Cpcs202 04 Basics2 S 19

Chapter 4:
Characters, Strings, and

Mathematical Functions
Objectives
 To solve mathematics problems by using the methods in the Math class (§4.2).
 To represent characters using the char type (§4.3).
 To encode characters using ASCII and Unicode (§4.3.1).
 To represent special characters using the escape sequences (§4.4.2).
 To cast a numeric value to a character and cast a character to an integer (§4.3.3).
 To compare and test characters using the static methods in the Character class (§4.3.4).
 To introduce objects and instance methods (§4.4).
 To represent strings using the String objects (§4.4).
 To return the string length using the length() method (§4.4.1).
 To return a character in the string using the charAt(i) method (§4.4.2).
 To use the + operator to concatenate strings (§4.4.3).
 To read strings from the console (§4.4.4).
 To read a character from the console (§4.4.5).
 To compare strings using the equals method and the compareTo methods (§4.4.6).
 To obtain substrings (§4.4.7).
 To find a character or a substring in a string using the indexOf method (§4.4.8).
 To program using characters and strings (GuessBirthday) (§4.5.1).
 To convert a hexadecimal character to a decimal value (HexDigit2Dec) (§4.5.2).
 To revise the lottery program using strings (LotteryUsingStrings) (§4.5.3).
 To format output using the System.out.printf method (§4.6).
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 4: Characters, Strings, and Mathematical Functions page 2
Motivations
This chapter introduced additional basic features of

Java these features include Strings, Characters,
and additional Mathematical Functions
Common Mathematical Functions
 Mathematical Functions
– Java provides many useful methods in the Math class for
performing common mathematical functions.
 What is Java Math Method:
– A group of statements that performs a specific task
– Such as:
 pow(a, b): to compute ab
 random(): generate a random number
– Both of these methods are inside the Math class

– There are many other beneficial methods inside the Math class
as well
The Math Class
 Class constants:
– PI You can use these constants as Math.PI
–E and Math.E in any program.
 Class methods can be categorized as:

– Trigonometric Methods
– Exponent Methods
– Service methods
 rounding, min, max, abs, and random Methods
Trigonometric Methods
 The parameter of sin, cos, and tan is an angle in radians

 The return value of asin, acos, and atan is a degree in radians
Trigonometric Methods
 Examples:
Math.toDegrees(Math.PI / 2); //returns 90.0
Math.toRadians(30); //returns 0.5236 (same as π/6)
Math.sin(0); //returns 0.0
Math.sin(Math.toRadians(270)); // returns -1.0
Math.sin(Math.PI / 6); // returns 0.5
Math.sin(Math.PI / 2); // returns 1.0
Math.cos(0); // returns 1.0
Math.cos(Math.PI / 6); // returns 0.866
Math.cos(Math.PI / 2); // returns 0
Math.asin(0.5); // returns 0.523598333 (same as π/6)
Math.acos(0.5); //returns 1.0472 (same as π/3)
Math.atan(1.0); // returns 0.785398 (same as π/4)
Exponent Methods
Exponent Methods
 Examples:
Math.exp(1); // returns 2.71828
Math.log(Math.E); // returns 1.0
Math.log10(10); // returns 1.0
Math.pow(2, 3); // returns 8.0
Math.pow(3, 2); // returns 9.0
Math.pow(4.5, 2.5); // returns 22.91765
Math.sqrt(4); // returns 2.0
Math.sqrt(10.5); // returns 4.24
Rounding Methods
 Math class contains five rounding methods:
– double ceil(double x)
x rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a double value.
– double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a double value.
– double rint(double x)
x is rounded to its nearest integer. If x is equally close to two integers, the even one is
returned as a double.
– int round(float x)
Return (int)Math.floor(x+0.5).
– long round(double x)
Return (long)Math.floor(x+0.5).
Rounding Methods
 Examples:
Math.ceil(2.1); //returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0); //returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0); //returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1); //returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1); //returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0); //returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0); //returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1); //returns -3.0
Math.rint(2.1); //returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.0); //returns –2.0
Math.rint(-2.1); //returns -2.0
Math.rint(-2.5); //returns -2.0
Math.round(2.6f); //returns 3
Math.round(2.0); //returns 2
Math.round(-2.0f); //returns -2
Math.round(-2.6); //returns -3
min, max, and abs
 min and max methods
– min(a, b): returns minimum of a and b
– max(a, b): returns the maximum of a and b
 abs method:
– abs(a): returns the absolute value of a
 Examples:
Math.max(2, 3); //returns 3
Math.max(2.5, 3); //returns 3
Math.min(2.5, 4.6); //returns 2.5
Math.abs(-2); //returns 2
Math.abs(-2.1); //returns 2.1
The random Method
 Generates a random double value
– This value is greater than or equal to 0.0 and less
than 1.0
0 <= Math.random() < 1.0
– Examples:
(int)(Math.random() * 10);
– returns a random integer between 0 and 9
50 + (int)(Math.random() * 50);
– returns a random integer between 50 and 99
a + Math.random() * b;
– returns a random number between a and a+b, excluding a+b
 Evaluate the following method calls:
a. Math.sqrt(4) 2
b. Math.pow(2,3) 8
c. Math.rint(-2.5) -2.0
d. Math.ceil(7.1) 8
e. Math.ceil(-2.8) -2.0
f. Math.floor(-2.2) -3.0
g. Math.floor(9.9) 9.0
h. Math.round(2.5) 3
i. Math.round(Math.abs(-3.5)) 4
Character Data Type
 Java allows you to process characters using the
character data type, char
– char represents a single character
– a character literal is enclosed in single quotation marks
 Examples:
– char letter = ‘A’;
 Assigns the character A to the char variable letter
– char numChar = ‘4’;
 Assigns the digit character 4 to the char variable numChar
Unicode and ASCII code
 Computers use binary numbers internally
– a character is stored in a computer as a sequence of 0s
and 1s
– Mapping a character to its binary representation is
called encoding
– There are different ways to encode a character
– Java uses Unicode
 Unicode is an encoding scheme
 Originally designed for 16-bit character encoding
 This allowed for 216 = 65,536 characters
Unicode is usually expressed in Hexadecimal
– Hexadecimal number system: 16 digits from 0 to F
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
– We need 4 bits to represent a Hex digit
• Example: 15 in decimal is 1111 in binary and F in
Hex
– 16 bits in Unicode
– Each hexadecimal requires 4 bits
– So that means each Unicode is expressed in 4 Hex
digits!
– From \u0000 to \uFFFF
 Example:
 ASCII
– Most computers use ASCII
 American Standard Code for International Exchange
– 8-bit encoding scheme
 Used to represent all uppercase and lowercase letters, all
digits, all punctuation marks, and control characters
 128 characters total
– Unicode includes ASCII code

 \u0000 to \u007F representing the 128 ASCII characters
 ASCII
– You can use both ASCII and Unicode in your program

– The following statements are equivalent:
char letter = ‘A’;
char letter = ‘\u0041’; // A’s Unicode value is 0041
– Both statements assign character A to the char variable
letter
Casting between char and
Numeric Types
 Implicit casting:
– Implicit casting can be used if the result of casting fits
into the target variable.
– Otherwise, explicit casting is required
– Example:
 Unicode of 'a' is 97
 This is within the range of a byte (and of course an int)
 So the following are okay:

byte b = 'a'; // same as byte b = (byte)'a';
int i = 'a'; // same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // same as char c = (char)97;
Numeric Types
 Explicit casting:
– The following would be incorrect:
byte b = '\uFFF4';
 Why?
 Because the right side is 16 bits. A byte is 8 bits

 Clearly, 16 bits does not fit into 8 bits
– To force the assignment, use explicit casting:

byte b = (byte)'\uFFF4';
– Remember: a char uses two bytes
 So any positive integer between 0000 and FFFF in
hexadecimal can be cast into a char implicitly.
Numeric Types
 Numeric operators
– All numeric operators can be applied to char
operands
– A char operand is automatically cast into a number if
the other operand is a number or a character
– But if the other operand is a string, the character is
concatenated with the string
Numeric Types
 Numeric operators
– Examples:
int i = '2' + '3'; // (int)'2' is 50 and (int)'3' is 51
System.out.println("i is " + i); // i is 101
int j = 2 + 'a'; // (int)'a' is 97
System.out.println("j is " + j); // j is 99
System.out.println("Chapter " + '2');
System.out.println(j + " is the Unicode for character " + (char)j);
Output:
i is 101
j is 99
Chapter 2
99 is the Unicode for character c
Comparing and Testing Characters
 Two characters can be compared using relational
operators
– just like comparing two numbers
 Thisis done by comparing the Unicode values
 Examples:
'a' < 'b' is true because the Unicode for 'a' (97) is less than the Unicode for 'b' (98).
'a' < 'A' is false because the Unicode for 'a' (97) is greater than the Unicode for 'A' (65).
'1' < '8' is true because the Unicode for '1' (49) is less than the Unicode for '8' (56).
Comparing and Testing Characters
 Often you must test whether a character is a
number, a letter, or even if it is uppercase or
lowercase.
– The following code tests whether a character ch is an
uppercase letter, a lowercase letter, or a digit:
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase letter");
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase letter");
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
System.out.println(ch + " is a numeric character");
Methods in the Character Class
 Testing characters is common
– Therefore, Java gives the following methods inside the
Character class
Methods in the Character Class
 Using the Character class:
– Examples:
System.out.println("isDigit('a') is " + Character.isDigit('a'));
System.out.println("isLetter('a') is " + Character.isLetter('a'));
System.out.println("isLowerCase('a') is " + Character.isLowerCase('a'));
System.out.println("isUpperCase('a') is " + Character.isUpperCase('a'));
System.out.println("toLowerCase('T') is " + Character.toLowerCase('T'));
System.out.println("toUpperCase('q') is " + Character.toUpperCase('q'));
Output:
isDigit('a') is false
isLetter('a') is true
isLowerCase('a') is true
isUpperCase('a') is false
toLowerCase('T') is t
toUpperCase('q') is Q
 Evaluate the following :
System.out.println('a' < 'b'); true
System.out.println('a' <= 'A'); false
System.out.println('a' > 'b'); false
System.out.println('a' >= 'A'); true
System.out.println('a' == 'a'); true
System.out.println('a' != 'b'); true
 What is the output of the following program:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char x = 'a';
char y = 'c';
System.out.println(++x);
System.out.println(y++);
System.out.println(x - y);
}
}
Output:
b
c
-2
 Write code that generates a random lowercase
letter.
– Remember: lowercase letters are 97 to 122 in decimal
 So 26 possible values (letters)
public class RandomLowercase{

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 97 + (int)(Math.random() * 26);
char randomChar = x;
System.out.println("Random char: " + randomChar);
}
}
The String Type
 A char represents one character
 So how do we represent a sequence (a string) of
characters?
 Use the data type called String
 Example:
– The following code declares variable message to be
a string with the value "Welcome to Java"
String message = "Welcome to Java";
The String Type
 String details:
– String is a predefined class in the Java library
 Just like the classes System and Scanner
– The String type is not a primitive type
– It is known as a reference type
– And the variable declared by a reference type is
known as a reference variable that references an object
 Here, message is a reference variable that references a
string object with the contents "Welcome to Java"
The String Type
 String details:
– Declaring a String variable:
String firstName;
– Assign a value to the String variable:
firstName = "Muhammad Alzahrani";
– Most important:
 How to use the methods in the String class
 The following page shows some of the common methods
that can be used to operate on Strings
Simple Methods for String Objects
 String details:
– Strings are objects in Java
 For this reason, these methods are called "instance methods"
– A non-instance method is called a static method
 All methods in the Math class are static methods
– They are not tied to a specific object instance
 String details:
– Again, string methods are instance methods
 This means that they are tied to a specific object/string
– Therefore, you must invoke them from a specific
object/string
– Syntax: referenceVariable.methodName(arguments)
 Recall: syntax to invoke a static method:
– ClassName.methodName(arguments)
– Example: Math.pow(2, 3); // result is 8
 Soinstead of mentioning the Class of the method
 We mention the specific variable
 Getting String Length
– Use the length() method to return the number of
characters in a string
– Example:
System.out.println("The length of " +
message + " is " + message.length());
 Output:
The length of Welcome to Java is 15
 Getting Characters from a String
– The s.charAt(index) method can be used to retrieve
a specific character in a string s
 Theindex is between 0 and s.length()-1
 Example:
message.charAt(0); // Returns the character W
 Concatenating Strings
– You can use the concat method to concatenate two
strings
– Example:
Strings s3 = s1.concat(s2);
 concatenates s1 and s2 into s3
– String concatenation is very common in Java

– Therefore, Java gives is the plus (+) operator for this
– Example:
String s3 = s1 + s2;
– Remember: you can concatenate a number with a string
– At least one of the operands must be a string
– Examples:
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";
String s = "Chapter " + 2;
– s becomes "Chapter 2"
String s1 = "Supplement " + 'B';
– s1 becomes "Supplement B"
– The augmented += operator can also be used for
concatenation with strings
– Example:
message += ", and Java is fun.";
System.out.println(message);
 Output:
 "Welcome to Java, and Java is fun."
– Final example:
i=1 and j=2, what is the output of the following:
 If
 System.out.println("i + j is " + i + j);
 Output:
"i + j is 12"
 Why?
– In Java, we read from left to right
– So we have the String "i + j is " concatenated with the int i
– The result: a new String ("i + j is 1")
– This new String is the concatenated with the int j
– You can force addition by enclosing the i + j in parentheses
 Converting Strings
– Methods:
 toLowerCase() method returns a new string with all
lowercase letters
 toUpperCase() method returns a new string with all
uppercase letters
 trim() method returns a new string after removing all
whitespace characters from both ends of the string
– Final example:
 "Welcome".toLowerCase(); // returns a new string welcome
 "Welcome".toUpperCase(); // returns a new string WELCOME
 "\t a b c ".trim(); // returns a new string a b c
Reading a String from the Console
 How to read a string from the console
– Use the next() method on a Scanner object
System.out.print("Enter three words separated by spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next(); // assume we made Scanner object
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
Reading a String from the Console
 How to read a complete line from the console
– Use the nextLine() method on a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a line: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("The line entered is " + s);
Reading a Character from the Console
 How to read a single character from the console
– Use the nextLine() method to read a string and then
invoke the charAt(0) method on the string
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The character entered is " + ch);
Comparing Strings
 The String class has many methods you can use
to compare two strings.
Comparing Strings
 String equality
– How can you check if two strings are equal?
– Note: you cannot use the == operator
– Example:
if (s1 == s2)
System.out.println("s1 and s2 are the same object");
else
System.out.println("s1 and s2 are different object");
 This will only tell us if two string reference variables point
to (refer to) the same object
Comparing Strings
 String equality
– So how can you check if two strings are equal?
– Meaning, how to check if they have same contents?
– Use the equals() method
– Example:
if (s1.equals(s2))
System.out.println("s1 and s2 have same contents");
else
System.out.println("s1 and s2 are not equal");
Comparing Strings
 String equality
– Example:
String s1 = "Welcome to Java";
String s3 = "Welcome to C++";
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); // true
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3)); // false
Comparing Strings
 compareTo() method
– We can use the compareTo() method to compare two
strings
 This allows us to alphabetically order the strings
– Syntax:
s1.compareTo(s2);
 Returns the value 0 if s1 is equal to s2
 Returns a value less than 0 if s1 is "less than" s2
 Returns a value greater than 0 if s1 is "greater than" s2
– Example:
"abc".compareTo("abg"); // returns -4
Program 1: OrderTwoCities
 Write a program that prompts the user to enter
two cities and then displays them in alphabetical
order.
 Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase
 Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt the user to enter an two Strings
2. Compare the two strings using compareTo() method
3. Print the cities in correct alphabetical order
 Step 2: Implementation
 Run the Program:
– Note:
 Some city names have multiple words
– Such as New York
 Therefore, we used nextLine() to scan the city name
– Instead of next()
Click here to view and trace code

Obtaining Substrings
 You can get a substring, from a string, by using
the substring method in the String class
 Example:
String message = message.substring(0, 11) + "HTML";
System.out.println(message);
– Output:
Welcome to HTML
Obtaining Substrings
 Java gives you two substring methods:
– substring(beginIndex)
 Returns this string's substring that begins with the character
at the specified beginIndex and extends to the end of the
string
– substring(beginIndex, endIndex)
 Returns this string's substring that begins with the character
at the specified beginIndex and extends to the character at
index endIndex–1
– NOTE: the character at endIndex is NOT part of the substring
Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String
 The String class provides several versions of
indexOf and lastIndexOf methods to find a
character or a substring in a string
in a String
– Examples:
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('W') returns 0.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('o') returns 4.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('o', 5) returns 9.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("come") returns 3.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("Java", 5) returns 11.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("java", 5) returns -1.
in a String
– Examples:
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('W') returns 0.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('o') returns 9.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('o', 5) returns 4.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf("come") returns 3.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf("Java", 5) returns -1.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf("Java") returns 11.
in a String
 Practical Example
– Suppose a string s contains the first name and last
name of a student, separated by a space
– How can you extract the first name and last name?
– Can we use a method to find the space?
 YES!
 We can use the indexOf(' ')

– This will give us the index of the first space
 Then, because we know this index, we can use the
substring() method to find the first name and the last name
in a String
 Practical Example
– Solution:
String s = "Kim Jones";
int k = s.indexOf(' ');
String firstName = s.substring(0, k);
String lastName = s.substring(k + 1);
Conversion between Strings and
Numbers
 Youcan convert a numeric string into an int
 How?
– Use the Integer.parseInt() method
– Example:
int value = Integer.parseInt("152");
 You can also convert a string to a double

– Use the Double.parseDouble() method
– Example:
double value = Double.parseDouble("827.55");
Conversion between Strings and
Numbers
 Can you convert a number to a String?
– Yes.
– You can do it a complicated way
 We won't bother showing you!
– OR, you do it the EASY way:
int number = 7;
String s = number + "";
 kinda like a "hack"
 But it works great!
 We concatenate a number with the empty string
 Result: we get a string representation of the number!

 Suppose that s1, s2, and s3 are three strings:
String s2 = "Programming is fun";
 What are the results of the following expressions?
a. s1 == s2 false
b. s1 == s3 false
c. s1.equals(s2) false
d. s1.equals(s3) true
e. s1.compareTo(s2) Greater than 0
f. s2.compareTo(s3) Less than 0
g. s2.compareTo(s2) 0 (cause contents are equal)
h. s1.charAt(0) W
 Suppose that s1, s2, and s3 are three strings:
String s2 = "Programming is fun";
 What are the results of the following expressions?
a. s1.indexOf('J') 11
b. s1.indexOf('j') -1 (meaning, not found)
c. s1.indexOf("to") 8 (the starting index of "to")
d. s1.lastIndexOf('a') 14
e. s1.length() 15
f. s1.substring(5) me to Java
g. s1.substring(5,12) me to J
h. s1.endsWith("Java") true
 Show the output of the following expressions:
a) System.out.println("1" + 1); 11
b) System.out.println('1' + 1); 50
c) System.out.println("1" + 1 + 1); 111
d) System.out.println("1" + (1 + 1)); 12
e) System.out.println('1' + 1 + 1); 51
Program 2: HexDigit2Dec
 Write a program that prompts the user to enter
one hex digit and then displays this as a decimal
value.
 Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase
 Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt the user to enter a hex digit
2. Check to see if the input is exactly one digit
3. If so, confirm the input is between 0-9 or A-F
– Then print the decimal equivalent
4. Otherwise, print invalid input
– For step 3 above, we can use methods we've

learned in this Chapter
is A-F?
is 0-9?
 Run the Program:
Click here to view and trace code


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Chapter 4:

Characters, Strings, and

This chapter introduced additional basic features of

 random(): generate a random number

– Both of these methods are inside the Math class

 Class methods can be categorized as:

 The parameter of sin, cos, and tan is an angle in radians

 This allowed for 216 = 65,536 characters

– Unicode includes ASCII code

– You can use both ASCII and Unicode in your program

 So the following are okay:

 Because the right side is 16 bits. A byte is 8 bits

– To force the assignment, use explicit casting:

public class RandomLowercase{

– String concatenation is very common in Java

 "Welcome to Java, and Java is fun."

 System.out.println("i + j is " + i + j);

 Returns a value less than 0 if s1 is "less than" s2

 Returns a value greater than 0 if s1 is "greater than" s2

Click here to view and trace code

 We can use the indexOf(' ')

 You can also convert a string to a double

 But it works great!

 We concatenate a number with the empty string

 Result: we get a string representation of the number!

– For step 3 above, we can use methods we've

Click here to view and trace code

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