ANGLE (EXPONENTIAL) MODULATION Dr.

Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Electrical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
V E R 2 .3

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 1

CLASS OBJECTIVE
Introduction
Historical Notes
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency
Phase Modulation (PM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Relation between PM and FM
Range of values for 𝑘𝑝
Power of Angle Modulated Signals

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 2

 DEFINITION OF ANGLE MODULATION (PM, FM)
A sinusoidal carrier can be amplitude or/and angle modulated

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡
The frequency and phase of the carrier signal in all AM
modulation techniques were constant.
PM & FM is achieved by using the message to change the
phase or frequency (changing the angle) of the carrier signal
and keeping its amplitude constant.

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 3

 HISTORICAL NOTES Carrier
𝑚𝑝
Message
−𝑚𝑝
FM was introduced to reduce sideband noise (noise is
proportional to bandwidth)
𝝎 𝒕 = 𝝎𝒄 + 𝒌𝒎(𝒕)
𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝑚𝑝 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑚𝑝
The center frequency is 𝜔𝑐 and the bandwidth is 𝟐𝒌𝒎𝒑 .

Many side bands

𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑚𝑝

Many side bands

𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝑚𝑝
Carrier
By having a small 𝑘 we can have a very small bandwidth.
By experiment:
FM bandwidth ≥ AM bandwidth …..What is wrong?

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 4

CONCEPT OF INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY
𝜃
A sinusoid with fixed frequency and phase, is given by
𝜃 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0
𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0
The angle of the cosine 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 is a linear relationship with respect
to 𝑡 (a straight line with slope of the angular frequency 𝜔𝑐 and 𝑦–intercept
of 𝜃0 ).
What is the frequency of the following? 𝜃0
𝑥1 𝑡 = cos 2𝑡 + 3 , 𝑥2 𝑡 = cos 2𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 3 ,..
t
The frequency may itself be a function of time, and therefore, we should not
think in terms of the constant frequency of the sinusoid but in terms of the
INSTANTANEOUS frequency of the sinusoid since it is not constant for all 𝑡
The instantaneous frequency of 𝑥(𝑡) given above is defined as
𝑑𝜃 𝑡
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 5
 RELATION BETWEEN PHASE AND FREQUENCY
𝑑𝜃 𝑡
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑡
➢As a checkup for this definition, if 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 , then 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝑐
𝑑𝑡
➢We can also write
𝑡
𝜃 𝑡 = න 𝜔𝑖 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
−∞
➢Changing the angle 𝜃(𝑡) of some sinusoid is the bases for the two types of angle
modulation: Phase and Frequency modulation techniques.

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 6

 𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)

PHASE MODULATION (PM)

The phase of the carrier signal is directly changed by the message signal. The phase
modulated signal will have the form

𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) ,

where 𝐴 is a constant, 𝜔𝑐 is the carrier frequency, 𝑚(𝑡) is the message signal, and
𝑘𝑝 is a parameter that specifies how much change in the angle occurs for every unit of
change of 𝑚(𝑡).
The angle and instantaneous frequency of this signal are
𝜃𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑑𝑚 𝑡
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑝 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚ሶ (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
So, the frequency of a PM signal is proportional to the derivative of the message signal.
DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 7
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
This type of modulation changes the frequency of the carrier (not
the phase as in PM) directly with the message signal. The FM
modulated signal is
𝑡
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
where 𝑘𝑓 is a parameter that specifies how much change in the
frequency occurs for every unit change of 𝑚(𝑡).
The angle and instantaneous frequency of this FM are
𝑡
𝜃𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝛼
𝑑 𝑡
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 8
 RELATION BETWEEN PM AND FM
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) Frequency Modulator (FM)
𝑡
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 න 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 t

−∞ t  m (t )d  Phase
 ()d 
−
m(t) Modulator gFM(t)
− (PM)
PM and FM are tightly related to each other.

▪replacing 𝑚(𝑡) in the PM signal with Phase Modulator (PM)

𝑡
‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 gives an FM signal dm (t )
d () dt Frequency
𝑑𝑚 𝑡 m(t) Modulator gPM(t)
▪replacing 𝑚(𝑡) in the FM signal with dt (FM)
𝑑𝑡
gives a PM signal.

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 9

RELATION BETWEEN PM AND FM
▪PM and FM are indistinguishable.
▪PM and FM are two examples of the more general angle modulation.
▪Bandwidth of FM= 2𝑘𝑓 𝑚𝑝, where 𝑚𝑝 is the peak of 𝑚(𝑡). (not correct)
Bandwidth of PM= 2𝑘𝑝 𝑚ሶ𝑝 , where𝑚ሶ 𝑝 is the peak of 𝑚ሶ (𝑡). (not correct)
▪Historically, we start with FM, in most cases PM performs better, optimum
performance is in between. (This note is just for your information. The
explanation is beyond the scope of this course).

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 10

RANGE OF VALUES FOR 𝒌𝒑 −𝜋 < 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋

To avoid ambiguity in demodulation, the value of 𝑘𝑝 should be limited to a certain range.

Consider the following example:
3𝜋
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡
2
Notice that
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 when 𝑚(𝑡) = 1 or −1/3. Remember that 𝜃 + 2𝜋 = 𝜃
▪If there is discontinuity in 𝑚(𝑡), then 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) should be restricted to the range (– 𝜋, 𝜋).
▪If 𝑚(𝑡) is continuous no restriction on 𝑘𝑝 because the change is gradual.
▪Real 𝑚(𝑡) are band limited and 𝑘𝑝 has no restriction.
▪𝑘𝑝 is usually small

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 11

POWER OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNALS
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
𝐴2
PM or FM the power is , regardless of 𝑘𝑝 or 𝑘𝑓 .
2

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 12