REMOVAL OF DYE

REMOVAL OF DYE FROM THE WASTE WATER USING NATURAL ADSORBENTS

OM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSIT

OM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

A Report On
“REMOVAL OF DYE FROM THE WASTE WATER USING
NATURAL ADSORBENTS”

Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING

B. E. 2ND YEAR, Semester -4

(Chemical Branch)

TEAM
ASHISH HINGU 201020105505
RUTVIC SHAH 201020105506
KEYUR TRIVEDI 201020105522
DHAVAL GOHIL 201020105528
DEVAL PATEL 201020105512

Group ID: 287627

Guided By: Prof. V D PANDIT

(Internal Guide)

Prof. Y P CHAPADIA
(Head of Department)

Academic Year: 2020-21

0
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

This is to certify that the Design Engineering project entitled “Removal of

dye from waste water using natural adsorbents” submitted by Group ID:
287627 with group members ASHISH HINGU (201020105505), RUTVIC
SHAH (201020105506), KEYUR TRIVEDI (201020105522), DHAVAL
GOHIL(201020105528), DEVAL PATEL(201020105512) at OM engineering
College affiliated To (GTU) is a carried out by them under our guidance and
supervision. The work submitted in my opinion, has reached to a level required for being
accepted for the examination.

GUIDE BY:- Head of the department

Prof. V D PANDIT Prof. Y P CHAPADI
2
 INDEX

Sr. Content Page no.

No
1. Introduction 6
2. Various methods of Dye waste water treatments. 7
2.1 Physical methods 7
2.1.1 Membrane separation 7
2.1.2 Adsorption 8
2.1.3 Ion exchange 8
2.1.4 Filtration 8
2.1.5 Sedimentation 8
2.2 Chemical treatments 9
2.2.1 Chemical precipitations 9
2.2.2 Chemical oxidation 9
2.2.3 Chemical reduction 9
2.2.4 Coagulation 9
2.2.5 Flocculation 9
2.3 Biological method 10
2.3.1 Aerobic digestion 10
2.3.2 Anaerobic digestion 10
3. Dye removal by Adsorption process using Natural adsorbent 11
3.1 Adsorption Process using Low cost natural adsorbent 12
3.2 Comparison of costlier & Low cost natural Adsorbent 13
3.3 Different types of Low Cost Natural Adsorbents 14
3.3.1 Sugarcane bagasses 14
3.3.2 Green Tea Leaves 14
3.3.3 Coconut Coir 15
3.3.4 Saw dusk 15
3.4 Sources of Preparation of Adsorbents 17
Sr. No Content Page no.
4. AEIOU summary canvas 20

5. Empathy mapping 23

6. Ideation canvas 25

7. Product development canvas 27

8. Mind mapping 28

9. Prototype 29

10. References 30
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Project has led to very innovative turns and solutions by the cooperation and coordination of
curious minds directly or indirectly involved in the project. We would like to express our deepest
gratitude towards our project guide Prof. V D PANDIT and to the department of Chemical
Engineering, OM College to constantly provide support and guidance. It has been our pleasure to
work on topic due to continuous monitoring and evaluation by our guide during the project.

Team

 ASHISH HINGU
 RUTVIC SHAH
 KEYUR TRIVEDI
 DHAVAL GOHIL
 DEVAL PATEL
 ABSTRACT

This report includes basic knowledge of various waste water treatments such as physical
methods, chemical methods, biological methods etc. In which one of physical method is
adsorption. Adsorption is the process in which adsorbent adsorbs different solutes from the any
of solution. Here we have waste water which may have contained so much physical as well as
bacterial impurities.
These impurities can be removed by the natural adsorbents like as, 1) sugarcane bagasse powder,
2) saw dust, 3) agricultural waste, 4) coconut husk and 5) silica, which are low cost natural
adsorbentsbutlessefficientascomparedtosomeotheradsorbentssuchas,1)Activatedcarbon,2) Fuller
earth 3) zeolite 4) lime and 5) Alumetic.

Low-cost by-products from agricultural, household and industrial sectors have been recognized
as a sustainable solution for waste water treatment. They allow achieving the removal of
pollutants from wastewater and at same time to contribute to the waste minimization, recovery
and reuse. Despite numerous reviews have been published in the last few years, a direct
comparison of data obtained using different sorbents is difficult nowadays because of
inconsistencies in the data presentation
 1. INTORODUCTION

Engineering is a branch of science and technology where society expects lots of innovation and
creativity of engineers. But today’s education system has become very stereotype which just
follow the traditional teaching learning process. This needs to be changed in order to have
maximum contribution from engineering student to the society.
Design engineering is an initiative taken by Gujarat Technological University in this direction
with the help and guidance of the professors of the IITs and the GTU innovation council we are
looking ahead in moving on the path of innovation.
2. Various methods of Dye waste water treatments.

1.1 Physical Methods:

2.1.1 Membrane separation:

Membrane separation is a technology which selectively separates (fractionates) materials via

pores and/or minute gaps in the molecular arrangement of a continuous structure. Membrane
separations are classified by pore size and by the separation driving force.

It is classified further into four types:

a) Nano-Filtration:
Nano-filtration (NF) is a relatively recent membrane filtration process used most often with low
total dissolved solids water such as surface water and fresh groundwater, with the purpose of
softening and removal of disinfection by- product precursors such as natural organic matter and
synthetic organic matter

b) Micro-Filtration:

Microfiltration is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid is passed

through a special pore-sized membrane to separate microorganisms and suspended particles from
process liquid

c) Ultra-Filtration:

Ultra-filtration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces like pressure or

concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semi permeable membrane. Suspended
solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentive, while water
and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate(filtrate).This
separation process is used in industry and research for purifying.
d) Reverse osmosis:
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi permeable membrane
to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water.

2.1.2 Adsorption:
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a
surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption
is a surface-based process while absorption involves the whole volume of the material.

2.1.3 Ion Exchange:

Process in which ions of one substance are replace by similarly charged ions of another
substance. In water softening, for example, the hardness causing calcium and magnesium ions
are replaced by non-hardness causing hydrogen and sodium ions by passing the hard water over
ion-exchange resins.

2.1.4 Filtration:
Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids
from fluids by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes
through is called the filtrate.

2.1.5 Sedimentation:
Sedimentation is the tendency particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are
entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in
response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration,
or electromagnetism.
2.2 Chemical Treatment:

2.2.1 Chemical Precipitation:

A precipitate is a solid that forms out of solution. A common example is that of the mixing of
two clear solutions: (1) silver nitrate (AgNO3) and (2) sodium chloride (NaCl). The reaction is
the precipitate forms because the solid (AgCl) is insoluble in water.

2.2.2 Chemical Oxidation:

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion oxidation occurs
when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called
reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom
molecular ion decreases.

2.2.3 Chemical Reduction:

Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons by one of the atoms
involved in the reaction. The term refers to the element that accepts electrons, as the oxidation
state of the element that gains electrons is lowered. In that example, the iron is oxidized and the
oxygen is reduced.

2.2.4 Coagulation:

The group of together small particles are in a solution into larger particles. Such a solution
eventually coagulates, with the particles forming either a precipitate or granules.

2.2.5 Flocculation:

The process by which individual particles of clay aggregate into clot like, masses or precipitate
into small lumps. Flocculation occurs as result of a chemical reaction between the clay particles
and another substance, usually salt water.
2.3 Biological Methods:

2.3.1 Aerobic Digestion:

Aerobic digestion is a process which uses bacteria and oxygen to break down organic and
biological waste. One type of digestion process is aerobic digestion, in which bacteria digest
wastewater solids using oxygen.

2.3.2 Anaerobic digestion:

Anaerobic digestion is a series of biological processes in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. One of the end products is biogas, which is
combusted to generate electricity and heat, or can be processed into renewable natural gas and
transportation fuels.

Generally, “Removal of dye waste by Natural Adsorbent “is most favorable for
Industrial as well as domestic waste water. It is widely used method because of low cost
And Ease of process with much type of suitable impurities.
3. Dye removal by Adsorption process using Natural adsorbents

If we see the increasing in industrialization, So every industry has also problem to dispose waste
water which may content so much impurities. In this report, we are concerning about the waste
water which may have impurities of dyes. Mostly textile industry, paper pulp industries and
some fabrics industries have problem with that waste water disposing. We can use so many
processes for the removal of dye concentration from the waste water for disposal. Some
processes are like as ion exchange, expensive type of filtration, ETP (effluent treatment plant)
and one is Adsorption. If we compare Adsorption with this other processes then adsorption is
relatively cheaper. Adsorption operation is carried by the two types of adsorbents as per our
analysis. There are costlier adsorbents as like 1) Activated carbon 2) Silica gel 3) Fuller earth
4) Zeolite etc. All that adsorbents are efficient for various type of dye sledged water but
relatively costly for that specific disposal purpose.

Some other low cost and naturally available adsorbents like as, 1) sugarcane bagasse powder,
2) saw dust, 3) agricultural waste, 4) coconut husk and, which are low cost natural
adsorbents
butlessefficientascomparedtosomeotheradsorbentssuchas,1)Activatedcarbon,2)Fullerearth
3) Zeolite 4) lime and 5) Alumetc.

Low-cost by-products from agricultural, household and industrial sectors have been
recognized as a sustainable solution for waste water treatment. They allow achieving the removal
of pollutants from wastewater and at same time to contribute to the waste minimization, recovery
and reuse. Despite numerous reviews have been published in the last few years, a direct
comparison of data obtained using different sorbents is difficult nowadays because of
inconsistencies in the data presentation.
3.1 Introduction to Adsorption Process Using Low costs Natural adsorbents

Low-cost by-products from agricultural, household and industrial sectors have been recognized
as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. They allow achieving the removal of
pollutants from wastewater and at same time to contribute to the waste minimization, recovery
and reuse. Despite numerous reviews have been published in the last few years, a direct
comparison of data obtained using different sorbents is difficult nowadays because of
inconsistencies in the data presentation. In this context, the aim of the study was to revise the
current literature concerning the application of low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment
highlighting, systematically, both adsorbents characteristics and adsorption capacities.

For this scope, low-cost Adsorbents have been divided into the following five groups: (i)
Agricultural and household wastes, (ii) industrial by-products, (iii) sludge, (iv) sea materials, (v)
soil and ore materials and (vi) novel low-cost adsorbents. The affinity of sorbents in removing
various pollutants, their applications on real wastewater, costs and considerations on their reuse
after adsorption processes, has been discussed. Finally, in order to better highlights the affinity of
sorbents for more pollutants (dyes, heavy metals, bio recalcitrant compounds, and nitrogen and
phosphate compounds), simple methodological tools such as “adsorbents- pollutants” matrices
have been proposed and applied.

In this manner, the adsorbent candidates for replacing commercial activated carbons have been
identified.
3.2 Comparison of Costlier & Low cost Natural adsorbent

Low-Cost Natural Adsorbent Costlier Natural Adsorbent

Low cost Natural Adsorbents: Costlier Natural Adsorbent

1) Sugarcane bagasses 1) Activated Charcoal
2) Tea leaf 2) Fuller earth
3) Coconut coir 3) Silica gel
4) Saw dusk 4) Alumina
5) Other agricultural waste 5) Zeolite

Low Cost Natural Adsorbents are readily Sources are generally economical &prepared
available & Sources are uneconomical. with a high capital cost.

It offers 40 to 65% efficiency to impurity It offers 50 to 96 % efficiency to impurity

removal. removal.

Adsorption process using low cost natural Adsorption process using costlier natural
adsorbents needs less maintenance and adsorbents are relatively requires more
supervision maintenance and high cost of regeneration.

Low cost natural adsorbents are less Some costlier natural adsorbents are
hazardous. chemically bonded with dye structure and may
being hazardous.

Low cost natural adsorbents can be easily Costlier adsorbents prepared by conjugated
modified using simple process. procedure & Regeneration also required
complex treatments.

Adsorption units are simple in their operation Adsorption units are complex in their operation
and design. and design.
3.3 Different types of Low Cost Natural Adsorbents.

3.3.1 Sugarcane Bagasse:

With the development in technology the world is reaching to new horizons. Among the
consequences of rapid growth are environmental disorders
and pollution problems. Besides other needs the demand of
water for industries has increased rapidly and resulted in the
generation of a large amount of waste water containing large
number of pollutants. Among treatment technologies
adsorption is extremely gaining prominence. It is the most
efficient method for the removal of synthetic dyes from
aqueous effluents Commercially activated carbon is an
effective and the most widely used adsorbent because it has
excellent adsorption efficiency, but recently many
researchers have attempted to use natural waste as
adsorbents due to the high cost of activated. A number of
residues are obtained in the sugarcane milling process
including bagasse
which is the residue left after crushing the sugarcane stalks for extraction of the sucrose-rich
juice and it is a highly promising lignocelluloses feedstock Over the years, a large amount of
bagasse has accumulated due to the expansion of sugarcane crops .Hence, sugarcane bagasse
(based on lignin)is a suitable and economically attractive alternative for textile effluent and dye
removal.

3.3.2 Green Tea Leaves

Chromium (VI) has been found to be one of the toxic metals present in water obtained from industrial
effluents. This study deals with the removal of Cr (VI) using used green tea leaves, which is a waste
material. The sorption of Cr (VI) was carried out by using a batch method, and its concentration was
determined using an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm. Parameters such as pH, mass of
adsorb ate, concentration of Adsorbent, time of contact, and temperature were optimized. It was
observed that, under optimum conditions, the percentage efficiency of removal of Cr (VI) was up to
99%.
Adsorption studies were carried out using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Activated
carbon has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of chromium, but it is readily soluble under
extreme pH conditions and also not cost-effective. This study deals with the use of waste green tea
leaves as natural adsorbents by optimizing various parameters such as pH, concentration of adsorbate,
concentration of adsorbent, temperature, and contact time. Based On These studies, the adsorption
isotherms have been studied along with the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
3.3.3 Coconut Husk:

In the extraction of coir fiber from the

coconut husk and in the production of
finished materials from the extracted fiber, a
large amount of coir dust is produced.
Coconut coir dust is described as that brown,
spongy particle of low weight which falls out
when the fiber is shredded from the husk.
The coir dust is about 70% of the weight of
the coconut husk. Researchers who have
utilized coconut- based adsorbents for water
treatment used them in modified forms.
The present study is undertaken to investigate
the efficiency of raw coconut coir dust
(without physical/chemical modification or activation) as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution. The effect of contact time, concentration of the dye,
amount of adsorbent, pH and temperature on MB adsorption was studied. Adsorption isotherm
and kinetics parameters were also evaluated, presented and discussed.

Saw husk;

Locally available sawdust, a very low cost and promising material was tested experimentally an
adsorbent, after carbonization, for the removal of phenol from industrial waste waters for a safe
disposal. The experiments were performed batch wise to remove phenol from synthesized
aqueous solutions.
The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of the solution pH, temperature,
contact time, adsorbent dose and the initial adsorbate concentration. Adsorption isotherms of
phenol on adsorbents were determined and correlated with the usual isotherm equations such as
Langmuir and Freundlich. The optimum conditions for the removal of phenol were worked out
along with the kinetics of the process.
3.4 SOURCES AND PREPARATION OFADSORBENTS
3.4.1 Sugarcane Bagasse:
Sources:
We know that the sugarcane contains so much juice within it. So after extraction of juice the left
out material is known as Sugarcane bagasse. It is having properties of adsorption. Now from
where, we can get that economically. The sugarcane juice produced so much bagasse as disposal
& we get that as raw material and also from the factories of gud, because it also uses Sugarcane
juice as a raw material.

Preparation of Adsorbent:
For enhancing the adsorption sites on adsorbent’s surface for the removal of basic dye the ground
bagasse was treated with formaldehyde with w/v ratio of 1:5 at 54±2 C for 24 h. Then the content
was filtered out and bagasse was separated and washed with distilled water and kept in an
electric oven for 12 to 5 h at 80 C for drying. After drying it was mixed with sulfuric acid (98%)
in a 1:1 ratio of acid and bagasse then placed in an electricovenat 100C for 24h.After the acid
treatment the bagasse was washed with an excessive amount of distilled water and soaked in 1%
NaHCO3 solution for overnight. Then the contents were filtered and washed with an excessive
amount of distilled water till neutral pH was obtained after air drying the contents was kept in an
electric oven for 24 h at 100 C and the particle size was found to be 150um.

3.4.2 Green Tea Leaves

Basic Sources:
InEverydaylifeweconsumeTealeafsformakingTea.It’sthebasicnecessarilyofus.Everybody will
dispose it dustbin or somewhere not in use. But we can use it for removing color impurity of
Waste Water. For that we can collect it from domestically and also from the tea posts in huge
amount. Now the questions are how to prepare it for use as adsorbent, So now we will see
Preparation of particular adsorbent.

Preparation of Adsorbent:
The used green tea leaves were obtained after consumption of tea. Milk, sugar and other
impurities were removed by washing a number of times with distilled water. This was then
washed with hot water until a colorless filtrate was obtained. The decolorized and cleaned tea
waste was dried in an oven at 105°C. About five cycles of washing was required. After drying,
the tea leaves were crushed and used in the further adsorption experiments without further
modification. Since the adsorption studies were carried out at room temperature (25 ± 1°C), no
remark-able interfering color was observed. The dried and crushed tea leaves were stored in
polythene bags.
3.4.3 Coconut Husk:
Sources:
In the extraction of coir fiber from the coconut husk and in the production of finished materials
from the extracted fiber, a large amount of coir dust is produced. As we know that maximum of
coconut used at where? Yes Temple. So we can collect many husks as well from the temples.

Preparation of Adsorbent:
Coconut coir dust was soaked in de-ionized water for 3 days and washed several times with
water until all the colored extract was removed and clean water obtained. It was oven dried at 60
C for 24 h. It was sieved using a 50–100 lm sieve to obtain particles in this range. This was
stored in a plastic container prior to use for adsorption studies. No chemical or physical
treatments were performed prior to adsorption experiments

3.4.4 Saw Dusk:

Sources & Preparation:
Sawdust obtained from Finland wood and locally used was washed with hot distilled water to
remove the water-soluble impurities and surface adhered particles and then dried at 80°C until a
constant weight. The sorbent was treated with 1N H2SO4 used in the ratio 1/10(sawdust:H2SO4,
w/w) at 15 0C for 24 h, then soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution overnight to remove
residual acid. Then the treated material was dried in an oven at 105 0C for 24h. The dry sorbent
was crushed into granules, sieved to different particle sizes, and then preserved in desiccators for
use.
4. AEIOU SUMMARYCANVAS

In AEIOU SUMMARY CANVAS following things are summarized:

A: Activity
E: Environment
I: Interaction
O: Objects
U: Users.

ACTIVITY

 Preparation of Adsorbent
 Collection of raw water
 Cleaning of Equipment
 Adsorption
 Dye Removal
 Water Treatment
 Waste water Removal
 Filtration

ENVIRONMENT

 Water Quality
 Toxic Material
 Site Contamination
 Unpleasant Odour

INTERACTIONS

 Engineer
 Faculties
 Employees
 Researchers
USERS
 Industries
 Private Sector
 Government Authority
 Workers
 Laboratory

OBJECTS

 Gravity Settler
 Aeration Tank
 Sand Filter
 Ultrafine Filter
 Storage Tank

FIGURE 4.AEIOU
5. EMPATHYCANVAS
Modern life and industrialization generates large amount of waste water, which will not be in
useful. So here in empathy canvas advantages and other things are mentioned.

USER

 Researcher
 Public
 Industries
 Government

STAKEHOLDERS
 Industrial Laboratory
 Government Authority
 Research Center
 Environmental Researcher

ACTIVITIES

 Preparation of Adsorbent
 Dye Removal
 PH Maintain
 Collection Raw Water
 Adsorption
 Filtration

STORY BORDING

HAPPY

Rampur village people were trying to find process which is at low cost and environment friendly.
Son of Mohan who has completed his engineering and found the technique of adsorbent which is
used domestic purpose for all people. And here is also appreciated by government and his idea
also applied for many dye industry.

HAPPY

There was well known dye industry which removing impure waste water in river. The village
people complained about infecting water, because fishes were dying. So dye industry started
using adsorbent treatment which is simple method. The villages were happy as well fishes were
not dying and they earning money.
SAD

In Deepak Chemical Limited there was a problem by adsorbent treatment because adsorbent
regeneration was required by high pressure steam on vaccum source.

SAD
In Arpita Private Industries, the process of adsorption required further treatment like distillation
or extraction, which are expensive the adsorption process can not remove the impurities of heavy
metal such as lead and zinc.
FIGURE 5 EMPATHY CANVAS
6. IDEATIONCANVAS

Here, we have the location of waste waters and also problems which may have to face the waste
water treatment. Also, activities of people and situations or locations where they are facing
problems are discussed.

This canvas highlights areas to be focused.

PEOPLE

 Public
 Researcher
 Government
 Agricultures
 Industries

ACTIVITIES

 Preparation of Adsorbent
 Collection of raw water
 Cleaning of Equipment
 PH Maintain
 Adsorption
 Dye Removal
 Water Treatment
 Waste water Removal
 Filtration

SITUATION/CONTEXT/LOCATION

 Development of plants
 Water Contamination
 Health problem
 Toxic Materials
 Errors creates in unit processes.

Props / Tools / Objects / Equipments

 Gravity Settler
 Sand Filter
 Ultrafine Filter
 Aeration Tank
 Storage Tank
FIGURE 6. IDEATION CANVAS
7. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTCANVAS

This canvas is about the solution to be developed. What is the purpose? Who is the user? What
are the features? What are the functions? What are the components? These all things are to be
pointed out in this canvas.

PURPOSE

 To remove dyes from waste water

 Provide pure water
 Reuse of wastewater.
 Save Water

PRODUCT EXPERIENCE

 Less pure
 Needs Less maintenance Cost
 Product Efficiency is Low

PRODUCT FUNCTIONS

 Utilize wastewater
 Use of low cost adsorbent in process
 Remove harmful Dyes from wastewater

PRODUCT FEATURES

 Eco-friendly
 Product Efficiency – 40 to 60 %

CUSTOMER REVALIDATION

 Less quantity of product

 Product quality is low
 Energy need

COMPONENTS

 Green Tea Leaves

 Rice Husk
 Sugarcane Baggase
 Coconut Husk
REJECT, REDESIGN, RETAIN

 Use of advance equipment

 Proper selection of raw material
 Proper handling of parameters

FIGURE7. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

8. MINDMAPPING

This is the over view of our DE project.

FIGURE8. MIND MAPPING

9. Prototype

A Prototype is an early sample, model, release of a product built to test a concept or process or to
act as a thing to be replicated or learned from.

FIGURE 9. Prototype
 REFERENCES

 1. General adsorbents details and types of adsorbents by,

“https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=removal+of+impurities+from+natural+absorbents
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Y8KHa4RDwMQgQMIJjAA”
 2. Waste water treatments by,
 3.https://www.igb.fraunhofer.de/.../1506-BR_über-prozesswasseraufbereitung-en.pdf
 4.https://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/3559/Dyuthi-T1541.pdf?...1
 5.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2014/347912/
 6. Sources of Waste water by
 7.ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/Wastewater%20characteristics.pdf
 8. SUGARCANE BUGASSES form,
“H Tahir, M Sultan, N Akhtar, U Hammed, T Abid, “Application of natural and modified
sugar cane bagasse for the removal of dye from aqueous solution” Department of
Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan Received 20 April 2012;
accepted 17 September 2012”
 9.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbd1/33506915adae0186e9f753d03ff6920bc1b2.pdf
 10. TEA LEAVES from,
“AntonioZuorro, RobertoLavecchia*, FrancoMedici, LuigiPiga,“SpentTeaLeavesasa
PotentialLow-costAdsorbentfortheRemovalofAzoDyesfromWastewater”Article
· September2013”
 11. COCONUT COIR from,
“U.J. Etim, S.A. Umoren *, U.M. Eduok, “Coconut coir dust as a low cost adsorbent for
the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution”, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria Received 1 April 2012; accepted
14 September 2012 Available online 13 October 2012”
 12. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-removal-of-nickel-from-waste-water-by-
modified-coconut-coir-pith-2150-3494-1000136.php?aid=77022

 Based_Materials_as_Adsorbent_for_Wastewater_Treatm