Interpolation (also known as replayed), especially in 20th-century music

and later, is an abrupt change of musical elements, with the (almost

immediate) resumption of the main theme or idea.[1] Pieces that are cited
as featuring interpolation, among other techniques, are Music for Brass
Quintet by Gunther Schuller and Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima by
Krzysztof Penderecki, both 1960–61
For music of the Classical period, interpolation is defined in the context of
a musical sentence or period as "unrelated material inserted between two
logically succeeding functions".
This device is commonly used to extend what would normally be a regular
phrase into an irregular and extended phrase. Such expansion by
interpolation is achieved by the addition of extra music in the middle of a
phrase (commonly through the use of sequence). A clear example exists in
the second movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 10, K.330.
Formerly, in the sung portions of the Mass, such as the introit or kyrie, it
was permissible, especially during the medieval period, to amplify a
liturgical formula by interpolating a farse (from Medieval Latin farsa,
forcemeat), also called trope. This might consist of an explanatory phrase
or verse, usually in the form of an addition or paraphrase, often in the
vernacular.
In the classical suite, consisting strictly of the allemande, courante,
saraband and gigue, composers often interpolated a gavotte, bourrée,
minuet, musette or passepied.
In popular music
Interpolation has been used by one artist to refer to the addition of new
material in a performance or recording of a previously existing piece of
music.
In hip hop music
In hip hop music, interpolation refers to using a melody – or portions of a
melody (often with modified lyrics) – from a previously recorded song,
but re-recording the melody instead of sampling it. Often used when the
original artist or label declines to license the actual sample, since re-
recordings (covers) are subject to compulsory licenses.
Example: "Ghetto Supastar" by Pras features a hook sung by Mýa that was
originally written in the song "Islands in the Stream" by Kenny Rogers and
Dolly Parton.
Interpolated chord is that one which appears in the middle of a “harmonic
cliché”. For example, in the cliché II – V – I:
| Dm7 | G7 | C |
If we put the chord Ab7 before G7, it would be considered as an
interpolated chord:
| Dm7 | Ab7 G7 | C |
Notice that Ab7 is acting as subV7.

The frequently used Interpolated II-V7 can be:

Half tone above the former II-V7 es. Eb-7 Ab7 | D-7 G7 | CMaj7
Half tone below the former II-V7 es. Db-7 Gb7 | D-7 G7 | CMaj7
A tritone apart es. Ab-7 Db7 | D-7 G7 | CMaj7

Or act as a substitution of the original II-V7

Es. Db-7 Gb7 | Cmaj7