BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

MODULE – 6 PART – 1
RADIO COMMUNICATION -
PRINCIPLE OF AM AND FM

Ms. Neethu Radha Gopan, Asst Professor, Dept. of ECE, RSET

Syllabus
Communication

➢ Transmission of information from one

place to another
➢ Frequency of audio signals- 20Hz to
20kHz (low frequency)
➢ Even sound from a loudspeaker can
propagate only over small distances
➢ Can mix up with sounds from nearby
speakers
 Modulation
4

➢ Modulation is the process by which the amplitude, frequency or phase of the

carrier signal is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the message signal.
➢ Carrier signal – high frequency signal

➢ Message signal – low frequency signal

➢ The signal after modulation – Modulated signal

 Example
5

Paper- MESSAGE SIGNAL

Stone - CARRIER SIGNAL
Wrapping of paper on stone -
MODULATION

+
 Block Diagram
6

Modulating Modulated Antenna

(message) signal
signal POWER
MODULATOR AMPLIFIE
R

Carrier
signal
 Need/Advantages of Modulation
7

1. Allows transmission of information over long distances, without interfering with

other signals
2. Interference with other signals can be prevented by using different carrier
frequencies for different messages
3. Improves signal quality
4. Reduces the size of the antenna.
1
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ∝ 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 ∝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
➢ If f=3000Hz,
𝑐 3×108
𝜆= = = 100km
𝑓 3000
𝜆 100
Size of the antenna = = = 25km !
4 4
➢ If f=100MHz, 𝜆 = 3m
Size of the antenna=75cm only !
 Types of Modulation
8

➢ Amplitude modulation (AM)

➢ Frequency modulation (FM)
➢ Phase modulation (PM)
 1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
9

➢ Amplitude of the carrier

signal is varied in
proportion to the
amplitude of the
message signal

for proper
modulation (else
unusual distortion will
occur)
 Modulation Index
10

➢ Extent of modulation done on a carrier signal

• Modulation Coefficient, (Modulation Index),

,
-max. amplitude of AM signal
-min. amplitude of AM signal
 Mathematical Expression for AM
11

➢ Message signal m(t) = Am cos(2π𝑓𝑚t)

➢ Carrier signal c(t) = Ac cos(2π𝑓𝑐 t)
➢ AM signal
vAM(t)= [Ac +m(t)]cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t)
= [Ac +Am cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 t)]cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t)
Am
= [1 + cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 t)] Ac cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t)
Ac
= [1 +m cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 t)] Ac cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t)
= Ac cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t) +m Ac cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t) cos(2𝜋 𝑓𝑚 t)
mA mAc
= Ac cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐t) + c cos[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚)t] + cos[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 -𝑓𝑚)t]
2 2
 Frequency Spectrum of AM
12

𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 → Upper side band frequency

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 → Lower side band frequency
➢ Bandwidth = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 2𝑓𝑚
 Total Transmitted Power in AM
13

➢ Average power in an unmodulated carrier is

𝐴𝑐 2
➢ 𝑃𝐶 =
2𝑅
➢ 𝑃𝑐 - carrier power in Watts, 𝐴𝑐 - peak carrier voltage in Volts
➢ R- load resistance (ohms)
➢ The upper and lower sideband powers are expressed mathematically as,
𝑚𝐴𝑐 /2 2 𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚2 𝑃𝑐
➢ 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = = =
2𝑅 8𝑅 4
➢ The total power in an AM is, 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵
𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2
= 𝑃𝑐 + + =𝑃𝑐 (1 + )
4 4 2
 Applications of AM
14

AM Radio
Walkie Talkie

Air to ground communication

Q. The carrier amplitude of a given AM wave is 5V and the message signal
amplitude is 3V. Find the modulation index.

𝐴𝑚 5
𝑚= = = 0.6
𝐴𝑐 3

Q. A 50 kW carrier is to be modulated to a level of (i) 80% (ii) 10%. What is the total
sideband power in each case ?

𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 (0.8)2 ×50×103
(i) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = + =2× = 16𝑘𝑊
4 4 4
𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 (0.1)2 ×50×103
(ii) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = + =2× = 0.25𝑘𝑊
4 4 4
Q. A sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1 MHz and amplitude 100 volts is amplitude
modulated by the sinusoidal voltage of frequency 5 kHz producing 50% modulation.
Calculate the frequency and amplitude of lower and upper sideband terms.

𝑓𝑐 = 1𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 106 𝐻𝑧, 𝐴𝑐 = 100 𝑉, 𝑓𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 5 × 103 𝐻𝑧, 𝑚 = 0.5

𝑚𝐴𝑐 0.5×100
𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 =1005 kHz, 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 995 kHz, = = 25
2 2
 2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
17

➢ Frequency of the carrier signal is

varied in proportion to the
amplitude of the message signal
 Modulation Index
18

𝜹
𝐦𝐟 =
𝒇𝒎
Frequency deviation δ = k f Am
kf - Proportionality constant
Am -amplitude of message signal
𝑓𝑚 − frequency of message signal
 Applications of FM
19

FM Radio

Magnetic Radar
tape
recording
 AM Vs FM
20

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

More prone to noise-Information is Less prone to noise-Information is

contained in the amplitude. Amplitude contained in the frequency. Variations
gets attenuated as it propagates through in amplitude will not affect the
the medium message
Simpler circuit More complex circuit

Consumes more power Consumes less power

Has larger coverage Has less coverage

Superheterodyne Receivers

➢ Superheterodyne (short for

supersonic-heterodyne).
➢ "supersonic“ indicates frequencies
above the range of human
hearing. “heterodyne” indicate
frequency translation.

➢ Radio broadcast reception.

 Block Diagram
22

Antenna

RF Amplifier Mixer IF Amplifier Detector

& tuning

Local Audio
Oscillator Amplifier
 Antenna & RF Amplifier
23

➢ The radio waves from various broad

casting stations are intercepted by the
receiving antenna and are coupled to RF Antenna
amplifier.

RF Amplifier
➢ Rf amplifier uses tuned amplifier and & tuning
selects the desired radio waves and
enhance the strength of the waves to
desired level.
 Mixer & Local Oscillator
24

➢ The amplified output of RF amplifier is fed

to the mixer stage, where it is combined with
the output of a local oscillator. The two
frequencies beat together and produce an
intermediate frequency (IF). This process is Mixer
called heterodyning.

➢ IF is the difference between oscillator

Local
frequency and radio frequency. Oscillator

➢ The output of mixer stage is always equal to

intermediate frequency. (for AM IF = 455kHz
& FM IF = 10.7 MHz)
 IF Amplifier
25

➢ The output of the mixer circuit is fed to

the tuned IF amplifier.

➢ It is tuned to one frequency and is

amplified.
IF Amplifier
 Detector
26

➢ The output from the IF amplifier is

coupled with input of a detector.

Detector

➢ The audio signals are extracted from the

IF output.
 AF Amplifier & Loud speaker
27

➢ The detected AF signal is usually

weak and so it is further amplified
by the AF amplifier.
➢ The output signal from the
amplifier is fed to the loud speaker. Audio
This converts the audio signal in to Amplifier
sound waves corresponding to the
original sound at the broadcasting
station.
 Superheterodyne Receiver
28

Antenna

RF Amplifier Mixer IF Amplifier Detector

& tuning

Local Audio
Oscillator Amplifier
END OF MODULE - 6 PART - 1

THANK YOU!!!!