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SANANDO
A LA PANDILLA
QUE VIVE ADENTRO

Cómo el EMDR pued puedee


 sanar
 san ar nuestros
nu estros roles
roles interno
inter noss
de Esly
Esl y Regina
Regina Carv
C arvalho,
alho, Ph.D

Índice
Prefacio ...
Prefacio . ..
La Metáf
Me táfora
ora del Traum
Trauma:
a: Re
Recue
cuerden
rden a la
la Muje
Muje r de
de Lot...
El trau
trauma
ma y sus conse cuencias...
EMDR – Eye Eye Move ment Dessensitization and Reprocessing...
Play of Life y EMDR :
EMDR :Ne
Negoc
gocian
iando
do la inter
inte r-relación de la Pandill
Pandillaa Intern
Inte rna...
a...
La Sesión de Mariana: Habla la Pandilla Interna...
Conclusiones
Concl usiones ...
Sobre este libro...
Acerca de la Autora ...80
Formación e Información...
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Prefacio
Todos tenemos “personas” que viven adentro de nosotros. Si nos detenemos a
escuchar, podemos oír las “voces” de muchas de ellas. Hay una que nos dice “burra,
 burra” cuando
cuando nos equivocamos;
equivocamos; otra que tiene miedo
miedo y nos impide hacer las cosas, la
Miedosita. Algunos tienen un Ansioso para que nadie se queje, que nos hace tomar 
 pésimas decisiones
decisi ones con la esperanza de acabar con la ansiedad en vez de resolver
resol ver el
 problem
roble ma con prudencia
prudencia y sabiduría. Y todos
todos tenem
tenemos
os un Médico Intern
Interno.
o.
Todos los días lal a Pandill
Pandillaa Intern
Internaa está presente
presente en nuestra
uestra vida. Existen
Existen
algunos roles que nos resultan evidentes: estamos conscientes de ellos. Sin embargo,
existen otros que rigen nuestra vida sin que nos demos cuenta. El que ocupa el “asiento
del conductor” de nuestra vida es quien toma las decisiones en determinados momentos.
Si nuestro Niño Interno toma las decisiones que debe tomar el Adulto, puede provocar 
más embroll
embrollos
os que soluciones.

Cierta vez, tuve una paciente que me preguntó si yo pensaba que ella sería
capaz de estudiar una lengua extranjera en otro país. Yo le dije:
- Depende...
- ¿Depende de qué, doctora?
- Depende de quién estudie...
- ¿Cómo así?
- Si va la Adulta, ingeniera, joven capaz y madura, pienso que no habrá
ningún problema de quedarse un mes estudiando afuera. Pero si la que viaja es su
iña Interna de siete años, que vive agarrada a la falda de su mami, en 24 horas
vuelve a su casa...
-Ah,
-Ah, creo que entendí...
ente ndí...

Hay roles de los que tenemos conciencia y otros sobre los que debemos poner 
atención (o hacer terapia) para entender qué nos pasa. Muchas veces, cuando no
entendemos por qué hacemos ciertas cosas, es probable que algún rol escondido se
hayaa colado
hay col ado al asiento del condu
c onductor
ctor de nuestra
uestra vida.
vi da.
Cierta vez, oí decir que en la homeopatía la diferencia entre el remedio y el
veneno es la dosis. Pues con nuestra Pandilla Interna también es así. En algunos casos
extremos, encontramos personas que llegan a tener “personalidades” distintas. (Vamos a
tratar esto más adelante cuando hablemos acerca de la disociación). Esas personas
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En los últimos años, el énfasis de mi trabajo ha sido ayudar a las personas a


curar sus traumas y recuerdos dolorosos oriundos de situaciones adversas. Cuanto más
trabajo
trabaj o esa cuestió
cuestión,
n, más me convenzo
convenzo de que que los traumas
traumas –los grandes y los
 pequeños– van afectando
afectando nuestra
nuestra vida
vi da actual y nuestra
nuestra capacidad
capa cidad de elegir
el egir respuest
res puestas
as y
reacciones sabias para las situaciones que enfrentamos todos los días. Fuimos creados
 para un mundo perfecto, y realmente
realmente no sabemos lidiar lidi ar con la imperfección,
imperfección, la
violencia, la muerte, el rompimiento de las relaciones interpersonales, la decepción y
la pérdida de nuestros sueños y esperanzas de un futuro mejor.
Espero que este libro pueda esclarecer la existencia de esa Pandilla Interna, la
forma en que sus roles nacen y se desarrollan adentro de nosotros, cuál es la función
que cumplen en nuestra vida y cómo son sus interacciones. Además, trataré de proveer 
algunas formas de sanar a aquellos personajes heridos de nuestra Pandilla Interna que
nos impiden vivir plenamente. También aprenderemos a celebrar aquellos que nos
edifican, nos lanzan
lanzan hacia
hacia arriba
arri ba y adelan
adela nte, y nos
nos proveen
pr oveen recursos positivos.
pos itivos.
 Nuestra
uestra propuesta es desarrolla
desarr ollarr un
unaa “política de buen
buenaa convivencia”,
convivencia”, pero
ahora con los personajes que viven dentro
dentro de
d e nosotros, nuestra
nuestra Pandilla
Pandill a Interna.
Interna.
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Introducción
Este libro fue escrito para que el público en general pueda tomar contacto con
sus roles internos: la Pandilla que vive dentro de nosotros. Por esa razón, he procurado
escribir
escri bir en
e n uunn lengu
lenguaje
aje sencillo
s encillo y accesible
accesi ble a todos.
De una manera especial, los terapeutas de Eye Movement Dessensitization and
Reprocessing (Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio de los Movimientos
Oculares - EMDR) podrán sacar provecho de los conceptos psicoterapéuticos que se
 presentan aquí y podrán identificar
identificar los pasos a seguir
seguir de los respectivos protocolos.
Las personas que desean entender qué es EMDR pueden leer aquellos capítulos
 primero (EMDR será explicado más adelante y no al inicio del libro), libr o), ya que esto
 puede ayudarles
ayudarles a entender
entender las observaciones
observa ciones casuísticas que aparecen en los capítulos
iniciales.
Quiero dejar claro que no creo que los roles que representan nuestra Pandilla
Interna sean “personas” internas. La Pandilla Interna es una conceptualización creativa
 para ayu
ayudarnos
darnos a entender
entender nuestros
uestros roles y como
como estos guían nu nuestros
estros pensamientos,
pensamientos,
emociones y conductas. Así pues, se trata de construcciones internas que todos tenemos.
Los casos aquí presentados son verídicos, pero tuve el cuidado de disfrazar 
toda la información identificadora. Todos los nombres y datos personales fueron
modificados para proteger la identidad de las personas que comparten sus historias. La
mayoría de estos casos ocurrieron en otros lugares, ya que he vivido y trabajado en
cuatro países diferentes, y he tratado pacientes en muchos otros más.
Siempre elegí nombres distintos para los casos, pero es imposible evitar 
nombres comunes. En ningún caso fue utilizado el nombre real del paciente. Mis
clientes (pasados y presentes) pueden estar seguros de que, si encuentran un caso con un
nombre parecido al suyo, ellos no son el sujeto descrito en la viñeta. Cualquier 
semejanza entre los nombres de mis clientes y los casos presentados es mera
coincidencia. La esencia de las historias fue mantenida para fines de ilustración de lo
que las nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento pueden hacer en la vida de las personas.
Lastimosamente, en esos relatos la emoción y las expresiones físicas de los pacientes
se pierden
pi erden en la escri
e scritu
tura,
ra, pero
p ero aún
a ún así tengo
tengo la
l a esperanz
esp eranzaa de que puedan
puedan tener
tener una idea
de cómo es la sesión,
s esión, y de la rapidez
r apidez y el impacto
impacto del EMDR.
EMDR.
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Presentación de la Pandilla
que Vive Adentro
Todos tenemos una “Pandilla que vive adentro”. Son nuestros roles internos
que se van desarrollando durante nuestra vida. Esa Pandilla tiene algunos elementos en
común:
1. En primer lugar, la Pandilla Interna existe . Existe de verdad, pero sólo
dentro de nosotros. El Bebé Recién-nacido, el Niño Interno de tres años, la Niña en
Crisis de 13 años, el Adolescente Rebelde, (mi) Madre o (mi) Padre, y el Médico
Interno, son todos roles que de cierta manera vinieron a vivir adentro de nosotros a
través de las experiencias
e xperiencias que tuvim
tuvimos
os en el transcurso de la vida.
Cada vez que algún incidente se queda emocionalmente mal digerido, o
“archivado” en nuestro cerebro de una manera disfuncional, se forma dentro de nuestra
existencia psíquica (y neuroquímica) alguien de nuestra Pandilla Interna. Estos son
roles que se formaron adentro de nosotros. Esto constituye un desarrollo normal y no
debe sorprendernos.
 Ana
 Ana Emilia: yo tengo la sensación de que vive mucha gente aquí adentro...
así, de la manera que usted habla de la Pandilla Interna. Hay una enorme
iedosita... ella parece una gatita asustada. Cuando se asoma, me da frio en la
barriga, por el pánico. Estoy segura que no voy a poder enfrentar las situaciones
más sencillas. Cuando se asoma la Adulta otra vez, yo no entiendo cómo fue que
aquella Miedosita pudo tener tanto temor a una situación tan banal, tan fácil de
resolver. Pero cuando la Miedosita se asoma, no hay nada que la pueda calmar.
 Pienso que ella necesita
neces ita un abrazo, de alguien que le cuide...
cui de...
 Lázara: Tengo una Llorona
Llorona - ¿Conoce aquel árbol que tiene ramas largas y
arece que llora al lado de los ríos...? ¿Un sauce? Pues... hay una Llorona que vive
dentro de mí. Ella tiene unos 13 años y me contó que en donde vive dentro de mí, no
hay UN adulto cerca…
2.  La Pandilla Interna también existe adentro de los otros.   ¿Quién no ha
tenido la experiencia de conversar con alguien y de repente tiene la sensación de que
deja de ser aquella persona a la que estamos acostumbrados? ¿Por qué se enfurece
desmedidamente, o hace una escena de celos o se pone frío y calculador, o se porta
como un niño con actitudes bien infantiles...?
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3.  Arrastramos a la Pandilla Interna con nosotros por dondequiera que


vamos.  Lo peor es que a veces hay gente asustada adentro, o enojada, o totalmente
 perdida,
erdid a, que de repente se asoma.
asoma. Enton
Entonces,
ces, puede impedirnos
impedirnos hacer las cosas
importantes
importantes que queremos.
 Me tomó mucho tiempo entender que el préstamo del banco es solamente
apel, dijo Juan, cierta vez en una consulta. Cada vez que yo tenía que lidiar con
esas cuestiones de alquiler, burocracia, o préstamos de banco, me daba un pánico
total. Yo perdí buenos negocios y hasta vendí un departamento precipitadamente,
orque la ansiedad interna vinculada a estos procesos me impedía tomar buenas
decisiones con tranquilidad. Cuando finalmente entendí que era uno de mis Niños
nternos, el que entraba en acción cada vez que yo tenía que hacer esto, pude
asegurarle que el préstamo era cosa del adulto y que yo, Juan Adulto, iría a
encargarme de ello. En una sesión de psicoterapia con EMDR, pude dimensionar la
ansiedad infantil y transformar la “catástrofe burocrática” en una realidad adulta.
Yo venía de una familia de inmigrantes, donde tuvimos que aprender una lengua
extranjera y todos en casa se encontraban medio perdidos con la cultura y
 soterrados
 soterr ados bajo un mundo de información
inf ormación que no tenía sentido para un extranjero.
ex tranjero. A
veces en la escuela, yo entendía las palabras, pero no entendía el sentido o contexto.
unca me olvido de ir al banco diciéndome suavecito, “Juan. El préstamo es
 solamente papel. Es solamente papel. Un papel tras otro... es solamente papel...”,
ero finalmente pude lograr hacerlo sin tener un ataque de ansiedad.
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decisiones es esa Madre Interna. Entones hoy decidí devolverle a mi Madre Externa
todo lo que le pertenece, y de ahora en adelante yo voy a decidir esas cosas; yo, y yo
misma.
Adentro de nuestra Pandilla Interna vive también aquella “Madre Externa” que
todavía nos “habla” y dispara cosas adentro. Ella es parte de los roles que van
formándose adentro de nosotros. Pasa a formar parte de nuestra Pandilla Interna. La
Madre Externa puede haber fallecido hace 20 años, pero ella sigue viva y activa
adentro, a través de mi Pandilla Interna.

 En una sesión de EMDR con María Antonia, ella comentó que había tenido
una madre muy crítica, que nunca le dio elogios ni palabras positivas. El primer 
recuerdo
recuerdo que ella
ell a tenía, a los
l os cuatro años, era de la madre
madre reclamando que ella había
hecho algo malo. Le pedí a María Antonia que entrara en el rol de esa niña interna
de cuatro años, y fuimos procesando ese recuerdo con EMDR. Quejándose
llorosamente que la madre siempre le decía cosas críticas, le dije que todos tenemos
un botón para regular el volumen, y que ella podría controlar el volumen de la
comunicación de la madre o incluso, ponerla en “mute”. Después de una serie de
movimientos bilaterales típicos del EMDR, ella comentó:
- Pero los niños tienen – ¡deben! – oír la voz de la madre. Entonces le dije:
- Pero usted puede elegir qué oye.
 Pensando una vez más, María Antonia
Antonia me contestó:
- Ah, ¿puedo usar un filtro? ¿Y elegir oír lo que me hace bien y no oír lo que
me hace daño?
- Ahora puede...

5. Las heridas de la Pandilla Interna pueden hacer daño a la Pandilla


 xterna. Los traumas son como astillas en el corazón de cada cual. Pero además, puede
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6 . También hay roles positivos en nuestra Pandilla Interna.  Muchas


 personas consideradas “fuertes”
“fuertes” o resisten
resis tentes,
tes, tuvieron
tuvieron la posibilidad
posibi lidad de desenvolver 
miembros de su Pandilla Interna que les ayudaron a vencer los desafíos de la vida.
Algunas tuvieron infancias envidiables, y por lo tanto, poseen naturalmente un
repertorio
repertori o natural
natural de roles
rol es positivos.
posi tivos. Otras, lograron desarrollar
desarrol lar un
unaa Pandilla Intern
Internaa de
roles positivos a pesar
pes ar de sus circunstancias.
circunstancias. A veces tuvieron una una persona significativa
significativa
en su medio, que invirtió mucho en su crecimiento emocional. O quién sabe si nacieron
con un temperamento o disposición interna que les permitió vencer las adversidades en
que se encontraron. Lo cierto es que, en mayor o menor grado, en todos existen estos
roles positivos. Así pues, una de las propuestas psicoterapéuticas debe ser ayudar a los
client
clie ntes
es a rescatar y desenvolver
desenvolver a los miembros positivos de su Pandilla Interna. Interna.
Cierta vez Rosita me dijo : “Recuerdo que en medio del caos que fue mi
amilia, yo tenía una profesora de corte y confección. Durante cuatro años yo fui a
 sus clases, todas las tardes. A veces v eces me sentía molesta, porque
porque mi madre
madre me había
dicho que la condición para que yo pudiera hacer el curso, era que tenía que coser 
también para mi hermana. Me sentía enojada porque cuando tenía que hacer un
vestido de fiesta… era desesperante terminar mi vestido y el de mi hermana también.
¡Encontraba todo aquello tan injusto! Pero Doña Fátima me ayudaba, tenía
aciencia conmigo, me explicaba las cosas, y hoy me doy cuenta que aquellas clases
eran un oasis de estabilidad y aprecio en mi vida de adolescente. Veo que todavía hoy
hago cosas como ella me enseñó. A veces hasta me pregunto qué haría ella en tal o
cual situación...
7. Podemos aprender a oír a nuestra Pandilla Interna.   Todos tenemos estos
diálogos internos entre los miembros de nuestra Pandilla. En la medida en que vamos
aprendiendo a prestar atención a aquello que nos quieren decir, a sus necesidades, a
como se formaron, lo que necesitan para calmarse y vivir mejor, tendremos más salud
en la vida. Aprender a escucharnos es un gran don. Si se nos enseña a escuchar a los
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8. Porque estos roles viven adentro de nosotros y son fruto de nuestra


ercepción, podemos cambiar su contenido.   No tenemos que pensar que estamos
condenados a vivir eternamente
eternamente amarr
amarrados
ados y atrapados
atrap ados a una
una infancia
infancia infeliz o a
experiencias que nos atormentaron la vida entera y nos continúan perjudicando en el
 presente. Las percepciones
percepci ones de los miembros de nuestra uestra Pandilla Intern
Internaa pueden
cambiar. Además, pueden ser liberados para hacer nuevas elecciones y opciones, y
tomar decisiones que nos traigan salud, realización personal, y una mayor satisfacción
con la vida.
 Jennifer:
 Jennifer : yo me acuerdo que cuando era pre-adolescente y toda larg l arguirucha,
uirucha,
un día íbamos a un festejo. Dentro del auto, mi tío y otros niños empezaron a
burlarse de mí, y me sentí tan molesta con eso, que acabe bajándome del auto. Volví 
a la casa a pie. Sentí que era como un bebé abandonada al borde del camino. Me
 sentí muy lastimada con todo aquello. Imaginen que mi madre, madre, que estaba también en
el carro, ¡permitió que me hicieran esto!
La terapeuta
terapeuta dijo a Jen
Je nnifer
nifer que ahora
ahora podría rehacer
r ehacer la escena en términos
términos
ideales,
ideal es, de la manera
manera en que a ella le l e hubiera
hubiera gust
gustado
ado que sucediera. Lueg uegoo de
reprocesar con los movimientos bilaterales de EMDR, Jennifer dijo:  Pero ahora estoy
viendo que yo, la Adulta, puedo rescatar a esa niña que necesita la protección de
adre y madre. (MBs [1] ) Además, recuerdo
recuerdo que mi madre
madre comentaba que ella – mi
madre
madre – había sido muy muy ridiculizada
ridiculi zada en la adolescencia. (MBs) Ahora Ahora yo puedo
hacer las cosas de forma distinta. Puedo decirle a mi Adolescente Larguirucha lo que
quería que mi madre le dijera: “Tu eres mi hijita querida, y voy a volver contigo”.
h! Veo a mi madre haciéndolo, volviendo conmigo para no dejarme volver sola y me
 siento
 sient o defendida y amparada. (MBs)(MBs) No tengo más odio. Comprendo
Comprendo lo que pasó: ellaell a
también fue víctima como yo. (MBs) Ella volvió conmigo y le dijo a mi tío que ya no
íbamos a la fiesta. Ella y yo nos fuimos conversando por el camino, ella pasó por una
tienda y fuimos comiendo caramelos.
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La Metá
M etáfora
fora del
de l Trauma:
Trauma:
Recuerden a la Mujer de Lot
Una de las mejores metáforas del trauma viene de la Biblia. Se trata de una
historia muy antigua y bastante conocida de los estudiosos de las Escrituras judío-
cristian
cris tianas.
as. La historia
historia es más o menos
menos así (versi
( versión
ón C
Carval
arvalho)
ho)[2]
[2]::

El antepasado de los judíos, Abraham, tenía un sobrino que se llamaba Lot.


Ambos tenían muchas ovejas y cabritos, y sus sirvientes comenzaron a pelear por los
 pastos. Para que nono hubiera
hubiera desacuerdos en la famili
familia,
a, Abraham le propuso a Lot que se
separaran y que Lot escogiera a qué lado quería ir. Lot estuvo de acuerdo y
eventualmente fue a vivir en una ciudad llamada Sodoma. Según la narración bíblica,
Dios decidió destruir esa ciudad, pero como se había comprometido con Abraham a
salvar a los justos, él mandó un ángel a avisar a Lot de que saliera corriendo de allá
con su familia. Lot llevó a los ángeles a su casa, pensando que eran seres humanos, y
los áng
ángeles
eles le dieron
di eron el aviso.
a viso. El mensaje
mensaje divino incluía la instrucción
instrucción de que huy
huyesen y
que no mirasen hacia atrás hasta llegar a su destino.
Los novios de las hijas de Lot no creyeron en el mensaje – pensaron que se
trataba de una broma – y se quedaron en la ciudad, mientras que Lot, su esposa y sus
dos hijas salieron corriendo hacia la planicie. Apenas habían recorrido cierta distancia,
cuando comenzó a llover azufre del cielo sobre la ciudad. Todos juntitos, siguieron
huyendo, pero por alguna razón que nadie puede explicar, la mujer de Lot decidió mirar 
hacia atrás ¡y se con
co nvirtió en estatua
estatua de sal!
sal !

Esa es la metáfora del trauma: de cierta manera nos transforma en estatuas de


sal, eternamente congeladas mirando hacia atrás donde está ocurriendo la tragedia y la
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Cuando queremos hacer algo diferente, ellas se aterran y dicen que “¡No! ¡Mira
el peligro! ¡Mira la destrucción! ¡Meternos en esto será un desastre!” Lo que resulta
más interesante es que recientes estudios de neurobiología confirman y explican cómo
esos recuerdos se atascan y se congelan en las redes asociativas de la memoria que hay
adentro de nuestro cerebro. No sólo es la metáfora la que nos atrapa. Nuestro propio
cerebro archiva los recuerdos de forma mal-adaptativa en esos casos. La memoria no
resuelta se queda guardada en las redes neuronales de forma desconectada de las
herramientas mentales que podrían ayudar a metabolizarlas y digerirlas.
Hoy en día podemos ver esto en las tomografías cerebrales sofisticadas. El
recuerdo traumático del pasado queda sin resolverse en el cerebro de la misma manera
en que la estatua queda congelada viendo la destrucción.
La verdad es que de cierta forma, podemos decir que fuimos creados para un
mundo perfecto y nunca nos acostumbramos a la maldad o a la imperfección. La vida y
los traumas nos rompen a todos, y cuando estos ocurren, dentro de nosotros se van
formando pequeñas “estatuas de sal”. Pasamos el resto de la vida arrastrando esas
estatuas hasta el día – si es que llega – en que finalmente logramos visitar esos
recuerdos, esas
es as estat
es tatuuas, y descongelar
descongelarlas.
las. ¿Cóm
¿Cómoo ocurre esto?
e sto? Es el tema
tema de este libro,
li bro,
 pero vale decir que la relación
relac ión terapéutica
terapéutica es un
unaa de las maneras más interesa
interesanntes de
consegu
conseguir “abrazar” esas
e sas estatuas
estatuas y descongelarlas a través del amor
amor y del afecto.
Hay muchas técnicas, enfoques, sugerencias y terapias. En los capítulos que
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El trauma y sus consecuencias


El trauma nos perjudica de muchas maneras... más de lo que muchas personas
imaginan. Y no sólo los “traumas obvios” como secuestros, violaciones, muertes
violentas, experiencias de guerra, terremotos, huracanes destructores. Cuando hablamos
de traumas hablamos también de aquellos que se encuadran en experiencias dolorosas
que no necesariamente encajan en los diagnósticos oficiales de médicos y psicólogos.
Los traumas light t  ambién hacen daño.
Por ejemplo, un paciente que se queja que todos los días durante la infancia y
adolescencia, el padre criticaba su forma de comer en la mesa porque sin querer 
derramaba una
una taza de leche, el tenedor
tenedor caía
ca ía al
a l suelo, no sabía
sabí a manejar
manejar los
lo s cubiertos, su
conversación era tonta… y hoy reclama que tiene dificultad para salir a comer con sus
amigos. Tomar una cerveza, lo hace con dificultad, ¿pero sentarse a la mesa a cenar?
¡Jamás es diversión! La ansiedad le revuelve el estomago, el corazón se le dispara,
llega a sudar frío ¡porque va a comer con los amigos! No podemos decir que este
 paciente tiene un diagnóstico
diagnóstico de Trastorno de Estrés Pos-Traum
Pos-Traumático (TEPT), pero
definitivamente esos recuerdos crean situaciones difíciles para él y limitan su vida
cotidiana.
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Selena compartió con enorme tristeza:   yo tuve una hermanita que nació
muchos años después que los demás. Luego que me quedé embarazada de mi primer 
hijo, ella murió. Se contagió de una de esas enfermedades comunes de la época y
murió a los siete años. En ese entonces no había antibióticos ni remedios para esas
enfermedades de niños. Mi madre nunca más fue la misma. Antes ella se vestía de
 seda y joyas, se hacía peinar
pei nar el cabello
cabel lo todas las
l as semanas en la peluquería,
peluquerí a, y andaba
 siempre arreglada. Después que murió mi hermana, nunca más se puso esas ropas, ropas,
desistió de las joyas y nunca más frecuentó al peluquero. Se dejó crecer el cabello y
usaba un moño como era común en aquel tiempo. Ella nunca superó la muerte de mi
hermanita.
2. Lo que va a ayudar a sanar esos recuerdos es justamente la posibilidad 
de reprocesar e integrar adaptativamente el contenido de ellos.  Es lo que hacen las
nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento. Crean nuevas conexiones cerebrales que permiten
el surgimiento de nuevas informaciones e insights, y transforman los recuerdos
traum
traumáticos en nuevas
nuevas percepciones
percepci ones resolut
res olutivas.
ivas.
Eliana comento: Solté a mi niña interna para que pudiera jugar en un lugar 
 seguro. Hacía dos años que no experimentaba esto… yo antes era una muñeca de
eso.
De hecho, hay estudios que proponen la hipótesis de que el trauma es mucho
más un un distu
dis turbi
rbioo del sueño que de la memori emoriaa (Stickgold
(Stickgold 2007
2007[3]
[3]).
). En cuanto
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3. El trauma es la secuela de vivencias de peligro (real y/o percibido) que


no conseguimos resolver adecuadamente. Es conocido que cuando nos enfrentamos
con una situación de peligro es probable que reaccionemos en alguna de las siguientes
tres formas normales: huir, luchar o congelarnos.[4]
congelarnos. [4]   Cuando un zorro encuentra un
conejo en el bosque, el conejo sabe que hay que reaccionar o se va a convertir en la
cena. Si se ve acorralado, lucha porque es la única oportunidad de salir vivo de las
garras del zorro. Si piensa que puede correr más que el zorro, el conejo huye. Pero a
veces, en la carrera, cuando el zorro se aproxima, el conejo puede congelarse: cae
como muerto en un estado fisiológico que hace creer al zorro que murió de susto. Como
la carne muerta no le interesa al zorro, éste se retira. Cuando el conejo percibe que el
 peligro pasó, empieza
empieza a temblar
temblar y sacudirse que es su manera de salir
sali r del estado de
congelamiento. Este riesgo es tan alto, que si no lo hace correctamente, puede llegar a
morir de verdad. Terminado el proceso de descongelamiento, el conejo vive para ver 
otro día sin secuela del
de l trauma.
trauma.
En los seres humanos hay muchas de esas mismas reacciones, y las estatuas de
sal muchas veces son sólo un rol adentro de nosotros que no conseguimos “sacudir” de
forma apropiada. La experiencia es que “no pasó” y el peligro se siente eternamente
 presente.
De cierta manera podemos decir, según el sabio Job (aquel mismo de la
 paciencia), que Dios colocó la eternidad en nuestros
nuestros corazones.
corazones. Hoy en día, ununaa forma
forma
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4. Una de las cosas que el trauma nos quita es la capacidad de elegir .


Fuimos creados para tener libre albedrío. La salud siempre implica la posibilidad de
elegir cómo voy a responder o actuar. El trauma acaba con esa capacidad de elección y
nos obliga
obl iga a repetir
rep etir compor
comportam
tamientos.
ientos. Esto nosnos ayuda
ayuda a entender
entender por qué ciertas
cie rtas
 personas repiten conductas
conductas destru
des tructivas,
ctivas, aun
aunque
que no quieran hacerlo. (¿Q ( ¿Quuién no conoce
la mujer que se queda en una relación violenta? ¿Quién sabe qué traumas anteriores le
impiden romper este vínculo dañino…?) Vale la pena averiguar su historia de vida y
ver en qué momento esos recuerdos comenzaron a congelarse. Las estatuas no nos
ofrecen alternativas de conducta.
5. El trauma hace que creamos en mentiras sobre nosotros . Una de las
cosas que suceden cuando vivimos una experiencia dolorosa y no logramos procesarla
(o “digerirla”) es que los recuerdos se quedan guardados no sólo con el dolor, pero
tambié
tambiénn con lo que pensamos, sentimos
sentimos físicam
física mente, los olores
olo res,, sonidos, colores
colo res - todo
eso queda vinculado en ese recuerdo, en los archivos de nuestro cerebro. Esos
 pensamient
ensamientosos suelen ser irracionales
irr acionales y falsos. Hay una parte dentro dentro de nosotros
nosotros que
dice que todo esto es mentira, pero la parte que vivió la experiencia y continua
“viendo” la destrucción no logra creer en la verdad sobre lo que sucedió y permitir que
soltemos los recuerdos. La estatua no cree en lo que decimos en nuestro rol adulto.
 Leticia:
 Letici a: Yo
Yo no pienso que soy una persona interesante.
i nteresante. Desde que me sucedió
s ucedió
aquello a los 10 años, yo pienso que soy pobre, fea y que nadie iba a querer quedarse
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metabolizar todo esto espontáneamente a través de sus recursos y resistencias internas...


 pero no siempre es posible,
posi ble, y es ahí que existe
existe el peligro del cong
congelamien
elamiento
to traum
traumático.
Tener estatuas internas derivadas de esas cosas es común, pero limitante. Nuestro
cerebro sencillamente no logró procesar la enormidad de lo que nos sucedió. Bessel
[5] , comenta que la dificultad del trauma es enfrentar la verdad   de lo que
van der Kolk [5],
sucedió: es manejarse con la verdad.
6. El trauma nos trae pensamientos obsesivos e intrusivos.   No logramos
dejar el trauma en el pasado. Nos perturba diariamente. Me digo a mi misma: “No voy
a pensar más en esto. Voy a cambiar de asunto interno” y cambia… por poco tiempo. De
repente cuando se da cuenta, otra vez está ahí, ñe-ñe-ñe, y listo, el asunto en pauta
vuelve a ser la experiencia difícil.
Es difícil
difíc il lidia
li diarr con estos pensamientos
pensamientos intrusivos. En los momentos
omentos más
inesperados, cuando estamos tranquilos, de repente algo dispara uno de esos
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8. Nuestra capacidad para el aprendizaje está bloqueada/ afectada. Las


 personas traum
traumatizadas no logran aprender bien. No hay espacio
espa cio cerebral
cerebr al y emocional
emocional
 para esto, es muy
muy común
común recibir pacientes que dicen que
que son burros. Nunca
Nunca les
l es fue bien
en la escuela.
esc uela. Cuando
Cuando yo pregunto
pregunto cómo
cómo era
er a su vida en
e n aquel
aquel ent
e ntonces
onces me cuentan
cuentan un
unaa
larga historia de humillaciones escolares, los padres que se separaron, había falta de
apoyo y amparo, y así sucesivamente. Yo les explico que donde hay ese nivel de “ruido
interno” no hay espacio para aprender. El problema no fue que les faltó inteligencia. Lo
que faltó fue la posibilidad de poder oír la lección externa porque el ruido interno era
tan alto. Cuando curamos el ruido interno, abrimos espacio para un aprendizaje real.
Las estatuas de sal estaban ocupando el espacio del álgebra.
9. El trauma abre la puerta a la maldad.  ¿Qué significa esto? En términos
más sencillos, la violencia genera violencia. No es simplemente que las personas sean
malas o malvadas. Examine sus historias de vida. Acostumbran tener historias
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 por la que buscamos


buscamos esa integración
integración emocional
emocional de la Pandilla Intern
Interna:
a: para que
 podamos
odamos hacer mejores elecciones
elecci ones en la vida; que podamos
podamos responder de forma
forma más
adecuada a los desafíos que la vida y las personas nos traen; que podamos disfrutar de
las alegrías y los triunfos alcanzados; amar mejor y aprender a dejarnos amar. El trauma
nos roba esas posibilidades. Cuando curamos a nuestra Pandilla, rescatamos aquello
que hay de esencial e importante para el ser humano: la convivencia saludable en la
relación de amor y respeto mutuos – adentro y afuera de nosotros.
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Teoría de los roles


 Mi hija de 13 años tiene
t iene Síndrome
Síndrome de Down.
Down. Como toda adolescente,
adolescente , intenta
i ntenta
burlar las reglas y, aun sabiendo lo que puede o no puede hacer, insiste y desafía lo
acordado.
acordado. Cuando
Cuando cuestioné
cuesti oné una de esas “contravenciones”, respondió:
“Pero, mamá, no fui yo la que hizo eso. Fue mi pensamiento. En verdad, ¡fue
mi cerebro!”
 A lo que nuevamente cuestioné:
cuesti oné:
“¡Pero tu cerebro es parte tuya!”
Y ella me contestó: “Entonces tendremos que conversar con este cerebro
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que la persona
pers ona desempeña.
desempeña.
Según Moreno, el  yo  nace de los roles y no al contrario. Esto significa que
vamos por la vida integrando esos roles que van surgiendo para poder alcanzar una
sensación cada vez mayor de un  yo  integrado. Por esto tenemos esa experiencia de
Pandilla
Pandil la Interna:
Interna: son nuestros
nuestros roles
rol es que habl
hablan
an y actúan dentro
dentro de nosotros y que
debemos procurar integrar cada vez más, siguiendo una “política de buena
convivencia”
convivencia” interna.
interna. Para vivir
vi vir feliz, nuest
nuestros
ros roles
r oles necesitan llevarse
lleva rse bien
b ien entre
entre sí.
Moreno decía que desarrollamos roles a través del desempeño de los mismos.
Inicialmente comenzamos con los roles psicosomáticos; i. e., roles de las funciones
fisiológicas indispensables relacionados con el medio, tales como comer, dormir,
defecar, orinar, etc.
Después, poco a poco se comienzan a desarrollar los roles sociales que
corresponden a las funciones que desarrolla cada individuo y por medio de las cuales
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Cada persona tiene múltiples roles que puede cumplir. Cuando los grupos o las
 personas cambian,
cambian, los roles también
también lo hacen. Esta es un
unaa de las cosas maravillos
aravi llosas
as de
trabajar con los roles de las personas: no tenemos que vivir confinados a los roles que
aprendemos y tampoco a la forma de desempeñarlos (ni cantidad ni calidad de rol).
Todo esto es posible cambiarlo en función de una búsqueda de calidad de vida mejor:
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 Hoy ya no es tan duro estar enferma… es una realidad que puedo asumir.
asumir. No
 sé cómo pasó, simplemente
s implemente pasó, y el mundo de antes me parece ahora lejano.
le jano. Ya
Ya no
 sé lo que quiero de mi vida. Estoy en una especie de inmanencia, en la que sólo
cuenta lo que hay ahora y de lo que pueda salir de este ahora.
Otro aspecto interesante de los roles es que son distintos a la personalidad
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 personas coment
comentan
an que ellas están “sabotean
“sabo teando”
do” sus vidas.
vi das. Se quejan porque saben lo
lo
que tienen que hacer o dejar de hacer, pero no logran cambiar el comportamiento.
Según la teoría de los roles, podemos entender que esto se debe al hecho que hay una
 parte cong
congelada
elada (disociada)
(diso ciada) que no logra subir al camión
camión de la vida y acompañar a la
Pandilla del Yo.
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Habla la Pandilla Interna


Sigue una pequeña porción de un encuentro terapéutico. Vea cómo Anabella
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M: Mostré el cuarto a Mariana Adolescente, a donde ella va a vivir conmigo.


Usted sabe, ¡a las adolescent
adol escentes
es les
le s gusta
gusta tener
tener su propio espacio!
es pacio! Le conté
conté todo a ella,
ell a,
en quiénes nos volvimos. Ella se sintió bien contenta. Me dijo que entendió que su
madre también había tenido una vida muy difícil, que sus padres eran complicados, que
ella sufrió mucho, y que no lograba ser mejor madre.
En verdad,
ver dad, la
l a madr
madree de ella,
ell a, mi
mi abuela,
abuela , murió
murió cuando mi mi madre
madre tenía tan solo sol o
10 años… hubo momentos en que mi propia madre quiso matarme… mi madre sufrió
mucho cuando tuvo que dejar a sus hijos atrás en China para poder escapar del
comunismo, sabiendo que sus hijos iban a sufrir con el nuevo régimen, hasta que logró
traerles a Brasil…
Brasil … pero ahora yo entien
entiendo
do lo quq ue ella
ell a pasó. Fue muymuy fuerte,
fuerte, ella hizo
hizo lo
mejor que pudo y la Adolescente ya no le tiene más rabia.
T: Muy bien… ¿quién más vive allí adentro que necesita saber de su éxito
actual?
M: Hmm
Hmm... la Madre Divorciada.
Divorci ada. Ella
El la tiene
tiene 36 años, tiene
tiene mucha
mucha preocupación
financiera porque hay tres hijos pequeños y no sabe si va a lograr pagar las cuentas…
cómo es que va a educar a los hijos.
T: Entonces, vamos a avisarle que usted ya venció, que los hijos ya están
crecidos, todos estudiaron y están muy bien en la vida…
M: OK. (Mariana cierra los ojos mientras la terapeuta hace movimientos
 bilaterales
ilateral es táctiles.) Ah, yo
yo le mostré
mostré las fotos de mis mis hijos grandes. Cada uno uno tiene
tiene una
una
 profesión, ya están casados y comienzcomienzanan a tener hijos. Mis hijos le dijerondije ron que ella
ell a ya
no necesita preocuparse más por ellos, que cuando ella quiera jubilarse, todos van a
cuidar de ella,
el la, y ¡que
¡que quierenc  uidar de ella!
T: Entonces ¿ella puede relajarse y pensar en el futuro?
M: Si... pero tengo mucho miedo del futuro… de no tener para qué vivir, de
deprimirme, de quedarme sola, de tener mucha soledad, de no tener buena salud…
T: Entonces, vamos a mirar hacia el futuro con lo que usted logró hoy. ¿Qué es
lo que usted tiene ahora que puede ayudarle a enfrentar el futuro?
M: ¡Ya¡Ya no vivo más en China!China! ¡Eso es un alivio ali vio enorm
e norme!
e! No estoy más más en
 peligro. No vivo vi vo más con mimi padre que vivía
viví a echándom
echándomee de la casa. Un día yo decidí
no volver más a la casa y una gran amiga me ayudó a estudiar y tener profesión. Pagó
mis estudios, ¡¿se imagina?! Y hasta hoy somos amigas... yo tengo muchos buenos
amigos... ¡esto es muy bueno! Yo tengo mi propia casa, ¡de donde nadie me puede
expulsar! Teng engoo mi
mi propio
pro pio dinero…
di nero… no soy rica,ri ca, pero
per o tengo
tengo para vivir
viv ir y sé que nono meme
va a faltar nada.
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M: Ah, ¡hay mucha gente buena en mi casa! Está An-Yon, mi Adolescente, la


Madre Divorciada que puede descansar de sus tareas ahora, mis abuelos, mi tía… ¡hay
mucha gente viviendo en mi casa! ¡No estoy sola…! ¡No estoy desamparada!
T: Entonces, ahora que usted tiene tanta gente viviendo con usted y un futuro
amparado, ¿cuáles son las palabras positivas que le gustaría vincular a esa
experiencia?
M: Yo soy fuerte.
T: En una escala de uno a siete donde siete es completamente verdadero y uno
es completamente falso, ¿cuán verdaderas siente usted que son esas palabras, “Yo soy
fuerte”, cuando usted piensa en esa experiencia?
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: Vamos a comprobar otros conceptos. ¿Qué tal –“yo tengo gente que me ama
y me
me am
a mpara”?
par a”?
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: ¿Yo soy valiente?
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: ¿Tengo mi propio hogar?
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: Tengo mi dinero.
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: Tengo ayuda.
M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la
creencia positiva.)
T: Tengo mi espacio.
M: ¡Ocho! Y se ríe… (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para
instalar la creencia positiva.)
T: Tengo un buen futuro.
M: Hmm
Hmm, 5,5...
5,5 ... Teng
Tengoo miedo de quedarme
q uedarme desam
desa mparada.
par ada.
T: Entonces piense en esto y siga mis movimientos. (La terapeuta hace más
movimientos
ovimientos bilaterale
bi lateraless de reprocesam
reproce samient
iento.)
o.)
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T: Entonces
Entonces piense en esto. (La terapeut terape utaa hace
hace unos
unos pocos movimovim mientos
 bilaterales
ilateral es para inst
i nstalar
alar la
l a creencia positiva.)
posi tiva.)
T: Entonces, vamos a finalizar la sesión por aquí. Usted hizo un lindo trabajo,
tiene much
muchoo de qué enorgull
enorgullecer
ecerse.
se. Usted venció muchosmuchos desafíos
desa fíos y much
muchasas tragedias
tragedi as
en la vida, pero usted ya ya no vive másmás aquellas situs ituaciones
aciones de sufrimien
sufrimiento.
to. Aqu
Aquello
ello
acabó
acab ó para siempre.
s iempre. Ah Ahora
ora usted tiene un hoghogar,
ar, su hog
hogar,
ar, su dinero,
dinero , much
muchos
os buenos
amigos, hijos excelentes que la amparan, y tiene toda esa Pandilla Interna que vive con
usted en su casa.
cas a. Realmente,
Realmente, ¡no¡no está sola!
sola ! ¡Usted
¡Usted es unauna persona
pers ona a quien le saliero
sali eronn
 bien las cosas de d e su vida!

En esa sesión podemos ver el uso del EMDR aplicado a la terapia de roles en
la funció
funciónn repara
rep arativa.
tiva. Aquí Mari
Mariana
ana pudo
pudo crear
crea r un nu
nuevo
evo mun
mundodo interno positivo,
posi tivo, soltar 
sol tar 
las tragedias del pasado, y aprender a disfrutar de lo mucho que ella tiene y que
conquistó.
conqu istó. Qu
Quién
ién sabe si much
muchas
as veces lal a psicoterapia
psicoterapi a tiende a enfatenfatizar
izar y trabajar lo lo
que salió mal. A veces
vece s es impor
important
tantee trabajar
trabaj ar y enfatizar
enfatizar lo que estuvo
estuvo bien para que
las personas
per sonas puedan tener unauna mayor esperanz
esper anzaa para la vida.
vida . Habiendo
Habie ndo vencido tantostantos
obstáculos, era importante que Mariana consiguiera comunicar todo esto a sus roles
internos
internos -que todavía no habían recibido las buen buenasas noticias de todo lo que ella ell a alcanz
al canzóó
en la vida. El EMDR
EMDR ayuda
ayuda a descongelar
descongelar los l os roles,
roles , pero ayuda
ayuda también
también a desarrollar 
desarroll ar 
unaa nueva
un nueva percepci
pe rcepción
ón interna
interna –y positiva– de d e cómo puede
puede ser
s er la
l a vida
vi da bien
bi en tratada.
tratada.

Unos días después, Mariana me escribió un e-mail y me contó:


 Dos noches después de nuestra sesión soñé que estaba en un hospital 
intentando
intent ando cuidar de un niño. Después me vi en la casa de una amiga de mi infancia
con quien
quien todavía estoy en contacto. Ella tiene la misma edad que que yo, vive sola y es
 soltera.
 solte ra. Cierta ocasión en mi adolescencia, en el último
últi mo año secundario, mi padre
padre
me echó de la casa, en una de las explosiones que le comenté a usted. Esa amiga amiga
estaba presente…
 Entonces, volviendo
volvie ndo al sueño, yo estaba muy ansiosa porqueporque estaba tan
ocupada que no podía terminar de cocinar una comida para unos niños pobres que
me estaban esperando en un bus bus que iba a llevarlos
llevarl os de paseo. Pero llegó una señora
 me ayudó a terminar de cocinar y me pude juntar a los niños para comer.
 Le cuento este sueño para que usted vea cuán integradora fue nuestra
 sesión. Veo en mi sueño que yo pude alimentar a todos esos niños necesitados
necesit ados (los
roles internos que reparamos durante la sesión) a pesar de que me atrasé porque
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Conclusiones
Esperamos haber conseguido explicar quién es nuestra Pandilla Interna y cómo
 podemos
odemos aprender a convivir mejor con los roles que hay adentro adentro de nosotros.
nosotros. Hay
muchas personas que al entender esto mejor, tendrán la oportunidad de buscar la ayuda
que necesitan. De hecho, la psicoterapia no es para locos; es para las personas que
tienen Pandilla Interna con roles indóciles, asustados, rebeldes y traumatizados, y que
quieren negociar
negociar su proceso
proces o de reparaci
r eparación
ón y cura. Es nuestro
nuestro deseo que este libro
libr o traiga
una gran dosis de esperanza: que no tenemos por qué vivir presos a las experiencias de
nuestro
nu estro pasado,
pas ado, sino
si no que podemos entender
entender qué
qué pasó, y sanar. Podemos encarencararar un
nuevo futuro con nuevas oportunidades de elección. Contamos algunos pedacitos de las
historias de quienes ya anduvieron por este proceso de sanar los rollos internos para
ilustrar como
como se puede viabilizar
viabil izar esta propuesta psicoterapéutica.
psicoterapéutica. Qu
Quizá
izá en el futu
futuro
ro
nos animemos a lanzar otro libro con historias más completas.

Esperamos que les haya gustado la peregrinación por los corredores de la


Pandilla Interna y la Pandilla Externa (¡la de los otros!) y que puedan creer en el poder 
de las nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento para sanar su propia Pandilla Interna, así
como en los terapeutas expertos cuyo amor y empatía ayudan a derretir las estatuas de
sal del terror pasado.

Como regalo por haber terminado este libro, ofrecemos un e-curso  gratuito  de
tres lecciones
le cciones sobre
sobr e como identificar
identificar su Pandill
Pandillaa Interna. Clicar aquí.
Interna.
Si pudiese dejar sus comentarios donde Amazon  sobre este libro, otras
 personas podrán beneficiars
beneficiarsee de su opinión.
opinión.
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Sobre este libro...

Este libro nace de treinta años de práctica profesional escuchando y viendo a


las personas en el trabajo psicoterapéutico.
p sicoterapéutico. Mi prim pri mera formación fue fue en el psicodram
psic odramaa
y terapia de grupo, donde me enamoré perdidamente del escenario terapéutico y de la
terapia de roles.
roles . Recuerdo muy
muy bien el prim
pr imerer día
dí a que pisé un escenario, y pensé: "Nací
 para hacer esto". De hecho, estudié todo lo l o que pude en Brasil
Brasi l y Estados Unidos. Fui
acreditada
acredi tada como
como Entren
Entrenadora
adora (EE.UU.)
(EE.UU.) y Supervi
Supervisora
sora (Brasil)
(Bras il) de Psicodram
Psicodr ama,a, y fundé
la primera asociación de psicodrama de Ecuador.
Quince años después de conocer el psicodrama, en Estados Unidos descubrí el
EMDR  como cliente y lo que puedo decir es que cambió mi vida - tanto en lo personal
como en lo profesional. Más tarde hice el entrenamiento completo (terminé el
entrenam
entrenamient
ientoo básico
bási co con Dra. Francin
Fr ancinee Shapiro, la l a brill
br illant
antee psicóloga
psi cóloga que descubrió el el
EMDR) y me convertí en entrenadorentrenadoraa de entrenadores del d el EMDR Institu
Institute
te y EMDR 
Iberoamérica. Me siento muy privilegiada de ser parte del movimiento formativo de
EMDR.
Durante mi tiempo de peregrinación también conocí a Carlos Raimundo, MD,
 psiquiatra y psicodram
psicodr amatista
atista argentin
argentino-australiano
o-australiano que ha desarrollad
desarr olladoo el trabajo de
 Play of Life , que consiste en un micro-escenario que nos permite estudiar y tratar los
roles que desempeñamos en la vida, e identificar de una forma más concreta nuestros
roles internos
internos y sus interacciones.
Soy muy agradecida a cada miembro de la Pandilla Externa quienes han
influenciado el desarrollo de mi trabajo y el surgimiento de este libro. Mi vida y mi
trabajo son mejores por ellos.
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Acerca de la autora…
Esly Regina Carvalho , Ph.D, doctora en psicología clínica, Trainer o
Trainers de EMDR por el EMDR Institute de los Estados Unidos y EMDR 
Iberoamérica; presidente de la EMDR Entrenamiento y Consultoría Ltda., la
organización que ofrece el entrenamiento básico en Brasil; presidente da EMDR Ibero-
América (EMDR IBA, trienios 2007-2010 y 2010-2013); aprobada como Trainer,
ducator, Practitioner   (TEP) por el American Board of Examiners in Psychodrama,
Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy (con distinción); Fellow de la American Society
of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP); miembro honorario y fundadora
de la Asociación de Psicodrama y Sociometría de Ecuador (APSE); autora de muchos
libros; es fluente en tres idiomas. Esly ofrece talleres de formación en esa nueva
 perspectiva
erspec tiva terapéutica
terapéutica y puede
puede ser cont actada por e-mail.
c ontactada
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Formación e Información
Información

EMDR 
Los cursos de formación en EMDR ofrecidos por los países miembros de
EMDR Iberoamérica ( EMDR IBA) son reconocidos también por el EMDR Institute de
los Estados Unidos.
Unidos. Más
Más informaciones
informaciones se encuentran
encuentran en las páginas web de
ww.emdriberoamerica.org

Links:
ww.emdriberoamerica.com
ww.emdrbrasil.com.br  (en portu
por tugu
gués)
és)
ww.emdr.com (en inglés)
ww.playoflife.com (en inglés)
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Bibliografía y referencias:
- Amen, D. G. (2000). Transforme su cerebro:
cerebro: transforme
tr ansforme su vida
vi da. Editora
Edi tora Mercuryo.
- Badenoch
Badenoch,, B. (2008).  Being a Brain-Wise
Brain-Wise Therapist: A Practical Guide to
 Interpersonal Neurobiology.  Norton,
 Interpe rsonal Neurobiology. orton, New York.
York.
- Garrido, Martín, E. ( 1978)  A Psicologia do Encontro
Encontro. Sao Paulo: Livraria
Duas
Du as Cidades.
Cidade s.
- Grand, D. J. (2010).  Definindo e Redefinindo EMDR. EMDR Treinamento y
Consultori
Consultoria.
a. En portug
po rtugués.
ués.
- Grand, D.J (2013). Curación emocional a velocidad máxima: El poder de
 EMDR. EMDR Treinamento e Consultoria Ltda.
- Grand, D. (2002) Treating survivors of the world trade center disaster with
resourcing,  EMDRIA Conference Lecture.
natural flow EMDR resourcing,
- Haddock, D. B. (2001). The Dissociative Identity Disorder Sourcebook. New
York: Contemporary Books/ McGraw Hill Companies.
- Levine, P. (1999). O Despertar do Tigre . São Paulo: Summus Editorial. En
 portugu
ortugués.
és.
- Moreno, J. L. (1987). Psicodrama. Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós.
- Moreno, J. L (1995).  Las Bases de la Psicoterapia.
Psicoter apia. Buenos Aires: Lunar-
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Sanando a la Pandilla que Vive Adentro :


Cómo el EMDR puede sanar nuestros roles
roles internos

ID: 3764676
ISBN-13: 978-1475171051

© 2012, 2013 Esly Regina Carvalho, Ph.D


Segunda edición
Todo
odoss los derechos
dere chos reservados
re servados
P rohibid
rohibidaa la reproducción
re producción de
de este
e ste conteni
conte nido
do por
por cualq
cua lqui
uier
er medio 20:15 . “No hurtarás”.
me dio.. Éxodo 20:15

Portada: Cássio Eduardo Moraes Barbosa y Rodrigo Scheel


Traducción al castellano: Glenda Villamarin e Isabel Fernandez Crawford
Revisión: Elizabeth Cantú de Marquez
Foto de la autora: Selma Pikcius
Ilustración: Esly Regina Carvalho

Un agradecimi
ag radecimiento
ento especial
esp ecial a Dr.
Dr. André Maurício
M aurício Monteir
Mo nteiro,
o, quien me animó
animó a utilizar
utilizar mis propios
propios dibujos.
dibu jos.
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[6] Munich and Astrachan, 1983, p. 20 – Group dynamics, en H.I, Kaplan & B.J. Sadock (Eds), Comprehensive
Group Psychotherapy (2 nd  edition, pp, 15-23) Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins in Gladding, S.T., 1999 p. 59. Group
Work: A Counseling Specialty, 3 rd  Ed.,  NJ:Prentice-Hall
J:Prentice-Hall..

[7]   Harris, S. A. & MacQuiddy, S. (1991). Childhood roles in group therapy: The lost child and the mascot.
 Journa
 Jou rnal l 
or Specialists in Group Work, 
Work,   16, 223-229; y Wegscheider, S. (1981).  Another
 Anothe r Chance:
Chan ce: Hope & Health for
fo r the
lcoholic Family.
Family . Palo
Pa lo Alto,
Alto, CA: Science and
a nd Behavior
Behavior Books.

[8] Glory of Zion International, www.gloryofzion.org , Chuck Pierce, 22 de julio, 2010, traducción de la autora; con
 permi
ermiso del autor
autor.

[9]B  rasilia, 16 abril, 2010, comunicación personal


[10]C  omunicación personal, 20 de marzo, 2011, en Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil.
[11]Haddock, D. B. (2001).The
(2001). The Dissociative Identity
Identity Disorder Sourcebook .  New York
York:: Contem
Contempo
poraryBoo
raryBooks/
ks/
McGraw Hill Companies.
[12] Traducción de la autora.
[13]Desarrollado por Carlos Raimundo, MD. Trata-se de un kit con tres mini-escenarios, muñecos y objetos que
sirven para descubrir
de scubrir,, entender y modi
modificar
ficar aspectos
a spectos de los víncul
vínculos
os de las personas.
pers onas.

[14] En Brasil, la hormiga representa un insecto al cual le gusta mucho el dulce, especialmente el azúcar. Personas a
quien les gusta el dulce se dice que son como “hormigas”.

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