Fy
cycles [Fig. 3(a»). In the first two sequences of cycles the
54 27.7 0.15 ",I "'I
"1'''' OX force-deflection loops of the decaying cycles exhibit signifi-
n cant stiffness degradation in comparison with the correspond-
L1lJ Fy
C\

55 33.1 0.12 ing loops of the increasing amplitude cycles [Fig. 3(c»). Such
oy
~ox stiffness degradation is less noticeable in the third sequence
25.7
of cycles, because the cycles of the first half of the sequence
~ 6x
56 0.10
have already been degraded by the same amplitude cycles of
the previous two sequences. The virgin loading curve in an
57 28.1 0.12
Expanding .. [!fJ earlier monotonic test can be considered as an envelope to
58 25.4 0.11 the hysteresis loops. The difference may be attributed to the
Shrinking _.~ slightly lower Ii and v = N/A,I' values of the monotonic test
(23.9 MPa and 0.11, respectively).
~6X
59 23.9 0.03/0.15
Circle The evolution of the column's axial deformation, resulting
from cyclic deflections, exhibits two different but clear trends
510 28.5 0-0.28 MM.IJJ. MM.IJJ. MM.IJJ.
N [Fig. 3(b»): The first is a gradual and permanent increase in
moDIl[\U Fx
shortening in the presence of the axial load alone, i.e., at
zero deflection. This shortening results from the gradual spall-
511

~FY
35.4 0-0.27
ing and degradation of concrete in compression, which in-
creases the compressive strain of the cross section due to the
DC) C)O
ox axial load alone, and the accumulation of permanent com-
pressive strains in the reinforcing bars. The second is a re-
FIG. 1. Specimens and Loading coverable extension accompanying each deflection cycle, which
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995/597

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 100 1.0
a E b
E oS
oS 50
..
E

....
E E
CD
E u
E u t.
.s so is. ·50
.l!! is
'ii
~ C
~ °t"""'WiIIIIiIIII~
·100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
~
~ Time (.eel Time (.ee)
~ ·50 f---+--+----MIH+---+-4II'
100 100
C d I
50 r--- _.-
Z
~
.. L,'
l!
0
I I
i
:±t~~-I-:rtectiooX
IL -50
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·····D~Y I
-1~100 -50 0 50 100
·100
·100 ·50 50 100
Ol.pl.cement (mm) Force X (kN)

FIG. 4. Test 51: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement History;

(b) Vertical Displacement History; (c) Hysteresis Loops; (d) Mea-
-80 '-:---":x==---'-----'----'
·100 -50 0 50 100
sured Force Path
Displa.cem~t (mm)

E 2,0 r--.,..-,---~---'
FIG. 3. Test 50: (a) Imposed Displacement History; (b) Vertical
oS 1,51---+-'++-1
Displacement History; (c) Hysteresis Loops

.
c:

is roughly proportional to the amplitude of the deflection

cycle regardless of its direction. The axial strain, co, at the J'"
.!!!
center of the cross section is equal to Co = (0.5 - ~)h I<1>1, Q
.1000'----"==c..:....---:-6OO~~6OO 200 400
with <I> denoting the section curvature and ~ denoting the Time (.ec)
600

neutral axis depth normalized to the depth h of the cross

section. With the exception of the loading cycle part, during 80r---,---,--.,..==~

which cracks may be open through the depth and the moment _ 40 f----+--
is resisted by the steel bars alone, the value of ~ is approxi- z
~
mately constant along the column length t, and the total axial
extension 0z' is

Oz = f Co dx = (0.5 - ~)hlel (1) .800:---------;O;20"---;4!:-0-80;;\c-----;;80!:----....,-;(,00

Ol.pl.cement X (mm)
-so a
Ol.pl.cement Y (mm)
50 100

in which e = relative rotation I, 1<1>1 dx of the two ends of
the column specimen. Eq. (1) suggests that the recoverable
axial extension is roughly proportional to the flexural defor-
mations causing it. The lower the normalized axial load v,
the smaller is the value of ~ and the larger the axial extension.
For high values of v, the value of ~ may exceed 0.5 and we
may have recoverable axial shortening because of cycling,
instead of extension. When two consecutive half-cycles with
the same amplitude are considered, the additional (to the
progressive shortening) axial extension resulting from the sec-
ond half-cycle is significantly and systematically smaller than
that resulting from the first. The two components of axial
deformation can also be identified in the cyclic uniaxial test
results of Celebi and Penzien (1973) and Mizoguchi et al.
(1990). In the latter case, however, they are obscured by the
simultaneous variation of axial load and deflections.
Test 51
In this test uniaxial displacement cycles in pairs of linearly
increasing amplitude are alternately applied in the two trans-
verse directions [Fig. 4(a)]. Fig. 4(c) shows the hysteresis
loops in both directions. The only difference between them
is the slight stiffness degradation in the direction of subse-
quent loading (Y), due to the damage caused by the preceding
same-amplitude cycle in the orthogonal direction (X). The
evolution of axial deformations, with cycling in the transverse
directions [Fig. 4(b)], exhibits the same general pattern as
those in the previous test [Fig. 3(b)]; but, some differences
exist: (a) the gradual shortening with cycling is less noticeable;
FIG. 5. Test 52: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Histories;
(b) Vertical Displacement History; (c) Hysteresis Loops in X-Direc-
tion; (d) Hysteresis Loops in V-Direction
and (b) the additional extension resulting from two consec-
utive half-cycles of the same amplitude is almost the same,
both when these half-cycles are in the same transverse direc-
tion or are in mutually orthogonal ones. Finally, as shown in
Fig. 4(d), the force required in a given direction, to suppress
the associated permanent deflection after the completion of
a cycle, decreases almost linearly with the application of the
force in the orthogonal direction.
Test 52
In this test the deflection in the transverse direction X is
held constant, while displacement-controlled cycles are ap-
plied in the orthogonal direction Y. The amplitudes of the
cycles increase linearly up to the X-deflection level [Fig. 5(a)].
The hysteresis loops in the Y-direction do not show noticeable
stiffness degradation with respect to the virgin loading en-
velope, because of the simultaneous deflection in the or-
thogonal direction [Fig. 5(d)]. However, because of the cou-
pling between the two directions, the force required to maintain
the constant X-deflection drops gradually with the cyclic de-
flections in the Y-direction, and has to undergo a larger re-
versal to suppress the X-deflection before each increase of
the latter to its new and higher level [Fig. 5(c)]. On unloading,
the drop in the X-force broadens the corresponding loop and
increases the energy dissipation during the half-cycling of the

598 I JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS I MAY 1995

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 X-deflection (from constant levels to zero and vice versa).
Another feature of the force-deflection loops in the X-direc-
tion is the reduction of peak forces at large displacements.
Although the monotonic curve is exceeded at low-peak de- c •
~ .
flection 'Ievels, at high values of peak deflection the opposite j
is the case, such that there is even a small degradation of the g-JO
peak force in consecutive cycles of increasing deflection.
The evolution of axial deformations with the cycling of
deflections follows the same pattern as in tests SO and S1, b !
with the exception that in test S2 it is the second among two E
oS 1

consecutive half-cycles of the same amplitude that causes the C

I
higher axial extension. Also, Fig. 5(b) shows that the addi- a •
t
tional extension resulting from transverse deflections is pro- ~ -1
portional to a value between the vector resultant and the sum ~"
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of absolute values of deflections that cause it. -2

•
7.
Tests 53 and 54
3S

These are mixed mode control tests: displacement-con- E

!.
trolled in the X-direction and force-controlled in the Y-di- " •
rection. Imposed force and deflection histories are shown in
Figs. 6(a) and 7(a). In S3 the constant level of the V-force is
.....
I
gradually increased, while in the orthogonal direction the 50
same set of three deflection cycles with linearly increasing
amplitude is applied for each level of the V-force. Test S4
differs from S3 in that each constant level of the V-force is
applied first in the + Y sense and then in the - Y sense, with
the repetition of three cycles of X-displacement.
In both tests, hysteresis loops in the X-direction are similar
and show higher stiffness degradation with respect to the
monotonic envelope than the corresponding loop in test S2. ,70L-..~-,----.J.!!!!!~""""---l
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
This degradation is due to the constant force in the orthogonal DfsptllCflment V fmml

FIG. 7. Test 54: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Path; (b)

Vertical Displacement; (c) Hysteresis Loops in X-Direction; (d) Hys-
teresis Loops in V-Direction

direction. Remembering that the monotonic curve was ob-

tained at a lower axial force, N = 0.11 A,f.', the degradation
is actually higher than shown in Figs. 6(c) and 7(c). Although
it is not quite clear from Fig. 7(c), in test S4, the X-direction
loops in the sets of cycles under negative V-force exhibit some
degradation with respect to the preceding same-amplitude
II cycles under a positive V-force of the same magnitude. The
stiffness degradation between cycles in test S4 is apparently
I' higher than in test S2, because in the present tests there are
I"
i -2
more cycles of the same amplitude (four in S3, eight in S4),
whereas in test S2 large-amplitude cycles are not repeated or,
II
.• 250
at the most, are repeated fewer times. The most noteworthy
outcome of tests S3 and S4 are the ratcheting V-displacements
under constant V-force, due to the cycling of X-deflections
[Figs. 6(d) and 7(d)]. Ratcheting V-displacements at each
level of the V-force are larger in test S4 than in S3, but their
reversal due to the reversal of the force leads to smaller net
V-displacements than those in test S3. The total area under
the curve of Fig. 6(d) is the increase in the work done on the
specimen because of the coupling between the two directions.
Moreover, the large area enclosed by the hysteresis loops in
Fig. 7(d) is the increase in energy dissipation resulting from
the coupling between directions X and Y.
Axial deformations in Figs. 6(b) and 7(b) exhibit the same
pattern as in the previous tests. Some new features are
noteworthy. First, at no point of the tests are both deflections
back to zero, so a nonzero axial extension is always present.
This is because simultaneously acting deflections counteract
part of the gradual shortening resulting from the cycling. Sec-
FIG. 6. Test 53: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement and Force ond, the second half-cycle between two consecutive values of
Histories; (b) Vertical Displacement History; (c) Hysteresis Loops the same amplitude deflection in the X-direction causes a
in X-Direction; (d) Hysteresis Loops in V-Direction much smaller axial extension than the first half-cycle (almost
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995/599

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 imperceptible in S3). This occurs in spite of the concurrent

:~'-
increase in the Y-deflection because of the ratcheting effect.
o -4'4

Tests 55 and 56 t _
-25 ,3' 1 ~~ __
.,. 7-- . _-
Nested butterfly shaped biaxial deflection paths were im- -75
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 ISO

posed, as shown in Figs. 8(a) and 9(a). The right-hand half

of the displacement path is a mirror image of the left-hand
half with respect to the origin, but is traced in the opposite
50
[)tap_cement X fmml

! J
sense (counterclockwise versus clockwise for the left-hand
half). More specifically, the X-deflections increase uniaxially ! ." f"->--'--4---!
from zero up to point I, in Figs. 8(a) and 9(a), and are held
constant while the Y-deflections increase from zero up to a
maximum value, equal to that of the concurrently applied
X-deflection in test S5, or to half of it in S6 (point 2). Then,
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the X- and Y-deflections are simultaneously returned to zero,

and reversed up to the mirror image of point 2, keeping their
ratio constant (1:1 in S5, 2:1 in S6). The deflections go back
to zero independently, first in the Y-direction (while holding
the X-deflection constant up to point 4) and then uniaxially
in the X-direction to zero and beyond, repeating the path at
a larger size 1'2'3'4' and so on.
As shown in Figs. 8(b) and 9(b), the resulting biaxial load
paths are also piecewise linear, but their shape is not the same
as that of the imposed deflection paths. First, load paths
corresponding with widely different displacement paths al-
most coincide, as the beginning of the inner path at point 1
was chosen right at the onset of yielding. Second, and more
important, the sides of the measured load paths are rotated
with respect to the corresponding side of the deflection path
in the same sense in which the corresponding part of the path
is traced, so that the vector of the applied deflections always
FIG. 9. Test 86: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Path; (b)
Measured Force Path; (c) Hysteresis Loops in X-Direction; (d) Hys-
teresis Loops in V-Direction; (e) Vertical Displacement

I trails behind the vector of the measured transverse force. As

~ J,,"-=-e-:-~~~
shown analytically in connection with test S9, such behavior
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 leads to increased energy dissipation compared with that of
DispLlc«nent X (mm)
uncoupled response in the two transverse directions, with the

;~~,'
relative rotation between biaxial force and deflection paths

.. ;.-.,.
quantitatively related to the increase in energy dissipation.
The nested load paths converge to the same point at points
1, I', and so on and 3,3', and so on, which seem to be close
(L -'40
1-- 3';
.eo I to the (possibly degraded with the cycling) biaxial ultimate
-10 -40 0 40 80
Force x (kNl strength envelope. The corresponding successive peaks of the
hysteresis loops in Figs. 8(c,d) and 9(c,d) are at the same
force level and below the monotonic loading curve. Another
observation is that the two halves of the load paths that cor-
respond with the two symmetric halves of the deflection paths
are not mirror images of each other, with respect to the origin
or to the crossing point in the load paths, but are approxi-
mately mirror images about a line through their crossing point.
d
So, deflection points 2 and 3 (or 2' and 3', and so on) in Figs.
!40 8(a) and 9(a), which are symmetric to each other with respect
)0 ,l--m'-h'Hi~rq----1
to the origin, correspond with completely different forces. At
! .., - .p=:~'-h---,
~iC····---- points 3, 3', which are reached by proportional loading in the
two directions, transverse forces have the same ratio as that
of the corresponding deflections. However, at points 2, 2',
and so on, reached by separate loading in the two directions,
the force in the direction in which deflections are first applied
(X), is significantly smaller than the value resulting from the
proportionality of displacements, as it is reduced during the
subsequent application of the Y-deflection because of the
coupling between the two directions. Nevertheless. the re-
FIG. 8. Test 85: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Path; (b) sultant force, YF; + F;, is about the same at 3 and 3' as at
Measured Force Path; (c) Hysteresis Loops in X-Direction; (d) Hys- 2 and 2'. Similarly, the end points I, I', and so on of the
teresis Loops in V-Direction; (e) Vertical Displacement uniaxial reloading virgin loading branches 4-0- I ' , and so on

600 i JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS i MAY 1995

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 '20 •

r-' rlr:~
in the displacement space also lie on the uniaxial force axis,
whereas points 4, 4', and so on, which are mirror images of
..
1, I' with respect to the origin in displacement space (but are
reached by separate unloading in direction Y), lie well above 0

the uniaxial X-axis in force space. In fact, an almost full ~ p~ "

reversal of the peak V-force is required to reduce the 5'

V-deflection to zero. In addition to the differences in the .'2~ho -80 0 eo 120

aforementioned relative magnitude of Fx and Fy , at points 4, DI_CIIMftt X fmml

4', the force resultant is much smaller than at their mirror

image points 1, 1'. This is because 4 and 4' are reached by
unloading and 2 and 2' by loading. Although branches 3-4,
3' -4', and so on can be considered unloading branches, while
1-2,1'-2', and so on are considered loading branches, their
length in force space is about the same, i.e., loading is not
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softer than unloading.

The two halves of the hysteresis loops in Figs. 8 (c,d) and
9(c,d), on either side of the force axis, are very different. The
shape of the loops in the right-hand half of separate loading-
proportional unloading to zero, differs from that in cyclic
loading mainly in the drop in the V-force during loading in
the V-direction (branches 1-2,1'-2', and so on), and also
in the relatively small magnitude of the V-forces required for
the application of V-deflections in the presence of sizeable
X-deflections and X-forces. This drop is because of the cou-
pling between the two transverse directions. On the other
hand, the most prominent feature of the loops to the left of
the force axis is the difference between their proportional
reloading branches (of the type 0-3, 0-3', and so on) from
the uniaxial envelope. This apparent difference is due to the
fact that these hysteresis loops relate, separately, the com-
ponents of force and deflection, and it almost disappears if
the vector resultant force is plotted versus the vector resultant
deflection. FIG. 10. Test 57: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Path; (b)
The recoverable axial extension that accompanies deflec- Measured Force Path; (c) Hysteresis Loops; (d) Vertical Displace-
tions is, in both tests, proportional to the vector resultant of ment
the latter [Figs. 8(c), 9(c)]. A major difference between
present axial deformation results and those of tests SO and
with respect to the imposed deflection paths in the sense in
S4 is that the cycling of deflections causes a ratcheting ex-
which the latter are traced, as the resultant displacement in-
tension of the column in the presence of the axial load alone.
crement vector is at an angle to the resultant force vector
This means that under low axial-load levels there is a gradual
equal to the relative rotation of the two paths. This behavior,
accumulation with the cycling of permanent tensile strains in
which is similar to that observed in the square load paths by
the reinforcement, or a gradual pullout of the bars from the
Takizawa and Aoyama (1976) and Otani (1980), increases
base. This effect tends to reverse into shortening only when
energy dissipation. The load path in test S7 merges into a
failure of the specimen, because of excessive spalling and
single square, as the innermost among the imposed displace-
crushing of the concrete, is imminent, as in the last part of
ment squares is well past the onset of yielding. In S8 the load
Fig. 8(c). The approach of failure in this latter test is signaled
paths shrink with the displacement path, not only because of
not only by the bar fracture during the last proportional re-
the unloading character of the imposed deflection sequence,
loading branch of the type 0-3, but mainly by the significant
degradation of strength and stiffness at the type 3 peaks of but also as a result of the strength and stiffness degradation
the reloading branches in the hysteresis loops of Fig. 8(c,d). caused by the first full deflection cycle. This is evidenced by
the difference between the virgin loading branch 0-1 in the
This is already noticeable in the fourth and fifth cycles. The
negative energy dissipation in the axial direction resulting hysteresis loop of Fig. l1(b) and the end position of the sub-
from the gradual extension of the column under constant axial sequent reloading branch 4-5. This test and S5 were the only
load is actually a transfer of energy from the transverse di- tests among those presented so far in which failure of the
rections to the axial. specimen at the end of the test could be identified. Given
that the level of axial load is low, the cycling of deflections
Tests 57 and 58 causes a gradual net stretching of the column, which turns
into rapid shortening when failure is approaching. This is
In these two tests the imposed biaxial deflection paths are exemplified in the last part of the first and outermost deflec-
nested squares centered at the origin. In test S7 four dis- tion cycle of test S9. Finally, the axial extensions that accom-
placement squares are applied with half-side lengths (deflec- pany the deflections are roughly proportional to the magni-
tion amplitudes) of 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm, and 100 mm. In tude of their vector resultant, and so on.
S8, three displacement squares are applied with half-side lengths Hysteresis loops in X- and V-directions are very similar,
of 100 mm, 80 mm, and 60 mm. In other words, the squares with the exception of branches that correspond with part
are expanding in S7, whereas they are shrinking in S8 (un- 0-1-2 of the first separate loading in these two directions.
loading) [Figs. lO(a), l1(a)]. Because of the coupling between the two directions, the loops
As shown in Figs. lO(b,d) and l1(b,d), some of the ob- are much wider than those in cyclic uniaxial bending, and
servations and remarks from tests S5 and S6 can also be correspond with much larger energy dissipation. The coupling
applied here: The resulting load paths are multilinear, rotated causes the peak force in a given direction (e.g., for X at points
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS 1 MAY 1995/601

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 '20
• ,
f' ,o
0
i
I z
~
- ,o
o I 0 1:
~ 3S!----i,'

..
120 r---~,----,---,------, ---I-'f+-+---1--
-60
50 i
-l~lho -60 0 60
5

120
g
u.
Dlspiacenwnt X (mm)

60 120
Displacement Resutta~__(mm)
70
e
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-60 0 60 120
Displacement X {mml
~
o 70
..... -35

.
~
Forc. X (kN)
e0
u.
c

1: -70
-120 -60 0 60 120
~
! Displacement Y (mm)

Time (sec)
.
'li.
01------''-----+------'+---1

~ ·31-------+-- .. 80
.!!
FIG. 11. Test 58: (a) Imposed Displacement Path; (b) Measured ~ :!
Force Path; (c) Hysteresis Loops; (d) Vertical Displacement -6 0 200 400
Tim. (s.c)

3,5,3', 5', and so on) to drop with the increasing deflection

in the orthogonal direction, to about one-third to one-quarter 100 200 300 400 500

of its peak value (to points 4, 2, 4', 2', and so on for the
X-force) and makes the loop wider. A final point on Figs.
10(b,c) and 11 (b,c) is that a complete cycle on the displace-
ment square, back to the starting point 1 or I' of uniaxial X-
deflections, leads to a different force point on the force path,
at which the Y-force is not zero as at the starting point but
is equal to the X-force.
Test S9
Circular deflection paths were imposed, consisting of four
cycles at constant radius equal to about 20 mm, 50 mm, 80
mm, and 110 mm [Fig. 12(a)]. To clarify the impact of the
level of axial load on the ratcheting behavior of axial defor-
mations, the axial load was kept low, N = O.03AJ:, during
the first two levels of imposed deflections, and was then in-
creased to O.15AJ: during the last two levels. Fig. 12(c) shows
the two distinct effects of deflections on axial deformations:
(1) the recoverable extension, which is directly induced by
the deflections and is roughly proportional to their vector
magnitude; and (2) the gradual change in axial deformation
under axial load alone, which results from the cycling of de-
flections. This gradual change in axial deformation is initially
an extension for the first half of the test under the low axial
compression, thereafter turning into a shortening that be-
comes very pronounced when failure approaches. This is the
case during cycles at the highest deflection level, which cause
a very rapid degradation of strength and stiffness. This deg-
radation is made evident by the inward spiraling of the last
part of the measured force path in Fig. 12(b), as well as by
the large eventual drop in resultant force for constant re-
6021 JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS 1 MAY 1995
TIme lseel
FIG. 12. Test 59: (a) Imposed Transverse Displacement Path; (b)
Measured Force Path; (c) Vertical Displacement; (d) Resulting Force
versus Resulting Deformation; (e) Hysteresis Loops in X-Direction;
(f) Hysteresis Loops in V-Direction; (g) Phase Lag between Mea-
sured Force and Imposed Displacement
sultant deflection around the 110 mm mark in Fig. l2(d). As
in the case of elliptical or circular deflection path tests by
Kobayashi et a1. (1984) and Saatcioglou and Ozcebe (1989),
the hysteresis loops between the component of transverse
force and displacement in the two orthogonal directions [Fig.
12(f)] became wider and more rounded at the corners with
the increase in the level of deflections and the accumulation
of damage. This is because the phase lag between the trans-
verse force and deflection resultants increases. The phase lag
is almost constant at each deflection level, but increases with
the magnitude of the deflection level and at the end of the
test, with the approach of failure [Fig. 12(g)]. If the radii of
the imposed circular deflection path and the measured force
path are constant and equal to Or and Fro respectively, the
equivalent viscous damping ratio 1), defined as
1
1) = (2)
4'lT Elastic Strain Energy
with dE denoting the energy dissipated during a full cycle
around the path, can be analytically related to the phase lag,
<po As for a displacement increment vector do, dE equals the
work done by the resultant force vector F on do, and do is

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 normal to 8 (Fig. 13), P dE is equal to the integral of Fro r 600
a
sin II' dl\J around the circle; i.e., to 2'ITFror sin 11'. If, then, the
elastic strain energy refers to the resultant force and deflec-
tion, it is equal to Fr or /2, and TJ equals sin 11'. If, alternatively, ~ 400
e
TJ is computed separately for each transverse deflection X or !
...
0

Y, the value of p dE for a full cycle is equal to one-half of ~ ! 400+-+.,.>-\\\-\+\;---\\\rl--+---1

the total energy dissipated by both components, i.e., to 'ITFro r ~
sin 11'. In this case the elastic strain energy in the numerator
g
I&.

of (2) can be taken as the maximum value of Fi oJ2 (i = X ~ 200 f-+--I'lH:-W\-\\t--\\-\cNr-i

:;.
or Y denoting the transverse direction) during the cycle, which
is equal to [Fro r cos 2 (I1'/2)]/2. Then, (2) gives TJ = tan (11'/2). 60

Therefore, for (constant radius) circular force and deflection b °.2 -1 a 1 2 3

5 I- Axial Displacement (mm)
paths, the energy dissipation is quantitatively related to the
phase angle 11'.
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><30 f---

Test 510 g
1&.1 5>-- l--

The main purpose of test SlO was to study the deflections

caused by variations in the axial load under constant transverse 0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
force. To this end three cycles of axial compression were ap- TIme(...) ><

...La I-FRIIH--Hl-++-+r--++---j
75'
plied. In the first, the value of v = N/AJ:. increased from zero
C
to 0.28, and was then reduced back to zero; in the second, an
initial value of v = 0.14 was applied and the specimen went
through a full cycle of ~v = ± 0.14; in the third, the value of !50 °_1 0 1 2 3

v started from 0.28, was reduced to 0, and increased back to >< Axlsl Displacement (mm)

0.28. The set of three axial-load cycles was repeated five more g25
I&.
times, with a constant transverse force uniaxially applied in the
X-direction and removed prior to, and after, each axial-load
9
cycle [Fig. 14(a,b)]. Transverse-force levels were approximately 00 50 100 150
E 3
equal to 0%,40%,60%,80%, and 100% of the uniaxial yield Olsplscoment X (mml .5.
600
force under the average v-value. d ! iE 2t------t---j'+-b~'f7
As shown in Figs. 14(c) and (d), deflections are mostly due ~ - l'l
to the transverse forces. Moreover, deflections increase when
I
I' i 1 t---~m'+-~4---1

!~
is
the axial compression decreases and decrease when it in- ~ OrfIJr--If-oF+
creases. However, as the magnitude of the increase exceeds ~
that of the reduction, especially for post-yield values of the I
\~'-
50 100 150
transverse force [see the V-shaped and the inverted V-shaped
parts of the displacements cross plot in Fig. 14(c)], the cycling
of axial load causes a gradual increase of deflections, the o
o
1\
50
\ 100
\'
150
Olsplacomenl X (mm)

accumulated magnitude of which approaches the value of the D'.pl.cement X (mm)

permanent deflection resulting from repeated application of
the transverse force alone.
Figs. 14(e) and (f) show that the variation of axial defor-
mation has two components. One is because of the deflections
[Fig. 14(f)], and the other is because of the variation in axial
force [Fig. 14(e)]. The first component is the larger of the
two and is similar to that observed in tests SO to S9 under
constant axial load. The second changes linearly with the axial
load when axial compression increases, and nonlinearly when
y because they are lower for decreasing compression (unload-
Displacement Path
FIG. 13. Phase Angle between Force and Displacement Paths
FIG. 14. Test 510: (a) Applied Axial Force History; (b) Applied
Transverse Force History; (c) Hysteresis Loops in Transverse Di-
rection; (d) Axial Force versus Transverse Displacement; (e) Hys-
teresis Loops in Axial Direction; (f) Transverse Force versus Axial
Displacement; (g) Vertical versus Transverse Displacement
axial compression decreases, especially in the post yield range
of the transverse force and when the axial compression is
close to zero. The unloading and reloading stiffnesses in the
axial direction decrease with increasing transverse force, and
ing) than for increasing (reloading) compression, especially
during postyield cycles of the axial load, which start from an
initial value of v equal to 0.28, cycling of the axial force with
concurrent action of a postyield transverse force causes a
ratcheting extension of the column [see the inverted-V-shaped
parts of Fig. 14(g)]. This is not an axial-flexure coupling ef-
fect, but is the result of transverse deflections on the axial
force-deformation behavior. What appears in Fig. 14(f) as
negative energy dissipation in the axial direction is drawn
from the large energy input in the transverse direction, Fig.
14(g). Finally, the cross plot of axial and transverse defor-
mations in Fig. 14(f) is characterized by two different tangent
slopes or proportionality constants between the increments
of these two displacements. The steeper parts, including the
V- or inverted-V-shaped patterns, correspond with constant
transverse force and varying axial force, whereas the longer
and more shallow result from the variation in the transverse

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995/603

J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.

 force with the axial-load constant. The overall pattern of the
cross plot shows two things: First, variation of the axial load
causes a recoverable axial deformation, which is almost in-
dependent of the value of the transverse force and a negligibly
small recoverable deflection. Second, the axial load and ir-
recoverable, ratcheting transverse displacements have the same
ratio as the recoverable axial and transverse deformations
resulting from transverse loading. Therefore, their increments
can be related through the shallower of the two slopes in the
cross plot in Fig. 14(g) i.e., the one corresponding with the
varying transverse force and constant axial load.
In summary, in this test deflections resulting from axial
force variations are small in comparison to those resulting
from transverse loading. but tend to accumulate; and the
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variations of axial displacements resulting from those of the
axial load are of the same order as those resulting from the
variation in transverse forces and deformations.
Test 511
This test comprises a varying axial load and mixed deflec-
tion-force control in the transverse directions. There are six
sets of four cycles of simultaneously and proportionally vary-
ing forces in the axial and in the transverse direction (Y) [Fig.
15(a)]. while deflections in the X-direction are held constant
[Fig. 15(b)]. The sets of cycles are numbered from 1 to 6 in
Fig. 15. Sets 1 and 2 differ only in the magnitude of the
X-deflection, which is zero in set 1 (uniaxial bending with
axial force) and equal to the uniaxial yield deflection in set
2. Sets 4 and 5 differ only in the magnitude of the X-deflec-
tion, whereas sets 2, 3, and 4 have the same X-deflection and
. b ..t -6C\l 20 40
if otsplacement x Imm)
,1;.40 ..L
, .
.u ... ~ '000
TI,... INC)
,
'so r----c--r---,-~,---,---r,
~ 0
! "J5f---,f+-.-...~·t'J<J
-100
Ofap~cerMnt
-50 0
Y fmm)
50
FIG. 15. Test S11: (a) Simultaneous Proportional Axial V-Force
Variation; (b) Imposed X-Displacement History; (c) Hysteresis Loops
in Z-Direction; (d) Hysteresis Loops in V-Direction; (e) Hysteresis
Loops in X-Direction; (f) Axial X-Force Interaction; (g) Transverse
Force Path
604/ JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995
differ in the Y-force amplitude. In sets 5 and 6, X-deflections
are equal to twice and 2.5 times the uniaxial yield deflection.
The axial force varies about a mean value IV = 0.135AJ:..
with the same amplitude ± 0.135AJ: in all six sets of cycles.
The transverse force F, is cycled about a zero-mean value,
in proportion to the amplitude of N, so that the dimensionless
ratio F,Llh(N - IV) equals 0.4 in sets l, and 2; 0.6 in set 3;
1.0 in set 4, and 5; and 1.2 in set 6. Between two consecutive
sets the X-deflection returns to zero, and the axial force N
is reduced almost to zero. Then they are both increased to
their nonzero value in the reverse order.
The simultaneous variation of all three force and displace-
ment components makes cause-and-effect identification dif-
ficult. Force-displacement loops in the axial and the Y-direc-
tion, Figs. 15(c) and (d). have similar shapes because of the
rough proportionality between Y-deflections and the axial
deformations they produce. Both families of loops exhibit
linear elastic behavior in the first three sets, whereas in the
last three sets the behavior is markedly different in all half-
cycles toward lower N-values; they exhibit yielding, softening
in both directions with decreasing N and stiffening when N
increases. Finally, failure seemed imminent before the com-
pletion of set 6. This strongly unsymmetric behavior is be-
cause in the low-N half-cycles the ultimate strength interac-
tion surface of the column is approached, whereas during the
high-N half-cycles the force point is well inside this surface.
Both families of loops include the effects of the constant
X-deflection, which amount to an additional displacement
because of the coupling plus an overall softening (e.g., loops
1 and 2 or 4 and 5, which differ only in the value of the
X-deflection). The shifting of the mean axial displacement
toward positive values (extension). after cycle set I, results
from the ratcheting axial extension induced by the Y-cycling
in the presence of a nonzero X-deflection and of a low mean
axial force, 0.135AJ:. The force-displacement behavior in
the X-direction, in which deflection is constant during cycling
in the other directions, is shown in Fig. 15(c). Because of the
coupling with the other two directions, the X-force required
to maintain the X-deflection constant decreases with the cy-
60
cling of the other two displacements. as shown in Figs. 15(Lg).
This reduction is such that the projections of all load paths,
which result from the N-F, cycling onto the F,-F,. and
N-F, planes, are pointing in the same direction. toward a
point close to the F, = 0 plane in the N-F,-F, space. Sim-
ilarly, all N-Fx load paths on the left-hand-side of Fig. l5(c),
obtained when the mean value of N is removed and then
reapplied under constant uniaxial X-deflection, seem to be
pointing toward the same point on the tensile N-axis.
CONCLUSIONS
An experimental program on flexure-dominated columns
subjected to biaxial bending with axial load focused on the
effect of load path on behavior, and revealed significant cou-
pling among the three loading directions. The strong coupling
between the two transverse directions produced an apparent
reduction of strength and stiffness in each of the two trans-
verse directions considered separately, but also increased the
hysteretic energy dissipation. This increase is manifested by
the larger width of the hysteresis loops in a transverse direc-
tion in the presence of a nonzero force or deflection in the
orthogonal direction. as compared with the cases of cyclic
uniaxial bending. Moreover, biaxial force paths are rotated
with respect to the biaxial deflection paths in the sense in
which these are traced, so that the vector resultant of trans-
verse displacements always lags behind the vector resultant
of transverse forces. When both these paths are nearly cir-
cular, this can be quantitatively related to the equivalent vis-
cous damping ratio.
J. Eng. Mech. 1995.121:596-605.
 The results showed a strong coupling between the axial and
transverse directions. For the relatively low levels of com-
pressive axial loads considered herein, deflections are accom-
panied by a recoverable axial extension. which has a mag-
nitude roughly proportional to their vector resultant. In
addition, the cycling of transverse forces or deflections causes
a gradual shortening in the axial direction under the axial
load alone (i.e., at zero deflection), for axial compression
exceeding about O.15AJ: or, for lower compressive loads, a
ratcheting extension that rapidly turns into shortening when
failure is imminent. These recoverable axial deformations re-
sulted from the accumulation of tensile permanent strains in
the steel bars with cycling if deformations are positive (ex-
tension), or to gradual degradation and spalling of the con-
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crete if they are negative (shortening). As a result of axial-
lateral coupling, cycling of the axial force below the balance
load causes a ratcheting increase in the deflection under con-
stant transverse force.
Although most of the observed effects of multidirectional
loading on the inelastic cyclic behavior will have an adverse
effect on the structural seismic response (e.g., the reduction
in strength and stiffness with biaxial bending, the ratcheting
deflections resulting from axial load variations, and so on),
some effects are clearly beneficial to the structural response.
An example is the increased hysteretic energy dissipation re-
sulting from the coupling between the two bending directions.
In addition, the axial extension that develops in proportion
to deflections may mobilize other sources of stiffness, such
as the flexural and shear stiffness of beams connected to the
column in both horizontal directions, to counteract the in-
elastic flexural deformations of columns. To take into account
all these effects, positive or negative, a relatively sophisticated
mathematical model, which properly relates all three axial-
load effects and/or their increments to the corresponding de-
formations (flexural and axial), is required. The experimental
data presented in this paper can assist in the development
and calibration of such a model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The experimental work was performed at the Joint Research Center
of the Commission of the European Communities in Ispra. Italy, under
a grant to the first author.
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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / MAY 1995/605