ANGLE MODULATION SUMMARY

Representation of FM and PM Signals

Angle modulated signal: 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅(𝑡)), 𝐴𝑐 : carrier amplitude, 𝑓𝑐 : carrier frequency,
∅(𝑡): time-varying carrier phase

Phase modulation

• Phase: ∅(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡), 𝑘𝑝 : phase deviation constant, 𝑚(𝑡): message signal

𝑑 𝑑
• Derivative of phase: 𝑑𝑡 ∅(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑝 𝑑𝑡 𝑚(𝑡)
• Maximum phase deviation: Δ∅max = 𝑘𝑝 max[|𝑚(𝑡)|]
• Modulation index: 𝛽𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 max[|𝑚(𝑡)|] = Δ∅max

Frequency modulation
𝑡
• Phase: ∅(𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 ∫−∞ 𝑚(𝜏)𝑑𝜏, 𝑘𝑓 : frequency deviation constant
𝑑
• Derivative of phase: ∅(𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
• Maximum frequency deviation: Δ𝑓max = 𝑘𝑓 max[|𝑚(𝑡)|]
𝑘𝑓 max[|𝑚(𝑡)|] Δ𝑓max
• Modulation index: 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑊
= 𝑊

Narrowband Angle Modulation

Narrowband angle modulated signal: 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝐴𝑐 ∅(𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals

Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal

Sinusoidal message signal: 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑎 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡), 𝑎: message amplitude

Angle modulated signal: 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)), 𝛽:modulation index, 𝑓𝑚 : message
frequency

• Bessel function representation: 𝑢(𝑡) = ∑∞

𝑛=−∞ 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )𝑡), 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽): Bessel
function of the first kind of order 𝑛

Effective bandwidth: 𝐵𝑐 = 2(𝛽 + 1)𝑓𝑚

Number of harmonics in the effective bandwidth: 𝑀𝑐 = 2⌊𝛽⌋ + 3

Phase modulation

• Effective bandwidth: 𝐵𝑐 = 2(𝑘𝑝 𝑎 + 1)𝑓𝑚

• Number of harmonics in the effective bandwidth: 𝑀𝑐 = 2⌊𝑘𝑝 𝑎⌋ + 3

Frequency modulation
𝑘 𝑎
• Effective bandwidth: 𝐵𝑐 = 2 ( 𝑓𝑓 + 1) 𝑓𝑚 = 2(𝑘𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓𝑚 )
𝑚
 𝑘𝑓 𝑎
• Number of harmonics in the effective bandwidth: 𝑀𝑐 = 2 ⌊ ⌋+3
𝑓𝑚

Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal

Effective bandwidth: 𝐵𝑐 = 2(𝛽 + 1)𝑊

Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators & FM Radio Broadcasting

Angle Modulators

Implementation of angle modulators:

• Voltage controlled oscillator with varactor-diode modulator

• Voltage controlled oscillator with reactance-tube modulator
• Indirect modulator
o 𝑚(𝑡) → Narrowband angle modulator → 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)
▪ 𝑚(𝑡) → Integrator → 𝑥(𝑡)
▪ Carrier oscillator → 𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) → 90o phase shift → 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
▪ 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑚(𝑡) → Switch → ∅(𝑡) of 𝑥(𝑡) for FM or ∅(𝑡) of 𝑚(𝑡) for PM
▪ 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − ∅(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
o Local oscillator → 𝑐(𝑡) (Frequency: 𝑓LO)
o 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) (Frequency: 𝑓𝑐 ) → Frequency x 𝑛 → 𝑎(𝑡) (Frequency: 𝑛𝑓𝑐 ) → 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐(𝑡) → BP
filter → Output

Angle Demodulators

Implementation of angle demodulators:

• General angle demodulator

o Angle modulated signal → Angle Modulation to AM converter → 𝑥(𝑡) (AM signal)
▪ Differentiator converter
▪ Tuned circuit converter
▪ Balanced discriminator
o 𝑥(𝑡) → AM demodulator → Output signal
• Angle demodulator with feedback
o VCO (Uses the output signal as feedback) → 𝑐(𝑡)
o 𝑟(𝑡) (Received signal) → 𝑟(𝑡)𝑐(𝑡) → Bandpass filter → Discriminator → Lowpass
filter → Output signal
• Phase-locked loop angle demodulator
o VCO (Uses the output signal as feedback) → 𝑐(𝑡)
o 𝑟(𝑡) (Input signal) → 𝑟(𝑡), 𝑐(𝑡) → Phase comparator → Loop filter 𝐺(𝑓) → Output
signal
• Linearized phase-locked loop angle demodulator
𝑡
o Integrator (Uses 𝑣(𝑡) as feedback) → ∅𝑣 (𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 ∫0 𝑣(𝜏)𝑑𝜏
o ∅𝑒 (𝑡) = ∅(𝑡) − ∅𝑣 (𝑡) → Loop filter 𝑔(𝑡) → 𝑣(𝑡)

FM radio broadcasting superheterodyne receiver structure:

 • Receive antenna → RF amplifier (tuned by a variable capacitor) → Mixer (uses a Local
oscillator output which is tuned by the variable capacitor) → 𝑓IF = 10.7 MHz → IF amplifier
→ Limiter → Discriminator (feedbacks the Automatic frequency control (AFC) to the Local
oscillator) → Audio amplifier and deemphasis → Lowpass filter → Speaker

FM radio broadcasting stereo transmitter:

• 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) + 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) → Preemphasis → 𝑎(𝑡)

• 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) − 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) → Preemphasis → 𝑑(𝑡)
• Local oscillator → 𝑝(𝑡) (Pilot) → Frequency doubler → 𝑐(𝑡)
• 𝑑(𝑡), 𝑐(𝑡) → DSB-SC AM modulator → 𝑏(𝑡)
• 𝑎(𝑡) + 𝑏(𝑡) + 𝑝(𝑡) → FM modulator

FM radio broadcasting stereo receiver:

• Signal from IF amplifier → FM discriminator → 𝑥(𝑡)

• 𝑥(𝑡) → Lowpass filter (0-15 kHz) → Deemphasis → 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) + 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡)
• 𝑥(𝑡) → Narrowband tuned filter (19 kHz) → Frequency doubler → 𝑐(𝑡) (38 kHz)
• 𝑥(𝑡) → Bandpass filter (23-53 kHz) → 𝑦(𝑡)
• 𝑐(𝑡) → To stereo indicator
• 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑐(𝑡) → Synchronous demodulator → Deemphasis → 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) − 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡)
• 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) + 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) + 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) − 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) = 2𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) → 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) → To audio-band amplifier
• 𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) + 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) − (𝑚𝑙 (𝑡) − 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡)) = 2𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) → 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡) → To audio-band amplifier