HISTORY AND Gayaberat dan Magnet

BASIC THEORY
APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
What is it?

Map changes in the physical properties of rocks to

determine geological structure and lithology, locate
minerals and hydrocarbons, investigate environmental
hazards, archaelogical inverstigations...
BASIC CONCEPTS
In an active technique, it is necessary to generate a
signal (e.g. In seismic reflection surveying, sound
waves are generated with an explosion)
In a passive technique a naturally occuring signal is
detected (e.g. The pull of gravity of a buried object)
GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL
STUDIES COMPLEMENT ONE
ANOTHER
Geophysical methods offers a means of looking into
the earth.
Geophysical exploration can be conducted on the
surface of the earth, in the air (also called airbone
geophysics or remote sensing) or in the sea (known as
marine geophysics)
THE REAL GRAVITATIONAL FIELD NEAR
THE EARTH
Gravity methods 
measurements of existing
potential fields (physical
properties of the Earth
itself)
Gravity method  measurements of variations in the
gravitational field of the earth.
Physical properties of measurements  density
To locate local masses of greater or lesser density than the
surrounding formations (observation of anomaly).
Gravity prospecting is cheaper than seismic prospecting.
Gravity is a natural source method.
Local variations in the densities of rocks near the surface
cause minute changes in the gravity field.
Gravity and magnetic techniques often are grouped
together as the potential methods, but there are basic
differences between them. Gravity is an inherent property
of mass, whereas the magnetic state of matter depends on
other factors, such as the inducing fields and/or the
orientations of magnetic domains.
Gravity field operations are more expensive than
magnetic operations and requires more highly skilled
personnel.
HISTORY
Galileo Galilei (1589)
(Eksperimen benda jatuh bebas)
He dropped light and heavy
weights from Pisa Tower.
To determine how weight affects the
speed of the object falls.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

ESTABLISHMENT OF THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION
Sir Issac Newton (1685-1687) 
the universal law of gravitation
-NEWTON LAWS-
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy
“The magnitude of the
gravitational force between two
masses is proportional to each The Laws of Planetary Motion
mass and inversely proportional to (Johann Kepler)
the square of their separation.”
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BASIC
GRAVITATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
The expeditions of the Frence Academy of
Sciences to Lapand and Peru (Equador) in
1737-1745 gave Pierre Bouguer to
establish the basic gravitational
relationships (variations of gravity with
elevation and latitude, the horizontal
attraction due to mountains and the
density of the Earth)
Captain Henry Kater Baron Roland von Eotvos
(1817)  pendulum as tool (1890)  torsion balance
for gravity investigation  made first gravity
survey on the ice of Lake
Balaton 1901
Vening Meinesz (1923)  shipborn gravity measuring
(with pendulums) from Dutch submarine to near the
Indonesian trench
Desember 1922  a torsion balance survey of the
Spindletop oil field initiated geophysical exploration for
oil
In late 1924  a test well on the Nash salt dome in
Brazoria Country, Texas, verified the gravity interpretation
 the first geophysical hidrocarbon discovery
La Coste & Romberg(1934)  zero length spring (the
length of spring is proportional to the applied force) as tool
of gravity measurements
In 1940  graphic and grid method of isolating
anomalies were developed and the anomalies that result
from simple shapes were calculated
In 1960  digital computing increased gravity
interpretation capabilities (e.g inverse problem)
LaFehr (1980)  measurements under water, on moving
ships, aircraft and in boreholes
Kahn (1983)  knowledge of gravity from observations
of satelite paths
VIDEO OF GRAVITY SURVEY
RELATIVE GRAVIMETER
 Pembacaan dg sistem digital

Gravimeter LaCoste & Romberg

dg sistem pembacaan digital
Scintrex AutoGrav CG-5

Keunggulan :
1. Sistem Bacaan digital Penuh
2. Dapat melakukan Levelling Sendiri
3. Akurasi Tinggi 1Gal
4. Automatic Lock Spring system
5. Sebelum Level Alat tidak dapat Membaca
ABSOLUTE GRAVIMETER
 Dasar dari Metode Gayaberat
Hukum Newton 1 dan 2

1st Law : F= (G x M x m) / R2 2nd Law : F= m x g (percepatan)

g = G x M / R2

G : konstanta gravitasi 6.67 x 10 -11 N m2 kg-2 M : massa bumi

g : percepatan m : massa benda
R : jarak antar kedua massa
Konstanta gravitasi didapat dari eksperimen
Cavendish 24
DISKUSI
Mengapa percepatan gravitasi di kutub lebih besar (g=9,83 m/s2 )
daripada di daerah ekuator (g=9,78 m/s2)?
6356 km

6378 km
average g ~ 9.81 ms-2,

g at poles ~9.83 ms-2

g at equator ~ 9.78 ms-2

g decreases as you climb a hill

Gravity anomaly = observed g - expected g

g = G x M / R2(m/s2)

ρ=M/V (g/cm3)

Range densitas batuan (courtesy Grand and West)

Dense rock = Less dense = cavities
metal ores – or sediment (i.e., salt
used in domes) – used in oil
exploration. exploration.
 Hukum
Newton
1

Hukum
Newton
2
Percepatan
gayaberat
(g)
(yang diukur)
 Percepatan
gayaberat

Densitas
(rapat massa)

Litologi
batuan