Angle Modulation

The other type of analog modulation is Angle Modulation.

Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or
the phase of the carrier signal varies according to the
message signal.
Angle modulation is further divided into frequency
modulation and phase modulation.
 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the
frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the message
signal.
 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of
the carrier signal linearly with the message signal.
Frequency Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal
varies. Whereas, in Frequency Modulation (FM), the
frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
Hence, in frequency modulation, the amplitude and the
phase of the carrier signal remains constant. This can be
better understood by observing the following figures.
The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the
amplitude of the modulating or message signal increases.
Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases,
when the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases.
Note that, the frequency of the modulated wave remains
constant and it is equal to the frequency of the carrier
signal, when the amplitude of the modulating signal is zero.
FM Equation:
Let, the message signal be m(t).
Carrier signal, C(t) = Ac cos ωct where Ac = Amplitude of
the carrier signal
ωc = 2π fc = Angular frequency of the carrier
fc = frequency in Hz of the carrier
VFM = Ac cos ωit............................(A)
VFM = Ac cos 2πfit
fi = instantaneous frequency of modulated signal
and fi= fc+ kf .m(t) where kf is the frequency
sensitivity in Hz/volt

Therefore, 2πfi= 2πfc+ 2πkf .m(t)

ωi= ωc + 2πkf .m(t)
Integrating:

∫ 𝜔𝒊 𝐝𝐭 = ∫ 𝜔 𝒄𝐝𝐭 +2π kf∫ 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

 𝜔𝒊 𝐭 = 𝜔 𝒄 t+2π kf∫ 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

Hence Equation (A) can be written as,

VFM = Ac cos [ ωc t+2π kf∫ 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 ]
Frequency Deviation and Modulation Index
Let, m(t) = Am cosωmt
Therefore, from the FM equation we get,
VFM = Ac cos [ ωc t+2π kf 𝐀𝒎 ∫
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜔𝒎𝐭𝒅𝒕 ]
 VFM = Ac cos [ ωc t+2π kf 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕
𝜔𝒎 ]
𝐀𝒎
 V = 𝐀𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔 𝒕]
𝜔 𝐤𝐟 𝐀𝐦
FM 𝒄 𝐭+ 𝐟𝐦 𝒎
 V = 𝐀𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔 𝒕]
𝜔 𝚫𝐟
FM 𝐭 + 𝐟𝐦 𝒎
𝒄
Where 𝚫𝐟 = 𝐤𝐟 𝐀𝐦 is called the maximum frequency
𝚫𝐟
deviation. 𝐟𝐦 is written as β and it is called Frequency
modulation index.
Therefore,
VFM= 𝐀𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ 𝜔𝒄𝐭 + 𝖰 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕] , it is the
standard equation for FM.
Where,
β = modulation index

Frequency Deviation
fi= fc+ kf.m(t)
fi= fc+ kf. Am cosωmt
since 𝚫𝐟 = 𝐤𝐟 𝐀𝐦
fi= fc+ 𝚫𝐟cosωmt
Therefore, maximum frequency of the FM signal,
fmax= fc + 𝚫𝐟 when ωmt = 0
minimum frequency of the FM signal,
fmin= fc - 𝚫𝐟 when ωmt = π
𝝅
Centre frequency of the modulated signal, f0 =fc when ωmt =
𝟐

The difference between FM modulated frequency and normal

carrier frequency is termed as Frequency Deviation (Δf).
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏
Δf = 𝟐

2Δf = 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏 is called carrier swing.

FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband

FM based on the values of modulation index β.
If β<< 1 the FM is called Narrowband FM (NBFM)
If β > 1 the FM is called Wide band FM (WBFM).

Narrowband FM
We have the FM equation, [ if φ vv small, sinφ= φ
VFM= 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ 𝜔𝒄 𝐭 + 𝖰 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕] cos φ=1]
VFM = 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜔𝒄𝐭 cos(𝖰𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕)- 𝐀𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒄𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝖰 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕)
β<< 1 for NBFM,
VNBFM = 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜔𝒄𝐭 -𝖰 𝐀𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒄𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜔𝒎𝒕

= Ac cos ωct + 𝖰
Cos ( ωc+ωm)t -
𝖰
Cos ( ωc - ωm)t
𝐀𝐜 𝐀𝐜
𝟐 𝟐
 Thus, the output of NBFM contains three frequency
components like AM.

Oscillator for generating Ac cos ωct

Subtractor
Ac cos ωct -
90° Phase Shifter βAc sin ωct sin ωmt

Balanced
Ac sin ωct Modulator

𝖰 sin ωmt

Armstrong Modulator for NBFM generation

WBFM Modulator ( Parameter variation method or Direct

Method) :
Here modulating signal directly modulates the carrier. The
carrier signal is generated by an oscillator circuit. This
oscillator circuit is a parallel resonant circuit.
 m((t)

Regulated Power Supply(Vr)

The varactor diode is connected to the LC parallel circuit. The

resultant circuit is called VCO ( Voltage control oscillator).
Then the resultant frequency is

𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏
𝟐𝝅√𝑳(𝑪 +
𝑪𝒅)
Varactor diode is a specially fabricated PN junction which is
used as a variable capacitor in the reverse biased condition
and its capacitance is given by

𝑪𝒅
, where 𝟏 is the voltage
𝑎 √ 𝑽𝒅
𝑽𝒅
to the varactor diode and 𝑽𝒅 = 𝑽𝒓+ m(t)
𝒌
Now, 𝑪𝒅 = √ 𝑽𝒅

So, the frequency of the output signal,

 𝟏
𝒇𝒊 =
𝒌
𝟐𝝅√𝑳(𝑪 + )
√𝑽 𝒅

𝟏
= 𝟐𝝅√𝑳(𝑪+
𝒌
)
√𝑽𝒓+ 𝐦(𝐭)
FM Demodulator : there are different methods.
Frequency Discriminator

Input FM Phase Comparator output m(t)

LPF

VCO

This block diagram consists of the Phase Comparator, the low

pass filter, and the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO).
In this feedback system the output is compared with the
input.
Initially, when the input is zero, adjust the VCO to produce
an output signal having a carrier frequency. VCO is an
oscillator whose output signal frequency can be controlled
by an external voltage.

FM wave and the VCO output v(t) are applied as inputs of

the phase comparator.

Low pass filter eliminates the high frequency component

and produces only the low frequency component as its
output.
Hence, we get the modulating signal m(t) from this output of
the low pass filter.
Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies.
Whereas, in Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier
signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
So, in phase modulation, the amplitude and the frequency of
the carrier signal remains constant. This can be better
understood by observing the following figures.

The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points,

where the phase shift in a wave can take place. The
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal changes
the phase of the carrier signal. When the amplitude is
positive, the phase changes in one direction and if the
amplitude is negative, the phase changes in the opposite
direction.
Phase Modulation Equation
Let m(t) is the modulating signal and c(t) is the carrier signal.
‫ ؞‬c(t) = Ac cos ωct
From definition, vPM = Ac cos φi(t)
Where φi(t) = instantaneous phase of the modulated signal
= ωct + kp m(t)
kp is the phase sensitivity in radians/volt.
vPM = Ac cos φi(t) can be written as
vPM = Ac cos [ωct + kp m(t)]
Phase modulation index
Let, m(t) = Am cos ωmt
Then, vPM = Ac cos [ωct + kp Am cos ωmt]
= Ac cos [ωct + mp cos ωmt]
Where, mp = kp Am is the phase modulation index.
 RelationbetweenPhasemodulationandFrequency
modulation:
The relation between phase and frequency modulation can be
understood by the following block diagrams :

The above diagrams are same.

 VFM = Ac cos [ ωct+2π kf∫ 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 ]
vPM = Ac cos [ωct + kp m(t)]

Let us rewrite them as:

VFM = Ac cos [ ωct+2π k∫

vPM = Ac cos [ωct + k m(t)]

If the message signal is first applied to an integrator then the

output of integrator is applied to a phase modulator ,
frequency modulated signal is obtained at the output of the
phase modulator.
Similarly, if the message signal is first applied to a
differentiator and then the output of differentiator is applied
to a frequency modulator , phase modulated signal is
obtained at the output of the frequency modulator.