Report on

Field Experience Training

at
KVK, CIAE, BHOPAL (MADHYA PRADESH)
(20/02/2018 to 12/03/2018)

Submitted to:
National Academy for Agricultural Research Management,
Hyderabad

For partial fulfilment of the FOCARS training of 107st batch, 2018

Submitted by:
Sushil Kumar
Priyanka Sakare
Ajita Gupta
Kiran K R
Lal Chand Malav
Rajendra Prasad Meena

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH MANAGEMENT,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030
 Acknowledgement

Fervently and modestly, we extend our whole hearted gratitude and sincere thanks to
our course coordinators, Dr. B. Ganesh, Principal Scientist and Dr. I. Sekar, Principal
Scientist, NAARM, who always took keen interest in each and every activity and ensured its
successful completion. We feel deeply grateful to Dr. Ch. Srinivas Rao, Director, NAARM
and Dr. S. K. Soam, Joint Director, NAARM for their inspirational motivation. It is a great
privilege for us to express our esteem and profound sense of gratitude to our FET
Coordinators Dr. V. K. J. Rao and Dr. Sandhya Shenoy for their inspiration and guidance.
We wish to convey our heartfelt thanks to Dr Sandhya Shenoy, our FET monitoring faculty,
for sharing his valuable knowledge and guidance. We are deeply indebted to FET Committee
of NAARM for their constant support, inspiration, encouragement and valuable suggestions
throughout the training.
Beyond words is our gratitude to local FET Coordinator Dr. Uday Badegawkar, PS,
KVK, CIAE, Bhopal, for his whole hearted support and assistance. It is great privilege for us
to express our esteem and profound sense of gratitude to Dr. K. K. Singh, Director, CIAE for
his guidance and help rendered to us. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Shri.
R. D. Soni, SMS, CIAE, Bhopal, for their scholarly advice to workout PRA techniques during
FET training and accompanying us to the village seminar venue. We would like to thank all
the scientists of CIAE, Bhopal for their support and cooperation.
We are equally grateful to farmers and villagers of Sagoniya for their utmost courtesy
and friendliness. We owe a special debt to Sri Om Praksh, Sri. Bhagwat Singh, Smt. Choti
Bai, Smt. Laxmi Bai, Sri. Rajesh Kumar, Sri. Badami Lal of Sagoniya village for their
constant support throughout the village training period.
We would like to thank our friends from NAARM for their unconditional support and
memorable team efforts during FOCARS training, which are and will be cherished
throughout our ARS careers.
With Regards

Ms. Priyanka Sakare ____________________________

Mrs. Ajita Gupta ____________________________
Mr. Lal Chand Malav ____________________________
Mr. Sushil Kumar ____________________________
Mr. Kiran KR ____________________________
Mr. Rajendra Prasad Meena ____________________________

2
 INDEX
Sl.
Chapter Page No.
No.
Introduction& Objectives of the Field Experience Training
1 1-3
(FET)
2 FET Methodology 4-5
3 PRA techniques used in the village 5-9
4 Basic Information 9-11
Gene
5.1 Transect Walk 11-14
5.2 Agro-ecological Map 14-15
5.3 Resource Map 15-18
5.4 Social Map 19-24
5.5 Daily Activity Profile and Daily Routine 24-26
5.6 Seasonal Calendar 26-27
5.7 Mobility Map 27-28
5.8 Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITKs) 29-30
5.9 Wealth Ranking 30-32
5.10 Livelihood Analysis 33-34
5.11 Time Trend 35-39
5.12 Time Line 40-42
5.13 Bio-Resource flow 42-44
5.14 Technology Map 45-48
5.15 Matrix Ranking 49-51
5.16 Consequence Diagram 51-52
5.17 Venn Diagram 52-55
5.18 Problem identification and prioritization 55-57
5.19 Problem and solution tree 57-58
5.20 Perspectives of problems 59
5.21 Action plan 59-60
5.22 Village seminar 61-62
5.23 Institute Seminar 62-64
6 Institute visit 64-78
7 Conclusion 78-79

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

“Agriculture can offer pathways out of poverty if efforts are made to increase
productivity in the staple foods’ sector; connect smallholders to rapidly expand high-

3
value horticulture, poultry, aquaculture, as well as dairy markets; and generate jobs in
the rural non-farm economy” (World Development Report, 2014).

Our father of nation Mahatma Gandhiji once said “Agriculture is the backbone of
Indian economy “. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. Almost 54.60 per cent of
the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities (Census 2011) and it contributes
17.40 per cent to the country’s Gross Value Added (Current price 2014-15). Given the
importance of agriculture sector, Government of India took several steps for its sustainable
development. It supports about 62 per cent of Indian population directly or indirectly. During
the last two decades, the average annual growth of agriculture sector was less than half
(around 3%) of the overall average growth of the economy (6-7%) (NAAS, 2009). ICAR has
played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in
agriculture in India through its research and technology development that has enabled the
country to increase the production of food grains by 4 times, horticultural crops by 6 times,
fish by 9 times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk 6 times and eggs 27 times since
1950-51, thus making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security. It has
played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture. It is engaged
in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its scientists are
internationally acknowledged in their fields.

Even though, Indian agriculture sector is witnessing radical changes and challenges at
national and global level and some of the diverse challenges and constraints such as growing
population, food insecurity, malnutrition, natural resource degradation, climate change, new
parasites, small landholding size, slow growth in farm income, lack of interest among youth
towards farming activities and new global trade regulations, there is a demand of paradigm
shift in formulating and implementing the agricultural research programmes. The emerging
scenario necessitates the institutions of ICAR to have perspective vision (Vision-2030) which
could be translated through proactive, novel and innovative research approach based on
cutting edge science.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

PRA is an approach which emphasizes on local knowledge and enables the local
people to make their own appraisal, analysis and put into their hands the means to achieve
self-development (Pretty and Guijit, 1992). It deals with spatio-temporal and relational issues
in rural activities. Spatial information includes the database about village location, land use

4
pattern, topography, soil type, cropping pattern, distribution of natural and man-made
resources, socio-economic status, technology adoption and agro biodiversity along with the
migration pattern of villagers and supporting life forms. Temporal data helps in
understanding historical processes and seasonal changes on livelihood processes, adoption
and awareness about the new technologies. It helps in knowing the facts about participation,
gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people of that locality.
Relational information provides comparison of resources, problems, strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats related to their livelihoods.

PRA form one of the excellent and holistic approach for integrating various
disciplines of agricultural sciences (crop science, livestock, fisheries, forestry etc.), medical
science, engineering and home science to assess the various livelihood options, vulnerability
to food insecurity and integrate perceptions and perspectives of various stakeholders across
the value chain. Here, the role of subject matter specialists as a facilitator is to identify the
problems faced by farmers and give corresponding solutions (bottom-up approach) which is
the most efficient way rather than a top-down approach. Dynamic nature of Indian agriculture
demands a subject matter specialist to find location-specific problems and researchable issues
to come up with possible solutions for short and long-term benefits i.e. he could be “able to
think globally and act locally” even at entry level. So the FET component of FOCARS is
planned to sensitise the entry level scientists to work as one hand with stakeholders to
validate and assimilate the needs and aspiration of stakeholders and thereby improving the
socio-economic well-being of people in increased and sustained manner.

As a part of 107th FOCARS (Foundation Course for Agricultural Research Services)

training programme offered at ICAR-NAARM, Hyderabad, a group of six ARS Scientists (P)
had undergone 21 days FET (Field Experience Training) programme in Sagoniya Village,
(Phanda block, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) from 20-02-2018 to 12-03-2018.

1.2 Objectives of Field Experience Training

FET as the name implies, this is meant to get actual field exposure, the main objective
behind this is to provide a platform for scientist trainee at their entry level to get an insight
into the agriculture and rural development scenario in a “real-life” situation to promote
interaction with various stakeholders, analyse and get aware of their perceptions and

5
problems, so as to integrate and internalise the same and thereby construct need-based action
proposals by employing the participatory rural appraisal methodology.

The specific objectives of FET are:

1 To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming
community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources, priorities,
problems and prospects.
2 To gain insights in to the dynamics of agriculture based village agriculture development
planning.
3 To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology adoption,
diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and related concepts.
4 To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension system and
transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5 To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and appreciation
about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK`s) of farmers and to generate appropriate
technologies if scientifically valid.
6 To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related problems.
7 To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among scientist-
trainees.
8 To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products and
processes.
9 To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by producers
with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and futuristic approaches.
10 To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other stakeholders
in value chain.
11 To develop village agricultural development plan.

6
 Chapter 2

2.1 Methodology

The Field Experience Training (FET) is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on

the principle of 'seeing is believing' and 'learning by doing'. It is carried out using multi-
disciplinary and participatory approach including participation among scientists and
stakeholders to validate and assimilate the needs and aspirations of stakeholders. FET serves
as a ‘social laboratory’ to integrate and internalize the knowledge gained through different
phases of our curriculum.
As a part of 107th FOCARS (Foundation Course for Agricultural Research Services)
training programme offered at ICAR-NAARM, Hyderabad, a group of six ARS Scientists (P)
had undergone 21 days FET (Field Experience Training) programme in KVK, Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh from 20-02-2018 to
12-03-2018.
Our FET had two phases. In the first phase, we visited various ICAR institutes
situated at Bhopal, such as ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian
Institute of Soil Science and ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases,
Bhopal. Co-operative society Nipania Jat, Gram Panchayat Kachhibarkheda and Agriculture
Produce Marketing Committee Mandi Bhopal visit were also made. We visited different
divisions in CIAE Bhopal like soya processing unit, Precision Farming Development Centre,
Renewable energy, ergonomics division and Women Friendly Technology Laboratory,
sprayer testing and soil dynamics laboratory, technology transfer division. The interaction
with the concerned officials and scientists helped us to understand more about the agricultural
mechanization and prospects in the village and to prioritize the research problems,
developing equipments for small farms.
In the second phase of FET, the village for PRA work was selected in consultation
with the local FET coordinators, Dr. Uday Badegawkar and Mr. R.D. Soni, KVK, ICAR-
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal, (M.P.). We were given
Sagoniya village, Phanda block for conducting PRA. The village was located at a distance of
20 km from FET center. With the help of Panchayat Secretary and Revenue department, we
could get a list of farmers of the village. Interactions with them improved our contacts and we
were able to make rapport with them. Farmers of the village were interviewed as key
informants based on a specific formate while applying the principles and methods of PRA for
gathering all the relevant information about the Sagoniya village.

7
 We organized a village seminar on 08-03-2018 in the front of primary school of
Sagoniya village. In the village seminar, we shared our experience and observations with
more than hundred persons of village, different officers of line department, KVK officials
and monitoring faculty NAARM-Hyderabad, who had participated to validate and triangulate
the information collected during our study.
Further, institute seminar was conducted on 09-03-2018 at CIAE by ARS Scientists
probationer before a panel of scientists of ICAR-CIAE and staffs of KVK, ICAR-CIAE. The
action plan proposed was fine-tuned in the light of feedback obtained from farmers during
village seminar and scientists during institute seminar. Based on the problems faced by the
villagers and the opportunities present in village, a village agricultural development plans
were discussed.
During 21 days period, we could understand the overall picture of Sagoniya village in
relevance to agricultural and allied activities including the livelihood, felt need of people,
their resources, social views and structure, technology generation, adoption, transfer and
rejection, various problems of the village, opportunities and solutions to the problems and to
develop Village Agriculture Development Plan for the Sagoniya village. This report is the
compilation of all the observations made, information obtained and the overall experiences of
the PRA exercise conducted in Sagoniya village over a period of 21 days.

3. PRA Tools used for Village study

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is intended to enable local communities to

conduct their own analysis and to plan and take action (Chambers, 1989). PRA involves
project staff who acts as facilitator and learning together with villagers to conduct systematic
analysis of village resources, structures and processes that affect their utilization, livelihood
strategies and outcomes, problems and opportunities of the village. The aim of PRA is to help
strengthen the capacity of villagers to plan, make decisions, and to take actions towards
improving their own situation. It is done in group and through verbal communication.
The various techniques used by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
 Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data
 Collection of secondary data from Panchayat members and officials related to
agriculture, animal husbandry, bank etc.
 Semi-structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers’
participation in different aspects of the village

8
  Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants and
collecting data through means of questionnaire at household level
 Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues (eg: ITKs)
 Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement
 Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems and
opportunities throughout the year
 Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problem and
preparing solution plan accordingly
PRA technique has been used during the FET training programme to ensure the actual
involvement of people and the developmental agencies in the following:
 To gather information regarding appropriate technology (i.e. exotic or indigenous
technologies) available to encounter a broadly defined problems
 To deepen knowledge on a particular topic and generate more specific hypothesis
with recommendation for intervention
 To evaluate the results of a programme (or) intervention and reconsider prior
hypothesis in the light of experiences and modify the intervention programmes
 To involve the population in planning or review action affecting them and chalk out
a programme or plan of action research and designed by the local people
Diverse information collected during PRA using a number of techniques is verified by
triangulation among various key informants (KIs) in addition to on-site observation by the
team members.
The PRA methodology utilizes different tools to seek its goal of a participatory
approach for addressing any issue. PRA tools can be classified based on the spatial or
temporal or relational issues they cover and following tools were used by the research team in
the exercise under consideration:

a. Spatial Issue
1. Basic information about the village

2. Transect walk for transect map and transect analysis

3. Agro-ecology map

4. Resource map

9
 5. Social map

6. Mobility Map

7. Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)

8. Technology map

9. Bio resource flow diagram

b. Temporal Issue
10. Daily activity profile and Daily routine diagram

11. Seasonal calendar (activities, problems and gender disaggregation)

12. Time line

13. Time trend

c. Relationship Issue
14. Wealth ranking

15. Livelihood analysis

16. Venn diagram

17. Consequence diagram

18. Matrix ranking

19. Problem identification and ranking

20. Problem-causal and solution tree

21. Action plan

22. VADP

The next part of the chapter goes on to describe the details of implementation of each
of these, and the observations and learning about the same.

Background Information
Bhopal District
Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh and is located in the central part of India. It
is known as the “City of Lakes” for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also

10
one of the greenest cities in India. Bhopal is the 16th largest city in India. The city attracted
international attention in December 1984 after the Bhopal disaster, when a Union Carbide
India Limited (UCIL) pesticide manufacturing plant (owned by Dow Chemical Company)
leaked a mixture of deadly gases mainly methyl iso-cyanide, leading to one of the worst
industrial disasters in the world's history. The Bhopal disaster continues to be a part of the
socio-political debate and a logistical challenge for the people of Bhopal. The district is
situated at 23°15' north latitudes and 77°25'east longitudes. The climate of the district is
classified as humid subtropical climate, with cool, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid
monsoon season. The monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months
experience about 40 inches (1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding.
The average temperature is around 25°C and the humidity is quite high. The total geographic
area of the district is 697 sq. km. The city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low
coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. According to the 2011 census, the population of the
Bhopal city is 1,795,648, with 939,560 males and 856,088 females. The majority of the
population is dominated by the Hindus (occupying around 55% of the total population),
whereas Muslims cover around 40% of the total population. The urban/metropolitan Bhopal
population extends beyond Bhopal city and the literacy rate is 85.24%. The chief language is
Hindi.

ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE)

Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) was established on February 15,
1976 during the Fifth Five Year Plan to address research issues related to Agricultural
Engineering.

Sagoniya village
Sagoniya village is about 20 kilometres away from Bhopal city, M.P, India. The
village falls under Phanda block and is located at 23.42°N latitude and 77.36°E longitude.
Inspite of being near to the city, the village still maintains its beauty and natural flora and
faunas. Sagoniya village is mostly of rural origin. The eastern and western part of the village
is surrounded by Karandiya and Barkhedi Haijjam, respectively. Gunga and Sahapur are
towards north and south, respectively. The total geographical area is around 436 ha. There are
around 48 households. The major crops grown are soybean, wheat, gram, pigeon pea and
flowers. Cows, goats and poultry are the major livestock. The village is moderately
mechanized and there are numbers of different types of agricultural implements. Almost 95

11
per cent of the population is engaged in agriculture and only very few of them are involved in
other activity. The non- agriculture occupations include working as a labourers. There are one
primary schools in the village. Some children go to nearby Gunga village and Bhopal for
higher education.
This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by multidisciplinary
team of six members from different disciplines namely Environment Science, Agronomy,
Agricultural Extension, Agricultural structure and Environmental Management, Land And
Water Management Engineering and Soil Science. Altogether 30 families out of 48 were
interviewed based on the specific pre-defined format at household basis. The information was
collected under different PRA tools, their implications and the action plans on the different
research problems identified are presented in different sections of this report.

4. Basic information
Key informants (KIs): Sri. Bhagwat Singh Jat, Sri. Harnam Singh Jat, Smt. Lakshmi Bai,
Sri. Badami Lal,
Dr. S.D. Soni SMS, KVK, ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal

Name of Village : Sagoniya

Tehsil : Phanda
District : Bhopal
State : Madhya Pradesh
Climatological Data
Mean annual rainfall : 1132 mm/year
Mean annual temperature : 25.20C

Geographical Co-ordinates

Latitude : 23.420N
Longitude :77.360E
Altitude : 493 m (1,617ft)

Geographical Area
Total Area : 436 ha
Gross Cultivated Area : 336 ha
Fallow-land Area : 7.2 ha
Forest Area : 28.11 ha
Residential Area : 0.92 ha
12
Demographic Patterns
No. of households : 48
Total population : 344
Male population : 175
Female population : 165
Literacy : 49.06 %

Category Male Female

OBC : 168 166

Crop Area :
SC 07 03
ST : - -
Wheat : 300 ha
General : - -
Flower : 35 ha
Soybean : 280 ha
Chickpea : 5 ha

Soil characteristics
Soil type : Black Cotton
Soil pH : 7.5 (Normal)
EC : 0.45 mmhos/cm
Organic Carbon : 0.15 (Low)
Macronutrient status
Nitrogen : Low
Av. Phosphorus : 20.14 kg/ ha (Medium)
Av. Potassium : 408 kg/ha (High)
Micronutrient status
Zinc : 0.46 ppm (Deficient)
Iron : 14.80 ppm (High)
Copper : 1.92 ppm (High)
Manganese : 8.62 ppm (Medium)

Number of farm families

Class Number
Large : 8
Medium : 10
Small : 28
Landless : 02

Livestock population

Cow : 20
Buffal : 20
o
Ox : 06
13
Goat : 20
Rabbit : 20
Agriculture implements
Tractors : 10
Combined harvester : 3
Seed drill : 10
Trolley : 6
Thresher : 3
Oil engine : 5
Knapsack Sprayer : 20
Power Sprayer : 3
Electric Motor : 8

5.1. Transect Walk

Transect is a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool in which a long walk is taken
along the boundary and inside the village along with the villagers. It also involves interacting
with them to gain information about the various resources that are present in the village like
soil, topography, cropping pattern, livestock etc. Transect walk with the villagers provides an
insight on the cultural and socio-economic stratification that is prevailing in the area. In
general, it gives an overview of the major crops, cropping system, soil type, land use pattern,
topography, irrigation sources, cultivation practices, animal husbandry, pest and diseases in
crops, livestock diseases and other problems, based on which a transect matrix is created;
which gives an idea about the variables that are present in the different agro-ecological niches
along with the major problems, opportunities and the technological intervention.

14
 Fig.1 Transect walk in the village
KI: Sri. Bhagwat Singh
The transect walk in Sagoniya village was carried out from South to the North direction
along with the key informants. During transect, each person of the group identified the
researchable areas and allied problems corresponding to their respective fields of
specialization. While carrying out the transect walk utmost care was taken in noting down the
GPS location of the various natural, social and other resources present in the area together
with the boundary points. The GPS points were then entered into google earth and the map
was plotted. The map was made and handed over to the Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The details
are given below:

Table 1: General Transect Table of Sagoniya Village

Particulars
Topography : Plain
Soil : Black Cotton Soil
Crops : Soybean, Wheat, Black gram, Bengal gram
Livestock : Desi breed of cow, Buffaloes
Fruit Trees : Guava, Mango
Forage Crops : Maize, Cereal grass
Forest trees : Neem, Acasia, Moringa, Albizia saman,Bauhinia
corymbosa
Water sources : Well, Tube-well, Chamari River
Insects & Disease : Rice: Stem borer, leaf folder
Soybean: Semi-looper
Black Gram: Powdery Mildew, Bacterial Blight

Weeds : Cassia tora, Parthenium, Cyperus rotundus,

Eubhorbiaceace Sp.

15
Problems : Excessive weed infestation in all crops during Kharif due
to lack of awareness about pre-emergence herbicides;
Pod borer infestation and wilt in chick pea; Low
productivity in soybean; Poor roads; Poor irrigation
facilities in fields.
Opportunity : Create awareness among farmers regarding weeds and
encourage them to do manual weeding and other cultural
practices like deep ploughing at least once in every three
year and application of pre-emergence herbicides;
Develop wilt resistant chickpea varieties; Validation of
IPM module for semi-looper in soybean and pod borer
in chick pea; Development of Integrated Farming
System modules for Sagoniya village; water
conservation practices; Community based approaches in
the dairying; Construction of roads and facilitating
proper irrigation.
Village Sagoniya is connected with the State Highway (SH 23) which enables the
villagers to access the capital city Bhopal. The village comes under the Phanda block. Only
one Muslim family is in the village and other are Hindus they live in harmony. There is only
1 Hindu temple in the village. There is a cooperative society in Nipania Jat which provides
agricultural inputs to the villagers. Other institutions such as one anganwadi and one primary
school are present.
The topography of the village is considerably plain. The predominant soil type in the
region is black cotton soil. The major crops in the village are Soybean, wheat and flower.
Along with the major crops other fruit trees are also grown like guava and mango. Neem,
Acasia, Moringa, Albizia saman,Bauhinia corymbosa are also grown along with the fruit
trees. Cows, Goats, Poultry and buffaloes are the only livestocks found in the village.
The sources of irrigation in the village are tube-wells and open wells. Water is either
drawn mechanically or pumped into the fields. The most important pest problem is of Tobaco
Caterpiller and semi-looper in soybean. Others include pod-borer and Aphid in chick pea and
flower, respectively. The major weeds include Cassia tora, Parthenium, Cyperus rotundus,
Eubhorbiaceace Sp..

16
 Fig.2. Participatory GIS Map of Sagoniya Village

5.2. Agro-ecology Map

Sagoniya village is dominated by black cotton soil. The topography is plain. Wheat,
soybean, flower and chickpea are the major crops grown in the region. Soybean is being
cultivated in 280 ha, wheat in 300 ha, Flower in 35 ha and chickpea in 5 ha land.
There are 200 tube-wells in the village but at present, only 3 tube-wells are in working
condition due to groundwater depletion. There are 25 open wells but water is limited upto
January month. It has been found that there is a shortage of water during Rabi season.
Livestock primarily includes cows and buffaloes. Casstiatora, Cyprus rotendus,
parthenium and Hariyaliin soybean are major weeds found.

17
 Temperature: 25.2°C,
Rainfall: 1132 mm/year

Fig. 3. Agro-ecology map of Sagoniya Village

5.3. Resource Map

Resource mapping is a method of showing information regarding the occurrence,
distribution, access and use of resources; topography; human settlements and activities. This
indicates both the natural and man-made resources needed for development of agriculture.
While preparing resource map, we have ensured the participation of all the stakeholders
(male, female, old, young and children).

What is it useful for?

 To explore together how different people understand their local environment,

resources and land use.
 It can also help in examining the relationships between different factors (resources,
topography, settlement etc.) and in identifying problems and opportunities.
 Identifying the location, access and use of key resources, including biodiversity and
ecosystem services, in relation to different social groups in order to inform ecosystem
services valuation and equitable benefit sharing mechanisms.

18
  Monitoring changes in resources and land use over a period of time.

Procedure:

1) Ask participants to select a suitable place and medium on which to draw the map, which
could be on the ground using stones, seeds, sticks and coloured powder; on the floor using
chalk; or directly onto a large sheet of paper, using pencils and pens.

2) Agree with participants exactly what area the map will cover, such as a village, a
watershed, and so on.

3) Explain that the quality of the drawing is not important and it does not matter if the map is
not entirely accurate or to scale. If any of the participants are illiterate it is important to use
symbols and drawings, with a key to interpret the symbols used into the local language (and
where necessary, the relevant language for other intended users of the information).

4) Ask participants to start by preparing the outline or boundary of the map and then identify
the central point or an important landmark within the area (such as a temple, school or shops).

5) Other important landmarks can now be drawn. Participants should develop the content of
the map according to what they think is most important. The map does not need to show
every individual house, shop, or field etc., but rather the area where they are located. Local
landmarks and features might include: infrastructure and services (eg. roads, houses, schools,
shops and markets), special places (eg. places of worship, sacred sites, cemeteries), water
sites and sources, agricultural land (eg. crop varieties and locations, grazing areas), soils,
slopes, elevations, natural resources (eg. areas of forest, rivers, or location of species of
specific interest) and wildlife (including areas of predation or crop raising) areas of
hazard/prone to risk (eg. floodplains, infrastructure vulnerable to floods, drought-prone areas)

6) Although it might take some time to get whole data, the process should not be rushed.
Once the map is underway, sit back and observe and only interrupt if absolutely necessary in
order to clarify something or help participants if they get stuck.

7) If the map is being drawn on the ground, once the broad outline has been established local
participants can start making a copy on the paper (indicating which direction is north). This
process is important because extra information and corrections can often arise as a result.
Also it is important that a copy or permanent record of the map is available if they want it.

19
8) Discuss and analyse the map(s). Ask participants to describe it and ask questions about
anything that is unclear. If there are several different groups, each group should present and
describe its map to the others for their reactions and comments. Are there major differences?
If so, note these and whether a consensus is reached. Note that a consensus is not necessarily
a desired outcome – differences in perceptions of land use can be very useful basis for further
discussions.

5.3.1 Resource Map of Sagoniya Village

The village resource map shows the different kind of man-made recourses such as
school, car, bike, farm implements, TV, well, hand pump, temple etc.; and source of
communication and different supply and service organization.

Fig. 4. Resource map of Sagoniya Village

KIs:

1. Shri. Bhaghwat Singh

2. Shri. Ram Lal
The resource map of the village Sagoniya was drawn as per the information given by
the village’s key informants and self observations. The map gives an idea of the various
resources available in the village with respect to agricultural implements, communication

20
means, water sources, irrigation systems, livestock etc. Land and water are the major resource
available with the farmers of Sagoniya. The village has a large area of 436 ha out of which
336 ha were under cultivation. The soil is black cotton in texture but other are loamy and red
soil in very small proportion.

Open wells and hand pump were the main source of drinking water for the villagers.
Ponds is also available in the village. Several farm implements like tractors, combined
harvester, cultivators, power sprayer, seed drill and knapsack were available in the village.

In the residential area only livestock available were cow and buffalo which supply milk
and manure. The village has important resources like cell phone connections, electric supply,
cable connection, radio and TV sets. Guava, mango, and Eucalyptus trees are present around
the village, along roads and in the wheat field. Neem trees serve for pest protection as well as
local medicine and palm trees also serve as resources to the farmers. However, for inputs like
fertilizers, pesticides/ fungicides, high quality seeds etc. the farmers are dependent on
external sources like co-operative society and market.

Thresher Combine harvester

Fig. 5 Resources Available in Sagoniya Village

5.4. Social Map

Social mapping is a visual method of showing the relative location of households and
the distribution of different categories of people (such as male, female, adult, child, landed,
landless, literate, and illiterate) together with the social structure and institutions of an area.
This is a simple drawing or map drawn without scale which enables to understand and
simplify location and structure of houses and other social facilities. It depicts the various
social issues of the village such as social structure (neighbourhoods, housing pattern, social

21
and religious bodies like panchayat, schools, temples, churches, mosques etc.), social
stratification (based on social occupations, caste), Social capital (SHGs, mahila mandals,
charcha mandals, youth clubs, local self government etc), Social facilities, Social processes
(conflicts, cooperation), value systems, leadership pattern, taboos, beliefs, social evils etc.

What it can be used for?

 Showing data on community layout, infrastructure, demography, ethno-linguistic

groups, health pattern, wealth, and so on.
 Identifying different social groups using locally defined criteria and assessing the
distribution of assets across social groups.
 Learning about the social institutions and the different views local people might have
regarding those institutions.

Objectives:

1. To visualize who is living where.

2. To learn about the households by ethnicity, religion, wealth, etc. and understand the
reasons behind certain characteristics (e.g. better-off, poor, and poorest).
3. To learn about the different social groups and/or organizations and how people view
them.

Procedure:
1. Ask the participants to draw a map of the village, showing all households. For
orientation it will be helpful first to draw roads and significant landmarks of the
village.
2. Discuss whether the total number of households has increased or shrunk during recent
years. If there were any changes ask why and whether this has caused any problem for
certain families or for the village.
3. Ask the participants to also show institutions and places that offer some kind of social
service or which are popular places to meet (eg. schools, churches, health service,
traditional healers, local administration office, village leaders, shops, places where
people frequently meet to socialize, etc.).
4. Ask to show on the map which different ethnic or religious groups live in the area.
5. When someone has given an answer, ask the others whether they agree, disagree or
want to add something.

22
 6. Encourage discussion throughout the exercise.

Materials needed
Large sheet of paper, pencils and colour markers are required. If drawing on the
ground, find a soft ground and use sticks, leaves, bottle caps, beans, or any other local
materials for symbols. Make sure to copy the map on paper afterwards.
5.4.1 Social Map of Sagoniya Village
Social map of Sagoniya village was drawn by involving the villagers. Key informants
were encouraged to initiate the drawing of social map of the village. At the initial stage it was
drawn on the notebook but later copied on the transparent sheet. The participants were asked
to show locations of houses, temples, school etc. They were also asked to indicate major
features like caste, rich, poor, social facilities, social stratification, social behaviour and other
activities in the map.

Fig. 6 Social Map of Sagoniya Village

KIs:
1. Sri. Omprakash
2. Sri. Badami Lal
3. Sri. Rajesh Kumar
It is a visual PRA method involving direct participation in which simple maps or
drawings is made without scales by involving the farmers and other residents, which shows
the social structures, caste-wise distribution of people, wealth-wise distribution of peoples
23
etc. It also shows the major institutions and other structures present in the village. It also
depicts the leadership pattern, value system, and other social issues and limitations existing in
the village.
Social Structure and Stratification
Total number of households in the village: 48
Community
Kushwaha form the major community of the village accounting to about 80 per cent
of the total population followed by Jat which was 15 per cent of the population and rest of the
inhabitants include Scheduled Caste and Muslim.
Religion
Hindu cover about 99 per cent and remaining 1 per cent was Muslim family.
Marriage system
Arranged marriage is practiced in the village. Although the demanding of dowry is
not prominent in the village, the practice of giving “honouree” is widely practiced. It was
interesting to know that unless the girl or boy cross the age of 20 years or more, marriage is
not allowed. Until then parents have to wait for the right ages of their son or daughter.
Beliefs
The villagers follow certain religious beliefs. They believe that if young girls do
fasting during Shiva Ratri and Haritalika teej they will get good husband. And if young boys
worship Lord Ram during Ram Navami, they will get good wife as mother Sita will be
pleased to see her husband worshiped. They worship God Indra for good rainfall.
Family set up
Both types of family set up were seen in the village. Joint family type around 70 per
cent mostly in small farmers and nuclear family accounting for about 30 per cent of the
households mostly in medium and large farmers.

Social Interactions

Co-operation
The farmers of the village were found to be highly cooperative among them with
great harmony. They get motivation and encouragement from external source also to develop
their village.
Competition

24
 There is a high degree of competition for labour during sowing and harvest season.
Moreover, there is an intense competition between different communities for availing the
subsidies from the agricultural department.

Village Infrastructure

Government Institutions
Only one primary school and one Aanganwadi bank are the government institutes in
the village.
Other infrastructure

Road
The village has main road which is quite small. The village lane was cemented roads
but road made for connectivity with other villages were kaccha road.
Transport
The most commonly used mode of transport system was bike, few people possess car.
There public transport system was not available.
Electricity
There was not sufficient electricity ( only 10 hrs)catering to the needs of the village.
Drinking Water
The source of drinking water in the whole village was 05 hand pumps and wells.
Information and communication
The villagers use TV, Dainik bhaskar and radio for daily news. They use mobile
phones for communication purposes.
Fuel
Majority of the households use cow dung and straw mix as fuel for the cooking
purpose and few were also using cooking gas. But every households had LPG gas.

Shop
Small shops were there in the village for daily needs.
Temples
The village have only one temple
Festivals
The villagers celebrate all the common festivals such as Deepavali, Holi, Ram
Navami, Eid etc.

25
Leadership pattern
The village leaders are generally from the Jat, communities. The leadership is based
on consensus in most of the cases in the Panchayat elections. Sri. Harman Singh Jat was the
Sarpanch of the village and he is also a progressive farmer.
Conflict
The villagers live in good communal harmony. Till date, there are no communal
clashes reported from the village.
Credit Facilities
There is co-operative society which provide loans to the villagers.
Migration
There is emigration from the village in search of job. The emigration is mainly to
Bhopal. In Bhopal, they are involved in steel industry, paint industry, etc.

5.5 Daily Routine Diagram/ Daily Activity Table

Table 2: Daily Activity of Men and Women of sagoniya Village
Time Men Women
7-8 AM Milking Dung collection and dung
cake preparation
8-10 AM Feeding to cattle Buttermilk making
10AM- Field work and milk delivery Field work
1PM
2-5 PM Field work, fodder collection, feeding to Field work, fodder
livestock collection
5-6 PM Milking -----------------
6-8 PM Marketing Feeding to
livestock

Table 3: Daily Routine of Men and Women of Sagoniya Village

Time Men Women

6-7 AM Wake up and refreshment Wake up and refreshment
7-8 AM Milking Cleaning, Water filling
8-10 AM Feeding to cattle, breakfast Mattha making , Preparing tea &
preparation for cooking food

10AM-1PM Field work Farm Activity

26
 1-2 PM Lunch Lunch
2-5 PM Field work, fodder collection, Farm Activity and fodder cutting
feeding to livestock
5-7 PM Return home, freshen-up & freshen-up, House work
milking
7-9 PM Dinner, gossiping and Serving and taking dinner, gossiping
informal discussion and and watching TV
watching TV
9-10 PM Sleep Sleep

In Sagoniya, household and agricultural work load of men and women are equal.
women have to complete household routine work after that women help husbands in farming.
During Kharif season rice is grown in Nipania Jat and most of the manual transplanting
operations are performed by female. Women perform cattle rearing activities in combination
with household work and farm activities. Animal husbandry activities taken up by women
include, giving fodder to cattle, watering, cleaning, feeding, dung disposal etc. Daily routine
of women include cleaning of livestock and their sheds, cleaning of house, cooking food,
preparing children for their school, watching television, taking part in social activities etc.
Agriculture is the main occupation of this villager. Men spend majority of their time
in Agriculture related activities like milking, cleaning and feeding. A few hours are spent on
farm activities like sowing, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide spraying, harvesting etc. Mainly
marketing of farm produce is done by men to nearby mandies in Bhopal. They also use to go
to market for purchasing seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.

5.6 Seasonal Calendar

KIs: Sri. Dolat Singh Kushwaha, Sri. Gaya Prasad Kushwaha, Sri. Umesh Singh and Smt.
Lakshmi Bai

Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar, which indicates
month-wise activities, specialities, threats, problems, abundance, and shortage with regard to
agriculture in a diagrammatic way. The items to be included in seasonal analysis must be
those, which really affect agriculture. This explores seasonal constraints and opportunities by
diagramming changes with month-wise for a year.

27
 In Sagoniya village, we have analysed seasonal calendar of different practices and
problems for both crops and livestock. Moreover, gender disaggregated analysis was also
done. Some farming practices are exclusively done by the male and some others by female.
In this area, women participation is less in farm practices except for wheat harvesting and
weeding. Compared to agriculture sector, both men and women are involved in allied sectors
especially in livestock sector throughout the year.
5.6.1. Seasonal Calendar for Agricultural Practices

Fig7: Seasonal calendar for agricultural practices

5.6.2 Gender Disaggregated Seasonal Calendar

28
 Fig 8: Gender disaggregated seasonal calendar for agricultural activities

5.7 Mobility Map

Key informants: Sri. Daulat Singh,Sri Vikaram Singh
For availability and access of agricultural resources for villagers, mobility map is
used. This map will explain the direction, frequency, mode, the cost incurred and the
purposes for which the villagers have to travel outside their village periphery. Mobility
map can be made for different user groups. While preparing this map, we took help from
KIs of the village and they indicated the places, roads and links to villages. Sagoniya is
situated at northern side of Bhopal city, on the Berasia road 20 km away from main city.
Being nearer to the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, most of the people from Sagoniya are
frequently used to go Bhopal. State Highway No. 23 passing through the village is the
main route of transport either for public or private. Sagoniya is connected to small
villages, Gunga (N), Sahapur (S), KarandyaE) and Berkhedi Haijjam (W) around every
direction by kaccha road. It was observed that, these small villages are connected to
Sagoniya for the purposes of school, bank, consultancy and agricultural implements. The
villagers’ frequent mode of transport is bus due to the location of village on the state
highway. The mobility of villagers to main city, Bhopal for health/medical, education,
marketing and agricultural inputs affect the type of crop and major agricultural activity in

29
Sagoniya.
Table 4: Mobility map of Sagoniya Village
Sl. To/From Mode of Distance Fare Purpose
No. Transport
1. Kachhi By Walk 2km - School, Panchayat
Berkheda
2. Berasia Bus 23km 25 Mandi
3. Gunga By Walk 2.5 km - Grocery, School, Bank
4. Nipaniya Two wheeler 4km - Bank, Purchasing of Seed ad
Jat Fertilizer, Hospital
5. Bhopal Bus/Two 20 20 Agril. Inputs (seeds, fertilizers,
wheeler pesticides), Health and
Marketing,
Agriculture Officer,
Veterinary Officer, Mandi,
Taining

Fig. 9. Mobility Map of Sagoniya Village

5.8 Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)

The term indigenous technical knowledge refers to unique, traditional and local
knowledge existing within and developed around specific conditions of women and men

30
indigenous to a particular geographic area (Gremier, Louise 1998). Indigenous Technical
Knowledge (ITK) is specifically concerned with actual application of the thinking of the local
people in various operations of agriculture and allied areas. ITK is developed and adapted
continuously to gradually changing environments and passed from generation to generation
and closely interwoven with people’s cultural values. ITK is also the social capital of the
poor, their main asset to invest in the struggle for survival, to produce food, to provide for
shelter or to achieve control of their own lives.

Concept of ITK

Normally ITK is the knowledge that people in a given community has developed over
time and continues to develop it. It is based on experience, often tested over long period of
time, adapted to local culture and environment, dynamic and changing and lay emphasis on
minimizing risks rather than maximizing profits.

Indigenous Technical Knowledge of SagoniyaVillage

ITK is the traditional, unique and technical knowledge present in the cultural fabric of
the village passed from generations to generations orally. To gain an insight into indigenous
technical knowledge of the villagers, a group of village elders were encouraged to discuss
about their accumulated experiences in dealing with situations and problems in various
aspects of farming. Apart from this the innovations of the farmers were also documented by
considering their methodology and usage.

KIs:

1. Sri. Monu Kushwaha

2. Smt.Ramshri Bai
Various techniques obtained from the key informants for management of insect pest
and medicinal value of the plants available in the village was as follows:
1) Dry neem leaves ------------- Grain Storage
2) Neem kernel extracts------- Pest control in paddy
3) Neem leaves paste--------De-worming in cattle
4) Adusa leaf + Acacia pod + Ajwain mixed (kadha)---treat stomach problem in cattle
5) Haldi + honey-----treatment for cold and cough
6) Moringa bark+ Butter milk--------- As appetizer to animals
7) Ginger+ Ajwain+ Mustard oil+ Jaggery--------- Cow Ghuti

31
5.9 Wealth Ranking
KIs: Sri. Omprakash Kushwaha, Sri Bhagwat kushwaha and Daulat Singh
The wealth ranking is an analytical exercise carried out to categorize the villagers by
local key informants based on their own criteria such as income, assets, employment status.
Major purposes of wealth ranking are:
 To investigate perceptions of wealth differences and inequalities in community
 To discover local indicators and criteria of wealth and well-being
 To establish the relative position of households in a community
For wealth ranking process three key informants were asked individually to group the
households into different wealth categories based on their own criteria. Three key informants
have divided the households into different categorises as rich, upper class, middle class and
poor. This classification will create understanding about the real life situation of the
economic strata of the villagers, which ultimately will help us to develop economically
feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the farmers. Majority of the
farmers engaged in agricultural activities but village have high mechanization so there is no
problem of labour scarcity.
Table 5: Categorization by key informant: Sri. Om Prakash Kushwaha
Sl.
Category Description
No.
 Land area > 30Acre
 Bussiness
1 Rich
 Concrete house
 Car, two wheelers, tractors and its attachment
 Land area 3-30 Acre
 Moderate concrete house
2 Middle class
 Additional non farm employment
 two wheelers, tractors
 Land area < 3 acre
Poor  Thatched house
3
 Agricultural labourers
 Bicycle

Table 6: Number of household under each category

32
 Sl. Category Household Numbers % Households
No. (n=48)

1 Rich 8 17%

2 Middle class 10 21%

3 Poor 28 58%

4 Landless labour 2 4%

The analysis indicated that 58 per cent of the villagers came under the poor category,
21 per cent under the middle class, 17 per cent under the rich category and 4 per cent under
landless labourers. This indicates that majority of the rich fertile land in Sagoniya village
belongs to the middle and rich class families. The analysis also indicates that the adoption of
any technology in this village depends on a few rich and middle class farmers.

Rich
Middle class
Poor
landless labour

Fig. 10 Household percentage in each category

5.10 Livelihood analysis

33
KIs: Sri Bhagwat Singh, Sri Omprakash, Ramlal

Table 7: Livelihood Analysis of Farmers in Sagoniya Village

Rich Medium
Sl. Poor
Item (KI: Sri.Bhagwat (KI: Sri. Om Prakash
No (KI: Sri. Ram lal)
Singh) Kushwaha)
Family
Members 4 6 8
1
a. Adult 2 5 5
b. Children
Agriculture Agriculture
Agriculture
2 Employment Business Agriculture labourer
Dairy
a. Two cows
b. Two Tractor
c. Five Motor
a. Two cows
d. Jeep
b. One calf a. One cow
e. Two motor
c.Four goat b. Four goat
f. Two cultivator
d. One hen c. Four hen
3 Assets g. Two seed drill
e. One cultivator d. One Motorcycle
h. One thresher
f. One tractor e. Land area- No
i. Five well
g. One motor cycles land
j. One tubewell
h. Land area- 2.5 acre
k. Two plough
l. Land area- 100
acre
Net Income 42,000 18,000 8000
4
(Rs/month) (5,04,000/year) (2,16,000/ year) (96,000/year)
28,000
Expenditure 12000 6000
5 (3,36,400/year)
(Rs./month) (1,14,000/year) (72000/year)

6 Savings 1,67,600 1,02,000 24,000

The entire Sagoniya village households were divided into three categories, viz., rich,
medium and poor. The livelihood status of each of the three categories was assessed by
electing a representative house from each group. This analysis depicts the different sources of
income and expenditure patterns from different heads namely, agriculture, food, health,
education etc.

This PRA tool judges the money management ability of rural people. From the results
of the livelihood analysis conducted for the three different categories showed that the rich and
the medium farmer received their income principally from agriculture and/or from business
and service (govt/private). Poor families earn their income from agriculture, labour and
broom making. The landless category depends on agriculture as a labourer and small shops
for their livelihood.

34
5.11 Time Trend
KIs: Sri. Rajesh Jogi, Sri Himmat Singh Kushwaha, Sri Govindlal Ahirwar, Sri Mohar Singh
Prajapati
Time trend is a simple PRA technique, usually depicted in the form of graph to show
the trend of crop area, productivity and commodity prices. The specific objectives of this tool
are to identify the changes/fluctuations that have occurred over a period of time in the
variables influencing village life. For the purpose of the present PRA study, the data were
collected for crop area, productivity and price of soybean, pigeon pea, wheat and chickpea
over the past 10 years and are presented graphically.

A) Time trend for soybean crop

The Sagoniya village grows mainly three varieties of soybean viz., JS-9560, JS-9752
and 9305. The productivity of soybean shows significantly decreasing trend during 2009 to
2013. But time trend of soybean price shows an increasing trend from during 2000 to 2018.

Productivity (q/ha) price(Rs/q)

4000
16 3500
14
3000
12
2500
10
8 2000
6 1500
4 1000
2 500
0 0

Fig.11. Graph depicting trends productivity Fig.12. Graph depicting trends of price of
under soybean cultivation soybean cultivation

B) Time trend for wheat crop

The Sagoniya village grows mainly four varieties of wheat viz., Malvashakti,
Annapurna and GW322. These varieties are grown in Rabi season. The productivity of wheat
shows fluctuation over the area depending on rainfall in kharif season due to scarcity of
water. Nearly 65 per cent of the area in the village is cultivated with Annapurna variety. The
price of wheat is gradually increasing due to MSP and the state government intervention.

35
 1800
Productivity (q/ha) 1600 price(Rs/q)
1400
35 1200
30 1000
25
800
20
15 600
10 400
5 200
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Fig. 13 Graph depicting trends of Fig. 14 Graph depicting trends of price of

productivity of wheat cultivation wheat cultivation

C) Time trend for chickpea crop

The Sagoniya village grows mainly JG-14 and JG-226 varieties of chick pea. These
varieties are grown in Rabi season. The price of price is gradually increasing due to
increasing trend of MSP and the state government bonus.

Productivity (q/ha) price(Rs/q)

20 4000
15 3000
10 2000
5 1000
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 200020022004200620082010201220142016
Fig. 15 Graph depicting trends of Fig. 16 Graph depicting trends of price of
productivity of chickpea cultivation chickpea cultivation

5.12 Timeline
KIs: Sri. Mahesh Kushwaha, Sri Gabbar Singh Kushwaha, Sri Om Prakash, Sri Bhagwat
Singh
Timeline is a PRA tool which is used to know the history of major events in the
community and their significance. It indicates the causal link between past and present. The
purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of changes in demography, socio-
economic, communication, social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and
adoption etc. information regarding the important events like the development in agriculture,

36
animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly people of the
village and presented in the table.
The details were collected from senior people occupying responsible positions like
Sarpanch, teacher, President of Co-operative society etc. As far as the mechanization is
concerned first tractor was introduced in 1975 followed by the diesel pump, thresher and
combine harvesting in 1983, 1987 and 2004, respectively. It was observed that herbicides
have been used since early 2003 in Nipania Jat. Agricultural Co-operative Society came in
existence in 1985. In 1994, first gober gas unit was constructed. First sprinkler irrigation
system was used in 2005 and some farmers of this village using it continuously. KVK, ICAR-
CIAE Bhopal demonstrated Pigeon pea cultivation practices at various farmers field in 2016.
Table 9: Time line of Sagoniya Village
Year Event
1970 Temple
1975 Tractor
1980 Electricity,Agricultural officer, Co-operative society
1981 Television
1982 Pucca House
1985 Black Soybean
1986 Use of fertilizer
1990 Flower cultivation
1991 Primary school
1992 Yellow soybean
1995 Artificial Insemination
1998 Cultivation of guvava
2000 Mobile
2004 Marigold cultivation
2007 Kisan Credit Card
2008 Sprinkler irrigation
2010 Guvava grafting, Anganwadi
2013 Toilet facility
2014 Rennovation of anganwadi
2017 Turmeric cultivation
2018 Moringa Cultivation

5.13 Bio-resource flow

Various biological resources utilized by a typical household and recycled by them are
represented by bio-resources flow diagram. The biological resources present at farm level is
utilised for different purposes and their efficient utilization in integrated manner will be
helpful for farm and household benefit.

37
Purpose: Bio-resource flow diagrams can be used for various purposes like:
 To show the relation between economic, political, cultural and climatic factors
causing environmental degradation
 Flow of commodities and cash in a village market, production cycle for a major
commodity
 Environmental constraints to crop production, marketing system for a particular crop
 Production process of a particular crop, pesticide use chain etc can be depicted
 Link theoretical knowledge to the situation that is existing in the village in order to
identify the recycling enterprises
Bio-resource flow diagram shows vice-versa relationship between different biological
resources present at farm. This may also help in identifying new ways of recycling biological
resources for benefitting farm as well household. For researcher, this map becomes a tool to
explore ideas about how it flows and how new enterprises can be integrated and degraded
resources might be rehabilitated. Bio-resources utilises natural way mineral recycling benefit
to farmer.

Procedure:

The technique involves careful investigation and inquiry. Following are the sequence of
steps;

1. Identifying the key informants.

2. Making a transect walk with KI (key informants) around the village.
3. Locating a farm household(representative)
4. The farm household should have many enterprises.
5. Identifying as many enterprises as possible.
6. Off-season enterprises may be included.
7. Observe carefully each and every item found in and around the farm and household
and note them. For example: compost pit, pond, hay stack, vegetable garden,
perennial trees, cattle, sheep, goat, poultry found in the farm etc.
8. Common property resources that have link with the farm household needs to be
identified.
9. Draw arrows between enterprises and natural resource Eg: manure from the cowshed
used as a fertilizer etc.
10. Frequency of flow (Eg.400 grams of feed per week) should be indicated

38
 11. Calculate the output from, each enterprise in kind and cash. Calculate the quantity that
goes for recycling and the quantity that goes for house consumption, cost of the
enterprise.
12. Then, calculate the bio resource flow using the following equation : B.R.F. = [Output
-(C.E.+H.C.)] + (Organic manure like FYM, kitchen waste green manure etc. pumped
into the farm)
B.R.F. =Bio resource flow
C.E. = Cost of enterprise (Cost of cultivation, Cost of rearing etc.)
H.C. = House Consumption
13. Make suggestions to increase the bio-resource flow based on the Bio-resource flow
analysis of the farm household.
14. While calculating the output for a particular enterprise, every item should be taken
into account. For example, if you calculate the output for Rice/Wheat not only grains,
but straw, also should be taken into account.
15.

Bio-Resource flow in Sagoniya Village (Block: Phanda, District: Bhopal)

Bio-resource flow indicates potential use of waste products and crop residue in
efficient manner for integrated way that enables holistic development planning of farm and
household.
KI: Shri. Vikram Kushwaha

A representative family in the Sagoniya has been identified and selected for getting
bio-resource flow information. During discussion with the key informer, the information was
recorded and flow pattern prepared.

39
 Fig.17. Bio-resource Flow Diagram of Sagoniya Village

The key informant had agriculture components such as soybean, wheat, chick pea, Vegetable
crops, Flower crops and animal components such as cows and buffaloes in his farm. The
farmer utilized the wheat and soybean straw as feed for cow and buffalo; husks mixed with
cow dung were used for plastering house walls and ground. Also husks were used for feeding
cow and calf after mixing with berseem fodder. The dung were made into cakes and dried
which were used for cooking as well as manuring. The soybean residues were used as manure
in the wheat. The timbers from the forest are used for furniture and once the furniture became
useless, they are used as firewood. Many of the animal and plant components were not
recycled, so the key informant was given with the new bio-resource flow. The proposed flow
included utilization of paddy straw for mushroom cultivation; the cow dung could be utilized
for biogas plant and also for compost preparation along with other agricultural wastes. Only
few villagers were doing work in poultry sector.

5.14 Technology Map

Technology map is the pictorial representation of behavioural patterns of respondents

towards technology adoption. It may be an active adoption, discontinuance, rejection, over

40
adoption of the technology. Technology map comprises of type and frequency of adoption
behaviour of respondents towards latest technology involving various agencies related to
agricultural research and development. The following map shows the nature of technology
adoption in Nipania Jat village.
KIs: Shri. Ram Lal, Sri Badami Lal
Technology Diffusion Technologies developed by various agencies and institutions
are diffused to farmer’s fields through the simplest methods as far as possible in the language
understandable by the farmers. The following diffusion methods in general are adopted for
diffusion of technologies in this village:
o Field demonstrations (Result and Method demonstrations)
o Training camps
o Field day
o Farmers’ meeting
o Kisanmela
o On-farm training
o Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
o Radio
o Television
o Newspapers

41
 Fig.18. Technology Map of Sagoniya Village
The different technologies which have been adopted, discontinued and rejected in the
village are furnished in Tables 16 to 19. The farmers of the village were found to have
adopted different varieties of wheat, paddy and soybean. Malva Shakti was found to be the
predominantly grown wheat variety in the region for reasons viz., its Low water requirement,
bold grain, good quality flour and high yield. Among the paddy varieties, Pusa -1509 was
more preferred by Nipania Jat farmers due to the disease resistance and good quality of
rice/taste. In the case of soybean JS-9560 was most preferred variety of soybean followed by
JS-335 and JS-9305. The village has a diversified cropping system which includes cereals,
oilseeds and vegetables.
Mechanization is an indicator for the development of a village. It was noticed that
Nipania Jat has rapid mechanization in terms of farm implements. Right from land
preparation to threshing, machineries and different farm implements were used in the process.
70-75 Villagers had tractors and seed drill. There was two combined harvester in the village.
Recently adoption of rotavator can also be seen in the village because it provides fine seed
bed for the seed germination.
In the case of animal husbandry, buffalo milk is being preferred in this locality.

Table 10: Technology table for crops

Sl. Crop Technology Status Reason

No.
1. Soybean JS-9560 Active Adoption Short duration, suitable for
low rain fall
JS-9305 Active Adoption Medium duration and high
yield
JS-335 Rejected Long duration, insect
attack, disease infestation
2. Wheat Annapurna Active Adoption Flexibility in sowing time
and high yield
Malva Shakti Active Adoption Low water requirement,
bold grain, good quality
flour and high yield

GW 322 Active Adoption Require 2 to 3 irrigation

for optimum yield
Desi var. Active Adoption Less water requirement,
3. Gram large chana size

42
 Table 11: Technology table for agricultural practices

Sl. No. Technology Status Reason

1. Manual Sowing Rejection Takes more time and
delay in sowing operation
2. Mechanical Sowing Active adoption Require less time and
more efficient
3. Manual Harvesting Passive adoption Based on the nature of
crop to be harvested
4. Mechanical Harvesting Active adoption Require less time and
unavailability of labour
5. Mechanical Threshing Active adoption Require less time and
more efficient

Table 12:Technology table for farm implements

Sl. Technology Status Reason

No.
1. Country Plough Rejection Requires more time and labour
2. Tractor Active adoption Time and labour saving in farm
operations, additional income from
transportation
3. Cultivator Active adoption Secondary tillage operation
4. Bullock Cart Rejection Unavailability of bullocks
5. Thresher Active adoption More efficient, require less labour
and time
6. Power Sprayer Active adoption Require less labour and time
7. Seed Drill Active adoption Ease and convenience for line sowing of
seeds

Table 13 Technology table for animal husbandry

Sl. Technology Status Reason
No.
1. Buffalo (Murrah) Active Adoption High milk yield and good quality milk
preferred by local people
2. Desi Buffalo Rejected Low milk yield and short lactation period
3. Desi Cow Active Adoption Quality milk and adaptable to local
Conditions

5.15 Matrix ranking

Matrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies with
respect to certain identified criteria, based upon users’ perception. This tool was applied in
the village for getting a first-hand idea of farmers’ relative preference for different varieties
of crops, and also different cattle breeds. The results of the matrix ranking for different

43
varieties of wheat depict that the Annapurna was the highest preferred variety as compared to
the remaining three adopted varieties, viz., Malava Shakti and GW 366. In the case of
soybean, JS-9560 turned to be the most preferred variety of Soybean farmers followed by JS-
335 and JS-9305.
Table 14: Matrix ranking of wheat varieties

Indicators KI Malva Shakti Annapurna GW 366

    Rank Point Rank Point Rank Point

1. Yield KI-1 B 3 A 4 C 2
KI-2 B 3 A 4 C 2
KI-3 C 2 A 4 B 3
KI-4 B 3 A 4 C 2
Total Score     11   16   9
2. Crop KI-1 C 2 B 3 D 1
Duration KI-2 D 1 A 4 C 2
KI-3 D 1 B 3 C 2
KI-4 D 1 B 3 C 2
 Total Score     6   13   7
3.Flexibility KI-1 D 1 A 4 C 2
inSowing Time KI-2 B 3 A 4 D 1
KI-3 C 2 A 4 D 1
KI-4 C 2 B 3 D 1
Total Score     8   15   5
4. Grain & KI-1 C 2 B 3 D 1
Flour Quality KI-2 C 2 A 4 D 1
KI-3 C 2 A 4 D 1
KI-4 C 2 A 4 D 1
Total Score     8   15   4
5. Diseases KI-1 D 1 A 4 C 2
resistance KI-2 D 1 A 4 C 2
KI-3 C 2 A 4 D 1
KI-4 C 2 B 3 D 1
Total Score     6   15   6
Final Score     39   74   31
Final Rank     2   1   3

KIs: Shri. Umesh SIngh, Shri Gaya Prasad, Shri OmPrakash, Shri Daulat Singh

Table 15: Matrix ranking of Soybean varieties

44
 Indicators KI JS 335 JS 9305 JS 9560
Rank Point Rank Point Rank Point
1. Yield KI-1 B 2 C 1 A 3
KI-2 B 2 C 1 B 2
KI-3 A 3 B 2 A 3
KI-4 A 3 A 3 A 3
Total Score 10 7 11
2. Disease KI-1 A 3 A 3 B 2
resistance KI-2 A 3 A 3 A 3
KI-3 B 2 B 2 B 2
KI-4 B 2 B 2 A 3
Total Score 10 10 10
3. Duration KI-1 A 3 C 1 A 3
KI-2 B 2 C 1 A 3
KI-3 B 2 B 2 A 3
KI-4 B 2 B 2 A 3
Total Score 9 6 12
Final Score 29 23 33
Final Rank 2 3 1

KIs: Shri. Badami Lal, Shri Rajesh, Shri Ram lal, Shri Bhagwat Singh

5.16 Consequence Diagram

Consequence diagram is a PRA technique,that depicts the positive and negative

impacts of an adapted technology in a certain region. It is also known as the impact diagram.
Here, the technology might be a variety, a breed of animal or a specific farming practice.
Consequence diagram for the successful Jamunapari goat breed and crop variety of Nauranga
in Sagoniya village is given below.

45
 Fig.19. Consequence Diagram of Jamunapari goat in Sagoniya village

Fig.20. Consequence Diagram of Nauranga cultivation in Sagoniya village

46
5.17 Venn Diagram

Venn diagram, also known as chapatti diagram, helps us to find out the different roles
played by institutions, organizations, groups and important individuals in the village, and
their relative influence in the village. This is a tool that is used to visualize the interactions
among these different institutions and allows villagers to put a value to each institution in
relation to its relative importance for the village. The diagram may also show who
participates in each institution in terms of gender, socio-economic class, ethnicity, religion,
etc.

Objectives:

1. To identify and characterize external and internal organizations, groups, important

persons who have a relationship, whether direct or indirect, with the village.
2. To identify who participates in local organizations, institutions and groups, by gender,
wealth and other criteria.
3. To understand how the different organizations, groups and people relate to one
another in terms of contact, cooperation, flow of information, provision of services
etc.

Procedure:
1. Identify those organizations, institutions, groups and people, both inside and outside
the village that are important to and/or working with the village. Make sure not to
forget small informal groups (village health committee, water user group etc.). What
local groups are working on environmental issues (water, grazing, land), economic
issues (savings, credit, agriculture, livestock), social issues (health, literacy, religion,
traditional education, sport) and political issues (farmers’ associations, women’s
group).
2. Write down all the institutions that are mentioned and assign each organization, group
and individual with a unique symbol. Use symbols that everyone can easily
understand.
3. Draw a big circle, representing the people themselves, in the centre of the paper or on
the ground.
4. Discuss how important each organization is for the people and why. The most
important ones are then drawn as a big circle and the less important ones as smaller
circles. Compare the sizes of the circles and adjust them so that the size of a circle

47
 corresponds to the relative importance of the institution, organization, group or
individual.
5. Discuss how the village and different groups of people benefit from each
organization. Show the degree of contact and cooperation among the village, the
organizations, institutions, groups and important individuals. Which organizations
work together? The distance between the circles shows the level of contact and
interaction:
 Large distance between circles shows no or little contact or cooperation.
 Circles that are close to each other show loose contacts.
 Touching circles indicate some cooperation.
 Overlapping circles indicate close cooperation.
6. Identify those institutions that only accept women or men as members and mark those
with a common symbol for men or women.
7. Identify those organizations in which poor people do not participate. What are the
services provided by certain organizations from which the poorer people are usually
excluded? Mark these institutions on the diagram with a symbol for poor.
8. Identify those institutions and groups that address savings and credit issues. In what
ways are they addressing these issues? Mark the mentioned institutions with a
common symbol.
9. Only if time and the motivation of the participants allow, the group may discuss the
strengths and weaknesses of those institutions that were reported as most important.

48
 Fig.21. Venn Diagram for access to information in Sagoniya Village

The Venn diagram otherwise called the “Chappati” diagram depicts the role played
by various agencies, firms or persons for accessing the information in the adoption and
spread of the technology in Sagoniya village. Important institutions, organizations etc.,
responsible for providing information on agricultural practices and technologies in that
village were identified by discussion with key informants. Degree of influence and
relationship between them were identified and depicted using circles. The circles were drawn
in such a way that the size indicated the importance of respective organizations and their
future scope. The influence of the institution in the agricultural development was overlapping
or touching or separated circles depending upon the degree of influence.

KIs

1. Om Prakash
2. Bhagwat Singh

5.18 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE

The problem identification technique was used to identify and prioritize the problems
prevailing in agricultural sector in the village. For this purpose, 30 farmers were identified
from the village representing all sections of the village using snowball technique. From the
key informants (progressive farmers), 11 problems in different problems were listed down
and the perception of 30 farmers were obtained. One by one all the 30 farmers were asked to
rank the problems based upon the severity and percentage of loss they are personally facing
by the problem. Some of the problems expressed about the prevailing social and
developmental problems being faced by them. Since selected farmers represented all the
sectors varying from large farmers to small farmers, ranking pattern were also diverse. The
extent of damage (per acreage) to affected crops due to particular problem in the village was
determined by the farmers. The data for damage were further validated by KVK, Bhopal. The
average monetary losses for the village were calculated for each problem. Frequencies of
each rank for a problem were calculated and tabulated in rank frequency table. Rank Based
Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then calculated using following
formulae.

49
1. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ)

Where,
Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute
N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification
n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.
i = Rank of the attributes
Table 16: Problem prioritization and identification of major researchable problems in
Sagoniya village based on RBQ
Sl. Problems Identified RBQ Average Economic VBI Rank
No % loss per annum

1 Groundwater Depletion 65.78 30 3645.25 I

2 Weed Infestation 44.23 33 3274.29 II

3 Unavailability of Quality Seed 74.64 12.5 2576.68 III

4 Low Productivity of Soybean 68.22 20 1864.89 IV

5 Marketing of the produce 71.23 10 1536.84 V

6 Improper Use of Agrochemicals 52.45 13.33 1169.94 VI

7 Pest and Disease in Soybean 34.69 24 1054.61 VII

(semi-looper) and Tur (pod
borer)

8 Absence of Dairy Cooperative 23.46 32 865.39 VIII

9 Lack of Health Centre 34.23 15 587.63 IX

10 Unemployment (Youth, Women) 18.53 20 475.52 X

50
5.19 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION TREE

In this technique, all the problems were discussed with the farmers for all possible
reasons using top down approach. The possible solutions for each cause were also discussed
with the farmers. Further, these causes and solutions were discussed with the Subject Matter
Specialists at KVK, CIAE, Bhopal for the construction of problem-solution tree. We have
found that, the most important problem affecting agriculture in Sagoniya village is ground
water depletion and severe weed infestation in wheat crop.

Ground water depletion is caused by unscientific water management structures, over

exploitation of ground water resources and lack of recharging of ground water resources.
Water harvesting structures, judicious use of irrigation water and rain water harvesting are
possible solutions.

Fig.22: Problem-Solution tree for ground water depletion

51
 The weed menace is mainly due to the harvesting of wheat crop by combined
harvester which results in mixing up of weed seeds with the wheat seeds, which are saved for
next season sowing. Using such weed contaminated seed lots for next season sowing further
results in severe weed infestation and thereby causing severe yield losses. The farmers do not
practice application of pre-emergent herbicides at proper stage, which otherwise would result
in effective control of weeds.

Fig.23. Problem-Solution tree for weed infestation in wheat

5.20 PERSPECTIVES OF PROBLEMS

Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in research in

various agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of gaps in extension activities.
Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as follows:

52
 Table 17: Extension, Research and Policy Gap

Sl. Problems Rank Category

No
1. Weed Infestation II Researchable (Extension gap)

2. Absence of Dairy Cooperative VIII Researchable (Extension gap)

3. Unavailability of Quality Seed III Researchable ( Policy gap)

4. Low Productivity of Soybean IV Researchable (Research gap)

5. Groundwater Depletion I Researchable (Research gap)

6. Lack of Health Centre IX Developmental (Policy gap)

7 Improper Use of Agrochemicals VI Researchable (Extension gap)

8. Pest and Disease in Soybean (semi- VII Researchable (Research gap)

looper) and Tur (pod borer)

9. Marketing of the produce V Developmental (Policy gap)

10. Unemployment (Youth, Women) X Developmental (Extension

gap)

5.21 Action Plan

Research project proposals
Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research projects are
proposed.
1. Ground water recharge through soil and water conservation structures.
2. Integrated management of weeds in various cropping systems through farming system
approach.
3. Development of soybean variety with higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table 18: Action plan for the identified problems of the Sagoniya village
Who What Where How Expected Budget
outcome

53
 Groundwater Soil and Dept. of Construction of Tube wells 20
recharge water Panchayat and check dams, and water
lakhs
engineering, rural water reservoirs bodies will
Irrigation and development, be
civil dept. IWMP recharged

Weed Agronomy KVK, ICAR- Field Awareness 15

infestation CIAE, Bhopal, demonstration, of pre-
lakhs
Stae agril. training and emergence
Dept. awareness herbicides
Soybean Plant JNKVV, High yielding Soybean 15
productivity Breeding, Jabalpur , varieties, productivity
lakhs
Crop ICAR-IISR, different will increase
physiology Indore cropping
and system
Agronomy

5.22 SWOT ( Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat) Analysis

Particulars Small Medium Large

Strength 1. Availability of 1.Existence of

1. Suitable climatic irrigation facility cooperative society
condition for crop i.e. Wells and for input and credit
diversification tubewells 2.Highly mechanised
2. Good connectivity to 2. Suitable climatic 3.Good irrigation
city condition for crop facilities
3. Every houses having diversification 4.Large land holding
livestock 3. Moderate 5.Awareness about
4. 4.Social harmony mechanisation new agriculture
4. Relatively good practices
capacity for capital
investment
5. Availability of
market
Weakness 1. Small land holdings 1. Poor 1. No value
2. Poor mechanisation Transportation and addition
3. Totally monsoon electricity facilities 2. Low
dependent farming 2. Gap in knowledge availability
4. Less resources for about new varieties water
income generation and schemes 3. No enterprises
5. Less capital 3. Monocropping and business
investment 4. Unable to tackle related to
weed problem agriculture
Opportuni 1. Community biogas 1. Can establish FPO 1. Can establish
ties plant and vermi and SHG FPO and SHG
-compost unit can be 2. Collective farming 2. Collective
established and marketing farming and
2. Small scale 3. Milk and meat marketing

54
 processing production 3. Milk and
3. Backyard poultry, meat
Homestead and bund production
farming for income
generation
Threats 1. Delay in monsoon 1. Fluctuation in 1. Increased
2. Pest and insect market price competition
attack 2. Increased number 2. Availability
3. Lack of cooperation of wells and heavy of better
among farmers pumping of gw market
3. Migration of
people

5.22 Village Seminar

After completion of PRA based village survey and interaction with the concerned
development departments etc., an action planto address the major agricultural problem (s)
could be prepared to be discussed in the village seminar. The farmers, KIs, Sarpanch, the
concerned officials of Panchayat, Development Departments, NGOs, and Input Agencies,
Scientists of research station should be involved in the seminar.
Organizing Village Seminar
 Decide the date, time and venue of the seminar well in advance

 Ideally select such a place as venue which can provide adequate space for a gathering
of about 100 members, with good light and ventilation and enough space for display
of posters / teaching aids

 Extend formal invitation to all the invitees at least a couple of days in advance of the
day of seminar

 Before commencing the seminar, invite a few villagers and facilitate them to draw
Social, Agro-ecology and Resource maps of the village using rangoli and /or other
locally available materials

 Commence the seminar by greeting and formally welcoming all the members

 Give a brief introduction as to why the seminar is being conducted

 Share the basic information of the village collected at the beginning of PRA

 Explain the problems/needs as perceived and experienced by the farmers; probable

solutions, expectations of the farmers about the roles and responsibilities of

55
 government agencies – with special reference to extension workers, development
workers, and scientists

 Suggestions to be offered for overall development of the village, opportunities and

strengths of the farming community, their experiences and the lessons learned

 Observations as to how this kind of investigation helps researchers in their scientific

career and to serve the rural people more effectively, especially for taking up need
based research projects in the future.

The village seminar was conducted on 8th March 2018 in the presence of local FET
coordinator, Dr.Sandhya Shenoy, Dr R.D. Soni, Progressive farmers and village people (Sri.
Harnam Singh Jat, Sri. Bhagwat Singh Jat, Sri Shakeel Khan, Sri Badami Lal, Shri Daulat
Singh , Shri Omprakash). The response to village seminar was very positive. Around 100
villagers actively participated in the discussion.
The findings through PRA techniques were triangulated with the villagers and the
necessary feedback and corrections were taken up. The top most researchable problem we
identified by discussion and using the ranking technique were triangulated and almost all the
villagers were in total agreement on that.
The major problems of the village were lack of irrigation water, weed infestation in
wheat and soybean, pest problem such as semi-looper in soybean and pod borer in gram.
Administration related problems are poor drainage system in the village and
interlinking of village agricultural field is very poor.
We had tried to advocate possible solutions to address the problems after consultation
with the experts from different agencies like KVK, state department of agriculture etc.
Integrated nutrient and pest management is the need of the hour for recovering the problems
of pest and diseases. Awareness should be created among farmers about soil testing and
judicious application of fertilizer and pesticides. The disease identification and treatment
should be started at the initial phase, as at later phase the chance of recovery is quite less.
The seminar ended on a high note with the assurance that farmers will get advice for
crop related problems from the KVK, ICAR-CIAE, agricultural department and rather than
following blindly the traditional one.

56
 Fig.24. Village Seminar

5.23 Institute Seminar

During the FET period our team performed PRA based village survey after
comprehensive interaction with the villagers, farmers, Government Officials related to village
development and Village Panchayat prepared an action plan which was discussed at the
Institute during an Institute seminar. While preparing the action plan we performed our best
effort to make comprehensive village development plan which includes each and every
section sections of village. All the farmers, the Head, the Site Coordinator and other
Scientists of research station, Officials of Panchayat, Development Departments, NGOs, and
Input Agencies etc. as relevant to the top-most researchable problem identified were invited
for the Seminar.
The institute seminar was held on 9th August 2108 at ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal under the
Chairmanship of Dr. K. K. Singh (Director, CIAE). Dr. K. K. Singh (Head, Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering Division), Dr. Nachiket Kotwaliwale (Head, Agro Produce Process
Division), Dr. Uday Badegawkar (Incharge, KVK), Dr. R. D. Soni (local coordinater and

57
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK), and other KVK and CIAE staff were present during the
seminar.
During the institute seminar, we discussed all the PRA techniques conducted in
Nipania Jat village, like transect, resource and social maps, daily activity profile of both men
and women, time line, seasonal calendar, mobility map, bio-resource flow, technology map,
consequence and Venn diagrams, problem tree, solution tree and proposed research projects.
The presentation by each FOCARS trainee apart from different PRA tools also included
information acquired about the problems of farmers.

Fig 25. Presentation of institute seminar

We presented the researchable issues on the means to overcome the problem of weed
infestation in soybean and pigeon pea, insect pest & disease infestation of soybean and
pigeon pea, lower productivity of soybean and water scarcity during the rabi season. We
triangulated the details that were collected from the village with the scientists of ICAR-CIAE.
We also discussed with the scientists the probable solutions to overcome the problems related
not only to agriculture but also the social problems. The scientists gave valuable suggestions
to overcome most of the problems faced by the villagers. Dr. P. S. Tiwari, of the institute
gave valuable suggestions regarding our PRA work. Overall the dignitaries were happy with
the FET group presentation and the PRA work. It was also suggested that further “farmer
based - need oriented” research programmes should be initiated to enhance the income and
improve the livelihood of the farmer.

6.1 Institute Visit

6.1.1 ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal

We had a meeting with the Director ICAR-CIAE, Dr. K.K. Singh on 23 rd February,
2018. Dr. Singh explained about the vision, mandate and objectives of ICAR-CIAE. The
institute seeks to develop and demonstrate appropriate technology for various farming

58
situations incorporating modern tools and methods. Precision framing, conservation
agriculture, mechanization of manufacturing and food processing are proposed to be taken
up. The major mandate of the ICAR-CIAE is to undertake adaptive, applied and basic
research leading to development/improvement of equipment, technology, process for
production, post-harvest technology and processing and energy use in agriculture and rural
industries.

Fig 26. CIAE Bhopal visit

After the meeting we have visited 7 Divisions of ICAR-CIAE: Agricultural

Mechanization Division, Agricultural Energy & Power Division, Agro Produce Processing
Division, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, Technology Transfer Division,
Research Workshop and Prototype Production Centre and Agricultural Technology
Information Centre (ATIC).

Agricultural Mechanization Division

Dr. P.S. Tiwari, Head, Agricultural Mechanization Division explained about the
laboratories and equipment. This division is having tillage and traction laboratory, Seeding

59
and planting, plant protection, field plot machinery, ergonomics and animal energy
laboratory. He said that various studies on soil bin and tillage and traction activities are
conducted in tillage and traction laboratory.
The study of equipment and mechanisms related to seeding machinery is conducted in
seeding and planting laboratory. The setup has also been made for study of seed and fertilizer
flow. In plant protection laboratory various sprayer and nozzles are tested. Field plot
machinery laboratory facilitate the design, fabrication and testing of field plot machinery. Mr.
Rahul, scientist explained about the ergonomics laboratory, which provides the facilities to
study the relationship between a person, his occupational workplace and working
environment. This laboratory has state of the art anthropometric and bio-mechanics
equipment such as computerized ergo meter, computerized treadmill, Metamax II ambulatory
measurement system, strength measurement system, 3-D digitizer and ride vibration and
noise measurement equipment. In the animal energy laboratory, performance testing of
animal-machine system for crop production, post-harvest and rural transport operations are
done. 

Agricultural Energy and Power Division

We met with Dr. R. C. Singh, Head, Agricultural Energy and Power Division. He
explained about the Solar Tunnel Dryer. This dryer is suitable for batch drying of
horticultural produce such as Aonla. We have also visited family size solid-state biogas
plant for cattle dung of 2, 3 and 4 m³. He said that Natural draft gasifier of 100kW is used for
thermal application. The specific gasification rate varied from 105 to 117 kg/h-m².
Charring and briquetting system has been developed to convert agricultural residues to
smokeless briquetted fuel.  A fuel efficient cook stove for briquettes has also been developed.
He also explained about the Solar tracking device this device automatically tracks the solar
photovoltaic panel and enhances the solar-energy collection by 30 per cent.

Agro Produce Processing Division

Dr. Nachiket Kotwaliwale, Head, Agricultural Produce Processing explained about
the division. In this division study is conducted on various post-harvest operations like
cleaning, grading, Microbiological and biochemical properties of food products and Drying
and packaging.

60
 Fig 27. CIAE Bhopal visit

Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division

Dr. K. K. Singh, Head, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division provided chance
to visit the Irrigation equipment testing laboratory and Drainage Engineering Laboratory. He
said that the mole plough is used for temporary drainage system, a bullet behind the shank
make the cavity like pipe, 1 meter below the soil surface. Life of this mole drainage is 4-5
years. This mole drainage equipment is pulled by 60 hp tractor.

Technology Transfer Division

We have also visited technology transfer division and met to Dr. P.C. Bargale, Head,
TTD enlightened the work of the division he said that our clients are farmers and
manufacturer of machinery. This division transfer the technology to the farmers and
manufacturer. Division is involved in promotion of manufacturing of agricultural equipment
through prototype production, capacity building and support to manufacturers / entrepreneur.
He said that we are engaged in capacity building, promotion and commercialization of
potential agricultural engineering technologies through entrepreneurship development,
business incubation and public-private-partnership mode.

Research Workshop and Prototype Production Centre

Institute has well established Research and Prototype Production Workshops. The
Workshop for Prototype Production is exclusively used for batch production of prototypes for
multi-location trials, pilot introduction and to meet the demand of users to limited extent. It is
equipped with machining, welding, grinding, press work, cutting and shearing, tool and die

61
making and heat treatment facilities. The Workshop has modern facilities for training of
manufacturers and artisans for entrepreneurship development. The Research Workshop is
well equipped for fabrication of new designs of research prototypes and setups and
refinement of existing designs.

Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC)

Agricultural Technology Information Centre at ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal was started from
November 1999 to provide the required technology information, advisory services and supply
of prototypes and farm equipment’s through single window delivery system.

Objectives
 To provide a ‘single window delivery’ system for technology and products for
accelerating the rate of adoption and for easy accessibility to end-users.
 To facilitate direct access for the visitors of the institutional resources available in
terms of technology, advice, products etc. for reducing technology dissemination
losses.
 To help farmers and entrepreneurs in problem solving and decision-making.
 To create a strong linkage between different research divisions / units and users of the
technology
 To provide an elaborative views of improved technologies through published
literature and other communication materials such as audio and video facility.
Activities
 Distribution of Un-priced publications

 Sale of Priced Publications

 Sale of seedling and planting materials

 Sale of bio-fertilizers

 Sale of processed farm products

 Sale of soya food products

 Information dissemination through Agricultural Equipment Display Centre

 Information dissemination through exhibitions and manufacturers meet

 Collection of Feedback and its Transmission

62
ICAR-CIAE Research Farm
Total farm area of the Institute is 92.66 ha. The activities of farm are managed by (a)
Farm Production & Field Research Management Section (b) Landscaping, gardening and
horticulture section. Agro meteorological observatory of the Institute is located 77024’10''E
longitude and 23018’35''N latitude at an elevation of 498.7 m from mean sea level. Monsoon
in Bhopal normally sets in on 15th June and withdraws by 30th September. Relative humidity
in morning hours varies from 37 to 98% while in afternoon it varies from 13 to 85% with
highest of 100%.The highest weekly mean, pan evaporation and the highest weekly mean of
Bright Sun Shine (BSS) are also measured and used in various applications.

Table 20: Acreage under different classes

S. No.  Entity  Area

 1.  Crop cultivation  27.20 ha
 2.  Orchards  11.50 ha
 3.  Water harvesting ponds  10.50 ha
 4.  Degraded waste land  5.84 ha
 5.  Sports complex  3.40 ha
 6.  Roads, Residential and non-residential buildings  34.42 ha
 7.  Meteorological observatory  0.30 ha

6.2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhopal

We met with the KVK, IC, Dr. U.C. Dubey on 9 thAugust, 2016. Dr. Dubey explained
about the, mandate and objectives of the KVK are as follows:
Mandates 
1. To organize short and long term vocational training courses in agriculture and allied
enterprises for farmers, farm women, rural youths with the emphasis on “learning by
Doing” for higher production on farms and generating self-employment.
2. To organize training for in-service field level extension workers to update their
knowledge in emerging advances in agricultural research on regular basis.
3. To conduct Front Line Demonstration on Oilseed Pulses,. Other crops, agricultural
machinery and village level income generation enterprises to increase productivity
&to get feedback information.

63
 4. To plan and conduct on farm testing for identifying suitable technology and
generation new research information for solving need based problems of the farmers
for sustain ability of the land use system.
Objectives
1. To promptly demonstrate the latest agricultural technologies to the farmers as well as
extension workers of the State Department of Agriculture/Horticulture, Animal
science, with view to reduce the gap between the technology generation and its
adoption.
2. To test and verify the technologies in the socio-economic conditions of the farmers
with a view to study the production constraints and to modify the technologies to
make them appropriate
3. To impart training to the practicing farmers/farm women, rural youths and field level
extension functionaries by following the method of “Teaching by doing” and
“Learning by Doing”.
4. To back up with training and communication support to the district level development
departments in their extension programme.
5. To develop extension models to be adopted by general extension system for large
scale multiplication.
6. To get first hand scientific feedback from the fields and passing it to the research
system in order to keep the scientists abreast with the performance of the technologies
and the farming problems.
7. To bring about improvement in agricultural mechanization in the area through
entrepreneurship development in agriculture and related aspects and to improve the
socio-economic status of the farming community through transfer of economically
viable and environmentally sound technologies on various aspects such as crop
[production, mechanization, horticulture, animal husbandry and women in agriculture.
8. Details of significant contribution made by the KVK. In terms of innovations in
developing extension education programme, adoption of extension methodology and
creating impact in the area (both quantitative and qualitative).
9. The derails of visible impact in the social system/farming community in terms of
increase in the productivity of various enterprises, creation of assets, infrastructure
facility for the community and organization of people, on a cooperative basis for a
common cause.

64
Priorities and Thrust Areas
1. Vocational training to farmers for raising crop productivity, vegetable, fruit and
flower.
2. Vocational training to rural youths for establishing rural enterprises.
3. Vocational training to women in agriculture for entrepreneurship development and
income generation and reduction of drudgery.
4. On farm testing for development of location specific and need based technology
5. Demonstration of newly developed technology.
6. Development of model enterprises/ demonstration units in villages for income
generation and self-employment.
7. Training of village level extension functionaries.

6.2.3 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal

Our team has planned to visit Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal at 11 th August
2016. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science was established in the year 1989. Scientist from
the institute explained about the mandate of the institute and research priorities of this
institute. The main aim of this institute is to provide scientific basis for enhancing and
sustaining productivity of soil resource   with minimal environmental degradation with
following objectives:

1. To carry out basic and strategic research on soils especially physical, chemical and
biological processes related to management of nutrients, water and energy.
2. To develop advanced technology for sustainable systems of input management in soils those
are most efficient and least environmental polluting.
3. To develop expertise and backstop other organizations engaged in research on agriculture,
forestry, fishery and various environmental concerns.
4. To exchange information with scientists engaged in similar pursuits through group
discussions, symposia, conferences and publications.
5. To collaborate with State Agricultural Universities, National, International and other
Research Organizations in the fulfilment of the above objectives.
6. To develop database repository of information on soils in relation to quality and
productivity.
Priorities and Thrust Areas
The priorities of the institute are to broaden the soil science research by encouraging
multidisciplinary research for efficient utilization of already created infrastructure and,

65
therefore, carry out research work rigorously in the following critical areas:
Programme 1: Soil Health and Input Use Efficiency Integrated nutrient management:
Indigenous mineral and by-product sources Nano-technology Precision agriculture Crop
simulation modeling and remote sensing Fertilizer fortification Resilience of degraded soils
Developing a workable index of soil quality assessment imbibing influence of different
physical, chemical and biological soil attributes.
Programme 2: Conservation Agriculture and Carbon Sequestration vis-a-vis Climate Change
Organic farming and produce quality Efficient and improved composting techniques. The
carbon sequestration research is in the context of sustainable management of land and soil
resources and conserving deteriorating environment, Conservation agriculture and carbon
sequestration, Tillage and nutrient interactions Crop adaptation to climate change and
rhizospheric study.
Programme 3: Microbial Diversity and Genomics Characterization and prospecting of large soil
biodiveristy Characterization of functional communities of soil organisms testing of mixed
biofertilizer formulations.
Programme 4: Soil Pollution, Remediation and Environmental Security Bio-remediation/
phytoremediation of contaminated soils Quality compost production and quality standards
Waste waters-quality assessment and recycling.
We have visited 4 divisions of the institute such as Soil Physics Division, Soil Chemistry
Division, Soil Biology Division and Environmental Soil Science Division. First of all we have
visited soil physics division followed by soil chemistry division. There Dr. Sanjay Srivastava
explained about “Mrudaparikshak” which has been developed by ICAR-IISS for soil testing
and fertilizer recommendation.

Fig 29. IISS Bhopal visit

6.2.4 National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal

66
 The National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD) of Indian
Council of Agricultural Research is a premier institute in India for research on exotic and
emerging pathogens of animals. NIHSAD acts as an independent institute since 8 th August
2014 under ICAR from its original status as High Security Animal Disease Laboratory
(HSADL), a regional station of Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar. The
institute has contributed significantly by detecting many animal diseases of exotic origin and
preventing them from entering our country. The bio-containment laboratory of HSADL has
been operational continuously since 1998 for handling exotic/ emerging animal diseases,
providing rapid diagnosis and conducting basic and applied research on emerging animal
pathogens. The existence of this institute was visualized since 1970s by one of IVRI director.
The construction of these facilities was funded by NDDB, FAO and WHO. Realizing the
challenging need of stringent biological safety measures in the era of globalized animal trade
and the growing threat of novel pathogens, the HSADL was upgraded as an independent
national level institute for extending better services to the nation in animal health through its
mandated programmes and objectives.
Mandate
To conduct research on basic & applied areas related to exotic, emerging and re-emerging
animal diseases of national importance like:
 Basic mechanisms for disease occurrence, pathogen characterization, their
transmissibility under various ecological factors, host-pathogen interactions,
development of diagnostics and vaccines, fundamental aspects arising out of work on
exotic/emerging animal pathogens.
 Updating on bio-risk management and to train the manpower in the areas of bio-
safety, bio-security and bio-containment for handling high risk pathogens.
Objectives
The major objectives of the institute include:        
 To carry out basic & applied research on exotic, emerging and re-emerging diseases
of animals.
 To develop competency for diagnosis & control of exotic/emerging diseases of
animals.
 To create & update repository and data-bank on exotic/emerging pathogens
 To develop skills in bio-risk management & train manpower in the areas of bio-safety,
bio-security and bio-containment.

67
 Fig 29. NIHSAD Bhopal visit

Current works on Exotic and Emerging Diseases:

Avian Influenza: This virus is also called avian flu or bird flu which refers to "influenza
caused by viruses adapted to birds. The version with the greatest concern is highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI). "Bird flu" is a phrase similar to other flu like "swine flu," "dog flu,"
"horse flu," or "human flu" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different
strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause
influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus.

CCHF: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, a

zoonosis of domestic animals and wild animals that may affect humans. The pathogenic
virus, especially common in East and West Africa, is a member of the Bunyaviridae family of
RNA viruses. Outbreaks of illness are usually attributable to handling infected animals or
people. Congo fever is usually transmitted by Hyalomma ticks.

NIPAH: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV) is an emerging infectious disease of public health
importance in the South-East Asia Region. The virus is named after the Malaysian village
where it was first discovered. Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus have been identified as natural
reservoirs of NiV.

PRRS: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome also known as blue-ear pig disease.
This economically important, panzootic disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock
and respiratory tract illness in young pigs. Initially referred to as "mystery swine disease" and
"mystery reproductive syndrome," it was first reported in 1987 in North America and Central
Europe.

68
Border Disease: This is a virus of the family Pestivirus and occurs in sheep and goats. The
disease was first reported on the Welsh Borders, from which the name was derived. It is now
prevalent in the UK, Europe and America. The virus can cause a significant problem in flocks
of sheep by reducing the percentage of lambs that survive dramatically, hence having a large
economic impact on farmers.

Malignant Catarrhal fever: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an infectious systemic

disease that presents as a variable complex of lesions affecting mainly ruminants and rarely
swine. It is principally a disease of domestic cattle, water buffalo, Bali cattle American bison,
and deer.

Swine Influenza: Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does
not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the
blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with
regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. Therefore those who
consume pork have high risk of encountering this virus.

Exotic and Emerging Diseases laboratory:

The institute has a BSL-3+ bio-containment facility having a laboratory wing and an
animal wing. Both the wings have separate entries through shower system. The exit system
with compulsory shower out has airtight doors operated with PLC control. The primary
containment barrier is provided in the laboratory rooms where high risk organisms are to be
handled for research purposes. The primary barriers available in laboratory are biological
safety cabinets (Class II B1 and Class II B2), isolators (Class III BSC), personal suits,
respirators, laboratory coats, gloves, head, eye and face coverings. The secondary barrier is
the infrastructural facilities, which play a key role in preventing the escape of organisms to
the environment. These mainly include civil work, effluent treatment plant, air handling
system, rendering plant, incinerator etc. 

The air-handling system of the facility is comprised of 23 air-handling units (AHUs)

with 97 HEPA filters fitted in 92 filter housings. The entire laboratory including the animal
wing functions under gradient negative pressure (-50 pascals to –200 pascals) to prevent the
possibility of escape of pathogens to the exterior. The laboratory wing has separate rooms for
disease diagnosis, immunology, pathology, biochemistry and molecular biology, recombinant
DNA work, radioisotope handling, media preparation, cell culture, RNA extraction and

69
infection room. Additional facilities include cold rooms, incubator room, glassware washing
and preparation room, storage facilities, first aid room, dirty dispatch areas and air locks.

SPF unit:
Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chickens were maintained for the experimental
purpose.  In view of the diagnostic requirements, SPF unit was established in 2008. It was
constructed at a cost of Rs. 3.43 crores with equipments imported from Holland. The SPF
unit has got two positive pressure super-isolators with a capacity to house 50 adult birds each,
two incubator isolators for hatching, two transport isolators and two egg incubators. The SPF
chickens grown from this unit at HSADL are used in carrying out influenza research work at
this laboratory.
Boiler unit:
For functioning of the laboratory/ animal wing many supporting facilities are
available such as steam raising plant (boilers) for sterilization, de-mineralization plant, soft
water plant, air conditioning plant, air compressors, a 33 kv electrical substation along with
DG sets, storage tanks for diesel and furnace oil and engineering workshop etc.
Autoclaving unit:
All solid and liquid waste is decontaminated by heat sterilization, gaseous
sterilization or liquid disinfectant. The materials are removed to outside through airlocks,
dunk tanks and barrier autoclaves. After that the wastes material were discarded.
Digester unit:
The infected animals once died were cuts into pieces and put into slurry making
machine having 80 kg capacity for making slurry. Once the slurry was made it is digested in
digester unit before discarding. The carcasses from animal wing are processed through a
rendering plant to ensure sterilization for safe discard.
In NIHSAD, we met with the Director of the institute. We had a new experience after
visiting this institute with so many information and visualization. Until the outbreak of bird
flu and swine flu, this laboratory was considered as white elephant but now people are giving
attention day by day. We are thankful to Dr. Pradeep, Scientist, NIHSAD who guided us
throughout the institute visit and briefed us about its different aspects.

6.2.5 Agro-produce Marketing committee (APMC), Karond Mandi, Bhopal

We visited Pt. Laksminarayam krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti, Bhopal which is located at berasiya
road karond near to ICAR-CIAE Bhopal. This mandi is established in 1 may 2015 with total

70
geographical area of 143.86 Acre. This mandi provides all fundamental facilities to traders
and farmers by developing grain and fruit yard. We visited different yards, storage hall,
auction hall for different produce, sample testing lab, weighing house and main office of
mandi. We got opportunity to meet secretory of mandi Mr.V.P. Pateriya who explained
functioning of mandi and also various facilities provided by mandi to the farmers and traders
to get best price for their produce. We also discussed with farmers and traders in Mandi to
identify the problems faced by them during selling-buying process. Mandi is also involved in
smooth functioning of e-nam and Bhavantar yojna and ensures to protect farmers rights and
provide them a better and fair price for their produce.

E-Nam- National Agriculture Market (NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal which
networks the existing APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural
commodities. The NAM Portal provides a single window service for all APMC related
information and services. This includes commodity arrivals & prices, buy & sell trade offers,
provision to respond to trade offers, among other services. While material flow (agriculture
produce) continue to happen through mandis, an online market reduces transaction costs and
information asymmetry.

Agriculture marketing is administered by the States as per their agri-marketing regulations,

under which, the State is divided into several market areas, each of which is administered by
a separate Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) which imposes its own
marketing regulation (including fees). This fragmentation of markets, even within the State,
hinders free flow of agri commodities from one market area to another and multiple handling
of agri-produce and multiple levels of mandi charges ends up escalating the prices for the
consumers without commensurate benefit to the farmer. NAM addresses these challenges by
creating a unified market through online trading platform, both, at State and National level
and promotes uniformity, streamlining of procedures across the integrated markets, removes
information asymmetry between buyers and sellers and promotes real time price discovery,
based on actual demand and supply, promotes transparency in auction process, and access to
a nationwide market for the farmer, with prices commensurate with quality of his produce
and online payment and availability of better quality produce and at more reasonable prices to
the consumer.

Objectives:

71
 o A national e-market platform for transparent sale transactions and price discovery
initially in regulated markets. Willing States to accordingly enact suitable provisions
in their APMC Act for promotion of e-trading by their State Agricultural Marketing
Board/APMC.
o Liberal licensing of traders / buyers and commission agents by State authorities
without any pre-condition of physical presence or possession of shop /premises in the
market yard.
o One license for a trader valid across all markets in the State.
o Harmonisation of quality standards of agricultural produce and provision for assaying
(quality testing) infrastructure in every market to enable informed bidding by buyers.
Common tradable parameters have so far been developed for 69 commodities.
o Single point levy of market fees, i.e on the first wholesale purchase from the farmer.
o Provision of Soil Testing Laboratories in/ or near the selected mandi to facilitate
visiting farmers to access this facility in the mandi itself. M/s. Nagarjuna Fertilizers
and Chemicals Ltd. is the Strategic Partner (SP) who is responsible for development,
operation and maintenance of the platform. The broad role of the Strategic Partner is
comprehensive and includes writing of the software, customizing it to meet the
specific requirements of the mandis in the States willing to integrate with NAM and
running the platform

Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojna: Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana launched by the Shivraj Singh
Chouhan government in Madhya Pradesh to tackle and address the issue of depressed
domestic agricultural commodity prices. Under the scheme the government continues to use
the minimum support price as a guide. But it does not buy the produce from the farmer.
Instead it partly compensates the farmer for the difference between the prevailing market
prices and the minimum support price it declares. The compensation is based on the average
sale price of the specific crop in Madhya Pradesh and two other neighbouring states,
calculated at the end of the season. The most the state is required to pay farmers is the
difference between the average sales price of a commodity and the minimum support price.

72
 Fig 30. Visit to APMC

Vasundhar krishi yantra: Established in 1987, Vasundhara Krishi Yantra is one of the
leading manufacturers and traders of Yuvraj 215 Equipment, Mini Kubota Equipment,
Mitsubishi 180D Equipment, and Sonalika Gardentrac Equipment, etc. we visited vasundhara
krishi yantra agriculture implements manufacturing industry, which is located near to CIAE,
Bhopal in berasiya road. This industry commercializes technologies of CIAE Bhopal as well
as other technologies and provide these to nearby villages. This industry manufactures small
agriculture equipments to large equipments like cultivator, seed drill, reaper and binder,
puddler, and harvester etc. Annual turnover of this industry is in between 5-10 crore, but this
industry is exceling in very dynamic manner and in future can develop it’s root in more allied
agri-business.

73
 Fig 3. Visit to Vasundhara Krishi Yantra

7. Conclusion

Sagoniya is a small village, which comes under Huzur tehsil of Bhopal district. The
global location of the village which we were able to find with the GPS is 23.43 oN and
77.36oE. The village is located at about 442 m above MSL. Mean annual rainfall received by
the village is 1132 mm with a mean annual temperature of 25.2oC. Soil type is entirely black
cotton soil. The village has a population of 344 individuals with 48 households. Total
geographic area is 436 Ha with a net cultivable area of 336 Ha. The transect walk through the
village revealed the prevalence of soybean-wheat crop rotation. Berseem was grown as a
main green fodder crop for the cattle.

The village is mainly dependent on agriculture. About 80-85 per cent of the villagers
are engaged in agriculture, wherein most of the land depends on rain for water requirement.
The cropping pattern in the village mainly includes crop like, soybean, pigeon pea, wheat and
chick pea. Only a few large holding farmers have started cultivating vegetable crops like
tomato and onion on commercial lines, whereas most of the other farmers grow vegetables
for their household purpose. Livestock rearing is also widespread. Most of the households are

74
maintaining cattle for milk purpose, which is used for own consumption. Cattle are mainly
local breeds and few murrah buffaloes are also reared. Villagers, who don’t have agricultural
land, resort to daily wages and few of them practice agriculture in government lands.

With the help of the information provided by key informants during the transect walk,
we were able to deduce the opportunities that can be availed by the farming community of
this village, like mixed farming, adoption of system of rice and wheat intensification,
integrated pest and disease management in all crops.

The farmers of the village were found to have adopted different varieties of soybean,
rice and wheat. Soybean varieties like JS-9560, JS-9305 and JS-322 were under cultivation.
Wheat varieties under cultivation were Lok-1, Malva Shakti, and GW 322. The most
important problem which farmers experience in the soybean cultivation is that of severe weed
infestation. Area under Soybean is gradually decreasing due to decreasing returns because of
severe semi-looper attack and flower drop. Rice crop is mainly affected by yellow stem borer
infestation. Chick pea growers are mainly experiencing pod borer infestation and wilt disease.
After identifying these problems, we were able to develop action plan that will address the
agriculture related problems and challenges faced by the farmers of Sagoniya village.

Finally to conclude, this FET and PRA exercise has made us more aware of the
ground reality and has given us a better understanding of how to approach farmers, identify
their problems and empower them to face the days ahead for betterment of them as well as
the nation.

75