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5. Free-space loss L(The number of bits carried by one signal waveform) = log2
M (Total number of signal waveforms or modulation levels)
Since 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑟 , 𝑝𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 /(4𝜋𝑑 2 ), A𝑒 = λ2 /4𝜋A𝑒
𝑅 𝑅
𝑃𝑡 4𝜋𝑑 2 4𝜋𝑓𝑑 2 𝑅 = 𝐷𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀 = 𝐷𝐿 (bps) or 𝐷 = = (baud)
𝐿𝑓 = =( ) =( ) , 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log(𝑑 ) − log2 𝑀 𝐿
𝑃𝑟 λ c
20 log(λ) + 21.98𝑑𝐵 = 20 log(𝑓) + 20 log(𝑑 ) − 147.56𝑑𝐵 For QAM and multilevel PSK (MPSK): 𝐵𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)𝐷 =
𝑅
(1 + 𝑟 )
6. Dopplershift log2 𝑀
For multilevel FSK (MFSK): 𝐵𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)𝑀𝐷 = (1 +
𝑣 𝑀𝑅
𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where v=velocity of moving 𝑟)
𝑐 log2 𝑀
receiver 𝑅 log2 𝑀
For QAM and MPSK: 𝜂 = =
𝐵𝑟 (1+𝑟)
7. Average thermal noise power
𝑅 log2 𝑀
N = kTB (W) where k --- Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38x 10-23 J / For Multilevel FSK (MFSK): 𝜂 = =
𝐵𝑟 (1+𝑟)𝑀
KT --- absolute temperature in kelvins (K= C+273) B ---
bandwidth (Hz) 14. Diversity Improvement
N(dB) = −228.6 dBW +10 log T +10 log B For Rayleigh fading channels, the probability that a single
path has an 𝑥𝑖 less than some threshold x is
N0 = N/B = kT
𝑃(𝑥𝑖 < 𝑥 ) = 1 − exp (−𝑥/𝑋)
8. Link Budget The probability that M independent paths are simultaneously
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝑃 less than some threshold x is
= ( 𝑟) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) − 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) −
𝑁0 𝐿𝑓 𝑘𝑇 𝑁0 𝑑𝐵 𝑃(𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑀 < 𝑥 ) = [1 − exp (−𝑥/𝑋)]𝑀
10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇
15. Error correction
9. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Eb / N0
©Haris Hassan | Aston University | hharis11@hotmail.com
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1 19. Frequency hopping
𝑡𝑑 ≤ 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 1 𝑡𝑐 ≤ for simultaneous correction &
2
detection 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑑 + 1 = 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 Processing gain: 𝐺𝑝 = 𝑊𝑠𝑠 /𝑊𝑑 = 2𝑘