Analog Communication Systems

(ECE3001)

Dr. Jeetashee Aparajeeta

Assistant Professor (Sr)
SENSE
Module 3
 Generation Of DSB-SC

 1. Balanced Modulator or Product Modulator

 The DSB-SC signal general form is
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = cos 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 2𝜋𝑡 − cos 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 2𝜋𝑡
2 2

m(t) Balanced
Modulator 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
 Frequency Spectrum

No carrier component in the modulated signal, so the loss of power due to carrier
will be avoided.
𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚

𝑆(𝑓)

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
 S(f)

𝒇𝒄 - 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎
−(𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 ) − 𝒇𝒄 −(𝒇𝒄 - 𝒇𝒎 ) 𝒇𝒄

Bandwidth
 2. Ring Modulator

D3 D
D1
Bandpass
m(t) Filter
Center Freq
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) “𝒇𝒄 ” 𝑉𝑜 (𝑡)
D4 Bandwidth
“𝟐𝒇𝒎 ”

D2

𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
 During the positive half cycle of the carrier, the polarity across the
transformer will change to (Apply the principle of center tapping
transformer) +
D3 D1

-
-

D4

+
D2

𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
 During +ve half cycle of carrier, D1 and D2 will be short circuited and D3
and D4 will be open circuited.

 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)

 During -ve half cycle of carrier, D3 and D4 will be short circuited and D1 and
D2 will be open circuited.

 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 = − 𝑚(𝑡)
 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡)

 𝑝(𝑡) is +1 for positive half cycle and -1 for negative half cycle. The frequency
or time period of 𝑝(𝑡) should match the carrier signal.
P(t)

𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑐 0 𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑐
− 𝑇𝑐 − − 𝑇𝑐
2 4 4 2
 4 cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos 5𝜔𝑐 𝑡
 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − + − …
𝜋 3 5

 The output of the band pass filter,

4
 𝑉𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝜋
𝑉𝑜 (𝑓) Response of BPF

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 3𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 3𝑓𝑐 3𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 f

𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
 Output of Bandpass Filter

No Carrier frequency

𝑉𝑜 (𝑓)

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
 Detection / Demodulation of DSB-SC

 Synchronous Detector/ Coherent Detector

y(t)
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 Balanced x(t) Low Pass
Modulator Filter

The cutoff frequency

is equal to the message
𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 signal frequency
 The frequency of the carrier generated at the receiver side should
synchronize with the frequency of the carrier at the transmitter.

 The carrier generated at the receiver side generated by a local oscillator.

 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2 cos 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

1+cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡

 𝑥 𝑡 =𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2 = +
2 2 2
 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2
 y 𝑡 =
2

𝑉𝑜 (𝑓)

Response of LPF

f=0 𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑐 2𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 f

 Effect of Phase drift in Synchronous
detector

 If the carrier frequency at receiver is not perfectly synchronize with the

carrier frequency at transmitter,

y(t)
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 Balanced x(t) Low Pass
Modulator Filter

The cutoff frequency

is equal to the message
𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) signal frequency
 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2
 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
2

𝑉𝑜 (𝑓) 2𝑓𝑐
Constant

Response of LPF

f=0 𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑐 2𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 f

 The output of LPF will be,

𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 2 cos 𝜃
 y 𝑡 =
2

 If 𝜃 = 90∘ , y 𝑡 = 0

 This effect is called quadrature null effect.

 Because the carrier at receiver becomes 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 90∘ ) = −𝐴𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡,

and cos and sin are quadrature component of each other or perpendicular to
each other. Null because the output is zero.
 Effect of Frequency drift in
Synchronous detector
 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 +∆𝜔𝑐 )𝑡

𝑚(𝑡)
 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∆𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos ∆𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2

𝑚(𝑡)
 𝑦 𝑡 = cos ∆𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2

y(t)
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 Balanced x(t) Low Pass
Modulator Filter

The cutoff frequency

is equal to the message
𝐴𝑐 cos(𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓𝑐 )) signal frequency
 The output will be distorted due to the cos term. This distortion is known as
beat effect and in this case we will not be able to reconstruct our message
signal.
𝑉𝑜 (𝑓)

Response of LPF

f=0 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚 + ∆𝑓𝑐 f
 Power and Bandwidth

 Bandwidth = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 ) − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 ) = 2𝑓𝑚

 Total power = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵

𝑉𝑜 (𝑓)

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 2
cos 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 2𝜋𝑡 − 2
cos 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 2𝜋𝑡

 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵

𝑉𝐿𝑆𝐵 2 𝑉𝑈𝑆𝐵 2
 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑅
+ 𝑅

𝑉𝐿𝑆𝐵 2
 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 =
𝑅

𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎 2 1 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚𝑎 2
 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 2 2𝑅
= 8𝑅

𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚𝑎 2 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚𝑎 2 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚𝑎 2 𝑚𝑎 2
 𝑃𝑡 = 8𝑅 + 8𝑅 = 4𝑅 = 𝑃𝑐 2