Annotated Bibliography of Artificial Intelligence in the Library

Zach Baker
60615 Academic Library
A short note on the listing of these resources. They are not in alphabetical order but start
on broad ideas and implementations in the library, and as the list goes on, the papers get more
specific in scope. It is also not divided by category as all resources involve AI or components of
AI.

Issues and Trends. (2020). American Libraries, 14. Accessed September 24, 2020.
http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.kent.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip
&db=f5h&AN=142837955&site=eds-live&scope=site
This article discusses hot button issues in libraries today. Sadly the only the last half a
page discusses Artificial intelligence. It only brings up a few emerging technologies and how
they are being used and also for what purposes.

Johnson, B. (2018). Libraries in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Computers in Libraries, 38(1),
14–16.
This overview article looks at AIs impact on work, play, intellectual freedom, access, and
personal privacy. The author reviews the librarian’s ethics and goals concerning these and several
other areas. It is most important to note that the ethics and goals of librarians are a great start in
applying them to AI technology in every aspect, but they do not go far enough in the broader
scope of everyday life. The author summarizes that the values in librarianship need to be instilled
in the advancement of AI. It is an excellent overview of AI use in many aspects of life, and the
push for librarian values to be used in its development is a good idea.

Wang, Yonming. (2020). Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning, Data Science, and Libraries. International Journal of Librarianship (IJoL), 5(1).
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.23974/ijol.2020.vol5.1.166
The author summarizes a unique collection of articles that touch upon many aspects of
AI, technology, machine learning, and its uses with the LIS field. He summarizes each article
that is located in the special collection. In this, he states that the collection is published in our
journal. I am unsure if that is a reference to the International Journal of Librarianship that this
article is printed or a different journal. The articles summarized in this sound interesting.

Wood, B. A., & Evans, D. J. (2018). Librarians’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence and Its
Potential Impact on the Profession. Computers in Libraries, 38(1), 26–30.
 The authors surveyed academic librarians on their perceptions of AI in the library. The
results show that librarians are complacent about AI in the library. Few are actively integrating
AI in library settings. While many understand that AI is infiltrating the profession, most do not
see it as something that should be welcomed with open arms. This glimpse into the lukewarm
sentiment of AI in the library field is sad.

Kim, Bohyun. (2020). AI, Lifelong Learning, Neoliberalism, and Libraries. Online Searcher,
44(3), 38–40.
Kim discusses many areas of AI and his experience with a particular seminar that he
guest lectured. The students were spurred on by the lecturer to discuss and critically think about
areas of AI and its impact. An important point he discusses involves the information
environment and how there needs to be more user-friendly in terms of critical impact and
meaning of the resources retrieved by the system. He continues to suggest a rethinking of AI and
its application to more practical areas such as hearing loss, critical thinking, and dyslexia. This is
by no means a scholarly article but does well to highlight students’ current thinking on AI and its
applications.

Andrew M. Cox, Stephen Pinfield, & Sophie Rutter. (2019). The intelligent library : Thought
leaders’ views on the likely impact of artificial intelligence on academic libraries. Library
Hi Tech, 37(3), 418–435.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/LHT-08-2018-0105
Using interviews with over 30 academic library directors, the authors look at the
perceived potential impacts on AI within the library setting and the work trying to be
accomplished. Respondents made mention of the many areas AI is being used and the further
growth into the future. It is also noted that there are many areas still in the infancy of AI
influence. This infancy is believed to be possible areas for new librarians and new influence on
the growth and use of AI. However, this is not without problems. Changes that are foreseen the
need to be handled delicately or risk turning off many who would benefit. The views put forward
in these interviews are hopeful but cautious. Which is something we should be with AI in the
library.

Arlitsch, K., & Newell, B. (2017). Thriving in the Age of Accelerations: A Brief Look at the
Societal Effects of Artificial Intelligence and the Opportunities for Libraries. Journal of
Library Administration, 57(7), 789–798.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1080/01930826.2017.1362912
The authors dive into robots and artificial intelligence and their effects on employment
and how academic and public libraries are in a position to help those who lose their jobs due to
automation. The authors state that by accepting the future tech advancements, which libraries
have been reluctant to do in the past, they can create new opportunities for those affected and
help the communities they serve. The problems presented are not unfounded. Automation and
technology advancements have made many jobs obsolete. Libraries have an empty space in front
of them that they can fill and should.

Gul, S., & Bano, S. (2019). Smart libraries: an emerging and innovative technological habitat of
21st century. Electronic Library, 37(5), 764–783.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/EL-02-2019-0052
In this literature review, Gul and Bano look at current smart library trends and provide
instances of technological innovations used in the smart library settings. Their findings simply
show that as technology becomes smarter and more advanced through AI and machine learning
that the Smart Library also continues to advance in an attempt to keep up with the rapid changes
in people's needs. Emphasis is applied to librarian training in the smart technology area and the
importance of data mining and artificial intelligence.

LaFountain, C. (2020). Voice-Assistant Apps for Libraries. Computers in Libraries, 40(1),

23–26.
Cal takes a direct approach to voice assistants within public libraries in order to promote
advanced technology, advertise library events, cut down on frequently asked account or reference
questions, and bring a new user group to voice assistants. The article is a promotion piece that
highlights voice assistants in a local library near where I live in Newark, Ohio (Granville). It is a
brief piece that shows the usefulness of voice assistants.

Lund, B. D., Omame, I., Tijani, S., & Agbaji, D. (2020). Perceptions toward Artificial
Intelligence among Academic Library Employees and Alignment with the Diffusion of
Innovations’ Adopter Categories. College & Research Libraries, 81(5), 865–882.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.5860/crl.81.5.865
This study surveys over 200 academic librarians from around the world. Mostly in North
America and Africa. The survey’s focus is to gauge perceptions on AI and its use within the
academic setting through the lens of Roger’s Diffusion of Innovations model. This excellent
study discovers that most early adopters of technology, specifically AI, are more comfortable and
able to apply the latest technologies effectively in the academic setting. Those who do so are also
more confident in their knowledge of AI. The areas of focus for new AI technologies that
librarians would like to see are improved library searches, cataloging, and reference services.
This paper’s scope is an excellent opening into the receptivity of libraries to AI and where its use
could potentially alter the work of all librarians. The studys wide range of respondents hits all
ages and education levels.

Méndez, E., Crestani, F., Ribeiro, C., David, G., & Lopes, J. C. (2018). Digital libraries for open
knowledge : 22nd International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries,
TPDL 2018, Porto, Portugal, September 10-13, 2018, Proceedings. Springer.
https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1tDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PR5&ots=DWMr6qUE4Q
&dq=Digital%20libraries%20for%20open%20knowledge%20%3A%2022nd%20Internat
ional%20Conference%20on%20Theory%20and%20Practice%20of%20Digital%20Librar
ies%2C%20TPDL%202018%2C%20Porto%2C%20Portugal%2C%20September%2010-
13%2C%202018%2C%20Proceedings%20%2F%20Eva%20M%C3%A9ndez%2C%20F
abio%20Crestani%2C%20Cristina%20Ribeiro%2C%20Gabriel%20David%2C%20Jo%
C3%A3o%20Correia%20L&lr&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=Digital%20libraries%20for%20
open%20knowledge%20:%2022nd%20International%20Conference%20on%20Theory%
20and%20Practice%20of%20Digital%20Libraries,%20TPDL%202018,%20Porto,%20P
ortugal,%20September%2010-13,%202018,%20Proceedings%20/%20Eva%20M%C3%
A9ndez,%20Fabio%20Crestani,%20Cristina%20Ribeiro,%20Gabriel%20David,%20Jo%
C3%A3o%20Correia%20L&f=false
This collection of papers were from the 22nd International Conference on Theory and
Practice of Digital Libraries. This massive collection is a fantastic opportunity to dive into any
number of subjects within digital libraries. Data management, metadata, resources, user
interaction, and digital humanities are just a few of the topics covered in this conference
collection. The conference took place in late 2018, so the information presented is not too
outdated. AI is not the specific topic of any of the papers, but each of the topics grazes the
importance of AI in their particular area and the potential for it to make a significant impact.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Libraries. (2019). Library Technology Reports,
55(1), 1.
This collection of articles discuss Artificial Intelligence in libraries and library science.
They cover a broad range of topics including the current state, problems and biases, HAMLET’s
Neural Net and its future, machine learning, and future issues that may arise in the future of AI
development. The articles do justice in summarizing the growth of AI to now and, in doing so,
build up hopes for potential uses in the future. The thoughtful conclusion brings around serious
hazards and important points to think, discuss, and research in the coming years. This article is
great for an overview of AI in the library sciences.
B. Wang, Y. Qin and Q. Huang, "The Prospective of Library Spurred by Artificial
Intelligence-China Survey," 2020 3rd International Conference on Advanced Electronic
Materials, Computers, and Software Engineering (AEMCSE), Shenzhen, China, 2020,
pp. 175-179, DOI: 10.1109/AEMCSE50948.2020.00044.
This article discusses the implementation of AI in the environment, resources, and
services in Chinese libraries, some of which have already been implementing in small doses. The
authors are optimistic about the uses to be found in the categories listed above and show that
libraries need to be more open to the inclusion of the AI era. The examples discussed in the
paper show the multifaceted uses of AI and how it can be used to enhance all areas.

Herther, N. K. (2020). Is Technology Getting the Better of Us? Welcome to the Algorithmic
Society. Online Searcher, 44(1), 22–29.
In an article from Onlinesearcher.net, Heather takes a more hesitant approach to the
future of technology. Looking at the bursting of new tech as a new gilded age brings into focus
the potential downsides of the influx of tech to all aspects of life and work. Specifically, AI and
big data raise issues of concern. The potential replacement of human calculations with that of AI
is still prone to mistakes. But those mistakes may go unnoticed as the AI is tucked away from
general viewership. The risk to libraries is the constant cyber attacks that need to be combated.
This article is not specific to AI in libraries but how the growth of AI use for all technologies
leaves libraries open for attacks from all around the world.

Miao, Zeyi. (2019). Investigation on human rights ethics in artificial intelligence researches with
library literature analysis method. Electronic Library, 37(5), 914–926.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/EL-04-2019-0089
Miao discusses the meeting of future AI development and human rights ethics. More
specifically, its potential use in the sharing and interconnectivity of information over the whole
world. Miao maintains that AI will revolutionize this area but that it must be done in a certain
way. “Intelligent library integrates human rights protection organically so that readers or users
can experience more intimate service in this system.” Those same human rights should be front
and center in the development of AI. Maio does not discuss ways to implement his hope
practically, only that it should be done with care and stresses that serving humans should be the
highest priority for the AI. A lofty goal I fear would be put to the side for in-depth and technical
aspects.

Finley, T. (2019). The Democratization of Artificial Intelligence: One Library’s Approach.

Information Technology & Libraries, 38(1), 8–13.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.6017/ital.v38i1.10974
 Finley looks at his library's specific use of emergent AI technology and how its reception
has been for the patron. He discusses the use of kits as a beginning to deeper learning using
Python as the starting point. These kits contain simple parts that are easily built and use Google
AI to further develop the simple hardware into more complex uses. This availability of advanced
AI usage lets anyone start learning AI and programming crushing barriers for many who would
not have access otherwise.

West, Jessamyn. (2020). Toward Smarter Smart Libraries. Computers in Libraries, 40(1), 12–13.
The author discusses the intrusiveness of smart devices. While the resources used are
Wikipedia and Twitter, among a few others, the theme of the article is intriguing. The use of
smart devices opens up users to issues of data privacy, personal information, and tech intrusion.
In libraries that use smart devices, these are all problems faced, and a call to action is issued to
librarians and how they need to explain these problems to patrons and future users of these
devices.

Wheatley, A. & Hervieux, S.(2019). Artificial intelligence in academic libraries: An

environmental scan. Information Services & Use, 39(4), 347–356.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.3233/ISU-190065
The authors dive into the academic realm of AI and how much integration there has been
in over 25 universities across Canada and the US. They look at courses taught, hubs dedicated to
AI, notable researchers in the field of AI, and library programs involving AI. The authors
summarize that the library has historically been lax in accepting technological innovations and
that it is time for libraries to integrate AI programming. The non-existence of library AI
programming is alarming, and we are at a point that this needs to be turned around to inclusion.
From the research done by the authors, it is clear many libraries are hesitant to incorporate AI
into their programming.

Talley, N. B. (2016). Imagining the Use of Intelligent Agents and Artificial Intelligence in
Academic Law Libraries. Law Library Journal, 108(3), 383–402.
This fantastic article looks at all the cracks and corners of Artificial intelligence in a law
library setting. Talley looks at digital assistance and its use in information literacy, reference, and
circulation. She also touches on the drawbacks, including cost, loss of jobs, privacy, legal
concerns, and the understanding that AI is not a substitute for legal counsel. This article is well
written and simply explains the positives and negatives of AI use in the context of law libraries.
Kesselman, Martin & Esquivel, Wilson. (2019). Consumer electronics show 2019, from
connected devices and big data to artificial intelligence: implications for libraries. Library
Hi Tech News, 36(5), 11–14.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/LHTN-04-2019-0030
The authors certainly try their best to sell the Consumer Electronics Show to libraries.
The article reads as part show summary and part commercial. The few libraries mentioned were
only to suggest that certain new technology may be of some service. There were no implications
discussed at length for libraries. The only area of note was the potentials of voice assistants in the
context of library use.

Potnis, D. D., Winberry, J., Finn, B., & Hunt, C. (2020). What is innovative to public libraries in
the United States? A perspective of library administrators for classifying innovations.
Journal of Librarianship & Information Science, 52(3), 792–805.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1177/0961000619871991
The authors attempt to tackle a significant question regarding public libraries, what is
considered innovative to them? The authors group innovations into four categories, program,
process, partnership, and technology. These four categories can be used to study individual
libraries and understand shortcomings in each category. This study only used libraries that have
been given the Urban Libraries Council’s Top-Innovators award from 2009 to 2016. Looking at
some of the best libraries offers a lens to what kind of innovations are being used successfully.
This article is beneficial for any librarian trying to freshen up one of the four aspects above. The
ideas and programs presented offer any library a way to bring in a little innovation and even push
it further in a way that makes it even more successful.

https://library.stanford.edu/projects/fantastic-futures
This website contains nine videos recorded at the 2nd International Conference on AI for
Libraries, Archives, and Museums. Each video hits on a different topic on AI. AI use in cultural
heritage, data privacy, using data from libraries to better AI, and visual art and algorithmic
making are just a few of the topics of the speakers involved. This conference took place in late
2019, so the information presented is far from outdated. Speakers are from computer tech,
libraries both public and academic, museums, and archives. The explanations are easy to
understand and follow. Each video does a good job of summarizing and explaining what they
hope can be done and is currently being done in AI and the world.

Asemi, A., Ko, A. and Nowkarizi, M. (2020), "Intelligent libraries: a review on expert systems,
artificial intelligence, and robots,” Library Hi-Tech, Vol. ahead-of-print No.
ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2020-0038
 The authors focus on using expert systems, artificial intelligence, and robots in the LIS
realm. Each is discussed in detail, but the authors do not stop there. Through extensive literature
review, the authors pinpoint where improvements can be made to each of the corresponding
areas and also problems to look out for. Though their research is introductory, they show how
and where ES, AI, and robots can be introduced to LIS for further enhanced user experiences.

Ex Libris (n.d). Artificial Intelligence in the Library: Advantages, Challenges, and Tradition. An
Ex Libris Whitepaper. Retrieved July 11, 2020, from
https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2909474/Ex%20Libris%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20
White%20Paper.pdf.
ExLibris presents information on libraries and Artificial intelligence. Using surveys, it is
found that many respondents do not know the impact in ten years of AI and machine learning,
virtual reality, the internet of things, or altmetrics, among many other topics. Also found is that
most library workers are optimistic about the future of technology and its various components
being used for good within the library setting. It is stressed that new technologies and their
incorporation into the library should always be in the view of the library in order to maintain
their status in the new information landscape.

Dent, Valeda. (2007). Intelligent agent concepts in the modern library. Library Hi Tech, 25(1),
108–125. https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/07378830710735894
The author discusses the use of intelligent agents, a subset of AI, in public libraries. This
is seen in many examples given in the paper. The libraries that use these agents use them to
answer reference questions and account questions. It is found that implementing and using these
agents frees up a lot of time for librarians to work on other projects. It also raises user experience
by getting answers quickly.

Peter Fernandez. (2020). “Through the looking glass: envisioning new library technologies”
pandemic response technologies: remote working. Library Hi Tech News, 37(5), 21–23.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/LHTN-04-2020-0039Peter Fernandez.
(2020).
The author discusses new technologies that have grown from the massive movement of
working from home due to the pandemic. He discusses the impact of meeting apps and
organizational apps being important for those who have had to make the big change. The author
also stresses the need for libraries to take charge and help patrons in using these new
technologies. This short article provides a brief overview of some of the new tech that has
become so important in daily life. It is important to help those who are struggling with these
technologies.

Crestani, F., Rauber, A., & Xing, C. (2011). Digital libraries : cultural heritage, knowledge
dissemination, and future creation : 13th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital
Libraries, ICADL 2011, Beijing, China, October 24-27, 2011 : proceedings. Springer.
https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtm0g7rlvcEC&lpg=PR3&ots=EBsInpJsxx&dq=Di
gital%20libraries%20%3A%20for%20cultural%20heritage%2C%20knowledge%20disse
mination%2C%20and%20future%20creation%20%3A%2013th%20International%20Co
nference%20on%20Asia-Pacific%20Digital%20Libraries%2C%20ICADL%202011%2C
%20Beijing%2C%20China%2C%20October%2024-27%2C%202011%20%3A%20proce
edings%20%2F%20Chunxiao%20Xing%2C%20Fabio%20Crestani%2C%20Andrea&lr
&pg=PR13#v=onepage&q&f=false
This is a collection of scholarly articles that were presented at the International
Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries. This tome is broken down into ten sections, each
dealing with an area of digital librarianship, including information retrieval tools, and systems
for digital libraries, and metadata/cataloging, to name just a few. In total, there are 54
presentations recorded. There are four mentions of artificial intelligence within the book, and
those are just in passing. Most of the presenters deal with some area of technology but skirt
around AI. Still, there are several mentions of machine learning in the data mining discussed in
several of the presentations.

Gaohui Cao, Mengli Liang, & Xuguang Li. (2018). How to make the library smart? The
conceptualization of the smart library. The Electronic Library, 36(5), 811–825.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1108/EL-11-2017-0248
The authors use literature review to conceptualize smart libraries using non-smart
libraries. They realize the need for smart libraries is driven by users and their needs. With the
adoption of smart technologies and smart technology education, non-smart libraries can break
the old mold and really advance themselves in all areas of librarianship. The literature review
shows the many different aspects of smart libraries and how they all tie together to create a more
stable attempt to help users.

Puritat, K., & Intawong, K. (2020). Development of an Open Source Automated Library System
with Book Recommendation System for Small Libraries. 2020 Joint International
Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section
Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering
(ECTI DAMT & NCON), Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern
 Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications
Engineering (ECTI DAMT & NCON), 2020 Joint International Conference On, 128–132.
https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1109/ECTIDAMTNCON48261.2020.9090753
The authors create an automated system for book recommendations in small libraries.
This system was created using bibliographic information such as title, author, category, Number
of views, and year of publication. This system is regional to Thailand and has little impact on the
broader scope of book recommendations due to the fact that libraries have access to a myriad of
online resources that are more advanced in their recommendations than the system created in the
paper.

Pomputius, A. (2019). Putting Misinformation Under a Microscope: Exploring Technologies to

Address Predatory False Information Online. Medical Reference Services Quarterly,
38(4), 369–375. https://doi-org.proxy.library.kent.edu/10.1080/02763869.2019.1657739
The author focuses on misinformation in general and, more specifically, within the
medical field. The role librarians play is crucial to combat misinformation but is an uphill battle
that AI can only help with. AI can supplement human fact-checkers but is not advanced enough
to do so on its own. Librarians are charged with pushing for information literacy to the masses
and combating “fake news.” This can be done through person to person or group training on
recognizing misinformation along with helping point individuals in the right direction when
looking for information.