KD 10 Dec. Project

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
STUDENT READY PROGRAMME
A Project Report
Submitted to,
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI

DISTRICT-AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
B.Sc (Horns) Agriculture Business Management

By,
MR.DAREKAR KARTIK YASHVANT
ABMN-2020/006
K. K. WAGH COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT, SARASWATINAGAR,
NASHIK
(Affiliated to M.P.K.V., Rahuri.)
2023-24
1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Student Ready Programmed (2023-24)”,
submitted by me to K. K. Wagh College of Agriculture Business Management, Nashik.
In partial fulfillment of the requirement of award of the degree of BSC (Horns) Agriculture
Business Management is a record of work carried out by me. I further declare that work
reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be submitted either in part or
in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute
or university.
Mr. Darekar Kartik Yashvant

ABMN 2020/006
Place: Nashik
Date:
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project happens to be a great learning experience for me and I believe it

will make a difference to my perspective for business and to my career as well. The
project could have never been completed if not for the salient contribution of many
people whomI would like to mention here.
To start with, it is my pleasure to express my deep gratitude towards Dr.P. N.
Shendage, Director of Instruction’s Nominee, and M.P.K.V. Rahuri for guiding us
during the entire project.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Harishchandra Bhaskarao
Jadhav host farmer; Mr. Vilas Raut owner of Sericulture unit for providing me an
opportunity to complete the SPW.
I would like to express my thanks to Prof. K. P. Jadhav, I/c Principal of K.
K. Wagh College of Agriculture Business Management, Nashik and Chairman, In
SPW, Prof. P. A. Ghule, Program Coordinator, Agricultural Business Specialist
Prof. V. B. Derle, SMS of Rural Agriculture Work Experience Prof. A.K. Derle
and Prof. P.R. Godse for their valuable guidance and encouragement in carrying
out this project work. I also wish to express my gratitude to the staff members of
my college who rendered their help during the entire period of my project work.
Thanks.
Mr. Darekar Kartik Yashvant

ABMN 2020/006
Place: Nashik
Date:
3
RURAL AGRICULTURE WORK EXPERIENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
PARTICULARS
NO.
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of study 1
1.2 Objectives of study 5
2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of village 7
2.2 Collection of data 7
2.3 Analysis of data 8
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 General Information of Village 12
3.1.1 Member of village council 12
3.1.2 Population of village 12
3.1.3 Demography of the village 13
3.1.4 Total houses in village 13
3.1.5 Geography of village 13
3.1.6 Community buildings 13
3.1.7 Major crop grown in village 14
3.1.8 Infrasrucure of village 14
4
3.1.9 Schemes and Program implemented by village 14
3.2 Socio Economic Survey of Farmer 15
3.2.1 Student information 15
3.2.2 Information of host farmer 15
3.2.3 Information of family members 15
3.2.4 Assets 16
3.2.5 Cropping pattern 18
3.2.6 Crop wise Overhead Costs 21
3.3 Crop wise input used by host farmer 26

3.4 Marketing channel and marketing cost of commodities 50
4 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS 55
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 57
6 EXPERIENCE GAINED 59
7 APPENDIX 61
8 REFERENCES 70
9 PHOTO GALLERY 73
5
LIST OF TABLES
SR. PAGE
TABLE PARTICULARS
NO. NO.
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION
-
2 METHODOLOGY
-
3.1 General Information of village

3.1 Member of village council 12
3.2 Population of village 12
3.3 Demography of the village 13
3.4 Total houses in village 13
3.5 Geography of village 13
3.6 Community buildings 13
3.7 Major crop grown in village 14
3.8 Infrasrucure of village 14
3.9 Schemes and Program implemented by village 14
3.2 Socio Economic Survey of Farmer
3.10 Student information 15
3.11 Information of host farmer 15
3.12 Information of family members 15

Assets
3.13 Land 16
3.14 Source of irrigation 16
3.15 Buildings 16
3.16 Livestock 17
3.17 Implements and machinery 17
3.18 Household assets 18
3.19 Cropping pattern 18
3.20 Annual gross income 19
3.21 Information about loan 19
3.22 Land use pattern 19
6
3.23 Cropping intensity 20
3.24 Depreciation on implement, machinery &
buildings 20
3.25 Crop wise total depreciation 21
3.26 Crop wise fixed capital 22
3.27 Crop wise incidental charges 22
3.28 Crop wise land revenue 23
3.29 Irrigation structure 23
3.30 Irrigation hours 23
3.31 Crop wise irrigation charges 24
3.32 Crop wise overhead cost 25
3.3 Crop wise input used by the host farmer
3.33 Input utilization for soyabean 26
3.34 Per hector cost of cultivation of soyabean 27
3.35 Cost concept of soyabean 28
3.36 Yield of soyabean 29
3.37 Analytical tool used for soyabean 29
3.38 Input utilization for tomato 31
3.39 Per hector cost of cultivation of tomato 33
3.40 Cost concept of tomato 35
3.41 Yield of tomato 35
3.42 Analytical tool used for tomato 36
3.43 Input utilization for onion 37
3.44 Per hector cost of cultivation of onion 38
3.45 Cost concept of onion 39
3.46 Yield of onion 40
3.47 Analytical tool used for onion 40
3.48 Input utilization for wheat 42
3.49 Per hector cost of cultivation of wheat 43
3.50 Cost concept of wheat 44
3.51 Yield of wheat 45
3.52 Analytical tool used for wheat 45
3.53 Input utilization for sugarcane 46
3.54 Per hector cost of cultivation of sugarcane 47
3.55 Cost concept of sugarcane 48
3.56 Yield of sugarcane 49
3.57 Analytical tool used for sugarcane 49
3.4 Marketing channel and marketing cost of commodity
3.58 Marketing cost of tomato 51
3.59 Price spread and market margin for tomato 52
3.60 Marketing cost of onion 53
3.61 Price spread and market margin for onion 54
7
LIST OF PHOTOS
CHAPTER PHOTO PARTICULARS PAGE
NO. NO. NO.
1 INTRODUCTION
-
2 METHODOLOGY
-
3.3.1 Soyabean crop
3.3.2 Tomato crop
3.3.3 Onion crop
3.3.4 Wheat crop
3.3.5 Sugarcane crop
4 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
6 EXPERIENCE GAINED
7 APPENDIX
8 REFERENCE
9 PHOTO GALLERY
9.1 Visit to gram panchayat of kasabe sukene

9.2 Photo with host farmer
9.3 Photo of soyabean plot
9.4 Photo of collecting diseases sample from
field
9.5 Photo of monitoring visit
8
9
10
11
12
CHAPTER NO. 1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction of the Study
India's agricultural production can be essentially divided into two categories: food
crops and commercial crops. The principal food crops grown in India are rice, wheat, pulses,
coarse cereals, etc. In a similar vein, non-food or commercial crops include oil seeds,
sugarcane, raw cotton, tea, coffee, raw jute, and tea. Agriculture has long been linked to the
production of staple food crops. Nowadays, agriculture encompasses more than just
farming; it also covers forestry, dairy, fruit cultivation, chicken farming, beekeeping,
mushroom cultivation, random, etc. The distribution, marketing, and processing of
agricultural and livestock products, among other things, are increasingly recognized as
components of modern agriculture. Therefore, the production, processing, and distribution
of agricultural products might be referred to as agriculture. In essence, agriculture
production management is the process of formulating and carrying out the decisions related
to organized and operating a farm for maximum production and profit.
Farm management is the collective term for various management strategies and
methods that are employed to keep a farm productive and profitable. The process of this
type of management is often associated with large commercial farms, although many of the
same methods can be used with equal success on a small family-owned farm. Depending
on the size of the operation, the management process may require the service of a single
farm manager or a group of managers who oversee various aspects of the overall project. In
many respects, effective farm management is similar to the management processes that are
employed with any type of business. There are decisions that must be made on a daily basis,
as well as operational guidelines that must be observed by everyone who is involved with
the operation. Some participants are accountable to overseers or managers, who in turn are
accountable to owners. What set the farm management apart from other moneymaking
venture are the kinds of daily duties involved and the number of management layers found
in the operation. Even among farms, the processes will vary depending on the type of
farming business involved and the overall size of operation. Large commercial farms are
more likely to rely on modern technology in order to maximize the efficiency of the
management process. Agriculture Production Management helps to the farmer right from
cultivation to harvesting and maintenance also helps enhance the productivity of farms
of all sizes.
2
Even small farmers can benefit from the farm management in terms of to increase the
productivity and profit margin for the farm.
Effective agricultural production management is the first step toward higher
agricultural productivity. The ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs is used to calculate
agricultural productivity. The drawbacks of the partial productivity measures, most notably
the difficulty in determining the causes that lead to changes in the metrics, were addressed
by this measure of agricultural production. Usually, advancements in technology are blamed
for changes. It is also a crucial part of food security.
Cost of cultivation refers to the total expenses incurred in cultivating the particular
crop. It is worked out by input wise and operation wise together with their percentage to the
total. Cost of cultivation surveys are an important mechanism for the data generation on cost
structure of crops. These are very intensive surveys wherein data are collected in the various
inputs which are used for the cultivation of crops. The data collection approaches in these
surveys are inquiry based which implies that the informationon the input use is obtained by
inquiry from the farmer. Use of input is a continuous process which goes on from beginning
to end. In order that no information on input use ismissed, data collection under these
surveys is generally carried out in multiple rounds. Thus, farmer is visited repeatedly during
the growth stage of the crop and during the time of harvest so that the information on input
use is correctly and properly recorded. As a result, a huge volume of data is generated
through these surveys. The data so collected is generally used to work out cost per unit area
or cost per unit weight.
The administrators and policy planners are the prime users of cost of cultivation
data for policy formation. Many other organizations use this data for micro level decision
making while the individuals use the data for research purpose. In view of the utility of
this data it is desirable that the cost of cultivation survey is statistically well planned so
that the required information can be obtained efficiently and precisely. It is appropriate to
mentioned that due to the changes taking place at the global level the importance of cost of
cultivation data has increased manifold. This is attributable to the phenomenon of global
competitiveness which implies that those who are efficient and can produce at competitive
prices will survive. In this changing scenario cross country comparisons are meaningful
only if the system of data collection is based on uniform technology.
3
Cost of cultivation surveys are an important data source for decision making at
macro as well as micro level. Accuracy of information generated out of these surveys is,
therefore, of paramount importance. This can be ensured by proper planning of the survey,
so that the sampling as well as non-sampling errors are minimized. of equal importance is
the question of how efficiently the cost of cultivation data can be collected. Proper designing
of the survey by judiciously making use of the information available from other surveys and
censuses will go a long way in collecting the data needed in an efficient manner.
Analysis of cost of production data is no longer an issue in the current context,
thanks to advancements in computer technology and the IT sector. The FAO has created
FARMAP, a computer software program that allows cost data validation and subsequent
analysis. On roughly the same lines, computer software for cost data validation and analysis,
also known as FARMAP, has been created in India with the aid of FAO.
The percentage of land planted to different crops at a given time is referred to as
the cropping pattern. Cropping patterns are indicated by the crop data that are released by
the governments. However, cropping pattern is a dynamic concept that varies in place and
time. Geoclimatic, sociocultural, economic, historical, and political considerations all have
a significant impact on a region's cropping patterns. Limitations on the growth and spread
of plants and animals are imposed by the physical environment, which includes soil, water,
climate, and physiography. Man has a significant role in the cultivation of some crops in a
given area. Man can overcome the limitations of physicality thanks to technology
advancements.
4
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1. To study the host farmer's current farming pattern.
2. To investigate the host farmer's input management and crop production costs.
3. To determine the profitability of the host farmer.
4. To investigate the farmer's difficulties and make recommendations to solve them.
5
CHAPTER NO. 2
METHODOLOGY
6
2.1 Selection of Village
Selected village was Kasabe Sukane. This village is located in Niphad tehsil of
Nashik district in Maharashtra, India. It is situated 10km away from sub-district
headquarter Niphad (tehsildar office) and 30km away from district headquarter Nashik.
This village has less proximity to the Nashik district; due to this it has good transportation
facilities, better standard of living, etc. In the village it had been observed that maximum
number of farmers had more than 5 Acre land with multiple cropping patterns.
2.2 Collection of Data
Primary Data
Primary data is information gathered by a researcher from first-hand sources, such
as surveys, interviews, or experiments. As a result, it was gathered through interviews
with the village's sarpanch and farmers. The information gathered was about farm
operations, input utilization, the farmer's general information, his assets, cropping pattern,
and the village's overall general information.
Secondary Data
Secondary data is information which has been collected in the past by someone
else. It was collected from Co-operative society, Gram panchayat, internet, Agricultural
books, Agricultural websites, etc. The data was related to the general information of the
village, land utilization, recommended input management practices, recommended
cultivation practices for various crops, etc.
7
2.3 Analysis of Data
The collected data were analyzed by keeping in view the objectives of the study.
The data were arranged by tabular methods and analyzed by some mathematical and
economical tools.
The tools are given below,
a) Junk Value
Original Cost
Junk Value =
Useful Life
b) Depreciation
(Original Cost) − (Junk Value)
Depreciation =
Useful Life
c) Crop wise Depreciation

Total Depreciation Charges
Crop wise Depreciation = × Area under Crop
Gross Cropped Area
d) Land Revenue
Total Land Revenue
Land Revenue = × Area under Crop
Gross Cropped Area
e) Maintenance Charges
Electricity Bill +Lubricant +Repairing Charges

Maintenance Charges=
Total Number of Irrigation Hours
f) Irrigation Charges
Irrigation Charges = (Maintenance Charges) × (Irrigation Hours of Crop)
g) Crop wise Incidental Charges

Total Incidental Charges
Crop wise Incidental Charges = × Area under Crop
Gross Cropped Area
8
h) Crop wise Interest on Fixed Capital
Cropwise Interest on Fixed Capital Area Under
Crop wise Interest on Fixed Capital = X crop
Gross Cropped Area
i) Amortization Cost in case of Fruit Crops
P.r (1+r) n
Amortization Cost =
(1+r) n−1
Where,
P = Establishment Cost
r = Rate of Interest
n = Economic Life of Crop in Years
A = Annual Amortization Cost
j) Cost A
Cost A =
(Total Working Capital) + (Interest on Working Capital @ 12%) + (Land Revenue) +
(Crop wise Depreciation)
k) Rental Value of Land

1
Rental Value of Land = (Gross Income) – (Land Revenue and Other Ceases)
6
l) Cost B
Cost B = (Cost A) + (Rental Value of Land) + (Interest on Fixed Capital)
m) Cost C
Cost C = (Cost B) + (Imputed Family Labour) + (Supervision Charges @ 10% of Cost A)
n) Gross Income
Gross Income = (Total Production) × (Price per Unit)
9
o) Farm Business Income
Farm Business Income = (Gross Income) – (Cost A)
p) Family Labour Income

Family Labour Income = (Gross Income) – (Cost B)
q) Farm Investment Income

Farm Investment Income = (Farm Business Income) – (Imputed Value of Family
Labour)
r) Net Income
Net Income = (Gross Income) – (Cost C)
s) Benefit Cost Ratio

B: C Ratio = (Present Worth of Gross Return) ÷ (Present Worth of Cost)
t) Per Unit Cost of Production

Per Unit Cost of Production = (Cost C) ÷ (Total Production in Unit)
u) Per Ha cost of Production

Per Ha Cost of Production = (Cost C) ÷ (Area in Ha)
v) Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensity = (Gross Cropped Area/ Net Cultivable Area) × 100
10
CHAPTER NO. 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
11
3.1 General Information of Village
3.1.1 Member of Village Council

1. Name of Gram panchayat: Gram panchayat of Kasabe Sukene.
2. Year of Establishment:1988
3. Members of Village Council: 11
Table 3.1 Members of Village Council.
Sr. Name of the Member Designation

No
1 Anand Gopalrao Bhandanre Sarpanch
2 Anupama Babasaheb Jadhav Dy. Sarpanch
3 Pravin Ramarao Patil Member
4 Sonali Prahlada Member
Ghorpade
5 Sheetal Sopan Nale Member
6 Lalit Chintamani Kardak Member
7 Sheetal Pravin Bhandare Member
8 Hassef Abbas Pinjari Member
9 Anjona Laxman Pawade Member
10 Sangram Sahebrao Member
Bhandare
11 Rambhau Balkrushna Clerk
Dhamle
3.1.2 Population of Village
Table 3.2 Population of village.
Sr. No Gender Total Population

1 Male 6301
2 Female 6127
Total population 12428
12
3.1.3 Demography of the Village
Table 3.3 Demography of village.
Sr. No Family category Total No.

1 APL Families 1970
2 BPL Families 431
Total No. of Families 2401
3.1.4 Total Houses in the Village
Table 3.4 Total Houses in village.

Sr. No Particular Numbers
1 No. of Houses 2822
2 Kutcha Houses 512
3 Pakka Houses 2310
4 No. of Wadi/Vasti 16
3.1.5 Geography of the Village
Table 3.5 Geography of the village.

Sr. No Particulars Hector
1 Total Area of Village 2152
Agriculture Area 1808
2 a) Irrigated Area 549
b) Unirrigated Area 1259
3 Gaothan Area 258
4 Barren Land 86
5 Forest Area -
3.1.6 Community Building
Table 3. 6 Community Building.
Sr. No Particulars Numbers

1 Village Panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 10
3 Z.P. Primary School 3
4 Private Human Clinics 10
5 Veterinary clinic 1
6 Government Hospital 1
7 Secondary School and College 2
13
3.1.7 Major crops grown in the village
Table 3.7 Major crops grown in the village.
Sr. No Types of Crops Name of Crop

1 Cereals Maize, Sorghum, wheat
2 Pulses cheekpea, Greenpea
3 Oilseeds Soyabean, Groundnut
4 Flowers Marigold, Rose
5 Vegetables Tomato, cucumber
6 Fruits Grapes, Pomogranate
7 Cash Crops Sugarcane
8 Spices Coriender, Ginger
3.1.8 Infrastructure of the village
Table 3.8 Infrastructure of the village.
Sr. No Particulars Numbers

No. of Roads 12
1 Kutcha 9
Pakka 3
2 Temples 8
3 Financial Institution 3
4 Cooperative Society 1
5 Post Office 1
3.1.9 Schemes and program implemented by village
Table 3.9 Schemes and program implemented.
Sr. No Particulars
1 Gharkul Yojana
2 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
3 Swatch Bharat Mission
4 Indira Awas Yojana
5 Green Revolution, Tree Plantation
6 Energy Saving Street Light In village
7 Rojgar Hami Yojana
14
3.2 Socio Economic Survey of Farmer
3.2.1 Student InformationTable 3.10
Student Information.
Name of the student Darekar Kartik Yashvant

Registration No. ABMN-2020/006
Name of the College KK Wagh Collage of Agriculture Business Management
Name of the Village Kasbe Sukene
3.2.2 Information about Host farmer
Table 3.11 Host farmer information
Name of the Host farmer: Harishchandra Bhaskarao Jadhav.
a) Sex-Male/Female Male
th
b) Age-(years) : 61 years
c) Education : 10th
d) Category of the host : Medium: 2.01 to 4.0 ha
farmer
e) Address : Village – Kasbe Sukene Post- Nashik

: Taluka- Niphad District-Nashik
3.2.3 Information of the family members including attached laborer’s
Table 3.12 Information of the family members including attached laborer’s
Sr. Relation with

Name Gender Age Education Occupation
No. head of family
1 Harishchandra Male
Self 61 10th Farmer
Jadhav
2 Vandana Jadhav Female Wife 47 10th Farmer
3 Sayali Jadhav Female
Daughter 28 B.Tech Job
4 Srushti Jadhav Female
Daughter 19 B.Sc Student
15
5 Sarthak Jadhav Male
Son 17 11th Student
3.2.4 Assets
3.2.4.1 Land
Table 3.13 Information of Land.
Area(ha.) Land
Present
Sr. Plot Soil Type Revenue
No. /Survey Un- Value (Rs.) and other
Irrigated
No. irrigated taxes (Rs.)
1 1155 0.70 Black 5250000 96
2 1158 0.80 Black 6000000 103
3 950 1.31 0.16 Mediu 110025000 201

m
Black
3.2.4.2 Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated
Table 3.14 Source of irrigation and area irrigated.
Sr. No. Source Number Area Irrigated (Ha)
1. Well 2 2.7
2. Canal 1
3.2.4.3 Buildings
Table 3.15 Information of Buildings.

Sr. No. Category Type of Year of Present Value
Construction Construction (Rs.)
1. Residential House RCC 2006 1,000000
2. Cattle Barn Kaccha 2006 50,000
3. Store Room RCC 2006 60,000
16
3.2.4.4 Livestock of Host Farmer.
Table 3.16 Livestock of Host Farmer.
Sr.no. Category Breed No. of Present

animals value
1 Draught Animal
i) In Milk Jersy 1 70000
3.2.4.5 Implements and Machinery
Table 3.17 List of Implements and machinery of Host Farmer
Sr. Category Number Present Value

No. (Rs.)
A) Implements
1. Iron Plough 1 35000
2. Harrow 1 25,000
B) Equipment
1. Sprayer 1 2000
C) Machinery
1. Electric Motor 2 20,000
2. Tractor 1 7,35,000
D) Hand Tools
1. Spades 4 200
2. Weeding Hook 8 480
3. Sickle 8 2000
4. Pickaxe 2 300
5. Shovel 2 300
Total 8,20,280
17
3.2.4.6 Household Assets
Table 3.18 Household assets of Host Farmer.
Sr. No. Particulars Number Present

Value
(Rs.)
1. Motorcycle 2 100,000
2 Television 1 23,000
3. Refrigerator 1 10,000
4. Mixercum Grinder 1 7,000
5. Steel Cupboard 1 6,000
6. Mobile Phone 4 60,000
7. Flour Mill 1 11,500
Total 2,17,500
3.2.5 Cropping pattern of Host Farmer
Table 3.19 Cropping pattern of Host Farmer
Rainfed/Irrigated
Season Plot Crop Variety Yield Kg/ha Gross Value

Area(ha)
No. Rs
Main By
i) Soyabean KDS- 1.21 3600 500 1,92,601
Kharif 726
ii) Tomato Aryaman 0.80 36000 -
5,76,000
18
i) Onion Red-3 0.80 24000 - 2,88,000
Rabi
ii) Ajit-102 1.21 6000 - 1,80,000
Wheat
Summer i) Sugarcane Co- 0.80 130 - 3,90,000
/Perennia 86032 (tones)
l
3.2.6 Annual gross income (previous year)
Table 3.20 Annual gross income of Host Farmer.
Sr. No. Source Amount

(Rs.)
1 Crops 16,26,601
Total 16,26,601
3.2.7 Information about borrowings including old loans (June 2020 onwards)
Table 3.21 Information about borrowings including old loans
Amount Purpose Rate of Repayment

Sr. Source during the Outstanding
Interest year
Borrowed Date
1 Commercial Bank - - - - -
3.2.8 Land Use Pattern
Table 3.22 Land use pattern of Host Farmer
Sr. No. Particulars Area

(Ha)
1. Total Land Holding 2.97 Ha
2. Cultivable Area 2.81 Ha
3. Non-Cultivable Area 0.16 Ha
(Residential House, Cattle Byre, Store)
19
3.2.9 Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensity refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during
one agriculture year.
Cropping intensity of host farmer is given below:
Table 3.23 Cropping Intensity

Sr. No. Category Area
(Ha)
1. Total Land 2.97
2. Net Cultivable Land 2.81
3. Gross Cropped Area 4.82
Cropping Intensity = Gross Cropped Area/ Net Cultivable Land ×100

= 4.82/2.81×100
= 171.53%
Interpretation- The cropping intensity is 171.53%. Which indicate the

bettercrop rotation.
3.2.10 Depreciation On Implement, Machinery and Buildings
Table 3.24 Depreciation on Implement, Machinery and Buildings
Sr. Category Original cost Useful Life Junk value Depreciation

No. (Rs.) (Year) (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Implements
Iron Plough 35,000 25 1400 1344
Harrow 25,000 20 1250 1187.4
2. Equipment
Sprayer 2,000 5 400 320
3. Machinery
Tractor 7,35,000 25 29,400 28224
Electric 20,000 20 1000 950
Motar
Power 27,000 25 1080 1036.8
Sprayer
4. Hand tool
Shovels (2) 300 5 60 48
20
Sickle (3) 2000 5 400 320
Axe (1) 300 5 60 48
Spade (1) 200 5 40 32
Weeding 480 5 96 76.8
hook (2)
5. Building
Well 2,00,000 50 4000 3920
Pipeline 1,50,000 50 3000 2940
Drip 25,000 20 1250 1187.5
Total 12,22,280 41634.6
3.2.11 Crop Wise Total Depreciation Charges

Total Depreciation = Rs. 41,634
Gross Cropped Area = 4.82 Ha
Allocation of Depreciation Charges per Ha = (Total Depreciation Charge) × Area under Crop
(Gross Cropped Area)
Table 3.25 Crop Wise Total Depreciation Charges

Sr. Crop Plot Area Crop Wise Depreciation (Rs.)
No. (Ha)
1. Soyabean 1.21 10451.7
2. Tomato 0.80 6910.2
3. Onion 0.80 6910.2
4. Wheat 1.21 10451.7
5. Sugarcane 0.80 6910.2
Total 4.82 41634
3.2.12 Crop Wise Fixed Capital
Interest on Fixed Capital @ 10% on Rs. 12,22,280 = Rs. 1,22,228

Gross Cropped Area (Ha) = 4.82 ha
Interest on Fixed Capital
Crop wise Interest on Fixed Capital = ×Area under crop
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
21
Table 3.26 Crop Wise Fixed Capital
Sr. Crop Plot Area Crop Wise Fixed Capital (Rs.)

No. (Ha)
1. Soyabean 1.21 30683.8
2. Tomato 0.80 20286.8
3. Onion 0.80 30683.8
4. Wheat 1.21 20286.8
5. Sugarcane 0.80 20286.8
Total 4.82 1,22,228
3.2.13 Crop Wise Incidental Charges
Total Incidental Charges = Rs. 16,000
Gross Cropped Area = 4.82 ha
Crop wise Incidental Charges = Total Incidental charges × Area under the crop
Gross Cropped Area
Table 3.27 Crop Wise Incidental Charges
Sr. Crop Plot Area Crop Wise Incidental Charges

No. (Ha) (Rs.)
1. Soyabean 1.21 4016.6
2. Tomato 0.80 2655.6
3. Onion 0.80 2655.6
4. Wheat 1.21 4016.6
5 Sugarcane 0.80 2655.6
Total 4.82 16,000
3.2.14 Crop Wise Land Revenue

Total Land Revenue = Rs. 400
Gross cropped area = 4.82
Crop wise land revenue = Total Land Revenue x Area under crop
Gross Crop Area
22
Table 3.28 Crop Wise Land Revenue
Sr. Crop Plot Area Crop Wise Land Revenue (Rs.)

No. (Ha)
1. Soyabean 1.21 100.4
2. Tomato 0.80 66.38
3. Onion 0.80 66.38
4. Wheat 1.21 100.4
5 Sugarcane 0.80 66.38
Total 4.82 399.94
3.2.15 Irrigation Structure
Table 3.29 Irrigation Structure
Sr. Depreciation Total Original Useful Junk Depreciation

No. on No. value life value
1 Well 1 2,00,000 50 4000 3920
2 Drip 1 25,000 20 1250 1187.5
3 Electric Motor 2 20,000 20 1000 950
4 Pipeline - 1,50,000 50 3000 2940
Total 3.5 3,95,000 8997.5
Interest on irrigation structure @ 10% of purchase value = 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 x 10

100
395000
= x 10
100
= 39500
3.2.16 Irrigation Hours
Table 3.30 Irrigation Hours
Sr. No. Crop Area Number of Total Hours

(Ha) Irrigation
1. Soyabean 1.21 1 15
2. Tomato 0.80 10 40
3. Onion 0.80 7 112
4. Wheat 1.21 5 150
5. Sugarcane 0.80 24 576
Total 4.82 47 893
23
3.2.17 Crop Wise Irrigation Charges
Electricity Bill = Rs.

12,000Repairing Charges =
Rs. 2000 Total hour utilized
= 893 Hr
Electricity Bill +Repairing Charges
Machine Maintenance Charges =
Total Number of Hours
12000+ 2000
=
893
14000
=
893
= 15.68
Allocation of irrigation charges = Machine Maintenance x Irrigated Hour + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟.@ 10%
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
per ha Charges per Crop
Table 3.31 Crop Wise Irrigation Charges
Sr. No. Crop Area Number of Hours Irrigation Charges

(Rs.)
(Ha)
1. Soyabean 1.21 15 10151.15
2. Tomato 0.80 40 7183.2
3. Onion 0.80 112 8312.16
4. Wheat 1.21 150 12267.95
5. Sugarcane 0.80 576 15518.68
Total 4.82 893 53502.14
24
3.2.17 Crop Wise Over Head Cost
Table 3.32 Crop Wise Over Head Cost
Sr. Crops Area Depreciation Interest Incidental Irrigation Land

No. (Ha) charges (Rs.) on Fixed charges Charges Revenue
Capital (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)
(Rs.)
1. Soyabean 1.21 10451.7 30683.8 4016.6 10151.15 100.4
2. Tomato 0.80 6910.2 20286.8 2655.6 7183.2 66.38
3. Onion 0.80 6910.2 20286.8 2655.6 8312.16 66.38
4. Wheat 1.21 10451.7 30683.8 4016.6 12267.95 100.4
5. Sugarcane 0.80 6910.2 20286.8 2655.6 15587.68 66.38

Total 4.82 41634 122228 16000 53502.14 400
3.3 Crop wise inputs used by the host farmer

3.3.1 Soybean
Photo 3.3.1 Soyb25ean

3.3.1.1 Input utilization for Soybean
Table 3.33 Input utilization for Soybean
Crop: Soyabean Variety: KDS-726 Season: kharif Area:1.21 ha

Per Plot Per Hectare
Sr. Value Value
No. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Qty. Rate (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labour
a) Male Days 15 300 4500 10 300 3600
b) Female Days 39 250 9750 32 250 8000
2. Hired Machinery Used
a) Rotary Acre 3 2000 6000 2.5 2000 5000
b) Seed drill Acre 3 1200 3600 2.5 1200 3000
c) Thresher Qty. 36 150 5400 30 150 4500
3. Own Machinery Used

a) Ploughing Hr. 9 360 3240 6 360 2160
b) Harrowing Hr. 3 270 810 2 270 540
4. Seed Purchased Kg. 66 100 6600 55 100 5500
6. Fertilizers
Urea Kg. 40 7 280 32 7 231
12:32:16 Kg. 150 26 3900 100 125 3250
7. Insecticides, fungicides
& Weedicide
a) Fusiflex (Fluazifop-p-butyl 510/ 510/

ml. 800 400ml 1020 665 400ml 847
13.4 %EC).
b) Proclaim (Imamectin 5.4/ 5.4/
gm. 250 1350 208 1123
benzoate) gm gm
8. Irrigation Charges - - - 10151.15 - - 8390

9. Incidental Charges - - - 4016.6 - - 3320
26
3.3.1.2 Per Hectare cost of cultivation
Table 3.34 Per Hectare cost of cultivation
Crop: Soybean Variety

Season: kharif Area:1ha
(KDS-726)
Per Plot Per
Sr. Hectare
No Value
Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate (Rs.) Value
(Rs.)
1. Hired Human Labour
a) Male Days 15 300 4500 3600
b) Female Days 39 250 9750 8000

2. Hired Machinery Used
a) Rotary Acre 3 2000 6000 5000
b) Seed drill Acre 3 1200 3600 3000
c) Thresher Qty. 36 150 5400 4500
3. Own Machinery Used
a) Ploughing Hr. 9 360 3240 2160
b) Harrowing Hr. 3 270 810 540
4. Seed Purchased Kg. 66 100 6600 5500
5. Fertilizers
a) Urea Kg. 40 7 280 231
b) 12:32:16 Kg. 150 26 3900 3250
6. Insecticides, fungicides &

Weedicide
a) Fusiflex (Fluazifop-p-butyl 510/
ml. 800 400ml 1020 847
13.4 %EC).
b) Proclaim (Imamectin 5.4/
gm. 250 1350 1123
benzoate) gm
7. Irrigation Charges - - - 10151.15 8390
8. Incidental Charges - - - 4016.6 3320
Total Working Capital
9. - - 60617.75 49461
(Totalof1to8) Rs.
27
Interest on Working Capital
- -
10. @prevailing bank rate for full 7274.13 5935.32
Rs.
Crop Period (12%)
11. Total Operational Cost (9+10) Rs. - - 67891.88 55396.32
12. Land Revenue & Other cases Rs. - - 100.4 82.9
Depreciation on Implements,
13. - - 10451.7 8637
Machinery& Building Rs.
Rental Value of land
14. (1/6thofgrossReturn-Land Rs. - - 31699.6 26198.01
Revenue)
15. Interest on Fixed Capital Rs. - - 30683.8 25358.5
16. Total Fixed Cost (Add n of 12 to 15) Rs. - - 72935.5 60276.41
17. Total Cost (11+16) Rs. - - 1,40,827.38 1,15,672.73
3.3.1.3 Cost concept of soybean
Table 3.35 Cost concept of soybean
COST CONCEPT
18. Total Operational Cost Rs. - - 67891.88 55396.32
19. Land Revenue &Other cases Rs. - - 100.4 82.9
20. Depreciation on Implements & Machinery Rs. - - 10451.7 8637
21. Cost A1 (18+19+20) Rs. - - 78443.98 64116.22

22. Rent paid for leased land Rs. - - - -
23. CostA2 Rs. - - 78443.98 64116.22
Interest on Fixed Capital Excluding

Rs. - - 30683.8 25358.5
24. land (10%on Fixed Investment)
Rental Value of Owned land

25. Rs. - - 31699.6 26198.01
(1/6thofgross Return)
26. CostB1(21+24+25) Rs. - - 1,40,827.38 1,15,672.80
28
Rental Value of Owned Land-
27. Rs. - - 31599.2 26115.04
Land Revenue &Other cases (25-19)
28. CostB2(27+28) Rs. 1,72,426.98 1,41,787.84
29. Imputed Value of Family Labour. Days 3 300 900 600
30. Supervision Charges(10%ofCostA) Rs. - - 7844.4 6411.62
31. CostC1(26+29+30) Rs. - - 1,49,571.78 1,22,684.42

32. CostC2(28+29+30) Rs. - - 1,81,270.4 1,48,799.46
3.3.1.4 Yield of Soybean
Table 3.36 Yield of Soybean
Sr. Per Plot

Item Unit Per Hectare
No. Qty. Rate Value (Rs.)
1. Main Product Quintal 36 5300 190800 159000
2 By product Kg. 500 3.6/ Kg 1800 1440
Gross Income - 192600 160440
3.3.1.5 Analytical tools or estimated income measures used
Table 3.37 Analytical tools or estimated income measures used
Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) = Gross Income –Cost A1 or Cost A2

= 1,92,601 – 78,443.98
= Rs. 1,14,157.02
Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) = Gross Income –Cost B1 or Cost B2
= 1,92,601 – 1,40,827.38
= Rs.51,773.62
Net Income (N.I.) = Gross Income-Cost C1 or Cost C2
= 1,92,601 – 1,49,571.78
= Rs.43,029.22
Farm Investment Income (F.I.I.) = FBI - Imputed Value of Family labour
= 1,14,157.02 - 900
= Rs. 1,13,257.02
Benefit-Cost Ratio = Gross Income/Cost C1 or Cost C2
= 1,92,601 / 1,49,571.78
= 1.29
29
Per quintal Cost of Production = (Cost C1 or Cost C -Value of by Product) /Yield in (Qty)
= 1,49,571.78 – 1800 / 36
= Rs.4104.77
Per hectare Cost of Production = (Cost C1 or Cost C2 –Value of by Product)/Area (ha.)
= 1,49,571.78 – 1800 / 1.21
= Rs.1,22,125.43
3.3.2 Tomato
Photo 3.3.2 Tomato
30
3.3.2.1 Input utilization for the tomato crop
Table 3.38 Input utilization for Tomato
Sr. Per Plot Per ha

Item of cost Unit
No. Qt Rate Value Qt Rate Value
Hired labour
1 a) Male Days 62 300 18600 77 300 23100
b) Female Days 24 250 6000 30 250 7500
Hired machinery
2
a) Rotary Hr. 2 2000 4000 2.5 2000 5000
Own machinery
a) Plough Hr 6 360 2160 7.5 360 2700
3
b) Harrowing Hr 2 270 540 2.5 270 675
c)Bed preparation Acre 2 600 1200 2.5 600 1500
4 Mulching paper Bundles 8 1775 14200 10 1775 17750
5 Threads Kg 53 132 7000 66 132 8712
6 Seed purchased Seedlings 11000 1.4 15400 13750 1.4 19250
Fertilizer
a) SSP Kg 200 450 1800 250 450 2250
b) 10:26:26 Kg 100 1600 3200 125 1600 4800
7 c)19:19:19 Kg 4 110 440 5 110 550
d)13:00:45+CaNO3 Kg 212 170 680 5 170 850
e) 60:20 Kg 10 260 2600 12.5 260 3250
f) 13:60:13 Kg 3 160 480 4 160 640
Insecticides
a) Takad ml 500 625 625 625 625 780
b) Neem
(Azaddirachtin) ml 2000 700 1400 2500 700 1750
c)Nuvan (Diclorvos) ml 1000 750 750 1250 750 937
d)cypermythrin ml 500 300 300 625 300 375
8 d) Proclaim
(emmectinbenzoate) gm 50 150 150 62.5 150 187
f) Lunger ml 1000 900 1800 1250 900/500ml 2250
g) Jupiter ml 500 600 600 625 600/500ml 750
h) Control 40 ml 1000 450 450 1250 450/1000ml 560
9 Pesticide
31
a) Bavistine
gm 500 400 400 625 400/500gm 500
(Carbendazim)
650/1000gm
b) saaf gm 1000 650 650 1250 812
c) Folicur
gm 100 500 500 125 500/100gm 625
(Tebuconzole)
d) Antracol 600/1000
gm 1000 600 600 1250 gm 750
(Propineb)
e) Roko (Thiophanate
gm 500 920 920 625 920/500gm 1150
methyl)
f) Force ml 1000 300 300 1250 300/1000ml 375
g) Score
ml 250 850 850 312 850/250ml 1060
(Difenconazol)
300/500
h) Z-78 (Zineb) gm 1500 900 1875 300/500gm 1125
gm
i) Custodia 1400/500
gm 500 1400 1400 625 gm 1750
(Azoxystrobin)
j) M- 45 (Mancozeb) gm 1000 180 180 1250 180/100gm 225
Micronutrient
700/1000
a) Fruit up gm 1000 700 700 1250 gm 875
b) Boron gm 500 180 180 625 180/500gm 225
10 c) Keup gm 500 375 375 625 375/500gm 468
d) Siveed ml 1000 600 600 1250 600/lit 750
e) Remedi gm 2000 290 580 2500 290/Kg 725
f) C- rubbi gm 500 600 600 625 600/500gm 750
g) Chilated- Ca gm 500 400 400 625 400/500gm 500
Harmonal spray
11 a) Isabian ml 1000 750 750 1250 750/Lit 937
b) Lihocin ml 250 365 365 312 365/250ml 455
7183.2
12 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - - - 8979
2655.6 3319.5
13 Incidental Charges Rs. - - - -
32
3.3.2.2 Per Hectare cost cultivation of tomato crop
Table 3.39 Per Hectare cost cultivation of tomato crop
Sr. Per Plot (0.80 Ha) Per Ha

Item of cost Unit
No Qt Rate Value Value
1 Hired labour
a) Male Days 62 300 18600 23100
b) Female Days 24 250 6000 7500
2 Hired machinery
a) Rotary Acre 2 2000 4000 5000
Own machinery
a) Plough Hr 6 360 2160 2700
3
b) Harrowing Hr 2 270 540 675
c)Bed preparation Acre 2 600 1200 1500
4 Mulching paper bundle 8 1775 14200 17750
5 Twine Kg 53 132 7000 8712
6 Seed purchased seedlings 11000 1.4 15400 19250
7 Fertilizer
a) SSP Kg 200 450 1800 2250
b) 10:26:26 Kg 100 1600 3200 4800
c)19:19:19 Kg 4 110 440 550
d)13:00:45+CaNO3 Kg 212 170 680 850
e) 60:20 Kg 10 260 2600 3250
f) 13:60:13 Kg 3 160 480 640
8 Insecticides
a) Takad ml 500 625 625 780
b) Neem ( Azaddirachtin) ml 2000 700 1400 1750
c) Nuvan (Diclorvos) ml 1000 750 750 937
d) cypermythrin ml 500 300 300 375
e) Proclaim (emmectin
gm 50 150 150 187
benzoate)
f) Lunger ml 1000 900 1800 2250
g) Jupiter ml 500 600 600 750
h) Control 40 ml 1000 450 450 560
9 Pesticide
a) Bavistine (Carbendazim) gm 500 400 400 500
b) saaf gm 1000 650 650 812
c) Folicur (Tebuconzole) gm 100 500 500 625
d) Antracol (Propineb) gm 1000 600 600 750
33
e) Roko (Thiophanate methyl) gm 500 920 920 1150
f) Force ml 1000 300 300 375
g) Score (Difenconazol) ml 250 850 850 1060
300/500g
h) Z-78 (Zineb) gm 1500 m 900 1125
i) Custodia (Azoxystrobin ) gm 500 1400 1400 1750
j) M- 45 (Mancozeb) gm 1000 180 180 225
10 Micronutrient
a) Fruit up gm 1000 700 700 875
b) Boron gm 500 180 180 225
c) Keup gm 500 375 375 468
d) Siveed ml 1000 600 600 750
e) Remedi gm 2000 290 580 725
f) C- rubbi gm 500 600 600 750
g) Chilated- Ca gm 500 400 400 500
11 Harmonal spray
a) Isabian ml 1000 750 750 937
b) Lihocin ml 250 365 365 455
12 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - 7183.2 8979
13 Incidental Charges Rs. - - 2655.6 3319.5
14 Total Working Capital (Total
Rs. - - 105463.8 130471.5
of 1 to13)
15 Interest on Working Capital
@prevailing bank rate for full Rs. - - 12655.65 15656.58
Crop Period (12%)
Total Operational Cost
16 Rs. - - 118119.45 148368.08
(14+15)
17 Land Revenue &Other cases Rs. - - 66.38 82.97
18 Depreciation on Implements,
Rs. - - 6910.2 8637.75
Machinery & Building
19 (1/6thofgrossReturn-Land Rs. - - 95933.62 119917.02
Revenue)
20 Interest on Fixed Capital Rs. - - 20286.8 25358.5
Total Fixed Cost (Addn of 17
21 Rs. - - 123197 153996.2
to 20)
22 Total Cost (16+21) Rs. - - 2,41,316.5 3,00,122.32
34
3.3.2.3 Cost concept of tomato crop
Table 3.40 Cost concept of tomato crop.
Cost Concept
Per plot Per Ha
Sr.no Item of cost Unit
Qt Rate Value Value
23 Total operational cost Rs. - - 118119.45 148368.08
24 Land Revenue Rs. - - 6638 82.97
25 Depreciation Rs. - - 6910.2 8637.75
26 Cost A1(23+24+25) Rs. - - 125096.03 157088.8
27 Rent paid for leased land Rs. - -
28 Cost A2(26+27) Rs. - - 125096.03 157088.8
29 Interest on fix capital Rs. - - 20286.8 25358.5
30 Rental value of own land Rs. - - 95933.62 119917.02
31 Cost B1(26+29+30) Rs. - - 241316.45 302364.32
32 Rental value – Land revenue Rs. - - 95867.24 119834.05
33 Cost B2(31+32) Rs. - - 337183.69 422198.37
Imputed value of Family
34 Days 13 300 3900 4800
Labour
Supervision charge (10% on
35 Rs. - - 12509.6 322649
costA)
36 Cost C1(31+34+35) Rs. - - 257726.05 320407
37 Cost C2(33+34+35) Rs. - - 353593.29 442483.05
3.3.2.4 Yield of tomato

Table 3.41 Yield of tomato crop.
Per plot Per Ha

Sr. No Item of cost Qty Rate Value Value
1 Main product 360 1700 576000 765000
Gross income - - 576000 765000
35

= 576000 – 125096.03
= Rs.450904
= 576000 – 214316.45
= Rs.334683.55
= 576000 – 257726.05
= Rs.318273.95
= 450904 - 4800
= Rs.446104
= 576000 / 257726.05
= 2.23
= 257726.05 / 360
= Rs.715.90

= 257726.05 / 0.80
= Rs.322157.56
36
3.3.3 Onion
Photo 3.3.3 Onion.
37
3.3.3.1 Input utilization for the onion
Table 3.43 Input utilization for the onion
Crop:
Onion Variety: Pancha Ganga Season: Rabbi Area:0.80 Ha
Sr. Per Plot Per Hectare
Value
No. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value (Rs.) Qty. Rate
(Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labour
a) Male Days 12 300 3600 15 300 4500
b) Female Days 100 250 25000 125 250 31250
2 Hired Machinery Used
a) Rotary Acre 3 2000 4000 2.5 2000 5000
3 Own Machinery Used
a) Ploughing Hr. 6 360 2160 7.5 360 2700
b) Harrowing Hr. 2 270 540 2.5 270 675
c) Bed Preparation Acre 2 300 600 2.5 300 750
1600/
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 8 1600/ Kg 12800 10 Kg 16000
6 Fertilizers
1200 / 50 1200 /
a) 15:15:00 Kg. 200 4800 250 6000
Kg 50 Kg
1380 / 50 1380 /
b) 12:32:16 Kg. 200 5520 250 6900
Kg 50 Kg
1350 / 50 1350 /
c)10:26:26 Kg. 200 5280 250 6750
Kg 50 Kg
Insecticides, fungicides &
7
Weedicide
370 /200 370
a) Goal ml. 400 ml
740 500 /200 ml
925
200/200 200/200
b) Karate ml. 400 ml 400 500 ml 500
170/250 170/250
c) Bavistin gm. 500 gm
340 625 gm
425
150/500 150/500
d) M- 45 gm. 1000 300 1250 375
gm gm
280/250 280/250
e) Roko gm. 500 560 625 700
gm gm
250/150 250/15
f) Cypermethrin ml. 500 300 625 375
ml. 0 ml.
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - 8312.16 - - 10390.2
9 Incidental Charges Rs. - - 2655.6 - - 3319.5
38
3.3.3.2 Per Hectare cost cultivation of onion crop
Table 3.44 Per Hectare cost cultivation of onion crop
Sr. Item of cost Unit Per Plot (0.80) Per Ha.

No.
Qty. Rate Value Value (Rs.)
(Rs.)
a) Male Days 12 300 3600 4500
b) Female Days 100 250 25000 31250
a) Rotary Acre 2 2000 4000 5000
a) Ploughing Hr. 6 360 2160 2700
g) Bed preparation Hr. 2 300 600 750
h) Harrowing Hr. 2 270 540 675
4 Seed purchased Kg. 8 1600 12800 16000
5 Fertilizers
a) 15:15:00 Kg. 200 1200 4800 6000
b) 12;32:32 Kg. 200 1380 5520 6900
c)10:26:26 Kg. 200 1350 5280 6750
6 Insecticides, fungicides
& Weedicide
a) Goal ml 400 370 740 925
b) karate ml 400 200 400 500
c)Bavistin gm 500 170 340 425
d)M-45 gm. 1000 150 300 375
39
i) Roko gm 500 280 560 700
j) Cypermythrin ml 500 150 300 375
7 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - 8312.16 10390.2
9 Total Working Capital 77907.76 97534.7

Rs. - -
(Totalof1to8)
10 Interest on Working 9348.93 11704.164
Capital @prevailing
Rs. - -
bank rate for full Crop
Period (12%)
11 Total Operational Cost 87256.69 109238.86
Rs. - -
(9+10)
12 Land Revenue &Other 66.38 82.97
Rs. - -
cases
13 Depreciation on 6910.2 8637.75
Implements, Machinery Rs. - -
& Building
14 Rental Value of land 47933.62 59917.025
(1/6thofgrossReturn- Rs. - -
Land Revenue)
15 Interest on Fixed Capital 20286.8 25358.5
Rs. - -
16 Total Fixed Cost (Addn 75197 93996.24
Rs. - -
of 12 to 15)
17 Total Cost (11+16) 1,62,453.69 2,03,235.10
Rs. - -
3.3.3.3 Cost concept of onion crop

Table 3.45 Cost concept of onion crop.
Cost Concept
Per plot Per Ha.
Qty. Rate value Value
20 Land Revenue Rs. - - 66.38 82.97
21 Depreciation Rs. - - 6910.2 8637.75
22 cost A1 Rs. - - 94233.27 117954.58
Rent paid for leased
23 - - - - -
land
24 Cost A2 Rs. - - 94233.27 117954.58
40
26 Rental value of Land Rs. - - 47933.62 54917.026
27 Cost B1 Rs. - - 162453.69 203235.1
28 Rental value-LR Rs. - - 47867.24 59850.64
29 Cost B2 Rs. - - 210320.93 263085.74
30 Imputed value family 14 300 4200 5100
Days
labour
Supervision charge
31 Rs. - - 9423.32 11795.458
(10% on costA)
32 Cost C1 Rs. - - 176077.01 220130.5
33 Cost C2 Rs. - - 223944.25 279981.19
3.3.3.4 Yield of onion

Table 3.46 Yield of onion crop.
Per plot Per Ha

Sr.no Item of cost
Qty Rate Value Value
1 Main product 240 1200 288000 360000
Gross income - - 288000 360000
Table 3.47 Analytical tools or estimated income measures used.

= 288000-94233.27
= Rs.193766.73
= 288000-162453.69
= Rs.125546.31
= 288000-116077.01
= Rs.111922.99
= 193766.73-4200
= Rs.189566.73
= 288000 / 176077.01
= 1.63
41
= 176077.01 / 60
= Rs.733.65

= 176077.01 / 1.21
= Rs.220096.26
42
3.3.4 Wheat
Photo 3.3.4 wheat
43
3.3.4.1 Input utilization for the wheat crop
Table 3.48 Input utilization for wheat

Crop: Wheat Variety: Ajit- Season: Area:1.21 ha
102 Rabbi
No. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired Human
Labour
a) Male Days 12 300 3600 10 300 3000
2 Hired Machinery
Used
a) Rotary Acre 3 2000 6000 2.5 2000 5000
b) Seeddrill Acre 3 1200 3600 2.5 1200 3000
c) Harvester Acre 3 2500 7500 2.5 2500 6250
3 Own Machinery
Used
a) Ploughing Hr. 7 371 2600 4 371 1480
b) Harrowing Hr. 3 270 810 2 270 540
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 100 48 / Kg 4800 82.64 48 3966.7

5 Fertilizers
Urea Kg. 120 7 840 100 7 700
20:20:00:13 Kg. 300 26 7500 247 25 6175
6 Insecticides,fungi
cides &
Weedicide
a) 2 -4 -D gm. 1500 600/ 1800 1239 600/ 1028.3
(Dimetylamine 500gm 500g
salt). m
b) Proclaim gm. 250 4/ 1000 170 4/ 680

(Imamectinbenzoa gm gm
te)
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - 12267.95 - - 10138
9 Incidental Rs. - - 4016.6 - - 3319.5
Charges
44
3.3.4.2 Per Hectare cost cultivation of wheat crop
Table 3.49 Per Hectare cost cultivation of wheat crop
Variety:
Crop: Wheat Ajit- 102 Season: Rabbi Area:1.21 ha
Per Plot Per Ha.

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Value
Qty. Rate Value (Rs.)
(Rs.)
Hired Human Labour
1
a) Male Days 15 300 3600 3000
Hired Machinery Used
a) Rotary Acre 3 2000 6000 5000
2
b) Seed drill Acre 3 1200 3600 3000
c) Harvester Acre 3 2500 7500 6250
Own Machinery Used
3 a) Ploughing Hr. 7 371 2600 1480
b) Harrowing Hr. 3 270 810 540
48 /
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 100 4800 3966.72
Kg
Fertilizers
5 Urea Kg. 120 7 840 700
20:20:00:13 Kg. 300 26 7500 6175
Weedicide
600/
6 a) 2 -4 -D (Dimetylamine salt). gm. 1500 500g 1800 1028.3
m
b) Proclaim (Imamectin
gm. 250 4 / gm 1000 680
benzoate)
7 Irrigation Charges Rs. - - 12267.95 10138.8
Total Working Capital
9 Rs. - - 56334.55 45421
(Totalof1to8)
Interest on Working Capital
10 @prevailing bank rate for full Rs. - - 6760.15 5450.52
Crop Period (12%)
Total Operational Cost
11 Rs. - - 63094.7 50871.52
(9+10)
12 Land Revenue& Other cases Rs. - - 100.4 82.9
45
Depreciation on Implements,
13 Rs. - - 10451.7 8637
Machinery & Building
14 (1/6thofgrossReturn-Land Rs. - - 29899.6 24916.33
Revenue)
15 Interest on Fixed Capital Rs. - - 30683.8 25358.5
Total Fixed Cost (Addn of 12
16 Rs. - - 71135.5 58994.73
to 15)
17 Total Cost (11+16) Rs. - - 134230.2 109034.42
3.3.4.3 Cost concept of wheat crop

Table 3.50 Cost concept of wheat crop.
COSTCONCEPT
18 Total Operational Cost Rs. - - 63094.7 50871.52

19 Land Revenue & Other cases Rs. - - 100.4 82.9
Depreciation on Implements &
20 Rs. - - 10451.7 8637
Machinery
21 Cost A (18+19+20) Rs. - - 73646.8 59591.42
22 Rent paid for leased land Rs. - - - -
23 CostA2 Rs. - - 73646.8 59591.42
Interest on Fixed Capital
24 Excluding land (10%on Fixed Rs. - - 30683.8 25358.5
Investment)
Rental Value of Owned land
25 (1/6thofgross Return- Land Rs. - - 29899.6 24701.41
revenue)
26 CostB1(21+24+25) Rs. - - 134230.2 109660.4
Rental Value of Owned land-
27 Land Revenue & Other cases Rs. - - 29799.2 24627.43
(25-19)
28 CostB2(26+27) Rs. - - 164029.2 134287.76
Imputed Value of Family
29 Days 15 300 4500 3750
Labour.
Supervision Charges (10% of
30 Rs. - - 7364.68 5875.95
CostA)
31 Cost C1 (26+29+30) Rs. - - 149571.78 119286.28
32 Cost C2 (28+29+30) Rs. - - 181270.4 143913.71
46
3.3.4.4 Yield of wheat
Table 3.51 Yield of wheat crop
Per Plot Per Ha

Sr.
Item Unit Value
No. Qty. Rate Value (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1 Main Product Quintal 60 3000 180000 150000
Gross Income - - - 180000 150000

Table 3.52 Analytical tools or estimated income measures used.

= 180000 – 73646.8
= Rs.106353.2
= 180000 - 134230
= Rs.45770
= 180000 – 146094.68
= Rs.33905.32
= 106353.2 - 4500
= Rs.101853.2
= 180000 / 146094.68
= 1.23
Per quintal Cost of Production = Cost C1 or Cost C -Value of by Product /Yield in (Qty.)
= 146094.68 / 60
= Rs.2434.91
Per hectare Cost of Production = Cost C1 or Cost C2 –Value of by Production/Area (ha.)

= 146094.68 / 1.21
= Rs.120739.40
47
3.3.5 Sugarcane
Photo 3.3.5 Sugarcane
3.3.5.1 Input utilization for the sugarcane crop

Table 3.53 Input utilization for sugarcane
Per plot Per Ha

Sr. No Item of cost Unit
Qty Rate Value Qty Rate Value
Hired labour:
1 a) Male Days 24 300 7200 30 300 9000
b) Female Days 20 250 5000 25 250 6250
Hired
2 Machinery:
a) Rotary Acre 2 2000 4000 2.5 2000 5000
Own
Machinery:
3 a) Ploughing Hr 6 720 4320 7.5 720 5400
b) Bed
Acre 2 600 1200 2.5 600 750
Preparation
No. of
4 Seed Purchased 12000 2.8 33600 15000 2.8 42000
Seeds
Fertilizers:
a) Urea Kg 360 7/Kg 2520 450 280 3150
5 b) 10:26:26 Kg 250 1250 6250 300 1250 7500
c) 18:46:00 Kg 100 1200 2400 125 1200 3000
d) MOP Kg 100 1700 3400 125 1700 4250
48
Pesticides:
6 a) Bavstin gm 500 400 400 625 500 500
b)profenphos ml 600 246 246 750 307 307
Instecticides:
a) Neem ml 1000 700 700 1250 875 875
7 b) Phorate Kg 4 320 320 5 400 400
c) Corogen ml 300 3800 3800 375 4762 4762
d)Cypermythrin ml 500 300 300 625 375 375
Weedicide:
8
2-4 D gm 600 720 720 750 900 900
Micronutrient:
a) Fruitup Kg 1 700 700 1.25 875 875
9
b) Boron gm 500 180 180 625 225 225
c) Calcium- C gm 500 400 400 625 500 500
Irrigation
10 Rs - - 15578.68 - - 19473.35
charge
Incidental
11 Rs - - 2655.6 - - 3319.5
charge
3.3.5.2 Per Hectare cost cultivation of sugarcane crop
Table 3.54 Per Hectare cost cultivation of sugarcane crop
Per plot Per Ha

Sr. No Item of cost Unit
Hired labour:
1 a) Male Days 24 300 7200 9000
b) Female Days 20 250 5000 6250
Hired Machinery:
2
a) Rotary Acre 2 2000 4000 5000
Own Machinery:
3 a) Ploughing Hr 12 360 4320 5400
b) Bed Preparation Acre 2 600 1200 750
No. of
4 Seed Purchased 12000 2.8 33600 42000
Seeds
Fertilizers:
a) Urea Kg 360 7 2520 3150
5 b) 10:26:26 Kg 250 1250 6250 7500
c) 18:46:00 Kg 100 1200 2400 3000
d) MOP Kg 49 100 1700 3400 4250
Pesticides:
6 a) Bavstin gm 500 400 400 500
b) profenphos ml 600 246 246 307
Insecticides:
a) Neem ml 1000 700 700 875
7 b) Phorate Kg 4 320 320 400
c) Corogen ml 300 3800 3800 4762
c) Cypermythrin ml 500 300 300 375
Weedicides:
8
2-4 D gm 600 720 720 900
Micronutrient:
a) Fruitup Kg 1 700 700 875
9
b) Boron gm 500 180 180 225
c) Calcium- C gm 500 400 400 500
10 Irrigation charge Rs - - 15578.68 19473.35
11 Incidental charge Rs - - 2655.6 3319.5
12 Working Capital Rs - - 95890.28 115976.85
Interest on working
13 Rs - - 11506.83 13917.22
capital
14 Total operational cost Rs - - 107397.11 129894.07
15 Land revenue Rs - - 66.38 82.97
16 Depreciation Rs - - 6910.2 8637.75
17 Rental value of land Rs - - 64933.62 81167.02
Interest on fixed
18 Rs - - 20286.8 25358.5
capital
19 Total fixed cost Rs - - 77197 96496.24
20 Total cost Rs - - 199594.11 245140.31
3.3.5.5 Cost concept of sugarcane crop

Table 3.55 Cost concept of sugarcane crop
Cost Concept
Per plot Per Ha
20 Land Revenue Rs. - - 66.38 82.97
21 Depreciation Rs. - - 6910.2 8637.75
22 Cost A1 (19+20+21) Rs. - - 114373.69 1386614.79
23 Rent paid for leased land - - - - -
24 Cost A2 (22+23) Rs. - - 114373.69 138614.79
50
26 Rental value of own land Rs. - - 64933.62 81167.02
27 Cost B1(22+25+26) Rs. - - 199593.69 245140.31
28 Rental value-LR Rs. - - 64867.24 81084.05
29 Cost B2(27+28) Rs. - - 264460.93 326224.36
30 Imputed value of Family Labour Days 24 300 7200 9000
Supervision charge (10% on
31 Rs. - - 11437.36 13861.47
costA)
32 Cost C1(27+30+31) Rs. - - 218231.05 268001.78
33 Cost C2(29+30+31) Rs. - - 283098.29 349085.83
3.3.5.6 Yield of sugarcane

Table 3.56 Yield of sugarcane crop
Sr. Per plot Per Ha

Item of cost
No Ton Rate Value Value
1 Main product 130 3000 390000 487500
Gross income - - 390000 487500

= 390000 – 114373.69
= Rs.275626.31
= 390000 – 199593.69
= Rs.190406.31
= 390000 – 218231.05
= Rs.171768.95
= 275626.31 - 7200
= Rs.268426.31
51
= 390000 /218231.05
= 1.78
= 218231.05 / 1300
= Rs.167.87

= 218231.05 / 0.80
= Rs.272788.81
3.4 Marketing channels and marketing cost of commodities
3.4.1 Commodity: Tomato.
Farmer – Primary Wholesaler – Secondary Wholesaler –
ConsumerFarmer - Consumer
Formulae
Producer’s Price =selling price -cost incurred
Marketing Margin of Village Trader = selling price - (purchased price + cost incurred)
TotalMarketingMargin=MarketingMarginOfVillageTrader+MarketingMarginofW
holesaler
Producer Share in consumer rupee = (Price Received by producer/Price Paid by Consumer) ×100
Price spread = Price paid by consumer - Price received by producer
52
Table 3.58 Marketing cost of Tomato
Sr Particular Channel–1 Chanel -2
no.
A Cost Incurred by farmer

(producer)
1 Transportation 15 15
2 Labour loading & unloading 20 20
3 Weighing charges 2 2
4 Plastic bags 10 10
Subtotal 47 47
B Primary Wholesaler
1 Transportation 10 10
2 Weighing charges 2 2
3 Loading unloading charges 8 8
4 Commission charges 43 43
Subtotal 63 63
C Secondary Wholesaler
1 Transportation 8 -
2 Loading unloading charges 10 -
3 Commission charges 47 -
4 Labour charges 8 -
5 Weighing charge 2 -
6 Storage charges 5 -
Subtotal 90 -
Total 190 110
53
Above table interpret the channel wise marketing costs of Tomato crop. more no of costs and charges
areinvolved in this table.
Table 3.59 Price spread and market margin for tomato
Sr. No Particulars Channel I Channel II

A) Producer
1 Gross price received by farmer 1700 1700
2 Marketing cost 47 47
3 Net price received by producer 1653 1653
B) Village trader
1 Selling price of village trader 1800 1800
3 Purchase price 1700 1700
4 Net price received by village trader 1737 1737
5 Margin 37 37
C) Wholesaler
1 Selling price of wholesaler 2000 -
2 Marketing cost 80 -
3 Purchase price 1800 -
4 Net price received by wholesaler 1920 -
5 Margin 120 -
D) Consumer purchased price 2000 1800
E) Total cost incurred 190 190
F) Percent share in consumer price (%)
G) Price spread 347 147
Producer share in consumer price
H) (%) 82.65% 91.83%
3.4.2 Commodity: Onion

Farmer – Primary Wholesaler – Secondary Wholesaler –
ConsumerFarmer - Consumer
54
Table 3.60 Marketing cost of Onion
Sr. No Particulars Channel I Channel II

A) Producer
1 Cost of gunny bags 20 20
2 Labour for soarting 20 20
4 Transportation cost 30 30
Subtotal 100 100
B) Wholesaler
1 Transportation cost 20 20
3 Storage charges 10 10
Subtotal 40 40
C) Retailer
1 Transportation cost 15 -
2 Loading unloading charges 10 -
3 Spoilage storage 20 -
Subtotal 45 -
Total 185 140
Formulae
Producer’s Price =selling price -cost incurred
Marketing Margin of Village Trader = selling price - (purchased price + cost incurred)
TotalMarketingMargin=MarketingMarginOfVillageTrader+MarketingMarginofW
holesaler
Producer Share in consumer rupee = (Price Received by producer/Price Paid by Consumer) ×100
Price spread = Price paid by consumer - Price received by producer
55
Table 3.61 Price spread and market margin for onion.
Sr. No. Particulars Channel I Channel II
A) Producer
1 Gross price received by producer 1200 1200
3 Net price received 1100 1100
B) Wholesaler
1 Purchased price 1200 1200
3 Selling price/q 1500 1500
4 Margin 260 260
C) Retailer
1 Purchased price 1500 -
2 Marketing Cost 45 -
3 Selling price/q 2000 -
4 Margin 455 -
D) Purchased price of consumer 2000 1500
E) Total incurred cost 185 140
F) Percent share in consumer price (%) - -
G) Price spread (Cp-Pp) 900 400
H) 55% 73.33%
(%)
56
CHAPTER NO. 4
PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
57
4.1 Problems faced by the farmer:
1. It is difficult to the farmer to find out the labour on time during pick season which
maylead to delay in certain farm operations.
2. Changing climatic conditions.
3. High cost of production.
4. High cost of manure, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, weedicides, etc.
5. Irregular electricity supply.
4.2 Suggestions to overcome the problems
1. Farmer can increase the use of machineries whenever possible to overcome

theproblems arises due to the labours.
2. In order to reduce price risk, production risk, farmer can adopt insurance measures.
3. In order to reduce cost of production, farmer can adopt integrated methods of

farmingsuch as Integrated Pest Management, Integrated Nutrient Management.
4. Use of drip irrigation for all crops for saving water, efforts, time, cost and
electricityalso.
58
CHAPTER NO.5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
59
5.1 Summary
1. Total land of the host farmer is 2.97 Ha. And total cultivable land is 2.81 Ha.
2. Total farm assets of the host farmer are Rs. 8,20,280/-
3. Total household assets of the host farmer are Rs. 2,17,500/-
4. Existing cropping intensity of the farmer is 171.53%
5. Total depreciation on implements, machineries, equipment and buildings is

Rs.41,634.60/-
6. Total fixed capital is Rs. 12,22,280/-
7. Total incidental charges are Rs. 16,000/-
8. Total land revenue is Rs. 400/-
9. Gross income and B:C ratio of tomato is Rs. 5,76,000/- and 2.23 respectively.
10. Gross income and B:C ratio of soybean is Rs. 1,92,600/- and 1.12 respectively.
11. Gross income and B:C ratio of onion is Rs. 2,88,000/- and 1.63 respectively.
12. Gross income and B:C ratio of wheat is Rs. 1,80,000/- and 1.23 respectively.
13. Gross income and B:C ratio of sugarcane is Rs. 3,90,000 and 1.78 respectively.
14. The gross income and B:C ratio of onion (Altered crop) is Rs. 2,88,000/- and
1.63respectively which is more than soybean (Replaced crop) of gross income
1,92,600/- and B:C ratio is 1.09.
15. The gross income of tomato is more as compared to gross income of other crops.
5.2 Conclusions
According to the findings of the study, using various improved cultivation
techniquesand a recommended package of practices can result in higher returns from high-value
crops. The study also concluded that tomato fruit crops provide more profit to farmers than other
crops, and thatduring the rabi season, farmers can replace tomato crops with onions to increase
profits.
60
CHAPTER NO. 6
EXPERIENCE GAINED
61
Experience Gained
1. Possess experience in the effective and efficient management of production

activities tomaximize profits while minimizing costs.
2. Acquired knowledge on how to use technical know-how, risk mitigation strategies, and
pestand disease attacks to combat unanticipated circumstances like climate change.
3. Acquired knowledge of field-based agricultural finance management.
4. Recognized the value of adaptability in the decision-making process.
5. Acquired knowledge of the methods used to cultivate different crops.
6. Recognized the significance of field-based nutrient, pest, and human resource management.
62
CHAPTER NO. 7
APPENDIX
63
7.1 Questionnaire for Sample Cultivator
Table 1 Host farmer Information
Name of the Host farmer:
a) Gender-Male/Female
b) Age-(years)
c) Education
d) Category of the host
farmer
e) Address
Table No.2.Details of family labour

Sr. No. Male Female Total
Working Non-working Working Non-working
Table No 3. Land Utilization

Sr. No. Total Present Land Area under Irrigated area (Ha)
area Value revenue Cultivation (Ha)
(Ha) (Rs.) and cess
(Rs.)
Rainfed Irrigated Canal Well
Irrigation Irrigation
KRSP KRSP
K = Kharif R= Rabi S= Summer P= Perennial
Table No. 4 Livestock Details

Sr. No. Type of Animal Numbers Present Value (Rs.)
64
Table No. 5. Inventory of farm buildings, wells, implements and machineries
Sr. No. Type Present Value Expected Life Minor repairs

(Rs.) (years) (Rs.)
1. Farm house and other
farm building
2. Implements
Plough
Tiffan/ Seed drill
Hoes
Bullock cart
Clod crusher
Spades
Kudali
Others (Specify)
3. Machineries
Tractor
Oil engine
Electric motor
Thresher/Winnower
Spray pump
Other (Specify)
4. Wells
5. Other (Specify)
65
Table 6 Input utilization for crop by host farmer
Crop:
Variety: Season: Area:
Value
No. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value (Rs.) Qty. Rate
(Rs.)
a) Male
b) Female
a) Rotary
a) Ploughing
b) Harrowing
c) Bed Preparation
4 Seed Purchased
6 Fertilizers
7
Weedicide
8 Irrigation Charges
9 Incidental Charges
Table 7 Yield of crop
Sr. Per plot Per Ha

Item of cost
No Ton Rate Value Value
1 Main product
Gross income
66
Table no. 8 Price spread of market margin
Sr. No. Particulars Channel I Channel II
A) Producer
1 Gross price received by producer
2 Marketing cost
3 Net price received
B) Wholesaler
1 Purchased price
2 Marketing cost
3 Selling price/q
4 Margin
C) Retailer
1 Purchased price
2 Marketing Cost
3 Selling price/q
4 Margin
D) Purchased price of consumer
E) Total incurred cost
F) Percent share in consumer price (%)
G) Price spread (Cp-Pp)
H)
(%)
67
7.2 Problems faced in production and marketing of crops
A) Seed:
1. Whether do you get vegetable seed/seedlings adequately?

Yes/No
2. How much seed do you buy?
gm/kg
3. Which variety do you prefer?
Reasons for preference for this variety
a. High yield Quality
B) Labour:
1. Whether you get labour adequately?

Yes/No
If not, how much labour do you get (Give proportion)
2. why there is shortage of labour particularly for certain operation?

What is the effect of shortage of labour?
C) Capital:
1. Whether do you have sufficient capital?
2. what is the source of capital?
3. What is the rate of interest on capital?
4. At which stage of operation, there is shortage of capital?
a. Will there be increase in production?
68
CHAPTER NO. 8
REFERENCES
69
8.1 Books
a. China S. S., Narinder pal Singh, Farm Management in India. Kalyani Publishers,
Hyderabad
b. Dr. Maitri R.G., Das P.C. fruit Crops of India, Kalyani Publishres, Hyderabad.
c. Dr. Walia U.S, Dr. Walia S. S, Dr. Kler D.S, Dr. Dalip Singh, Science of
Agronomy,Scientific Publishers, India.
d. Reddy S. S., P. Raghu Ram, Nilkanth shastri T. V., I. Bhavani Devi
AgricultureEconomics. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Ltd, New Delhi
e. Yawalkar K.S, Agarwal J.P, Bodke S, Manures and Fertilizers (11th edition),
Agri-Horticultural publishing House, Nagpur
8.2 Websites
a. www.agriinfo.in
b. www.icar.org
c. www.igmaharashtra.gov.in
d. www.mswc.com
70
CHAPTER NO.9
PHOTO GRAPHS
71
Photo 9.1 Visit to Gram panchayat of Kasbe Sukene
Photo 9.2 Photo with host farmer
72
Photo 9.3 Photo of soybean plot
Photo 9.4 Photo of collecting diseases sample from field
73
Photo 9.4 Photo of monitoring visit
74
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
OF SERICULTURE IN
NASHIK DISTRICT
75
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
76
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Agriculture and Allied Enterprises
Farmers in agriculture must engage in linked enterprises to meet the
needs of their families. Allied businesses assist farmers in increasing their daily and
yearly revenue. In associated companies with many sectors such as poultry, goat
farming, fishing, dairy, sericulture, apiculture, Agrotourism, nursery management, and
so on.
Agriculture is a significant industry in India. Rural residents have a variety of
work options in the agri-allied industry. Agriculture and associated industries rely
entirely on the availability of inputs such as water, fertilizer, and manpower. Farmers
benefit from consistent revenue from agri-allied companies. On a global scale, allied
firms have significant market potential.
Photo 1.1 Agriculture and Allied Enterprises

(Source: Agri-services-and-its-components-prepared-by-praveen-singh)
77
1.1.2 Sericulture
Sericulture, often known as silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms for the
production of silk. Although other commercial silkworm species exist, Bombyx mori
(the larva of the domestic silk moth) is the most frequently used and extensively
researched silkworm. Silk was said to have been invented in China during the Neolithic
period. Sericulture has grown in popularity in nations like as Brazil, China, France,
India, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Today, China and India account for more than
60% of global production.
Traditional Chinese process
Photo No. 1.2 The silkworms and mulberry Photo No.1.3 Twig frames for the
Leaves are placed on trays. silkworm is prepared.
Photo No. 1.4 The cocoon are weighed Photo No. 1.5 The cocoon are soaked
and the silk is wound on spool
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Bb5vz4R97UGEK6pX6)
78
Recent Silk Rearing Process
Photo No.1.6 Eggs Laying Photo No.1.7 Eggs Hatching
Photo No.1.8 Chopped mulberry leaf Photo No.1.9 Mounting of newly
hatched silkworm feeding to Hatched silkworm
Photo No.1.10 Feeding of mulberry Photo No.1.11 Silkworm cocoon

produce Leaves
Photo No.1.12 Harvesting of cocoons.

(Source: https://www.winnyear.com/application/breeding/plastic-sericulture-net.html)
79
1.1.3 Sericulture at Global Level
Sericulture is vital to the global economy, particularly the rural economy. China is the
world's first and largest silk producer, with India ranking second in raw silk production and
consumption of pure silk. China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand,
Vietnam, DPR Korea, Iran, and other major silk producing countries are listed below. Kenya,
Botswana, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Japan, Nepal, Bulgaria,
Turkey, Uganda, Malaysia, Romania, Bolivia, and a few other countries produce cocoons and raw
silk in negligible quantities. The top silk consumers in the world are the United States, Italy, Japan,
India, France, China, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, the United Arab Emirates,
Korea, and Vietnam, among others. Silk and silk products are in high demand in developed
countries, resulting in foreign exchange earnings. This contributes to the development of
developing countries' economies.
Photo 3.1 Information of sericulture at Global level

(Source- Black, Caspian Seas and Central Asia Silk Association (BACSA)
80
India is the only country in the world that grows all four types of silk: Mulberry, Eri, Tasar,
and Muga. Mulberry is India's most widely used sericulture crop. Mulberry silk production accounts
for nearly 75% of total silk production in the country. India is the world's second largest producer
of raw silk and consumer of pure silk. Silk production in India has increased dramatically in recent
years. Sericulture employs a large proportion of the rural and semi-urban population, i.e., those
working in the pre cocoon to post cocoon sectors of the sericulture industry. Many farmers have
adopted sericulture as a cash crop in the agricultural sector in recent years. It also helps farmers
improve their socioeconomic status. Mulberry accounted for 70.72% (23,860 MT) of the total raw
silk production of 33,739 MT, Tasar 8.02% (2,705 MT), Eri 20.55% (6,935 MT), and Muga 0.71%
(239 MT) of the total raw silk production.
Photo 3.2 Silk Map of India
81
3.3.1 Current scenario of sericulture in Maharashtra
Maharashtra is the country's first non-traditional mulberry silk producing state, ranking first
among non-traditional states. Mulberry sericulture is practiced by 5397 families in 24 districts of
Vidarbha, Marathwada, and Western Maharashtra, with a total plantation area of 6932.50 acres.
Farmers are currently cultivating silk in many parts of Maharashtra, including Marathwada.
Silk is grown on approximately 800 acres in the Jalna district alone. Farmers used to have to travel
to Ramnagar, Bangalore, to sell silk cocoons. The cost of transporting the silk coffin was
prohibitively expensive. In addition, I had to travel for 32/35 hours. Furthermore, if the silk cocoon
deteriorated during this time, the price in the local market would be lower. These farmers' concerns
have been alleviated, and the establishment of a Silk Fund Market in Jalna has begun thanks to the
efforts of the Director Silk Directorate Nagpur and the Jalna Agricultural Produce Market
Committee. Peth Jalna is home to the first silk cocoon market in Maharashtra.
Farmers from all over Maharashtra have been bringing silk cocoons to Jalna for sale since
the market's inception. Farmers from the districts of Marathwada, Nagar, Nashik, Pune, and
Vidarbha, as well as Dhule, Nandurbar, and Jalgaon, bring silk cocoons to the Jalna market.
Farmers prefer the Silk Cocoon Purchasing Center at the Jalna Agricultural Produce Market
Committee because traveling to Ramnagar is expensive.
Photo 3.3 Information of Jalna Market

82
1.1.3 Mori culture
Mori culture is necessary for sericulture. Mori culture is the cultivation of
mulberry plants for the purpose of producing silkworm meal and silk. Mulberry plants
are grown on around 4,00,000 hectares of cropland. Each acre of soil produces between
12000 and 15000 kg of mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaf output is currently increasing
due to enhanced mulberry plant farming techniques. The major four mulberry plant
species found in India are Morus alba, Morus indica, Morus latifolia, and Morus nigra.
1.1.3.1 Leaf chemical composition

It differs according to variety and maturity. However, on the basis of the
analysis carried out at CSRTI, Mysore the chemical composition of the leaf is as
follows:
Table No.1.1 Chemical composition of mulberry leaf
Components Range
Moisture 65-78 %
Protein 19-25 %
Minerals 10-15 %
Reducing sugar 1.2-1.9 %
Sugar 10-15%
1.1.3.2 Climatic Condition

Mulberry plants may grow in a variety of climatic situations. Mulberry plants
thrive best in temperatures ranging from 24 to 28 degrees Celsius. Although they
provide an average yield at temperatures ranging from 18°C to 24°C. It thrives in areas
with an annual rainfall of 600 - 2500 mm. Every 10 days, 350m3/ha of water is required.
Mulberry plant development is influenced by the amount of sunlight available. It
requires 9-13 hours of sunlight every day.
1.1.3.3 Soil Quality

Mulberry plants thrive on clayey and loamy soils. The soil should be deep,
rich, and permeable, with a highwater retention capacity. The optimal pH for its growth
is 6.2 - 6.8. Deep ploughing to a depth of 30 - 35cm is required for mulberry plant
cultivation.
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1.1.3.4 Mulberry Plant Spacing
Mulberry plant spacing is determined by soil conditions. 90 X 90 cm
spacing for dark and thick soils. While 120 X 60 cm spacing is recommended for sloppy
soil in steep places.
1.1.3.5 Plantation of Mulberry
Photo 1.13 Type of Plantation of Mulberry
1.1.3.6 Fertilizers
When using the recommended fertilizer dose, you can get a very good
mulberry yield. Use 300:120:120 Kg nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium in the shoot
harvest method. Potash fertilizers are applied in five separate doses per year.
1.1.3.7 Harvesting
Mulberry leaf harvesting or collecting methods are broadly classified into three
types:
1. Method of cutting a branch or a shoot.
2. Leaf Plucking Technique.
3. Bud Plucking Technique.
Photo 1.14 Mulberry Farm
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1.1.4 Silkworm Type
Table 1.2 Scientific Classification
Particulars Results
Binomial Name Bombyx mori
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Lepidoptera
Family Bombycidae
Genus Bombyx
Species Mori
1.1.4.1 Mulberry Silk
The bulk of the commercial silk produced in the world comes from this
variety and often silk generally refers to mulberry silk. Mulberry silk comes from the
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. which solely feeds on the leaves of mulberry plant. These
silkworms arecompletely domesticated and reared indoors. In India, the major mulberry
silk producing states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
Jammu & Kashmir which together accounts for 92 % of country's total mulberry raw
silk production.
Photo 1.15 Mulberry silkworm

1.1.4.2 Tasar
Tasar (Tussah) is a coppery-colored coarse silk that is primarily used for
furnishings and interiors. Tasar silk is produced by the silkworm Antheraea mylitta,
which feeds primarily on the plants Asan and Arjun. The rearings are done in the open
on the trees in nature. Tasar silk is primarily produced in the Indian states of Jharkhand,
Chattisgarh, and Rajasthan. Orissa, in addition to Maharashtra, West Bengal, and
Andhra Pradesh. Tasar culture is the mainstay of many Indian tribal communities.
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Photo 1.16 Tasar silkworm
1.1.4.3 Eri
Eri, also known as Endi or Errandi, is a multivoltine silk spun from open-
ended cocoons, as opposed to other types of silk. Philosamia ricini, a domesticated
silkworm that feeds primarily on castor leaves, produces eri silk. Eri cocoons have open
mouths and spin. Indigenously, silk is used to make chaddars (wraps) for these tribes'
personal use. This culture is primarily practiced in India's north-eastern states and
Assam. It is also found in the states of Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa.
Photo 1.17 Eri silkworm
1.1.4.4 Muga
This golden yellow silk is an Indian prerogative and the pride of Assam state. It
is derived from Antheraea assamensis, a semi-domesticated multivoltine silkworm.
These silkworms are raised on trees similar to tasar and feed on the aromatic leaves of
Som and Soalu plants. Muga culture is unique to Assam and is an important part of the
state's tradition and culture. Muga silk, a high-value product, is used in sarees,
mekhalas, chaddars, and other items.
Photo 1.18 Muga silkworm
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1.1.5 Importance of silk industry
1. High Employment Potential: It has the potential to provide employment. Every year,
the sericulture industry employs approximately 60 lakh people in our country. This
potential is enormous, and no other industry, particularly in rural areas, generates
employment of this magnitude. Sericulture is used as a tool for rural reconstruction for
this very reason.
2. Agro-based Enterprises That Add Value to Villages: Approximately 57% of the

gross value of the industry's final product (silk fabrics) is returned to cocoon growers.
3. Low investment and high returns: Mulberry requires only six months to mature
before silkworm rearing can begin. Only Rs.12,000 to 15,000 (excluding the cost of
land and the silkworm rearing house) is required to start mulberry cultivation and
silkworm rearing on one acre of irrigated land. Mulberry will support silkworm rearing
for 15-20 years after planting, depending on inputs and management.
4. Female-Friendly Occupation: Sericulture activities such as mulberry garden

management, leaf harvesting, and silkworm rearing are more effectively undertaken by
women. They also provide a lot of support for post-cocoon activities like silk reeling,
twisting, and weaving. As a result, women account for more than 60% of those
employed in the sericulture industry.
5. Ideal Program for the Poor: Sericulture can be practiced on very little land (0.75 acre
of mulberry garden and silkworm rearing can support a family of three without hiring
labor). Sericulture is an ideal program for the poorer sections of society due to factors
such as low gestation and high returns.
6. Environmentally Friendly Activity: One acre of mulberry cultivation employs 5

people all year. Each year, waste from one hectare of mulberry cultivation and silkworm
rearing yields 5,000 kg of vermicompost.
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1.1.6 Medicinal importance of mulberry tree
1. Mulberry leaves: Mulberry leaves are rich in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
vitamins like B, C and K. From the leaves special type of tea is made which is used to
control blood pressure. The tea is known to improve the function of liver and kidney
and sharpen the hearing and brighten the eyes. Furthermore, it relieves colds, coughs,
throat infections, supposed to prevent oxidation of cholesterol consequently keeping the
arteries free of fat deposits and hence hardening of arteries.
2. Mulberry fruit powder: Promotes healthy cholesterol and controls carbohydrate

digestion in the human body. It is believed to prevent heart disease, cancer and many
other serious diseases.
3. Mulberry fruits juices: are used to cure mouth ulcers, fever, heart, throat, digestive,
eyesight, anemia, dizziness, insomnia, hepatitis, constipations, etc like problems.
Mulberry juices aid in weight loss, builds immunity, enhance appetite, increase hair
growth, relieve tiredness and fatigue, control excessive thirst.
4. Mulberry roots: are one of the important constituents of drug named, “Glucosidase”
which is used in high blood pressure, besides the roots are used in medicines having
cathartic and anthelmintic properties. Root bark of black mulberries (Morus nigra)
contain calcium malate, tannins, fatty acids phytobaphenes, sugar, phytosterol, ceryl
alcohol, and phosphoric acid. So, because of these very properties bark possess
purgative and vermifuge like properties, besides it reduces the blood sugar level in
diabetic patients. The root bark extract of black mulberries to have active against
AIDS virus. On the other hand, root bark of Mulberry which is used to cure cough,
asthma andmany other diseases.
5. Mulberry wine: is obtained from Over-ripened and sour mulberry fruits. The wine has
a sweet taste. It has been found that a glass of mulberry wine a day helps get rid of
oxides and fecal residue from the body which can help make the body slim. The wine
made by immersing the mulberry in grape wine works as medicine for weakness after
diseases that can also be used to tonify masculine vitality. Furthermore, it is believed
that small dose of the wine protects against heart and stomach disease
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1.2 Objectives
1. To study management practices of sericulture farming.
2. To study economic analysis of sericulture farming.
3. To analyzed study problems faced by farmer during sericulture farming.
4. To study SWOT analysis of sericulture unit.
1.3 Hypothesis
1. H0: Adoption of improved & better sericulture Management practices can
improvethe quality of cocoon. So, it will increase the sales & profit.
H1: Lots of Agri allied enterprises present in locality, so has bad impact on
sericulture sector.
2. H0: Sericulture farming is one of Economically beneficial businesses.
H1: Farmer not get sufficient profit in sericulture farming.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
90
1. Dharmendra Kumar Jigyasu (2023) in his article “Spatial distribution of the fertility
parameters in Sericulture Soil: A Case study of Dimapur District, Nagaland”
conclude that Soils of both Muga and Eri farms were found to be extremely (<3.05) to
moderately (5.09–6.84) acidic. Soils of Muga and Eri farms were found to have low to high
organic carbon content (from 0.24 to 1.98%), low to high available nitrogen content
(179.8–612.5 kg ha−1) and medium available phosphorus content (2.68–154.6 kg ha−1). The
Sulphur availability index was 0.26 and 11.81 for Muga and Eri host plant farms,
respectively. The multi-macronutrient map revealed that 46.95% of the district’s total
geographical area (TGA) showed deficiencies in one or more macronutrients
2. In article “Constraints perceived by farmers in adoption of sericulture technologies in

Solapur district of Maharashtra,” NS Gaikwad, SS More and TB Munde (2023)
conclude that,” The main constraints encountered by the sericulture growers estimated in
frequency and percentage form were inadequate market information, high price
fluctuations of cocoon in market and transportation problems was another major constraint
faced by sericulture farmers. The suggestions given by the farmers where good quality of
mulberry leaves should be available at proper time, market facility should be established
near the village, training programmes about use of rearing equipments, handling of
silkworm at cocoon spinning time should be arranged on regular basis.
3. In “Adoption behaviour of sericulture farmers regarding improved technologies of

Johrat District of Assam,” D hatibaruah (2022) author recommend that that adoption of
scientific technologies among the Seri farmers has significant impact on growth and
development of sericulture as well as economic benefit of the farmer. There was gap in
dissemination and adoption of improved sericulture technologies in pre and post cocoon
sector for growth and development of sericulture in acreage of food plants.
4. Tasar sericulture: an underutilized tool of poverty eradication among the tribals of

Bankura district, Sumit Nath (2022) research that Bankura is generally considered a
drought-prone district, a significant portion of this district is under forest cover. Sericulture
has emerged as the most important cash crop with minimum investment, due to low
gestation period, high employment potential, and highly profitable return.
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5. S. Syamaladevi (2022) in her article “Employment and income generation in cocoon
production-a study”, said that, Sericulture is recognized as an important rural as well as
cottage industry in India. Researcher made a comparative analysis on the income
generation from Sericulture. It is capable of generation more income other than agricultural
crops. Cocoon cultivation and production can be considered as an essential economic tool
for the rural development.
6. In article “Effect of Covid-19 On Sericulture,” P Chamuah, D Borah &S Donaj (2021)

Conclude that, like other sectors in India, the sericulture sector has also witnessed the
impact of the global pandemic of covid-19. Due to the disturbance in the demand-supply
chain, all the activities involved in the silk value chain have been hard hit by the covid-19
pandemic. Severe disruptions had happened in the availability of the inputs, cocoon and
silk prices, raw silk production and marketing of the silk goods.
7. In the article “A study on the status of mulberry cultivation and employment

generation in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra state,” Varsha Shinde (2021), said
that developing countries agriculture and agro based Industries play a vital role in
improvement of rural economy. Sericulture is providing very good gainful and lucrative
employment for farmers and the best occupation for women's as well as all age persons in
family in present area of changing environment of Aurangabad district. It is possible to
rural farmer's empowerment through sericulture industry and this is to promote to of
Maharashtra state, Sericulture in all the area and also Government have implemented to
new scheme. Under MNREGA and RKVY due to farmers attract to adopting this side
business and Gross production and also in increase Employment.
8. Dr. Mohammad Taufique & Dr. Md Areful Hoque (2021), in there article “Current
Scenario of Sericulture Production in India”, conclude that Sericulture activity is the
employment generating rural household cottage industry in India. If the present trend to be
followed in future, the country India will become 60 percent bi-voltine silkworms rearing
in mulberry sector. The future of sericulture industry in India is seems to be very bright
and the state will have to take a big leap in coming years.
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9. Sushma Sharma (2021) in her article “Production activities and value chain analysis
of sericulture in western Inner Terai region of Nepal” research various problems and
make an emphasis to make regional sericulture production mature and profitable. Producers
sold the cocoon to primary collectors at NRs 500per kg cocoon which was 15% more than
percent sales while selling to the government, fetching an average BC ratio of 1.3.
Problems recorded as per farmers were lack of appropriate technology to widen the scope
of sericulture and modern silkworm rearing techniques, lack of proper irrigation facilities,
and governmental aids and support.
10. HR Shinde and Dr. AS Bagde (2021) in their article “Economic analysis of silk
cocoon production in Maharashtra”, said that Per ha cost of cocoon production were
Rs. 311063.93 per hectare. The per hectare gross returns realized were Rs. 480022.96 at
an overall level. The benefit-cost ratio was observed to 1.54 (greater than unity). The
averagePBP of sericulture was 1.81 years (shorter period) and average NPV of sericulture
was found to be Rs. 239842.59 (positive value). The IRR of sericulture was 30.42 per
cent
11. In the article “Agro-Based Industry for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development”

Joseph Nagasha (2021), said that Silkworm is an important primary productive insect
species reared and exploited globally to boost the sericulture industry. It suits all categories
of people ranging from resource poor farmers, landless, children, elderly, youth, male and
female and socially under privileged people. This review discusses the socio-economic
contributions of sericulture industry as a present and future viable investment for
sustainable socio-economic development. (greater than interest rate and shows NPV=0).
So, this economic feasibility tools were evaluated as sericulture is profitable activity to
silk cocoon producers. Hence hypothesis isproved that sericulture is profitable activity in
Kolhapur district. Results revealed that silk cocoon production in Kolhapur district is
profitable.
12. In the article, “An economic analysis of marketing cost of cocoon and constraints
facedby sericulture farmers: A study in the district of Dharmapuri in Tamil Nadu”,
D Elumalai (2021) was found that the marginal farms spent less on the marketing of
cocoonfollowed by small and big farms. The expenditure on the marketing of 100 kg of
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cocoon was Rs.473.44 in big farms whereas it was Rs.384.99 in marginal farms and Rs.
418.46 in small farms. Big farms are high marketing than compared with small and
marginal farms. The study concluded that in constraints faced by the sample in mulberry
cultivation, silkworm rearing and marketing of cocoon. It indicated that all the sericulture
farmers’ labour scarcity and high wage rate as the main problem in mulberry cultivation
13. “Socio-Economic Profile (SEP) of Farmers for Revitalizing Sericulture with Special
Reference to Jammu Division,” Aradhana Sharma (2021). A survey was conducted to
know the current position of silkworm readers and to understand their socio-economic
profiles and to evaluate participation of the respondents in sericulture with respect to age,
caste and economic status. Chi-square (χ 2) value (23.78**) revealed highly significant
association of age with respect to districts. Highly significant (23.78**) association of age
and caste (37.33**) was found in all the districts. Majority of the farmers belonging to
middle age group showed highly significant results and indicated the need for
popularization of this avocation among the unemployed youth.
14. In article “Sericulture as a Profit-Based Industry”-A Review Kritika Sharma and

Bhumika Kapoor (2020) conclude that sericulture industry is unique for more than one
reason. It is based on agricultural output viz., cocoons and cottage-based labour intensive
in nature. It provides income and employment to the rural people especially farmers with
small landholdings and the marginalized and weaker sections of the society Sericulture
have emerged as the most important cash crop with minimum investment, low gestation
period, high employment potential and highly remunerative return.
15. V save (2020) in his article “SERICULTURE – AN ENTREPRENEURIAL SPARK

FOR INDIAN FARMER” conclude that, above all is the required to respect the
sovereignty of the farmer-entrepreneurs, mainly their approach to decision-making.
Agencies hoping to foster entrepreneurial culture must be prepared to decentralize their
own decision-making so that the farmer entrepreneur is not trapped by well-intentioned but
constraining bureaucratic, centralized decision-making. In short, support agencies should
also behave like entrepreneurs. Economic and financial procedures that support state
control of marketing will support efforts to encourage entrepreneurial behavior.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
95
3.1 Selection of Study Area
The selected project is to carry out an extensive examination of agricultural enterprises, with
a particular emphasis on the quickly expanding silk production industry in Nashik. Nashik's climate
is known to be ideal for silk production, which has helped the city become a major centre for the
production of silk. The paper highlights Nashik's importance in this setting and includes an outline of
the Indian and worldwide silk industries. An examination of market trends, the competitive
environment, supply chain dynamics, technology developments, sustainable business practices, and
government backing are important elements. The study aims to provide stakeholders with useful
information by identifying possibilities and constraints within the Nashik silk industry. It also seeks
to provide an overview of the region's silk production prospects going forward, taking new trends
into account.
3.2 Selection of Agriculture allied enterprises

Table 3.1 Survey of different Agri-Allied Enterprises
Sr. Year of
Enterprises name Owner name Address
No. establishment
1 Manoj Pund Dairy farm Manoj Pund 2011 A/P- Vinchur, Dist. Nashik
2 Sharad Khaire Poultry farm Sharad Khaire 2015 A/P- Vinchur, Dist. Nashik
3 Santosh Bhor Sericulture farm Santosh Bhor 2018 A/P- Dhadegaon, Dist. Nashik
4 Gorakh Kadam Dairy farm Gorakh Kadam 2013 A/P- Vinchur, Dist. Nashik
5 Vilas Raut Sericulture farm Vilas Raut 2019 A/P- Vinchur, Dist. Nashik
Photo 3.1 Manoj Pund Dairy farm Photo 3.2 Sharad Khaire Poultry farm
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Photo 3.3 Santosh Bhor Sericulture farm Photo 3.4 Gorakh Kadam Dairy farm
Photo 3.5 Vilas Raut Sericulture farm
In order to acquire fundamental information regarding the management and

operations of the sericulture farming, the researcher visited five different agriculture allied
enterprises within the chosen region. Based on improved management techniques and
resource efficiency, the researcher had chosen Vilas Raut sericulture unit for further SPW
analysis.
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3.3 Location of Sericulture unit
Mr. Vilas Raut is owner of Sericulture unit at Nashik provides technical guidance to my
project. It was established in the year 2019 and ideal for the study of silk rearing management. The
owner experienced in the field of sericulture management and has good knowledge of the silk
farming. They produced variety of mulberry cocoons. They have a good sericulture unit.
Address: At Post Vinchur, Taluka-Niphad, District-Nashik.
Photo 3.6 Location of Sericulture farm
3.3.1 General information of selected unit

Owner of the sericulture unit Vilas Raut holds a BSc in agriculture. He has
been farming for thirty years, but he has not made a profit that satisfies him. He was
experiencing financial difficulties. A few years back, after completing graduation in
BSc Agriculture, his younger daughter was advised to pursue a career in sericulture
farming. Thus, he began the sericulture unit in 2019.They experienced numerous
difficulties raising silkworms and selling cocoons as a result of the pandemic
circumstances, but they persisted in their sericulture efforts. They have made a
respectable living and learned a lot about sericulture farming during the past four years.
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Table 3.2 General information of selected unit
Sr.
Particulars Detail
No.
Vilas Raut Sericulture
1 Name of the unit
Unit
2 Address of the unit At Vinchur, Nashik
3 Owner of the unit Vilas Dharmaji Raut
4 Age 55
5 Education Bsc Agri
6 Occupation Farmer
7 Type of ownership Individual
8 Year of establishment 2019
9 Area 90 Sqm
10 Variety of Silkworm Mulberry
3.4 Data Collection
The success of any project depends on the methodology which is adopted during data
collection, completion and various types of analysis on scientific lines. In order to arrive proper
conclusion, it is necessary for investigator to adopt appropriate methods and procedure.
3.4.1 Primary Data:

The primary data refers to original information gathered for a specific purpose.
Primary data was collected by using following tools:
1. Personal Interview:
Personal interviews are one of the most used types of interviews, where the questions are
asked personally directly to the respondent as a form of an individual interview. the data is
collected from the owner of the Sericulture farm by taking interviews.
2. Observation:
This is a data collection method by which information on a phenomenon is gathered through
observation. The collected data was related to the Management Practices, and Cost Analysis.
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3. Survey or Questionnaire:
Survey Research is defined as the process of conducting research using surveys that researchers
send to survey respondents. The data collected from surveys is then statistically analyzed to draw
meaningful research conclusions. Survey is Conducted in the Sericulture farms and data is
collected.
3.4.2 Secondary Data:

Secondary data were collected from existing publishing sources i.e., books, internet and
records of Silk farm.
1) Journal was referred for the purpose to collect the information regarding the lifecycle of
silkworm.
2) Annual report was referred to get the statistical information about cocoon production.
3) Books was referred for the information about the significance, importance of silkworm farming
and diseases of silkworm
4) Websites were referred for the purpose of information regarding current scenario of sericulture
farming.
Data Analysis
The collected data were compiled and analyzed with a tabular, percentage, graphical
method and fundamental analysis- addition, subtraction, multiplication and divination were
used for the purpose of fulfilling the objectives.
Data Analysis is done with mathematical and statistical tools like,
1. Capital Investment: Is a sum of money provided to a company to further its business

objective. The term also can refer to a company’s acquisition of long-term assets such as
manufacturing plant and machinery.
2. Benefit- Cost ratio: A BCR is the ratio of a project or proposal, expressed in monitory
term, relative to its cost, also expressed in monetary terms. All benefits and costs should
be expressed in discounted present value.
3. Net Present value: Is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the
present value of cash outflows over a period of time.
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4. Current ratio: The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measure a company’s ability to
pay short-term obligations or those due within one year.
5. Payback period: The Payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to recover the
cost of investment.
6. Profitability index: Greater than one indicates that present value of future cash inflows
from the investment is more than the initial investment, thereby indicating that it will earn
profit.
7. Net profit ratio: Is the ratio of net profit revenues for a company or business segment.
8. Breakeven point: The breakeven point is the production level where total revenues equal
total expenses.
9. Market Mix: The marketing mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that a company
uses to promote its brand or product in the market.
10. Product mix: Also known as product assortment, refers to the total no. of product linesa
company offers to its customers.
Various Formulas used for data analysis are as follows-
1) Total Annual Cost = Total Fixed cost +Total Variable cost
Original Value – Junk Value

2) Depreciation =
Remaining useful life
3) Junk value = 10% of Original Cost
4) Gross income = Net revenue – Cost of Marketing
5) Cost of Production Per lit = (Total annual cost – value of by product) ÷ Total
annual production in lit.
6) Net Return = Gross income – Total Annual Cost
7) BC Ratio = Gross income ÷ Total Annual Cost

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8) Net Revenue = Gross Profit
9) Net Income = Gross income – Total Annual Cost
10) Operating Income = Gross income – Variable Cost
11) Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
12) Quick Ratio = Net Income / Variable Cost
13) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Revenue ÷ (Fixed cost – Depreciation cost)
14) Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net revenue ÷ Working Capital
15) Gross Profit Ratio = (Gross Profit ÷ Gross Income) x 100
16) Net Profit Ratio = (Net income ÷ Net revenue) x 100
17) BCR = Present worth of cash inflow ÷ Present worth of cash outflow
18) IRR = Lower Discount Factor + [ Difference between two discount Rate ×
(NPW at LDR / Absolute Difference between NPW at two Discount Rate ) ]
19) Profitability index = Net present worth ÷ Initial Investment
20) Payback Period = Initial investment ÷ Annual Net cash flow
21) BEP (Physical) = Total Fixed Cost ÷ (Price per Unit - Variable Cost Per Unit)
22) BEP (Monetary) = Total Fixed Cost ÷ (1- (Variable cost per unit ÷ Price per
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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
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4.1 Bombyx Mori
The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically

important insect, being a primary producer of silk. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent
on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths
(other species of Bombyx) are not as commercially viable in the production of silk.
Lifecycle of Silkworm
The life cycle of silk moth starts when a female silk moth lays eggs. The caterpillar or larvae
are hatched from the eggs of the silk moth. The silkworms feed on mulberry leaves and give
rise to pupa. In the pupa stage, a weave is netted around by the silkworm to hold itself. After
that it swings its head, spinning a fibre made of a protein and becomes a silk fibre. Several
caterpillars form a protective layer around pupa and this covering is known as the cocoon. The
silk thread (yarn) is obtained from the silk moth’s cocoon. The life cycle of the silkworm is
explained below in detail.
Photo 4.1 Vector diagram of Bombyx mori
4.1.1 Lifecycle of Silkworm

Stage 1- Egg:
The egg is the first stage of the silkworm's life cycle. A female moth lays the egg, which is mostly
the size of a small dot. A female moth can lay over 350 eggs at once. The eggs hatch in the spring
because of the warmth in the air. This procedure is performed once a year.
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Stage 2: Silkworm
After the eggs hatch, a hairy silkworm emerges. Growth occurs in this stage of silkworms. They
feed on mulberry leaves and eat a lot of them for about 30 days before moving on to the next
stage.
Stage 3: The cocoon

Silkworms spin a protective cocoon around themselves at this stage. It is about the size of a small
cotton ball and is made of a single silk thread.
Stage 4: Pupa
The pupa stage is completely motionless. People kill the pupa at this stage by immersing the
cocoon in boiling water and unwinding the silk thread.
Stage 5: Moth
The pupa transforms into an adult moth at this stage. After mating, the female moth lays
eggs, and the silkworm's life cycle begins again.
Photo 4.2 Life cycle of Bombyx mori
4.2.3 Processing of silk

Silk processing is the extraction of silk from the cocoon. Exposing silk to sunlight separates
it from the cocoon. The process of unwinding silk from a cocoon begins after the silk has been
reeled. After that, the silk thread is bleached. After that, the silk fiber is turned into silk threads.
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Photo 4.3 Hierarchy of the morphology of a Bombyx mori cocoon
4.2 Management of silkworm rearing, mounting & production of cocoon
1. Silkworm Rearing:
The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk. Sericulture is the practice of rearing
silkworms to produce raw silk. Silkworms are reared at appropriate temperatures and humidity
levels in this process to extract silk threads from cocoons.
Photo 4.4 Silkworm rearing
2. Climatic requirements:
Under ideal conditions, silkworm cocoon formation takes 24-28 days from hatching.
However, the number of days varies due to temperature and humidity fluctuations. The
development of larvae accelerates as the temperature rises. The following
temperature/humidity/spacing requirements must be met: After the fourth moult, larval
development will be at its peak during the fifth instar. Generally, the moulting period is delayed
due to climatic fluctuations. Temperature is an important factor in larval development. Larva
under goesfour moults in case of tetramoulters with in a span of 26-28 days to spin the cocoon.
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Table 4.2 Information of climatic change
Sr.
Stage Temp.0C Humidity % Spacingin Sq. ft
No.
1 1st Instar 26-28 85-90 4-14
2 2nd Instar 26-28 85-90 15-45
3 3rd Instar 25-26 80-85 46-90

4 4th Instar 24-25 70-75 91-100
5 5th Instar 23-24 70 181-360
3. Rearing shed:
Mulberry silkworm rearing is completely domesticated. A silkworm-rearing house is a
facility where silkworms are raised in order to produce cocoons. If the silkworms are not provided
with optimal environmental conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, ventilation,
illumination, hygiene, and so on, the cocoon quality and yield suffer. The rearing house should
be rationally designed in order to maintain the microclimatic and environmental conditions for
the silkworms' rapid and healthy growth. As a result, it should have facilities for creating and
maintaining optimal environmental conditions within the silkworm-rearing house. The rearing
house should also provide enough space and a safe environment for the workers involved in
silkworm rearing.
Photo 4.5 Rearing Shed
4. Leaf quality:
Mulberry leaf quality, in addition to proper temperature/humidity maintenance, plays
an important role in the development of healthy silkworm. Leaf quality is critical in the
production of high-quality cocoons. Young worms are fed tender, succulent leaves that contain
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sugar, a small amount of fiber, starch, but a high amount of moisture and protein that is suitable
for chawki worms. As a result, the tender top leaves of the mulberry plant are used to feed the
young age worms. The matured leaves available at the bottom of the mulberry trees are fed to
the late age worms. During the feeding period, the leaf's surface should be free of dust particles
and water droplets. Diseased, wrinkled, weak, and low-quality leaves should be avoided.
Photo 4.5 Mulberry leaves

5. Leaf requirement: Silkworm attains nearly 10,000 times of weight starting fromhatching to
spinning stage, therefore, feeding quality leaf plays an important rolein the development of
silkworm.
6. Disinfection:
Disinfection is the destruction of disease-carrying organisms. If there was a disease
attack in the previous crop, pathogens or germs could be transmitted through the rearing
equipment. As a result, disinfection is required to protect the crop from disease attack. Before
beginning rearing, all rearing equipment, including the rearing house, should be thoroughly
disinfected. Physical and chemical disinfection methods are available. Sun drying and steaming
are two methods of physical disinfection. Chemical disinfection entails thoroughly disinfecting
and drying all rearing equipment and the rearing house with 2% formalin.
Photo 4.6 Disinfectant powder

108
7. Transportation of Eggs:
The required number of DFLs should be obtained from either the government grain age
or a licensed private grainage. The transportation of eggs is critical to the development of
embryos and the successful harvest of crops. As a result, the DFLs are safely collected in a wet
hand bag in the early morning or late evening. It is critical to avoid causing any damage to the
inside embryo. In the case of loose eggs, the transportation box containing the eggs should be
covered with a wet cloth, and the eggs should be given adequate aeration. Transporting the
DFLs should be done with caution, and they should be incubated at 250°C and 80% humidity.
Egg cards should be distributed in the rearing trays, which should be kept clean & cooler place
only.
Photo 4.6 Mulberry eggs

8. Incubation:
The eggs should be kept in cooler places at 250 degrees Celsius and 80% humidity;
the lower the humidity, the lower the hatching percentage; the higher the temperature, the
weaker the larva and the lower the hatching percentage. All egg cards or loose eggs should be
kept in a dark and cool environment to ensure uniform hatching. All of the eggs are covered
with a black sheet or kept in a black box on the day of the pin head or blue egg stage, which is
known as black boxing. On the day of hatching, all of the eggs are suddenly exposed to bright
light in the early morning around 8 a.m., allowing for 95% hatching. It should be ensured that
hatching occurs uniformly. Withproper maintenance of temperature and humidity development
of larvae will be uniform.
Photo 4.6 Incubation of eggs
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9. Brushing:
It is the process of transferring newly hatched larvae into rearing trays. After one hour
of hatching, the newly hatched larvae prepare to feed on mulberry leaf. Finely chopped tender
mulberry leaf is fed to them. The larvae gradually crawl onto the net and begin feeding on the
mulberry leaf. Then gently tap the net into the rearing tray; this method is more convenient in the
case of loose eggs. In the case of egg cards, the eggs are placed in the rearing trays and chopped
mulberry leaf is sprinkled over the newly hatched larvae; the larvae crawl on the mulberry leaf
and the cards are removed later. Care should be taken not to touch the newly hatched larvaewith
hands while providing proper spacing,instead chop sticks are used to spread the worms in the
rearing tray.
Photo 4.6 Brushing

10. Leaf Feeding:
The leaf is finely chopped to the recommended size and sprinkled on the larvae,
and the newly hatched larvae slowly crawl on to the mulberry leaf after half an hour. The newly
hatched larvae should be fed for the first time at 9 a.m. During the first instar, the required
mulberry leaf per 100 DFL will be around 2-2.5 kgs, depending on the silkworm strain and other
factors (environmental conditions and leaf quality). A gap should be maintained for feeding the
worms prior to and immediately following moult. Typically, a two-hour gap is provided. Also,
overfeeding should be avoided, especially before undergoing moult which will result in wastage
of leaf.
Photo 4.6 Mulberry leaves
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11. Cleaning the bed:
All of the leaf fed to the silkworms may not be consumed. Dried leaves, rejected
leaves in the bed, silk worm excreta, dead worms, and diseased larvae all contribute to increased
humidity, fermentation, and temperature in the bed. If proper bed cleaning is not done on time,
it can lead to a variety of complications, including: Bed cleaning in silkworm rearing tray is done
using various methods, including the use of paddy husk, straw, and bed cleaning net. During the
first instar, bed clearing should be done once before moulting, and twice during the second instar,
once after moulting and once before the next moult. During the third instar, three times: after
moult, once before the next moult, and once in the middle. In the case of shelf rearing, once per
day during the fourth and fifth stages.
Photo 4.8 Cleaning bed
12. Chawki Rearing:

Chawki rearing is the rearing of young silk worms. Worms are reared here until the
third moult and then distributed to rearrest for late age rearing. Individual rearrest must pay to
maintain coolers, heaters, exhaust fans, and other amenities; however, all of these amenities are
available at Chawki Rearing Centers.
Photo 4.9 Chawki rearing
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13. Mounting:
This is the final stage of the rearing process. At this stage, the silkworm has fully
matured and is ready to spin into a cocoon. After 5 days of the 4th moult, these silk worms
become yellowish and translucent, stop feeding on mulberry leaves, begin to search for a corner
and attempt to crawl on the feeding trays, and a liquid-like substance oozes from the spinneret's
mouth. These movements clearly indicate that the mature larvae should be transferred into the
mountages. "Mounting" refers to the process of transferring matured silkworms to mountage or
cocoon frames.
Photo 4.10 Mounting

14. Feeding:
The number of feeds in each instar, as well as their nutritional value, play an
important role in the cocoon's construction. The silkworm receives three to four feeds. The last
feeding of the day, i.e., during the night, should be slightly larger because the duration of the next
feeding will be longer. There should be no feeding during the moulting period. First feeding
should be light before settling to moult and immediately after moult. It is critical to feed tender
leaves to young age worms. Only the maximum growth of the silk gland can be seen during the
fifth stage. It is estimated that the fifth instar will increase 50% of the total weight.
Photo 4.11 Feeding to Mulberry silkworm
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15. Cocooning:
When a silkworm matures, it spins an outer protective covering called a cocoon and
remains dormant inside as a pupa. After mounting the ripen worms in chandrike, the larvae
adhere to the montage by oozing out the silk fluid, which hardens immediately upon contact with
air and adheres to the montage. It begins to ooz out the silk by moving its head in a very specific
way to form the silk filament. Larvae move their heads about 70-80 times per minute until they
form a compact shell called a cocoon and detach themselves from the last layer of silk before
transforming into pupas.
Photo 4.12 Cocooning

16. Cocoon Harvesting:
Cocoons are harvested on the fifth day of spinning. Seed cocoons, on the other hand,
should be harvested on the eighth or ninth day of spinning, depending on the ambient
temperature. Harvesting should not take place right after pupation. If harvesting is delayed for
too long, pierced cocoons will form due to the emergence of adult moths or uzi maggots. Cocoons
are typically harvested by hand. Simple devices are used in advanced temperate countries such
as Japan to harvest cocoons from rotatory mountage.
Photo 4.13 Cocoon Harvesting
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4.3 Disease of silkworm
1. Muscardine:
A fungal disease known as "White Muscardine" is common in India.
Symptoms:
a. Egg Stage: The eggs with these symptoms will not hatch.
b. Larva Stage: Inactivity and loss of appetite are observed, as well as vomiting and
diarrhoea.
c. Pupa Stage: The pupa may have black spots inside the cocoon and will be mummified,
becoming hard, light, and white in color.
d. Moth stage: Wings are not growing properly in the moth stage. Measures for management
and control: In the plantation area, keep pests at bay by controlling the mulberry plants. In
the rainy season, avoid sleeping in a bed with a low temperature and high humidity. It is
possible to dust with slacked lime powder. Maintain the prescribed hygiene in the rearing
house and appliances.
Photo 4.14 Muscardine disease at larva stage

(source- https://www.pandasilk.com/disease-of-silkworms-grassy-muscardine)
2. Grasserie:
It is a viral infection.
Symptoms:
The larva's skin becomes shiny before it moults, and it fails to moult and dies.
Swelling occurs in the larva's intersegments, causing the larva's skin to turn yellowish.
Measures for management and control: Following the proper hygiene and sanitization
procedures, it is necessary to disinfect the appliances and rearing house on a regular basis.
After each crop, the rearing house and its surroundings should be disinfected with 0.3%
slacked lime solution.
114
Photo 4.15 Grasserie disease at larva stage
(source- http://www.wormspit.com/grasserie.html)
3. Flacherie:
It is yet another kind of disease encountered by the presence of both virusand bacteria.
I. Symptoms: The symptoms of this disease can be observed in two stages:
a. Early stage: Larva loses its appetite, it appears lethargic, becomes soft and sluggish
movement is observed.
b. Later stage: The growth is retarded in later stage.
II. Management and control measures:
Maintaining proper hygiene environment in therearing house, spraying 0.3% of slacked lime
solution when disease is severe. Proper disposal and destruction of diseased larval is given high
priority, burning is recommended.
Photo 4.16 Flacherie disease at larva stage

(source- https://www.slideshare.net/aakashmisraa/infectious-flacherie)
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4. Pebrine:
This is a chronic silkworm disease caused by protozoa.
I. Symptoms: This disease's symptoms can be seen throughout the silkworm's lifecycle.
a. Egg Stage: The infected moth's egg count will be very low, and the eggs will fail to adhere
firmly to the egg sheets. Infected moth eggs will be mostly infertile and may be dead.
Irregular hatching occurs, and only a small percentage of the eggs hatch.
b. Larva Stage: Black dark spots appear on the bodies of infected worms, and growth is
slowed.
c. Pupa Stage: The pupa's surface develops black marks.
d. Moth Stage: The moth exhibits stunted growth and crippled wings.
II. Management and control measures:
After the mother moth has been examined, the eggs should be treated with 2% formalin
for 5 minutes to kill the pebrine. Maintaining the hygiene environment and surrounding
appliances is to be done.
Photo 4.16 Pebrine disease at larva stage

(source- https://www.shivajicollege.ac.in/sPanel/uploads/econtent.pdf)
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4.4 Management system of Sericulture unit
A Business Management System (BMS) is a collection of tools for developing and
implementing policies, practices, guidelines, processes, and procedures used in the
development and execution of business plans and strategies, as well as all associated
management activities.
A. Management of mulberry yards:

1. Mulberry tree pruning.
2. Apply FYM to mulberry trees to improve leaf quality.
3. Weedicide spray in the mulberry yard.
4. Collecting mulberry leaves for feeding to silkworms
B. Pre-placement management:
1. Ordering eggs from the district sericulture office.
2. Cleaning the silkworm rearing house.
3. Maintain the mulberry leaf quality.
4. After dispatching at DSO, take care of the eggs and bring them to the rearing house.
C. Proceeding management:
1. The eggs are incubated in a colder environment.
2. Gently handling the recently emerged larvae.
3. The rearing of chowki in the rearing trays is completed.
5. Mounting is the process of moving fully grown silkworms onto a mount.
D. Feeding management:
1. Feed the freshly hatched larvae chopped mulberry leaves.
2. Following installation the silkworm is fed on days three and four.
E. Management of observation:
1. Ventilation of air.
2. Quality and quantity of feed.
3. Tidiness.
4. Recognizing fully grown worms.
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F. Disinfection management:
1. Eliminating the organisms that cause the disease.
2. It is necessary to routinely gather contaminated worms and burn them.
3. Steaming and sun drying are physical disinfections. When it comes to chemical disinfection,
the rearing house and all of the equipment used for rearing should be completely cleaned with
2% formalin and dried.
4. Disinfecting the appliances and rearing house periodically is required after taking the
correct hygienic and sanitization procedures.
5. A variety of tools, including straw, paddy husk, and bed cleaning nets, are used to clean the
beds in the silkworm rearing trays.
6. Preserve a hygienic and orderly environment where silkworms are being raised.
G. Management of harvesting:
1. The produced cocoones are harvested properly. Usually, cocoons are collected by hand.
2. Harvested cocoons should be stored properly.
H. Packaging management:
1. The bag contains the produced cocoons.
2. Sterilized, dried, and hygienic bags are used for packing.
3. The cocoon bags have been weighed.
I. Marketing management:
1. Transporting cocoons in bags to the Jalna raw silk market, handling them carefully.
2. The sale of the raw silk bag at the Jalna marketplace.
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4.5 Resource Management of Sericulture unit
Effective resource management is essential to the project's operation. There are some
factors that are crucial in helping choose a location that meets the project's essential
requirements. Studying the following facilities is part of studying management. At the
Sericulture unit, every facility is appropriately available.
A. Location:
1. The 90 square meter Vilas Raut Sericulture unit was founded in 2019.
2. The unit's location has adequate ventilation.
3. The site is not close to any societies.
B. Water:
1. There is a constant water supply in the unit.
2. There is a freshwater supply that is clean.
C. Land:
1. Sand is needed for the land because it is necessary for proper drainage.
2. Rainwater easily escapes the shed.
D. Electricity supply:
The unit has access to a 24-hour electricity source, MSEB.
E. Raw material:
1. Fresh mulberry leaves for silkworm feeding is the first raw material.
2. Silkworm eggs are collected by the District Sericulture Office.
F. Capital:
The owner used his own funds to finance the first building of the rearing house and
mulberry yard.
H. Equipment:
Rearing trays, bed cleaning nets, and bags for cocoon packaging are essential pieces of
equipment used in the production of raw silk.
119
I. Labor:
1. No labor is needed.
2. The owner performing daily labor practices for processing management tasks such as
feeding, cleaning, keeping a sterile and hygienic environment, harvesting cocoons, etc.
4.6 Inventory Management of Sericulture unit

A. Basic raw material:
1. In sericulture, silkworm eggs are the primary raw material.
2. Silkworm eggs were ordered from the Nashik district sericulture office.
3. The silkworm rearing house is cleaned before the process begins.
4. The availability of new leaves from mulberries.
B. Working Progress:
1. 2% formalin sprayed throughout the rearing house.
2. The eggs are incubated in a colder environment.
3. Gently handling the recently emerged larvae.
4. The rearing of cocki in the rearing trays is completed.
5. Mounting is the process of moving fully grown silkworms onto a mountage.
6. Feeding the silkworm mulberry leaves.
C. Finished product:
1. The result of rearing silkworms is the cocoons they produce.
2. Produced cocoons are packaged in dry bags and shipped straight to the Jalna silk market,
which is the local market.
4.6 Supply chain Management of Sericulture unit

A. Management of procurement:
1. Silkworm eggs ordered from the District Sericulture Office
2. Mulberry leaves harvested from self-fertilized silkworms.
3. Bags for cocoons and disinfectant, weedicide, or insecticide for mulberry trees are bought
from the neighborhood store or the Jalna silk market.
120
B. Production management:
1. The following activities are included in production management:
a. Egg incubation at a colder location.
b. Placing freshly hatched larvae into trays for rearing.
c. Give the recently hatched larvae some chopped mulberry leaves.
d. Chaki raising in the trays for rearing.
e. Mounting mature silkworms for transfer.
f. Feed the silkworm mulberry leaves.
g. Keep the rearing shed's environment sterile and hygienic as directed.
h. Monitoring the rearing process and recognizing the mature silkworm cocoon.
i. Gathering the cocoons that silkworms produce.
j. Cocoons are stored and packaged in dry bags.
C. Management of distribution:
1. Packing and selling of cocoons in transit at the Jalna silk market.
2. At the Jalna silk market, selling cocoons or raw silk to neighborhood traders.
3. Local traders transport raw silk from the Jalna silk market to Bangalore, the largest silk
market in Asia.
4. The silkworm excreta contain vital nutrients for plants, they have been effectively utilized as
a good source of farm manure. Therefore, farmers may use it on their farms.
4.7 Human Resource Management of Sericulture unit

1. Planning: Planning is the act of considering a course of action in the future. Work like feeding,
mounting, rearing, cleaning, analyzing organizational plans and objectives, and estimating the
demand for human resources are all done with this purpose.
2. Acquisition: No laborers are needed for daily silk-rearing tasks. The owner completed all of
the work themselves.
3. Monitoring: The owner keeps a close eye on the facility, and he occasionally has
knowledgeable friends from other sister sericulture units check in as well.
121
4. Training: Under the direction of specialists in sericulture management, the owner receives
the appropriate training there. Since the daily operations of the unit must be managed by
appropriately qualified individuals.
5. Payments: Cash or online payments are accepted for payments.
6. Rewards: Incentives are offered as rewards to ensure that the owner is properly motivated to
put in a lot of effort.
4.8 Economic Analysis of Sericulture unit

1. Capital Investment in Sericulture
Table 4.2 Capital Investment in Sericulture
Sr. Rate/Unit Total Amount

Particulars Unit Quanti
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
ty
Machinery &
A.
Equipment
1 Cutter No. 10 10 1000

2 Knapsack Sprayer No. 2 2000 4000
3 Rearing Trays No. 20 450 9000
4 Weighing Scale No. 1 1500 1500
5 Sericulture Net No. 150 45 6750
6 Leaf Collecting
No. 2 50 100
Basket
B. Building & Land
1 Rearing House Sq. m 90 150000 150000
2 Irrigation Structure No. 1 5000 5000
C. Mulberry Saplings 5000 1.5 7500
Saplings
Total 228950
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2. Depreciation
Table 4.3 Depreciation
Original Useful Junk

Sr.No. Particulars Depreciation
Cost(Rs.) Life Value
Machinery
A.
&Equipment
1 Cutter 100 5 10 18
2 Knapsack Sprayer 4000 10 400 360
3 Rearing Trays 9000 15 900 540
4 Weighing Scale 1500 10 150 135
5 Sericulture Net 6750 20 675 303.75
Leaf Collecting
6 100 10 10 9
Basket
B. Building & Land
1 Rearing House 150000 50 15000 2700
Irrigation
2 50000 50 5000 900
Structure
C. Mulberry Plants 7500 20 750 337.5
Total 228950 5303.25
Interest on fixed capital 228950 @ 12% = 27474
Land = 1 Acre
Rate = Rs. 2790100/ Ha,
Therefore for 1 Acre = Rs. 1116040

Rental Value of Land = @ 2% of Market Value
= 1116040 × 2 / 100
Rental Value of Land = 22320.4 /-
123
3. Fixed cost
Table 4.4 Fixed cost
Sr. No. Particulars Amount (Rs.)

1 Depreciation 5303.25
2 Rental Value of Land 22320.8
3 Land Revenue 100
4 Interest on Fixed Capital 27474
Total Fixed Cost 55198.05
4. Variable cost
Table 4.4 Fixed cost
Total
Sr. Rate/ Unit
Particulars Unit Quantity Amount
No. (Rs.)
(Rs.)
5/
1 Eggs of Silkworm No. 600 3000
Dfl
2 Fertilizers
a) 19:19:19 Kg 4 110 440
b) 13:00:46 + Calcium
Kg 4 170 680
Nitrate
c) 15:15:15 (Suphala) Kg 50 60 3000
3 Insecticide
a) Neem ml 1000 700 700
b) Control - 40 ml 1000 500 500
c) Cyfermythrine ml 500 300 300
4 Disinfectant
a) Vijeta Supplement Kg 20 100 2000
b) Bleaching Powder Kg 10 20 200
5 Micronutrient
a) Chlated Ca gm 1000 800 800
b) Silicon gm 4000 1600 1600
c) Zinc oxide ml 1000 1800 1800
5 Packaging Bags No. 24 5 120
6 Electricity Charges 3000
Transportation
7 Rs. 12000
Charges
8 Incidental Charges Rs. 700
Total 30840
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1. Interest on Variable Cost @ 7% = 30840/100 X 7
= 2158.8 /-
2. Total Annual Variable Cost = Total Variable Cost + Interest on Variable Cost
= 30840 + 2158.8
Total Annual Variable Cost = 32998.8 /-
3. Total cost of production = Total Fixed Cost + Total Annual Variable Cost
= 55198.05 + 32998.8
Total cost of production = 88196.85 /-
5. Income received by Vilas Raut in sericulture unit

Table 4.5 Income chart
Yield Rate
Sr.no Year Total income
Main By product Main By product
1 2019-20 180 60 380 3 68520
2 2020-21 360 80 400 3 144240
3 2021-22 480 120 500 3.5 240420
4 2022-23 540 150 590 4 319200
6. Analysis of financial ratio

A) Cash flow
Table 4.6 Statement table

Initial Gross
Sr. No. Year Total Cost Net Income
Investment Return
1. 2019-20 228950 23755 68520 -184185
2. 2020-21 84538.5 144240 59701.5
3. 2021-22 85198.05 240420 155221.95
4. 2022-23 88196.85 319200 231003.15
Total 261741.6
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B) Net Present worth (NPW)
NPW = Net Income × Discount Factor
Table 4.7 Net Present worth
Discount
Sr. No Year Total cost Net Income NPW (12%)
Factor (12%)
1. 2019-20 252705 -184185 0.8928 -164440.36
2. 2020-21 84538.5 59701.5 0.7971 47588.06
3. 2021-22 85198.05 155221.95 0.7117 110471.46
4. 2022-23 88196.85 231003.15 0.6355 146802.50
Total 140421.66
C) Internal Rate of Return

Table 4.8 Internal rate of return
Sr. D.F.
Total Net Gross D.F. @ NPW @ NPW @
No Year @
Cost Income Income 12% 12% 18%
18%
1. 2019-20 252705 -184185 68520 0.8928 0.8474 -164440.36 -156078.36
2. 2020-21 84538.5 59701.5 144240 0.7971 0.7181 47588.06 42871.64
3. 2021-22 85198.05 155221.95 240420 0.7117 0.6086 110471.46 94468.05
4.
2022-23 88196.85 231003.15 319200 0.6355 0.5157 146802.50 119128.32
Total 140421.66 100389.67
IRR = Lower Discount Rate + Difference between two x 𝑁𝑃𝑊 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑃𝑊
Discount rate
IRR = 12 + (18-12) x 140421.66/ 40031.99

= 12 + 6 x 3.507
= 12 + 21.04
IRR = 33.04 %
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D) Benefit cost ratio
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆
BC ratio =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
= 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟗.𝟔
BC ratio = 1.52
Conclusion: when owner invest 1 Rs. In a project, he get 52 paisa.
E) Pay Back Period

Pay Back period (P) = 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒆
Where,
I = 228950
Total Net income of 4 years is 261741.6
So, the Annual cash revenue is 261741.6/4 i.e., 65435.4
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
P=
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒆
= 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟎
𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟓.𝟒
P = 3.49
Conclusion: Pay back period is 3 years, 4 month and 9 days for Vilas Raut sericulture unit.
127
4.9 SWOT analysis of sericulture farming:
A) Strength:
1. The climate of Nashik district is favorable for rearing of silkworm.
2. The silk is produced 30-40% less than the demand of national and
international level. 3.Sericulture research institute through their technical
development have provide superquality seed.
4. Mulberry silkworm is hardy and non-violence silk.
5. Mulberry silkworm is poor person silk. (cost of production is less)
6. Sericulture helps in enhancing economic status of rural rearrest and
its ecofriendlyoccupation.
B) Weakness:
1. Sudden attack of pest or diseases on the silkworm.
2.The rearrest have small hand holding for rearing.
3.There is no proper organizations for collecting cocoon and seed distribution.
c) Opportunities:
1. Sericulture sector includes active involvement of rural women and elder farmer.
2. The demand of silk is growing in national and international market day by day.
3.Goverment through various project, fiber policy and various aids trying to developed
silkindustry.
4.Huge scope is left for byproduct of sericulture.
D) Threats:
1. Unpredictable rainfall and reducing ground water level effects plantation.

2. Limited adoption of modern technologies in silk farming can hinder efficiency and
productivity.
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4.10 problems and Suggestion:
1. Problems:
a) Sudden attack of some pests and diseases which cause damage to silkworm and sometimes
cocoons like MUSACARDIN, GRASSERIC, PEBRINE, etc.
b) Price fluctuation of cocoons:
YEAR PRICE
2016-17 421
2017-18 492
2018-19 342
2019-20 409
2020-21 330
2021-22 541
c) Lack of transportation facilities.

d) Lack of local market facilities.
c)Poor infrastructure.
2. Suggetions:
a) Equipment required for mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing should be disinfect
an regular basis.
b) Proper knowledge about use of disinfectant should be acquired.
c) Training programmed about use of rearing equipment should be attained on regular
basis.
d) Adopt new technology and improve infrastructure facility.
e) Farmer should adopt trace ability system in complete supply chain.
129
Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
130
5.1 Summary
Sr. No. Particulars Findings

1. Total Capital Investment 228950
2. Total Annual Fixed Cost 55198.05
3. Total Annual Variable Cost 32998.8
4. Total Annual Cost 88196.85
5. Cocoons produced in kg 390
6. Average price per kg of cocoons 467.5
7. Net Income 261741.6
8. Net Present Worth (NPW) 140421.6
9. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.52
10. Internal Rate of Returns (IRR) 33.04
11. Payback Period 3 years 4 month 9 days
5.2 Conclusion
Silk farming has become a very successful and demanding farming in recent time all
over the India as well as world. High quality of cocoons production is helping in this farming.
The initial capital investment is not too much high. With the introduction of new technologies,
the production can be increased. This farming is becoming more and more profitable as many
farmers have started to purchase the eggs of silkworm and essential growing materials from the
silk farming unit itself. The different financial ratios show that the silk farming unit is
financially viable. The silk farm project is financially feasible because the net present value is
positive, the BC ratio is greater than one, and the interest rate is higher than the market rate.
The silk farmer has already reached the BEP, so there's no need to increase cocoon production
to get to the breakeven point.
131
5.3 Experience gained
1. Researcher had understood the complete life stages of silkworms.

2. Researcher had understood Growing and managing mulberry trees, the primary silkworm food
source.
3. Researcher had got hands-on experience of cocoon harvesting.
4. Acquired a scientific knowledge of silkworm biology.
132
Chapter 5
REFERENCES
133
5.1 Citation of Articles
1. Elumalai, D., & Murugesh, K. A. (2019). An economic analysis of marketing cost of cocoon and
constraints faced by sericulture farmers: A study in the district of Dharmapuri in Tamil
Nadu. Stud, 7(1), 1637-1640.
2. Sharma, A., Chanotra, S., & Gull, A. Socio-Economic Profile (SEP) of Farmers for Revitalizing
Sericulture with Special Reference to Jammu Division.
3. Jigyasu, D. K., Kumar, A., Shabnam, A. A., Sharma, G. K., Jena, R. K., Das, B., ... & Kumari, K. M.
V. (2023). Spatial Distribution of the Fertility Parameters in Sericulture Soil: A Case Study of Dimapur
District, Nagaland. Land, 12(5), 956.
4. Hatibaruah, D., Dutta, L. C., & Saikia, H. (2022). Adoption behaviour of sericulture farmers regarding
improved technologies of Jorhat District of Assam. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(1), 26-
30.
5. Sharma, S., Acharya, S., Regmi, S., Poudel, A., & Adhikari, G. (2021). Production Activities and
Value Chain Analysis of Sericulture in Western Inner Terai Region of Nepal. International Journal of
Social Sciences and Management, 8(2), 362-371.
6. Nath, S., & Modak, B. K. (2022). Tasar sericulture: an underutilized tool of poverty eradication among
the tribals of Bankura district. In Indigenous People and Nature (pp. 437-463). Elsevier.
7. Pathare, M., Shinde, H. R., & Bagade, A. S. (2021). Economic analysis of silk cocoon production
in Maharashtra. Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(11), 534-538.)
8. Ssemugenze, B., Esimu, J., Nagasha, J., & Wandui Masiga, C. (2021). Sericulture: Agro-based
industry for sustainable socio-economic development: A review.
9. Sharma, K., & Kapoor, B. (2020). Sericulture as a profit-based industry—a review. Indian
Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 8(4), 550-562.
10. Taufiq, M., & Hoque, M. A. (2021). Current scenario of sericulture production in India: a
spatio-temporal analysis. International Research Journal of Education and Technology, 2(4), 12-
23.
11. Shinde, V. D. A study on the status of mulberry cultivation and employment generation in
Aurangabad district, Maharashtra state.
134
12. Save, V. (2019). Sericulture–An Entrepreneurial Spark For Indian Farmer.
13. Syamaladevi, S. (2022). EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION IN COCOON

PRODUCTION-A STUDY.
5.2 Source link of Photos
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture
2. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/seri_index.html
3. https://byjus.com/chemistry/sericulture/
4. https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/farm-based-enterprises/sericulture/sericulture-in-india
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sericulture
6. https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/synthetic-fibres-and-plastics/sericulture/
135
Chapter 6
PHOTOGRAPHS
136
Photo 6.1 Photo with Owner of sericulture unit
Photo 6. 2 Harvesting of mulberry leaves
137
Photo 6. 3 Feeding of mulberry leaves to silkworm
Photo 6. 4 Photo of Harvested cocoons
138
139

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A

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI

B.Sc (Horns) Agriculture Business Management

K. K. WAGH COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS

Mr. Darekar Kartik Yashvant

This project happens to be a great learning experience for me and I believe it

Mr. Darekar Kartik Yashvant

1.1 Introduction of study 1

1.2 Objectives of study 5

2.2 Collection of data 7

2.3 Analysis of data 8

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 General Information of Village 12

3.1.1 Member of village council 12

3.1.2 Population of village 12

3.1.3 Demography of the village 13

3.1.4 Total houses in village 13

3.1.5 Geography of village 13

3.1.6 Community buildings 13

3.1.7 Major crop grown in village 14

3.1.8 Infrasrucure of village 14

3.2 Socio Economic Survey of Farmer 15

3.2.1 Student information 15

3.2.2 Information of host farmer 15

3.2.3 Information of family members 15

3.2.5 Cropping pattern 18

3.2.6 Crop wise Overhead Costs 21

3.3 Crop wise input used by host farmer 26

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 57

3.1 General Information of village

3.10 Student information 15

3.11 Information of host farmer 15

3.12 Information of family members 15

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9.1 Visit to gram panchayat of kasabe sukene

1. To study the host farmer's current farming pattern.

3. To determine the profitability of the host farmer.

4. To investigate the farmer's difficulties and make recommendations to solve them.

2.2 Collection of Data

c) Crop wise Depreciation

Electricity Bill +Lubricant +Repairing Charges

g) Crop wise Incidental Charges

i) Amortization Cost in case of Fruit Crops

k) Rental Value of Land

p) Family Labour Income

q) Farm Investment Income

s) Benefit Cost Ratio

t) Per Unit Cost of Production

u) Per Ha cost of Production

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1.1 Member of Village Council

Table 3.1 Members of Village Council.

Sr. Name of the Member Designation

3.1.2 Population of Village

Table 3.2 Population of village.

Sr. No Gender Total Population

Table 3.3 Demography of village.

Sr. No Family category Total No.

3.1.4 Total Houses in the Village

Table 3.4 Total Houses in village.

3.1.5 Geography of the Village

Table 3.5 Geography of the village.

3.1.6 Community Building