Traffic cases Page 1 of 13

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There are three types of Mobile Stations:

1. Non-GPRS mobiles (circuit-switched only)

2. GSN/GPRS mobiles (circuit- and packet-switched)

l Class A: Simultaneous circuit- and packet-switched service

l Class B: Automatic switching between circuit- and packet-switched
mode
l Class C: Must be set in either circuit- or packet-switched mode

3. GPRS-only mobiles (packet-switched only)

Three traffic cases are shown for the different classes of GSN/GPRS
mobiles:
A. &ODVV$ - Sending data while phoning on a Class A Mobile Station
B. &ODVV% - Receiving a phone call while sending data on a Class B Mobile
Station (below)
C. &ODVV& - Receiving data on a Class C Mobile Station, initially in circuit-
switched mode

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1. 2XWJRLQJ'DWD6HVVLRQ
The subscriber sends data (for example an email with attached files) from
the Mobile Station.

2.,QFRPLQJ3KRQH&DOOWR06&
An incoming phone call arrives at the MSC.

3. &DOO1RWLILFDWLRQ
The MSC notifies the BSS that a circuit-switched call has arrived. The BSC
forwards the call request to the Mobile Station.

4. 'DWD6HVVLRQ6XVSHQG
The Mobile Station sends a Suspend message to the BSC. The BSC
forwards the Suspend message to the SGSN. The data is suspended.

5. 3KRQH&DOO6HWXS
The circuit-switched phone call is set up.

6. 3KRQH&DOO(VWDEOLVKHG
The subscriber answers the phone call.

7. )LQLVKHG&DOO1RWLILFDWLRQ
When the call is finished, the BSC sends the Resume message to the
SGSN.

8. 'DWD6HVVLRQ5HVXPH
The SGSN uses the Resume functionality and starts to send data packages
from the Mobile Station.

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There are three types of Mobile Stations:

1. Non-GPRS mobiles (circuit-switched only)

2. GSN/GPRS mobiles (circuit- and packet-switched)

l Class A: Simultaneous circuit- and packet-switched service

l Class B: Automatic switching between circuit- and packet-switched
mode
l Class C: Must be set in either circuit- or packet-switched mode

3. GPRS-only mobiles (packet-switched only)

Three traffic cases are shown for the different classes of GSN/GPRS
mobiles:
A. &ODVV$ - Sending data while phoning on a Class A Mobile Station
(below)
B. &ODVV% - Receiving a phone call while sending data on a Class B Mobile
Station
C. &ODVV& - Receiving data on a Class C Mobile Station, initially in circuit-
switched mode

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1.,QFRPLQJ3KRQH&DOO
An incoming phone call arrives at the Mobile Station and the subscriber
answers.

2. 2XWJRLQJ'DWD6HVVLRQ
The subscriber sends data (for example an email with attached files from a
laptop computer) while he is still on the phone. The GSM circuit-switched
communication and the GPRS packet-switched communication are carried
out in parallel.

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Depending on the Mobile Station class, the following attach procedures are
possible:

l GSM circuit-switched IMSI attach

l GPRS packet-switched attach
l Combined GPRS/IMSI attach

IMSI is a unique identity that is allocated to each mobile subscriber in GSM.

This is also true for GPRS-only subscribers, except for anonymous-only
access subscribers (for example anonymous Internet access), where a
temporary identification is used. This traffic case describes combined
GPRS/IMSI attach, that is both GPRS packet-switched (IMSI or anonymous)
and GSM circuit-switched (IMSI) attach in one and the same procedure.
In the case of roaming, there is a new SGSN and an old SGSN involved.
There is also a new MSC and an old MSC involved.

When the attach procedure is completed, the state of the Mobile Station
changes from IDLE to READY.

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1. $WWDFK5HTXHVW
The Mobile Station initiates an attach request to the new SGSN.

2. ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ5HTXHVW5HVSRQVH
The new SGSN retrieves the subscriber information from the old SGSN.

3.,GHQWLW\5HTXHVW5HVSRQVH
The new SGSN requests the Mobile Station to identify the subscriber.

4. $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ
The new SGSN authenticates the subscriber by comparing the
computational results from the Mobile Station with the results from the HLR
parameters.

5. ,0(,&KHFN
The new SGSN carries out the IMEI (International Mobile station Equipment
Identity) check, in order to identify the MT and verify this identity in the
Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

6. 8SGDWH/RFDWLRQ5HTXHVW$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
The new SGSN requires the HLR to update the location of the Mobile
Station. This is carried out in several steps:
a. The new SGSN sends the request to the HLR.
b. The HLR cancels the obsolete location data in the old SGSN.
c. The old SGSN confirms the cancellation to the HLR.
d. The HLR inserts the subscriber data in the new SGSN.
e. The new SGSN confirms the update back to the HLR.
f. The HLR acknowledges the full update location operation back to the new
SGSN.

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The new SGSN now requests the new MSC/VLR to make HLR update the
old MSC/VLR and the new MSC/VLR with the corrected information as well.
This is carried out in the following steps:
a. The new SGSN sends the request to the new MSC/VLR.
b. The new MSC/VLR initiates the update by triggering the HLR.
c. The HLR cancels the obsolete location information in the old MSC/VLR.
d. The old MSC/VLR confirms the cancellation to the HLR.
e. The HLR inserts the subscriber data in the new MSC/VLR.
f. The new MSC/VLR confirms the update back to the HLR.
g. The HLR confirms to the new MSC/VLR that the job is done.
h. The MSC/VLR acknowledges the full update location operation back to
the new SGSN.

8. $WWDFK$FFHSWDQFH
The new SGSN confirms to the Mobile Station that the attach is accepted.

9. $WWDFK&RPSOHWH
The Mobile Station confirms to the SGSN that the attachment is completed.

10. 5HDOORFDWLRQ&RPSOHWH for temporarily identified GPRS-attached

Mobile Station
If VLR TMSI was changed, the SGSN confirms the VLR TMSI re-allocation
by sending "TMSI Reallocation-Complete" to the VLR.

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GPRS Detach can be initiated by the Mobile Station or by SGSN. See also
SGSN-Initiated GPRS Detach.

1. 'HWDFK5HTXHVW
The Mobile Station sends a request for detachment to the SGSN.

2a. 'HDFWLYDWH3'3&RQWH[W5HTXHVW
SGSN sends a request for deactivating the PDP context to GGSN. This
means shutting down the IP connection towards the Internet, or shutting
down another Packet Data Protocol (PDP), for example X.25. There is more
information on PDP activation and deactivation in the section Session
Management.

2b. 'HDFWLYDWH3'3&RQWH[W5HVSRQVH
GGSN sends a response back to SGSN, confirming the shutdown of the
PDP connection (for example IP or X.25).

3.,06,'HWDFK,QGLFDWLRQ
If the Mobile Station is IMSI detached, the SGSN sends an "IMSI Detach
Indication" to the MSC/VLR in order to update the VLR about the IMSI
(circuit) detachment. IMSI is the unique subscriber identity.

4. *356'HWDFK,QGLFDWLRQ
If the Mobile Station is to remain IMSI attached and is doing a GPRS
detach, the SGSN sends a message to the MSC/VLR in order to update the
VLR about the GPRS (packet) detachment.

5. 'HWDFK$FFHSW

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The SGSN acknowledges the request to the Mobile Station, if that the
detach operation is not a result of a switch-off situation.

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A GPRS Detach can be initiated by the Mobile Station or by SGSN. See
also Mobile Station Initiated GPRS Detach.

An SGSN-initiated detach is carried out when the network operator wants to

detach a specific subscriber. This could be the case if the subscription is lost
and the subscriber is attached. For example, the subscriber could attach
and then stay attached all the time. There must be a way for the network
operator to detach a subscriber.

1. 'HWDFK5HTXHVW
The SGSN sends a request for detachment to the Mobile Station.

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2a. 'HDFWLYDWH3'3&RQWH[W5HTXHVW
SGSN sends a request for deactivating the PDP context to GGSN. This
means shutting down the IP connection towards the Internet, or shutting
down another Packet Data Protocol (PDP), for example X.25. There is more
information on PDP activation and deactivation in the section Session
Management.

2b. 'HDFWLYDWH3'3&RQWH[W5HVSRQVH
GGSN sends a response back to SGSN, confirming the shutdown of the
PDP connection (for example IP or X.25).

3. *356'HWDFK,QGLFDWLRQ
SGSN sends a message to MSC/VLR in order to update the VLR about the
GPRS (packet) detachment. (If the Mobile Station was both IMSI- and
GPRS-attached, the SGSN sends a GPRS detach indication message to the
VLR.)

4. 'HWDFK$FFHSW
The Mobile Station acknowledges the request to the SGSN.

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The cell update procedure differs for circuit and packet data traffic:

l In a packet data network, the Mobile Station itself decides when

packet channel reselection should occur. When the signal strength on
a neighbouring channel exceeds that on the current channel by a
certain margin, the Mobile Station starts to send on this channel.
l In a circuit-switched network, the Mobile Station sends the measured
data to the network, which decides when handover should occur.

A Mobile Station in STANDBY mode can move between cells in a Routing

Area without updating the information in the network about these
movements. If an incoming call arrives, paging must be carried out in order
to find the Mobile Station.

If, on the other hand, the Mobile Station moves between cells in READY
mode, the Mobile Station itself initiates a cell update.

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There is more information on cell updates in the section Roaming - between

cells.

1. //&)UDPH
When the Mobile Station decides to change the cell, based on the
measurements and the cell selection parameters, then the Mobile Station
performs the cell update procedure by sending an up link LLC frame of any
type, containing the Mobile Station identity, to the SGSN. If no signalling or
data packet can be used for immediate cell update, a dummy LLC frame is
sent to the BSS, in order to initiate the hand over to another cell.

2. %66*3)UDPH
The BSS can also create a dummy frame, in this case on BSSGP format,
and pass it on to the SGSN. The BSS adds an identifier of the cell to all
BSSGP frames. A cell update is any correctly received and valid LLC PDU
carried in a BSSGP PDU containing a new identifier of the cell.

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As part of the attachment procedure, authentication of the subscriber
identity is carried out. There is more information on authentication in the
section Subscriber authentication and validation, and on encryption in the
section Encryption.

1a. 6HQG$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ,QIR
The SGSN (SGSN VLR functionality) requests the security triplet (an
encryption key, a random number, and a signature) from the HLR when a
Mobile Station needs to be authenticated.

1b. 6HQG$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ,QIR$FN
The triplet is returned to the SGSN.

2a. $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ5HTXHVW
The SGSN sends the random number to the Mobile Station, where the local
version of the signature is calculated, using the random number, the
subscriber authentication key, and a specified algorithm.

2b. $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ5HVSRQVH
The signature is sent back to the SGSN and is tested for validity.

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When data packets are destined for a Mobile Station which is in STANDBY
mode, paging is performed in order to find the receiver. Paging is described
further in the section Paging.

1. 3'33'8
A data packet (PDU) reaches the SGSN from the Internet or another packet
network, for example X.25.

2. 3DJLQJ5HTXHVW
The SGSN sends a paging request to the BSS in order to locate the Mobile
Station.

3. *3563DJLQJ5HTXHVW
The BSS in turn searches for the Mobile Station by sending a GPRS paging

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request. The requested Mobile Station receives this request.

4. //&)UDPH
A dummy LLC frame is sent from the Mobile Station to the BSS, in order to
have the network locating the Mobile Station. This response is thus carried
out using any single valid LLC frame. The frame is implicitly interpreted by
the SGSN as being a paging response message.

5. %66*3)UDPH
The BSS in turn creates a dummy frame, in this case on BSSGP format,
adds an identification of the call, and passes the frame on to the SGSN.

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