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Angle Modulation
Hilbert transform (II)
SEBASTIÁN ROLDÁN VASCO
sebastianroldan@itm.edu.co
Angle Modulation
Consider the carrier with variable phase:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Instantaneous phase angle: the argument of carrier
signal:
𝜙𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Instantaneous frequency:
𝑑𝜙𝐼 𝑡
𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜃′𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Angle Modulation
𝑑𝜙𝐼 𝑡
𝜙𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜃′𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)
• If 𝑚(𝑡) is constant:
𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐾 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐
• If 𝑚(𝑡) is linear:
𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐵
𝜔𝐼 𝑡 is allways constant.
Then:
𝜑𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑚(𝑡)
Phase Modulation
−𝜋 ≤ 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
Instantaneous phase angle:
Instantaneous frequency:
Then:
𝜙𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Instantaneous frequency:
If 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≪ 1
𝑐𝑜 𝑠 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ≈ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑐 𝑡 ) ≈ 𝜃𝑐 𝑡
Then:
𝜑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
Φ 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝜋 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
Narrow band
1
Φ 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗Θ𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
2
1
Φ𝑃𝑀 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑗𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑗𝑘𝑃𝑀 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
2
𝑀(𝜔)
• FM,𝜃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 → 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑚 Θ𝑐 𝜔 = 𝑘𝐹𝑀 :
𝑗𝜔
1 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
Φ𝐹𝑀 𝜔 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝐹𝑀 + 𝑘𝐹𝑀
2 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
Narrow band
FM is more sensitive to noise.
𝐴𝑐ൗ
2
𝑀(𝜔) PM −𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
𝜋
𝐴𝑐ൗ
FM 2
−𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
Wideband
Assuming periodic 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 :
∞
1
𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝐶𝑛 = න 𝑒 𝑗 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 −𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑇
𝑛=−∞
Thus:
∞
1
𝜑 𝑡 = ℝe 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 න 𝑒 𝑗 𝜃𝑐 𝑡 −𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑇
𝑛=−∞
Wideband
𝑚𝐷 𝑡 = 𝜑´𝐹𝑀 𝑡
𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
• Analytic signal:
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = cos 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝛼𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝛼𝑡
• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 =1
Envelopes
Example:
𝑥 𝑡 = sinc(𝑡)
• Analytic signal:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑡 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑡
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥ො 𝑡 = +𝑗
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
• Natural envelope:
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜋𝑡 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑡
𝑎 𝑡 = +𝑗 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(0,5𝑡)
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
Envelopes: DSB
𝜑𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜗
Assuming that 𝑚(𝑡) has bandwidth 𝐵 < 𝜔0
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜗
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜗
• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡
• Phase component:
𝜑𝐼 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜑
• Quadrature component:
𝜑𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜑
Envelopes: FM
𝜑𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Assuming that 𝑚(𝑡) has bandwidth 𝐵 < 𝜔0
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑐(𝑡)
• Natural envelope:
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = 1
• Phase component:
𝜑𝐼 𝑡 = ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = cos 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
• Quadrature component:
𝜑𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝜑𝑒 𝑡 = sin 𝜃𝑐 (𝑡)
Envelopes: Signal detection
Given the generic modulation:
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡)
If 𝜃 𝑡 = 𝐾, then AM
If 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝐾, then PM or FM
If the message is bandwidth limited:
• Analytic signal:
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜃 𝑡
• Complex envelope:
𝜑𝐷 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜃(𝑡)
Generic demodulation
Modulated signal
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡)
Analytic signal Complex envelope
𝜑𝑎 𝑡 = 𝜑 𝑡 + 𝑗𝜑ො 𝑡 𝜑𝐷 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜃(𝑡)
Recovered message
AM PM FM
𝑑 ∠𝜑𝐷 𝑡
ℝ𝑒 𝜑𝐷 𝑡 ∠𝜑𝐷 𝑡
𝑑𝑡