A Report

Minor Research Project on “The Study Of Agriculture

Sector Of Murud Village Maharashtra”
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Sep 17, 2019

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In preparation of my M.R.P, I had to take the help and guidance of some respected persons, who
deserve my deepest gratitude. As the completion of this project gave me much pleasure, I would like
to show my gratitude Mr. jare sir , Course coordinator of rural development T.I.S.S Tuljapur for
giving me a good guidelines for project throughout numerous consultations. I would also like to
extend my gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided me in writing this project..

I would sincerely thank to DR. W.G. PRASANNA KUMAR- CHAIRMAN, MGNCRE,

GOVT. OF INDIA, HYDERABAD, DR. DEBENDRA NATH DASH- ASSISTANT
DIRECTOR, MGNVRE, DR. VIJAYA KUMARI N- SENIOR FACULTY, MGNCRE , plus
I appreciate team work of the management and staff of MGNREGA, GOVT. OF INDIA,
HYDERABAD for giving me the opportunity to do this minor research project.

In order to complete fieldwork successfully, I would like to give special thanks to all the
villagers who provided their valuable time and made our stay meaningful and study valuable.

I am also happy to reveal my special thanks to our classmates for their inspiration and
support.
The experience we gained is immense. It was like an eye opener for me in my ways.

THANK YOU

SUSHANT SAURAV
M.A IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

TULJAPUR

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 Table of Contents
S No Contents Page Nos
1. Introduction to the Village 09
2. Identification of Problem 10
3. Review of literature 11-13
4. Objectives of the Study 14
5. Brief Description of the Study undertaken 15-35
1. Type of data collection: Survey / observation/ focused
group discussion/ interviews/
2. Sample Size/ type of sampling
3. Process of the Study

6. Data Collection and Analysis 35-40

7. Findings 41
8. Conclusion 42
9. References 42
10. Annexures (Survey questionnaire/ photos/ any other supporting 43-52
document)

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 ​LIST OF TABLES

T-01 18

T-02 18

T-03 19

T-04 19

T-05 21

T-06 21

T-07 22

T-08 22-23

T-09 23

T-10 23

T-11 29

T-12 30

T-13 32

T-14 32

T-15 35

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 LIST OF PHOTOS

PHOTO PAGE. NO.

FIG NO -1 25

FIG NO -2 27

FIG NO -3 29

FIG NO -4 36

FIG NO -5 37

FIG NO -6 38

FIG NO -7 39

FIG NO -8 40

FIG NO-9 48

FIG NO -10 49

FIG NO -11 50

FIG NO -12 50

FIG NO -13 51

FIG NO -14 51

FIG NO -15 52

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 LIST OF ANNEXURE

S. NO. ANNEXURE PAGE NO.

1. Village Visit Report 43-48

2. ODF Annexure 48-49

3. Village Annexure 50-52

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 Introduction to the Village

The Latur district which has always been a drought prone region, also witnessed some destructive
earthquakes in the year of 1993. After the 31st October earthquakes, many of the villages had disintegrated
and this caused the emergence of new villages. During this period an interesting observation almost feeling
like a miracle was that the temple of Lord Murudeshwar had not suffered any damage. The people were left
in awe and after that when the new village emerged they named it Murud, after the mighty Lord. The people
are extremely friendly and cooperative.The Gram Panchayat of the village is run by young members who
made the village very vibrant and exciting for business opportunities.

Murud is the second largest village (first largest village Aklus with income availability sources) in Latur
District in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. Murud is an important center of trade and commerce
as it is well connected by Highway networks to Latur and Solapur as well. recently this village awarded by
govt for police station, rural area hospital and MSEB with an ISO ranking.The 17-member panchayat body
has been levied with the responsibility to address the needs and issues of the villages and maintain the
functioning of the village accordingly.

The panchayat body has females in majority who are 10 in number while the rest are male. The sarpanch,
Mr. Abhay Singh Dilip Rao headed the body and carried out various required activities. The sarpanch is
very young and is an M.B.A graduate who has pursued his studies from abroad. Although his election has
been on a hereditary basis that keeps alive the legacy of Shri. Shivaji Rao Nade, it must not be ignored the
educational qualification of the sarpanch as well as that of the up-sarpanch’s has been extremely high. The
high educational qualification and the young aged body of the panchayat is something that is not majorly
observed in other villages. The panchayat carries out the Gram Sabha meeting once every 3 months.

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 Identification of the Problem

CHALLENGES FACED ​Villages have become a mere source of raw materials and so it is important to
shift the focus towards making them processing units in order to strengthen their development. It is also
seen that there is much more focus on the quantity than the quality. The farmers with huge lands are still
unable to earn enough because of the quality of their produce, if the quality of their produce is what they
focused on they would be able to sell it to bigger places with better prices.

Although, cattle rearing is the most common alternate source of income it was seen that the companies
creating cattle feed which is essential for the high milk productivity especially when there is low rainfall is
extremely monetary intensive, because of which the normal earning farmers would not be able to afford it
or would not be able to compensate for its price upon sale.

The most common challenge that is faced by the farmers is that of the lack of technical knowledge on their
part that leads to their reluctance and hesitance on trying new techniques or methods. Because of this
reluctance, they are not able to move from the traditional crops that are high in water intensity. This
hesitance also comes from the fact that most of these farmers are devoid of a safety net which is required in
order to be able to take a risk.

There is also a dearth is Labour due to the high increase in migration and the changing mindsets of the
youth believing that agriculture is not a respectful occupation. Due to this dearth the labour present has
become extremely expensive. The mechanised equipment is also very expensive.

There is also less concentration being put on water conservation and preservation techniques. The farmers
are not indulging in these practices which is making them heavily dependant upon rainfall.

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Review of the Literature

The literature on agrarian studies in Maharashtra is not huge in present days. Recently, one can
come across very few studies which are available in this area. Agrarian studies have wide
dimensions, scope and importance in this area. There is huge gap and lack of available qualitative,
ethnographic and in- depth study on the agrarian structure of the Maharashtra. Very few studies are
available which provide very less and inadequate information about the emerging issues in the
agrarian society of the State. Today, agrarian societies in India in general and Maharashtra in
particular had undergone many changes. Agrarian societies are in the transition phase, and in crisis.
Studies done by the Indian scholars show that present young generation is not interested for the
cultivation, cultivable land is transforming for the non-cultivable activities. Farming sector is being
commercialized in day by day, input expenditure is increasing. Farmer has to invest a lot amount on
the various farming activities such as, land cultivation, sowing seeds, bringing fertilizers, pesticides
and the last have to depend upon the mediators for the marketing of agricultural products. Even
they don‟t have provided warehouses for storage the products.Government has been failed to
provide life security to the farming community. Agricultural development programs and policies
have been failed to reduce rural poverty and bring out social- economical changes in the life of rural
people. MNREGAS and other rural developmental programs had not any effects on the improvement
of the quality of life of the rural people. Due to the many lacunas and defaulters in administrative
mismanagement of the implementation of the programs have been ineffective impacts on the rural
society. However, this paper is aimed to review such studies which reflect upon the agrarian society
of the Maharashtra. But this paper has its own limitation to cover all aspects of the agrarian society.

Jadhav Y. 9​ stated that farming sector of Maharashtra is repeatedly surviving under the weight of
lopsided and unknown waterfall and absence of water system for irrigation. Government has failed
to make ideal water system potential, regional balance in water system expansion, equity in
interstate water distribution of different river basins during most recent 60 years of planning and it
antagonistically influenced cropping intensity and income of the farmers. A large portion of the
farmers in Vidarbha and Marathwada had taken advance for consumption and utilization purposes.
It leads to a vicious circle of obligation. Therefore, there is need of ideal utilization of water system
potential and revaluation of interstate water distribution of different stream basins for improving
the financial circumstances of farmers in Maharashtra.

Bokare D. 12 ​in his book centers around the elements liable for expanding disaster among farmers'
in India. The book speaks to national income of nation has been expanding quickly since
independence yet financial difference likewise extended due to misuse of poor people as opposed to
people' by the white collar and agents. Accordingly, poor became more poor and rich got more
richer. So also, supply of spurious seeds, open challenge in agriculture sector, the perishable nature

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of agriculture produce, value changes, rain based cultivating are the major issues of farmers in India.
Therefore, there is no assurance of stable income and it antagonistically influenced agrarian segment
and make dissatisfaction among the farming community and eventually ending it all. This
circumstance would be proceeded with it might influence per capita availability as opposed to food
security of country. In this way, government must step up for improve the socio economic status of
Indian farmers to keep away from the dread of food security and complex circumstance of financial
difference in rural India. Likewise, development and appropriate use of water system, promote for
short term and low water based harvests, lakes at each village and town, contradict poorly planned
and degenerate government strategy choice, discussion panel , build up agro processing units and so
forth remedial measures recommended for diminishing the vulnerability of farming part of India.

Supply Chain Management for Indian Agriculture: A Blueprint for Agriculture-led Prosperity, R.
Balakrishnan, Indian Merchants’ Chamber and IMC Economic Research and Training Foundation,
Mumbai, 2008. ​The book presented that there is plenty of literature on agriculture but supply chain
management for agriculture didn't get the ideal attention so far of the researchers and scientists. R.
Balakrishnan deserves praises for contributing a book not just on a much required subject but also a
matter of contemporary significance. The portion of agribusiness in total national output (GDP) is
declining at a quick pace however populace relying upon is almost stagnant. This has highlighted the
differences of income and asset in the nation. The income of populace occupied with industrial and
service sector is developing a lot quicker than that of agriculture. This has not just driven to
urban–rural partition yet additionally activated relocation of rural populace to urban and
metropolitan regions with corresponding issues. In this setting the significance of innovation in
agrarian marketing can't be over-underlined. In this backdrop, the book under audit is a fortunate
contribution. The book contain nine parts. While part one is dedicated to the introduction, the
subsequent section manages the core subject of supply chain management in farming. The author
has appropriately called attention to that without the proper supply chain management the
executives agricultural produce will keep on staying between a rock and a hard place. No value
adding middle functionaries need to be eliminated before long. This will profit both the producers
and consumers. value addition with quality is the need of great importance, wastage should be
controlled, producer should deliver for the market as opposed to for sake of production. The
following four parts have catch up important agriculture based commodities, viz., sugar, mango, milk
and cotton respectively. These parts contain helpful data on production patterns, significant states
producing these commodities, present promoting channels, export market, policy initiatives and so
forth.
The innovations in supply chain like agreement cultivating e-choupal, utilization of infotech and so
on have been examined in Chapter seven. however discussions on different innovations especially in
cultivation area, for example, Safal Auction Market, Safal National Trade, National Spot Exchange,
terminal market and e-exchanging and so on would have further improved the helpfulness of the
book. The measures to make agribusiness more competitive have been talked about in Chapter
Eight. The last part manages Road map.
The author has recommended an outline for agriculture-led prosperity with a win win circumstance
for every one of the producers, corporates, banks and Government through supply chain
management. The entry of the corporates’/sector in supply chain will bring about the most recent
innovation,standardise world class processes which Indian agribusiness needs very badly.
Unnecessary to include, the accomplishment of supply chain management to a great extent rely
upon the pace of agrarian marketing reforms. In spite of the fact that Central Government circulated

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the model Act in 2003, yet some of the State Governments have not revised their harsh Agriculture
Product Marketing Council (APMC) Acts to suit the proposed changes in all. Of the states that have
revised APMC Act, an enormous number of them have not made any provision for registration of
agreement cultivating, dispute settlement instrument, setting up of private markets, direct
marketing, single point registration for exchange and transaction in more than one trading market
areas, single point duty of the market fee, e-trading and advancement of public private partnership
(PPP) in the management of agrarian markets. Without these arrangements supply chain system
won't get-off the ground. So as to quicken the pace of rural agricultural marketing reforms, it is
basic that this subject ought to be brought to the central list by making amendments in the
constitution. Since corporates are additionally represented by the companies Act of the Central
Government bringing Agricultural Marketing Act under the domain of the Central Government will
guarantee better cooperative energy in operations.

Contributed by the development banker, the book exemplifies sober economic analysis with
wonderful clarity and stylish presentation. This provocative book, is valuable for policy makers, just
as for students of agricultural marketing and corporates specifically. The Indian Merchants' Chamber
also deserves the valuable merits for publishing this book which won't only advantageous to
corporate sector but the agrarian division at large.

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Objectives of the Study
To understand the current scenario of agriculture and how the involvement of middlemen affect the
agricultural

To observe and collect information of working mechanism of agriculture .

To know the effectiveness efficiency as well as constraint in service delivery through which our
suggestion can be made for the effective service delivery.

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 Brief Description of the Study (Research Design)

Interview based data collection.

❖ Observational study.

AGRICULTURE: SECTOR STUDY ​The village of Murud is predominantly agriculture based. The total
Agriculture land according to the records of the Panchayat, present in Murud is of 4700 acres. 2600 out
of which has irrigation
facilities available which is known an Bagayati, where 2100 acres of land has no irrigation facilities
available which is known as Jirayati. Through the Kharif season crops that are grown include soybean,
jowar, maize, sugarcane etc. Through the rabbi season the crops grown include urad, bean, mung etc.
Multiple cropping and Inter crop cultivation are the prominent forms of cultivation present in Murud.

1. CURRENT SCENARIO ​The village of Murud that is a part of the Latur region is known for its drought
prone nature, due to which there are lack irrigation facilities that force the farmers to be dependent heavily
upon rainfall. In the past 3 years, this region has seen some drastically low rainfall which has made
agriculture even more tough. Due to the lack of rainfall the lands have low productivity which results in
farmers not getting enough income. Although, the government has been working towards providing some
relief to the farmers. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana is a government scheme that provided insure
for the crop that a farmer is provided irrespective of if it fails or not, this scheme is in place and has been told
to us by the farmers. The Kisan Credit Card and Investment Credit are some of the major incentives that are
also provided by the banks to the farmers for when they pay up to time.

2. CURRENT SCENARIO FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS ​The village has about 25 Krishi
Seva Kendras and other private sellers that are providing the farmers with the implements that they need. As
per the owner of one of the Krishi Seva Kendras, Mahabeej is one of the most sold brands for seeds,
fertilisers and pesticides. This is because Mahabeej is government owned and is sold at subsidised prices to
the farmers. The products of Mahabeej and other private sellers have a price difference of at least 20%. Most
of the farmers are unable to buy tracts due to the high investment it is and so are renting tractors for their
fields on a daily basis. The rent of the tractors usually ranges from Rs. 800- Rs. 1000 per acre varying as per
the use of the tractor as well. The farmers approach either the labour unions or the independent labourers.
The labourers are usually paid about Rs. 200 - Rs. 250 per day.

The Krishi Utpanna Bazar Samiti has about 35 traders to whom the farmers can sell their produce to. The
crop when sold at the Bazaar Samiti tends to be about 300-400Rs. Less as compared to if the crop is sold at
the Tina Keerti Mill. Soya bean being the most grown crop in the region has the highest price set for
100kgs at Rs. 3750 as recorded on the day of the visit. Although due to a vicious cycle the farmers only
grow soya bean because it has a price at the samiti and the samiti states that it has the highest price because
it is the most grown.

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Cattle breeding is the most common alternate source of income for the farmers. Most of the farmers use the
cattle as an asset for when they are in dire need of money. And some also make use of the cattle for dairy
purposes. Murud has also been an example for affluent farmers who are now diving into other farming
options such as multi cropping and as well as farming techniques such as poly house farming.

Two major farmer helping institutions working in the village are the Farmer Help Groups and Farmers
Producers Organisations. The Farmer help groups are only made for money lending purposes to its members
whereas the Farmers Producers Organisations as as both money lending institutions as well as produce
selling organisations. The members of the FPOs combine the produce and sell it to a bigger market, or export
it in order to gain a better price for it. Although, the creation
of the FPOs has proved to be extremely beneficial for the farmers, both the FHGs and the FPOs do not
enjoy any government support.

3. POLY HOUSE FARMING ​One of the major learnings while being on the field has been the feature of
using polyhouses for the cultivation of non-traditional crops by the affluent farmers. The poly house farming
is an Israeli technique that is now coming up in the country because of the yield increasing benefits. The
poly house is a simple structure made up of iron piper and protective shade made up of a specific type of
polythene that helps control the UV rays of the sunlight thus keeping a temperature control. Most of the poly
houses have drip irrigation systems installed. The structure is known for protecting the crops from harsh
temperatures which thus increases productivity by 50% due to the favourable conditions that it creates. Some
of the crops that are grown in the poly houses include Jarbara, capsicum, pumpkin etc. Although, because of
the high price of the building of the poly-house has only been restricted to the well off farmers.

5. INTERVENTIONS ​So as to provide the farmers with a collective platform from which they can procure
information about the new techniques that can prove to be beneficial for them and also cost-effective. An
expert that is instrumental in providing them with advice and suggestions keeping their situation and
circumstances in mind.

Making agricultural equipment cost effective, Help bringing companies like Kamal Kisan to these farmers
that can gain a lot from their work

Providing the farmers with a provision of cost-effective polyhouse at affordable rates to the marginal
farmers so that they can increase the productivity of their crops and be able to stay afloat.

LEARNING

● Technology can prove to be very useful for making developments in a sector or in order to
create innovation

• It is essential to understand and empathise with the problems of the people that you would work

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 for

• It is imperative to live in the same conditions wherein problems arise to help find a solution for
them

• It is necessary to learn how to mobilise the required resources in order to create change

• Perseverance and a person’s never give-up attitude can take them a long way

• You must be able to gain the trust of the people that you work for. They should be able to reply
upon you

The climate of Murud is generally dry. The average rainfall of this village is 750 mm.

(Soil Fertility test: Osmanabad, Latur. Electricity supply: 8 hours (on a rotation basis of night and
day))

Type of Agriculture

There are many types of agriculture in Murud village such as – Horticulture (Vegetables and Grains),
Sericulture (Silk Farming), Floriculture (Flowers Framing), Fruticulture (Banana,Dragon
Fruit),Viticulture Grapes Farming, Fungiculture

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1.

2.

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 Area (in Hectares)

Total Area 3026

Agricultural Land 1125

Residential Area 40-45

Land which can be cultivated but not 1800

cultivated

3.

Bamboo Cultivation Process

Farmer/Farm details:

S. No. Details

1 Farmer Name Jungleman

2 Area of Cultivation 50 acres

3 Similar Farmers in Murud None

4 Best time for Sowing All round the year

6 Production 1000s of ton

7 Varieties More than 15

8 Life 20-25 years

9 Fertilizer Natural

4.

Another interesting crop that I have taken is Bamboo. One person in Murud area is doing High
Density Forest Farming in 50 acres of land. This means, he doesn’t use any fertilizers or pesticides.
He has just planted the saplings and gives water, other everything happens naturally.

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He has received many awards and recognitions from all over India. His approach is being replicated
all over India. People are praising him. Bamboo Dense Forest Cultivation is a great source of income.
Plus, it is great for the environment. Bamboo grows extremely fast and consumes less water compared
to other crops. It also requires less maintenance and care.

Bamboo plants are extremely good for the environment. They generate a lot of oxygen and take in a
lot of Carbon dioxide. Bamboo plants are environment positive and carbon neutral. This farm is not
only earning huge profits plus is environment friendly too.

More and more people should go for this.

Backward and Forward Linkages:

Backward:

Initial saplings brought from North East India (Meghalaya and other states)

Now he grows his own saplings

He has built artificial lakes, wells in his forest farm for irrigation needsBamboo doesn’t require any
specific soil. It can grow in an average fertile land too.

It also is suitable for the Climate of this area.

Forward Linkage:

Various paper making industries

Furniture making industries

Interior Designing

Other farmers

Home Gardening

(People from all over India come to buy from this farm)

Below are the assessment of the crops-1.Sugarcane, 2.Jarbera Flower

Basic Details of the Sugarcane in Murad Village

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S. Details

No.

1. Area of Cultivation 1000

2. Farmers 25%

3. Best time for Sowing June-July

4. Best Varieties 10001,86032,761,8005

5. Production 40000 Ton

6. Turnover 84 Lakh (annual)

7. Life 3-4 years

8. Plants in an acre 2-4 Tons

9. Fertilizer NPK

5.

Process of sugarcane Crop Cultivation

6.

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 Backward Linkage and Forward Linkage

7.

Crop Assessment of the Gerbera Flowers

Basic Details of Gerber​ ​Flower Crop in Murud

S. Details

No.

1. Area of Cultivation 3 Arce

2. Farmers 3

3. Best time for Sowing June-July

4. Best Varieties 1.Kimya

2.Intense

5. Production 1,05,000/ Month

6. Turnover 8,40,000/ Month

7. Life 1

8. Plants in an acre 3000

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 9. Fertilizer and pesticide Organic

10. On Season (for selling) Jan.- June

11. Off Season (for selling) July-Dec.

12. Temperature Mini. - 12°C - 15°C

Maxi. - 20°C - 25°C

8.

Flower Backward and Forward Linkages

9.

Problem and Possible Intervention

10.

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 we can do plantation throughout the year except excess cold or hot temperature but there are mainly two
seasons for plantation of bananas...

Kharif​- June and july..

Rabi​- October and November.

● Dark, Rich and fertile soils.

● High Amount of nitrogen and potassium.
● Temperature not too high, not too cold.
● Steady moisture in the ground and in the air.
● The Shelter of the other Banana plants.
● Regular irrigation supply.

● Strong Winds.
● Extreme heat or cold.
● Being hungry.
● Being alone an exposed.

● ​Between 25 to 35 celsius.

● Bananas grow in all types of soils with adequate soil moisture.

● Banana can be grown very well in PH range of 6.5 to 7.5.

● Alluvial and volcanic soil are the best for banana cultivation.

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 Selection of site for Banana farming is an important task because it will directly affect the
overall production. Selection of place for banana farm is the first step to start banana
farming, choose that land which is rich in the nitrogen content, fair phosphorus with lots of
potash for high production. We need first to clear the land which we select for banana
farming, then do irrigation through surface method of irrigation and after 3 to 4 days do
ploughing 3 to 4 times then throwing manure of cattle, pigs, goats and chickens Spraying,
Glyphosate 2 to 3 liters per hectare before plantation is helpful in controlling the weed then
use rotavator for mix manure and levelling, at the distance of 45cm * 45cm *45cm do
plantation the banana plant. On regular time interval manual weedlings are necessary to
keep weeds from the field till the plant is small.

​ There are two types of seeding or planting banana.

● Tissue culture seeding.

● Suckers.

The propagation of a plant by using a plant part or single cell or group of cells in a test tube under very
controlled and hygienic conditions is called "Tissue culture.

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 ● There is less chance for disease.
● The growth of plants will be uniform and that is one reason for increase production.
● Throughout the year we can do plantation because seedling available throughout the year.

In tissue culture soil is attached with plants so after planting there is less chance to fail plant, because
roots were already in soil.

A sucker is plant developed from rootstock of a mother plant. It does not originate from a seed but it
grows from the root of the main plant at a certain distance away from the plant. Suckers
enter into the soil, generate multiple roots, and disrupt the growth of the mother plant so
however we are not planning for sucker seeding, we need to remove sucker for the growth
of host plant. It is comparatively less costly than Tissue culture seeding, but more chances to
spread disease.

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 FIG-01

Banana plants require too much water for the healthy growth of banana fruit because they are
a water loving plant. For gaining maximum productivity from banana, give too much water
to this commercial crop. in monsoon, an avg. rainfall of 700 mm is best for the healthy
growth of banana. frequent irrigation is essential Just after planting it on the field. Provide
water sufficient enough for good development of plants. Try to avoid excessive watering, it
will lead to roots rotten which finally results in low production of crop. We can use two
methods of irrigation surface and Drip irrigation but more use of drip irrigation is best in
banana farming.

FIG-02

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 Proper dose of manure & fertilizer at the proper time is essential for high production. High nitrogen
content, fair phosphorus with lots of potash helps to increase production. Make soil rich in
all essential nutrients; give about 15 kg of farm yard manure, about 250 gm Nitrogen, about
75 gm Phosphorous, about 300 kg Potassium to each & every plant. This proportion varies
and increase as plant grows. Another way to provide these essential organic matters
(Nitrogen, Phosphorous, & Potassium) in water with the help of drip irrigation system as it
makes effective use of them as this gives direct water to the plant.

Due to High-density planting in Bananas, it is likely to attack by fungal diseases, Viral diseases also
insect (pests) which directly give their impact on quality & quantity production of fruit. The
common pests found in the commercial banana crop are likes Fruit scarring battle, Aphids,
Nematodes diseases that attacks on the commercial banana crop are likes Sigatoka leaf spot,
Panama wilt etc. People are taking help from horticulture department as they are a good
source of reliable information from Latur.

To get quality banana production, the fruit bunched should be covered by polyethylene or covering
material to prevent it from direct sunlight, it also provides protection from dust, birds, insects and also
spray residue. Covering with blue plastic is a good idea. This will help in raising the temp. For good
development of fruit & finally the early maturity of fruits.

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 Fruit bunches are heavy in weight because of which plants lose their body balance & may fall on the
field. To support them, propping of the tree should be done. Propped these overload tree
with the help of 3 bamboo sticks, forming a triangle between them to the stem. This will
also ensure the uniform growth of fruit bunches.

FIG-03

Timely banana harvesting ​helps to higher production of fruit. Time is totally depends on the cultivars
& climate surroundings. After about 250 to 360 days (normally). At this stage, quality &
quantity fruit can be obtained which is high in market demands. Contractor comes to farm
and they are taking production directly from the farm.

Cost analysis ( For 2000 plants)

Particulars Expenses
Purchase plants 28,000 ( 14 Rs per plant)
Tractor Expenses 10,000
Fertilizers & pesticide 1,20,000
Labour charges 10,000
Electricity charges 5,000
Miscellaneous expense 20,000
Total expenses 1,93,000

11.

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Total production

In murud village only 2 farmers are producing bananas. They together have 2000 plants
of banana and they are getting 25 Kg bananas from each plant. So total production will be
2000 plants * 25 kg = 50,000 kg.

Contractor gives minimum price 7 Rs per kg to maximum 10 Rs per kg.

So we can say that minimum they can earn 50,000*7 = 3,50,000 and maximum they can
earn 50,000*10=50,000.

Backward and forward linkages

12.

Gaps identify

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 ● Marathwada is drought prone area so at any time crop may fail.
● Contractor using ​Calcium carbide​ chemical to ripen the banana and this chemical
may cause for cancer.
● Murud it self is a big market but farmers are selling banana to contractor of latur
and Solapur and contractor sales that banana in murud and getting good profit.
● There is no value addition.
● No safety measure taken care at the time of spraying.

Possible intervention

● Farmers can grow bananas in organic farming.

● Farmers can store, ripen the banana in traditional method and sale it in murud
market.
● They can make some products like jam, chips etc.
● They need to wear a mask and gloves ​at the time of spraying.

Introduction

Soybean is an important crop, providing oil and protein. Above 80% of the global soybean
output is crushed worldwide to obtain oil and meal. It contains isoflavones which are good
in reducing risk of various cancer and heart disease . In murud Soybean is a major crop.
About 60% of Agricultural land is under the production of soybean.

Soybean like the warm and moist climate, A lower temperature may cause to delay
flowering. Best temperature for Soybean crop is between 24 to 35.

The best time to plant soybean is the first week of july (Kharif ).

31
Selection of land in soybean farming may impact on overall production. For soybean select
that land, in which last year we didn’t produce soybean in that farm. Use soil with high
organic fertilizers and healthy ph level.

Soybean is planting in Kharif season so it requires less irrigation facility because of rain we
don’t need to give water but if there is more necessary than we need to give water. Irrigation
is totally dependent on the rain.

In 1 acre 6 ton of cow-dunk or any farm yard manure, 350kg super phosphate, 35 kg
urea, and 55 kg muriate potash is required for soybean farming.

13.

32
Cost analysis ( per acre).

Particulars Expenses
Seeds. 2000 Rs.
Manure, fertilizers and pesticides. 5000 Rs.
Labour charges. 2500 Rs.
Tractor expenses. 4500 Rs.
Electricity charges. 1000 Rs.
Miscellaneous expense. 3000 Rs.
Total expenses. 18000 Rs.
14.

Total production per acre is 13 quintal.

Total Income (13 quintal*3200 Rs. ) = 41,6000

Introduction

Sericulture is one of the oldest industries in India and Asia. The silk is final product of
this industry. Maharashtra is a non-traditional sericulture state producing Mulberry and
Tasar silk. This sericulture industry is a labour intensive and has more potential to generate
livelihood in the rural areas. This is an eco-friendly activity which gives an opportunity to
rural people to uplift their socio economic status.

33
 ● Investment is low.
● short gestation period and higher returns.
● Suitable Agro climatic conditions.
● Availability of improved high yielding mulberry varieties.
● Carbon emitting is minimal as the industry is agro-based and labour intensive.
● It can Generate livelihood for the unemployed youth and rural population and
reduction of migration to urban areas.
● Liberalization policies of Govt. of India in line with WTO Agreements.
● Garment export increasing day by day so there is huge demand for silk.
● We can use that land which is not suitable for food-crops.

● Supply of planting material and quality DFLs to farmers.

● Providing free training to the farmers.
● Government giving financial support.
● Mulberry plantation through MGNREGA support.
● Crop and Health Insurance to sericulturist is implemented.
● Establishment of region wise best training and research centers.

● Labor is costly and non-availability of timely labours.

● Competition with region wise different cash crops.
● Hygiene and proper climate is not maintained by farmers.
● Poorly developed reeling sector.
● They need to go Bangalore for selling silk cocoon.
● No safety measure taken care by farmers.

34
 15.

Data Collection and Analysis

Mobilization is in no way a hassle for villagers. They commonly show splendid interest in any
outsider visiting their village. The village community is typically busy with their agricultural
operations. We want to win them over and begin mobilizing them for an ensured participation within
the PLA and the precise mobilization strategies will help. Contacted the peers within the village and
visit households. People are curious to understand why we want to participate.

TIMELINE

35
Timeline is on an ancient basis. It analyses key events, group sensible and man or woman wise.
Timeline identifies historical sequences of events, typically over a duration of years or decades. It
discusses full-size events and identifies essential changes. It examines general troubles and precise
activities including periods of activity/ inaction as nicely as individual events.

TIMELINE FIG-04

SOCIAL MAPPING

A Social map offers a profile of the village and gives insights into its social factors and people’s
social life. These include household structure, social categories, caste, religion, education, occupation,
women-headed households, and infrastructure . It helps decide who lives wherein and the way the
network members engage with one another. Social mapping that includes economic dimensions is
known as Socio-monetary mapping.

Social mapping can also be thematic, focusing on infrastructure, sanitation, drinking water sources,
health centers and the like. General social
maps offer an “overview”, even as thematic ones assist to cognizance on particular components.

36
 FIG-05

37
SEASONAL MAPPING

To check the product flow, agricultural operations, livelihood alternatives, prevailing diseases, service
shipping and diverse different analyses across distinctive seasons or months, Seasonal Calendar plays
a crucial role. This device helpful to monitor or evaluate the programme, apprehend the approaches
of provider shipping, and investigate needs.

The livelihood options of the humans are connected to the crop cycle, which is linked to the season.
Seasonal versions and sudden climatic situations have an effect on village economics and monetary
status.

FIG-06

RESOURCE MAP
A resource map basically portrays a general photo of natural assets of a
locality. This includes fields, water sources, trees, forests, ponds, wells, rivers, canals, and dams. It
mirrors the resource base of a locality.

38
FIG -07

DAILY ACTIVITY

Discussion between the community on time utilization for each day for various groups of the
community (rich, moderate, poor)

​Objectives

39
a. The profile of time utilization must be able to identify. Who does what, the distribution in every
house;
b. When the job have to be done and the way they take
c. The difference in work load between various (rich, moderate, poor), and
d. Use of spare time within the community.

FIG-08

40
Findings
When you live within the country, a basic information of agriculture is useful. Farming has played an
essential function in murud history and keeps to make a contribution to our network today. Many of
the characteristics people enjoy about country residing result directly from farming, which include
open space, aesthetic and pastoral views, and the rural way of life. Agriculture’s contributions to your
community include environmental, economic, and cultural benefits.

The soils of the murud can be divided into categories. In the first category, the soils are black and
fertile; a part of the murud has light soils. Due to such traits of the soils, both kharif and Rabi plants
are raised in the murud . In the second category, the soils are fertile and specially for Rabi crops.

1) Lack of recommended crop rotations in cropping system leading to decreasing fertility,

productivity and developing pest attack.
2) Less area under pulses and oilseeds in crop rotations.
3) Non judicious aware of chemical fertilizers leading to lowering organic carbon content and
deficiency of micronutrients.
4) Lack of application of advocated doses of organic depend and green manuring.
5) Unavailability of bullock power and labour availability at some stage in top periods of farm
operations delays farm operations.
6) Villager can get filter drinking water at 2 Rs. & 5 Rs. For per 20litter water.
7) Lack of Waste management.
8) Only few farmers have access to irrigation facility.
9) Village market is suffering due to online purchasing.
10) The benefit of Government scheme is not reaching up to socio-economic class of the society.
11) Liquor is banned in village.
12) Lack of drainage system.
13) Market is huge but still farmers need to sell their products outside the village.
14) Agriculture sector is base for all industry. If this sector get disturb, all industry will be disturb.

41
Conclusion
Agriculture is the main profession of the India.That's why the yearly GDP of India is heavily
dependent on the agricultural productivity.

The recent modernization inside the agricultural sector of India has expanded the yearly productivity
a lot more than the previous decades.The green revolution initiative is showing is ideal effects inside
India now.
For the agricultural community, uncertainty is a first-rate issue. Farmers are used to coping with
uncertainty related to weather, they expect it and are organized for it.

Out of the full space in Marathwada , rainfall nearly 85to 90percent is received throughout monsoon
amount.Some times region gets a lot of downfall & some time less to the region downfall is the only
dominant weather component influencing the intensity and site of farming system and also the
farmers.People are kind, empathetic, and helpful. They are taking good care outsider as outsider is
their family member. Unequal distribution of resources and patriarchy is still prevailing in the society.

References

http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.h​tml

http://mrhd.gov.in/rte​ smc

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue10/Version-10/I22101049
53.pd​f

42
 Annexures

Annexure 1: Survey on Sanitation Management and ODF

Village Visit Report

3 Name of Village MURUD

4 Address of the Village TALUKA- LATUR DISTRICT- LATUR STATE-M.H

5 Name of Sarpanch / ABHAY SINGH DILIP RAO NANDE

Contact Person

7 Date of Visit 5 TIME VISIT FROM DEC TO JAN

Demographics of the Village

1 Number of Men 22000 APPROX

2 Number of Women 21000 APPROX

3 Number of Children 16000 APPROX

4 Total Population 60000 APPROX

5 Number of Anganwadis 23

6 Number of Schools 12

7 Number of Primary Health 01

Centres

43
 VILLAGE SCHEDULE

S. No Observations Yes No Action By Village Authorities

1 Do all households have a NO If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

toilet? been taken by the Village
Authorities-SCHEME
-SWACH BHARAT

2 Does anyone want to go out YES

and defecate in the open in
village? If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
been taken by the Village
Authorities -AWARENESS
PROGRAM

3 Are these faeces from NO If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
the toilet being disposed in the been taken by the VILLAGE
river? AUTHORITIES

4 Is there any OD spot / excreta If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
in an open place? been taken by the Village
Authorities

5 Are there institutional toilets at YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
Schools, been taken by the Village
Anganwadis and Public Authorities-AWARENESS
places? PROGRAM

6 Is waste from restaurants, YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
public places dumped into the been taken by the Village
river? Authorities

7 Is there a prevalence NO If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has

Of visitor/tourist OD? been taken by the Village
Authorities

8 Is there an institutional NO If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

mechanism to check been taken by the Village
OD by insiders/outsiders? Authorities NO ACTION

9 Are twin-pit toilets common in NO If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
the been taken by the Village
Village? Authorities-AUTHORITY
TRYING

44
10 Are septic tank toilets YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
(non-porous) common been taken by the Village
In your village? Authorities

11 Is there a P-Trap in all NO If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

toilets? been taken by the Village
Authorities NO ACTON

Household Schedule

12 Is water available in YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

/for the toilet? been taken by the Village
Authorities

13 Are all toilets “fly-proof” – or N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
Hygienic? O been taken by the Village
Authorities NO ACTION

14 Is the human waste disposed of YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
in the Drain, been taken by the Village
a) Nallahs, Authorities NO ACTION
b) Open pit;
c) Ponds or
rivers or streams or
any water body
etc.
15 Is fecal sludge directly N If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
discharged to water bodies ? O been taken by the Village
Authorities

Is there any garbage or litter
piled up or dumped within
10 feet perimeter of the
house, outside the premises
of the household being
canvassed
N If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
O been taken by the Village
Authorities
Have you taken GPS enabled
photographs ?

16 Is there a practice to wash YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
hands with soap after using been taken by the Village
the toilet? Authorities NO ACTION

17 Is any visible feces found in YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
the environment? been taken by the Village
Authorities NO ACTION

45
18 Is there any odour of urine or YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
faeces in the location? been taken by the Village
Authorities

19 Did any member of the
household defecate in the
open in the last three months
or after gaining access to the
toilet?
20 Is child faeces disposed of in
open area?
YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
been taken by the Village
Authorities NO ACTION
If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
been taken by the Village
Authorities

Anganwadi Schedule

21 Have Anganwadi have toilet in YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
own premises ? been taken by the Village
Authorities

22 Is water available in YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

/for the toilet? been taken by the Village
Authorities

23 Is toilet “fly-proof” – or N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

Hygienic? O been taken by the Village
AuthoritiesNO ACTION

24 Is the human waste disposed of YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
in the Drain, been taken by the Village
a) Nallahs, Authorities -AWARENESS
b) Open pit; PROGRAM
c) Ponds or rivers or
streams or any
water body etc.

Have you taken GPS enabled

photographs?

25 Are Anganwadi cleaners N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

maintaining and cleaning O been taken by the Village
public toilets? Authorities NO ACTION

School Schedule

46
26 Are there separate functional ONE N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
toilets for boys and girls in SCHOOL O been taken by the Village
the school? HAVE Authorities NO ACTON
SEPERATE
TOILET

27 Is there water available for use YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
in the school toilets? been taken by the Village
Authorities

28 Is the human waste disposed of YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
in the Drain, been taken by the Village
d) Nallahs, Authorities
e) Open pit;
f) Ponds or rivers or
streams or any Have you taken GPS enabled
water body etc. photographs?

29 Is public toilet accessible to 1. Yes N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
all (including 2. No O been taken by the Village
Divyangs/physically Authorities NO ACTION
challenged)
Public Toilets Schedule

30 YES If, No, Then what ​Action​ has

Is there a Public Toilet in the been taken by the Village
village? Authorities

31 Are there separate sections N If, No, Then what ​Action​ has
for Men and Women? O been taken by the Village
Authorities NO ACTION

32 Is the human waste disposed of YES If, Yes , Then what ​Action​ has
in the Drain, been taken by the Village
g) Nallahs, Authorities
h) Open pit;
-AWARENESS PROGRAM
i) Ponds or rivers or
streams or any
water body etc.
Have you taken GPS enabled
photographs?

TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABILITY OF ODF

33 Is any sustainable water supply N If ,Yes Describe the process or

process/ method adopted for O method NO ACTION
sustainability of ODF?

47
 If, No, Then what Action has
been taken by the Village
Authorities

34 Is any sustainable N If ,Yes Describe the process or

process/method adopted for O method
fecal sludge management?
NO ACTION

If, No, Then what Action has

been taken by the Village
Authorities

Note-If any other observation for ODF sustainability, kindly describe

Annexure 2: Photographs of the Village Visit (Survey on Sanitation Management and ODF)

DRAINAGE
FIG-09

48
DRAINAGE

FIG-10

49
Annexure 3: Photographs of the Village Visit (General)

WELL

FIG-11

LIVLIHOOD
FIG-12

50
 SHG MEETING
FIG-13

ARTIFICIAL POND FIG-14

51
SUNFLOWER FIG-15

52