Evaluation of Textile ETPs in Dhaka City

Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plants of
Textile Industries in Dhaka City
SPRING 2015
MD. HABIBULLAH NAYEM

REGISTRATION NO: 11205025
SAKIB SADMAN
REGISTRATION NO: 11205046
Department of Civil Engineering

University of Asia Pacific
Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plants of Textile Industries
in Dhaka city
A Thesis Submitted By :
Md. Habibullah Nayem
Sakib Sadman
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science

in Civil Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC, DHAKA,
BANGLADESH
SPRING 2015
UNIVERSITYOF ASIA PACIFIC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
i
Certificate ofApproval
We hereby recommend that the thesis prepared by Md. Habibullah Nayem & Sakib Sadman
entitled “Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plants of Textile Industries in Dhaka city” is
accepted as fulfilling the part of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering.
Dr. Nehreen Majed Chairman of the Committee

Assistant Professor (Supervisor)
University of Asia Pacific (UAP)
Dr. M. R. Kabir Member

Professor (External)
Dr. Alamgir Habib Head of Department

Professor (Member)
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, we are expressing our solemn gratitude to Almighty Allah, the most gracious
and merciful. Without His help and kindness, we could not have finished our thesis.
We are forever grateful to our supervisor Dr. Nehreen Majed who has given us support from the
beginning. Her vast experience, immense knowledge &friendly attitude directed us to achieve
our goal. We want to express our heartfelt gratitude for her constant guidance and continuous
encouragements to carry out the thesis. Her great endurance and strong interest have made this
work real and exciting. With the continuous help of Dr. Nehreen Majed from the beginning to
the end of this thesis, the work finally becomes positive to complete successfully.
We gratefully acknowledge the generous, logistical and administrative support provided by Prof.
Dr. Alamgir Habib, the Head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
We also very grateful to Dr. M. R. Kabir, the Pro-VC of University of Asia Pacific to evaluate
our thesis paper.
We are very thankful to Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited & Echotex Limited for their
valuable co-operation during the study.
We also would like to express thanks Shaheda Sultana, ETP manager of Padma Polycotton Knit
Fabrics Limited, Mr. Kamruzzaman, ETP manager of Echotex Limited & DPHE Central Lab
Chief Chemist Md. Abdus Sattar for their valuable collaboration during the study.
Many technical papers are used in this report for discussion of the results obtained by us.
We express sincere thanks to all authors listed in the reference.
Lastly, we are solely indebted to our parents and to our family for their help & kind
participation during preparing this thesis book. Without their love, appreciation and
encouragement, it was really impossible to reach today’s position.
iii
ABSTRACT
The increase in the number of industries in Bangladesh, including textile dyeing
operations, has seriously elevated the level of water pollution that the country had already
been experiencing. The main attempt of this thesis was to study the evolution of existing
condition of textile effluent treatment plants (ETPs) of Bangladesh. In this motivation, at
first we listed most of the textile industries that have ETP around Dhaka city. Then we
listed 35 textile industries having ETP around Dhaka city. Analysis of the effluent
discharge points according to the locations of the industries led us to obtain a list of 11
major industries having common probable discharge points near Dhaka and nearby rivers.
The probable discharge points of these industrial ETPs were alongside the major water
bodies of Dhaka city such as Balu river, Turag river, Shitalakhya river, Dhalewshwari
river and Hatirjheel. In this study, we also surveyed two standard biological ETPs along
with their operational configurations, discharge water quality and typical contaminant
removal rates in order to check the adequacy of the ETPs. The ETPs that were surveyed
are Echotex limited and Padma polycotton limited. Samples were collected from the
major phases of the ETPs to obtain the percent removal of the contaminants. The
analyzed water quality parameters were compared with the national water quality
guidelines for inland waters. The amount of effluent that is discharged from Echotex
Limited ETP is 2200 m3/day & for Padma polycotton ETP is 1500 m3 /day. Percent
removal of total dissolved solid for Echotex Limited was 28.76% and the Padma
polycotton was 70.34%. Percent removal of total suspended solid of Echotex limited was
94.51% and for Padma polycotton was 94%. Percent removal of biological oxygen
demand (for 5 days) of Echotex limited was 89.47% and the Padma Polycotton was
90.9%.Percent removal of chemical oxygen demand of Echotex limited was 86.96% and
the Padma polycotton was 47.05%. Percent removal of color of Echotex limited was
78.17% and the Padma polycotton was 98.73%. Thus satisfactory removal was optimum
with respect to total suspended solid, BOD5 and color for both of the ETPs. Its worth
mentioning that analysis of three months’ water quality results obtained from Echotex
limited exhibited consistence performance. The analysis for the ETP sample from Padma
polycotton was performed only for once which showed satisfactory result but consistency
of performance could not be evaluated.
iv
THE AUTHORS WOULD LIKE TO
DEDICATE THE WORK TO THEIR
BELOVED PARENTS
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-8
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Background 3
1.3 Statement of the problem 5
1.4 Significance of the study 6
1.5 Objective & Scope 7
1.6 Thesis Outline 8
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 9-31
2.1 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) 10

2.2 Importance of Effluent Treatment Plant 11
2.3 National Standard Guidelines of waste discharge quality 12
2.4 Effluent discharge point/ Locations around Dhaka city 13
2.5 Polluted Rivers around Dhaka City 17
2.6 Reality behind the river pollution 18
2.7 Existing Situation: Newspaper Reports 20
2.8 Steps Involved in the treatment of contaminants that are expected in the
effluent 21
2.9 Planning consideration for an ETP 26
2.10 ETP Evaluation 27
CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 32-63
3.1 General 33
3.2 ETP survey list 33
3.2.1 ETP details 33
3.2.2 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited 34
3.2.3 Anontex Group 35
3.2.4 Echotex Limited Bangladesh 36
3.3 Descriptions of the ETP Components of the selected ETPs under study 37
3.3.1 Padma Polycotton ETP flow diagram 38
3.3.2 ETP Phase of Padma Polycotton 39
vi
3.3.3 Echotex Limited ETP Flow diagram 45
3.3.4 ETP Phase of Echotex Limited 46
3.4 Sample Collection 59
3.5 Determination of water quality parameters 60
3.6 Analysis of water quality parameters in the laboratory 60
3.6.1 Standards for surface water discharge 62
3.7 Selection of specific parameters for further Evaluation of ETPs and
comparisons 63
CHAPTER 4 : DATA ANALYSIS 64-124
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 List of Textile Industries having ETP 65
4.3 Probable Discharge Point of Industry Wastage 68
4.4 Locating the discharge points of ETP’s around Dhaka 72
4.5 Echotex Limited 84
4.5.1 Data Table of Echotex Limited ETP 84
4.5.2 Water Quality Parameters Analysis of Echotex Limited ETP 87
4.5.3 Heavy Metals Analysis 90
4.5.4 Data Table of Heavy Metals : 90
4.5.5 Comparison of heavy metals with surface water discharge standard 91
4.6 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited (1st analysis) 93
4.6.1 Results of 1st Analysis 94
4.6.2 Comparison between the water quality parameters (1st Analysis) 100
4.6.3 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited (2nd analysis) 106
4.6.4 Results of 2nd Analysis 106
4.6.5 Comparison between the water quality parameters (2nd Analysis) 111
4.6.6 Heavy Metals Analysis in DPHE Lab 115
4.6.7 Comparison of heavy metals with surface water discharge standard 119
4.7 Comparison of Analysis 119
4.7.1 Comparison between the ETPs in our analysis 120
4.7.2 Comparison with previous study 122
4.8 Conclusion 124
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 125-129
5.1 Summary 126

5.2 Conclusion 127
5.3 Recommendation 128
5.4 Limitations 129
REFERENCES 130
APPENDIX 134
QUESTIONNAIRE 135
vii
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page
2.1 Block Diagram of a model ETP 10
2.2 Industrial wastewater discharge in Turagriver 14
2.3 Toxic liquid flows into the Turag river in Ashulia on the outskirts 14
of the capital
2.4 Waste water flowing to Turagriver 15
2.5 Industrial waste water flowing into Shitalakkhya river 15
2.6 Sewage discharge in Baluriver 16
2.7 Sewage discharge in Bongshiriver 16
2.8 Water Quality Map Around Dhaka 17
2.9 Overview of treatment stages within a wastewater 22
treatment plant
2.10 Planning consideration for an ETP 26
3.1 ETP Phase of Padma Polycotton 38
3.2 Screening & Equalization 39
3.3 Neutralization 40
3.4 Distribution 41
3.5 Oxidation 42
3.6 Clarification (Before & after settling) 43
3.7 Sludge collection 44
3.8 ETP Phase of Echotex Limited 45
3.9 Raw waste water from dyeing 46
3.10 Mechanical & manual screening chamber 47
3.10(a) Inside of Mechanical & manual screening chamber 48
viii
3.10(b) Inside of Mechanical & manual screening chamber 48
3.11 Equalization Tank 49
3.12 Schematic diagram of equalization tank 49
3.13 Ozonator room 50
3.14 Ozone contact tank (Both I & II) 50
3.15 Flocculation tank (Both I & II) 51
3.16 Inclined Plate Settler (Both I & II) 53
3.17 Tertiary Inclined Plate Settler 53
3.18 Aerobic digester tank 54
3.19 Schematic diagram of aerobic digester tank 54
3.20 Sludge conditioning tank 55
3.21 Schematic diagram of function of sludge conditioning tank 55
3.22 Filter press chamber & sludge disposal 56
3.23 Sequencing batch reactors ( I, II & III ) 57
3.24 Intermediate tank 58
3.25 Sample Collection from Padma Polycotton ETP 59
3.26 Sample analysis in chemical lab 60
4.1 Map Symbol 72
4.2 AnonTex Group, Tongi, Gazipur 73
4.3 BSCIC Industrial Area Fatullah, Narayanganj 74
4.4 Cotton Club (BD) Ltd, Kasimpur, Gazipur 75
4.5 Esquire Knit Composite Ltd, Narayanganj 76
4.6 JK Group (Knit Fabrics & Garments), Savar 77
4.7 Keya Knit Composite Ltd, Konabari, Gazipur 78
4.8 Abanti Color Textile Ltd, Narayanganj 79
ix
4.9 Padma Poly Cotton Knit Fabrics, 80
Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka
4.10 Echotex Limited, Shafipur 81
4.11 Square Knit Fashion Ltd, Joydebpur, Gazipur 82
4.12 Zaara Textile Composite Ltd, Kashimpur, Gazipur 83
4.13 Representation of BOD & COD range comparing to 87
discharge standard
4.14 Representation of TDS & TSS range comparing to 88
discharge standard
4.15 Representation of pH & temperature range comparing 89
to discharge standard
4.16 Sequence of sample collection in 1st analysis 93
4.17 Representation of pH & temperature range comparing 101
to discharge standard
4.18 Representation of BOD5 & DO range comparing to 102
discharge standard
4.19 Representation of chloride & EC range comparing to 103
discharge standard
4.20 Representation of TDS & TSS range comparing to 104
discharge standard
4.21 Representation of iron range comparing to 105
discharge standard
4.22 Sequence of sample collection in 2nd analysis 106
4.23 Representation of pH comparing to discharge standard 111
x
4.24 Representation of BOD5 & EC range comparing to 112
discharge standard
4.25 Represent of TDS & TSS range comparing to 113
discharge standard
4.26 Represent of TDS & TSS range comparing to 114
discharge standard
xi
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page
2.1 Waste Discharge Quality Standards for Industrial 12
Units & Projects
2.2 Discharge Quality Standard for Classified Industries 13
2.3 Effluent Characteristics from Textile Industry 28
2.4 Typical removal rates for ETP components 29
2.5 List of parameters to be checked at different 30
sampling points
2.6 List of sampling location and objective of the sampling 30
3.1 Waste Discharge Quality Standards for surface water 62
4.1 List of Textile Industries having ETP 65
4.2 List of probable discharge point 68
4.3 List of ETP’s with locations 71
4.4 ETP Monthly operation sheet, January 2015 84
4.5 ETP Monthly operation sheet, February 2015 85
4.6 ETP Monthly operation sheet, June 2015 85
4.7 ETP Average Data Sheet 86
4.8 Heavy metals operation sheet, June 2015 90
4.9 Representation of water quality parameters in 94
Equalization phase
Neutralization phase
Distribution phase
xii
Oxidation phase
before settling phase
Before Screening phase
Before Settling phase
After Settling phase
4.17 Percent removal of before settling & after settling 110
in terms of surface water discharge standard
Before Screening phase
Before Settling phase
After Settling phase
4.21 Representation of water quality parameters in average 118
result with percent removal
4.22 Representation of difference between Echotex and Padma 120

Polycotton water quality parameters with their percent
removal
xiii
List of Abbreviations & Acronyms
TERMS FULL FORMS
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
COD Chemical oxygen demand
DO Dissolved oxygen
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TS Total Solids
WHO World Health Organization
UNPF United Nations Population Fund
WTO World Trade Organization
RMG Ready Made Garment
ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
MFA Multi Fiber Arrangement
EOI Export Oriented Industrialization
xiv
CHAPTER
Introduction
1
1
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The textile and clothing (T&C) industries provide the single source of economic growth in
Bangladesh's rapidly developing economy [UNPF, 2009].Exports of textiles and garments are
the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Agriculture for domestic consumption is
Bangladesh’s largest employment sector. By 2002 exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made
garments (RMG) accounted for 77% of Bangladesh’s total merchandise exports [WTO
Secretariat, 2008]. By 2013, about 4 million people, mostly women, worked in Bangladesh's $19
billion-a-year industry, export-oriented ready-made garment (RMG) industry. Bangladesh is
second only to China, the world's second-largest apparel exporter of western brands. Sixty
percent of the export contracts of western brands are with European buyers and about forty
percent with American buyers [Reuters May 4, 2013].
Only 5% of textile factories are owned by foreign investors, with most of the production being
controlled by local investors [Textiles Intelligence, 2003]. Bangladesh's textile industry has been
part of the trade versus aid debate. The encouragement of the garment industry of Bangladesh as
an open trade regime is argued to be a much more effective form of assistance than foreign aid.
Tools such as quotas through the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) and
Everything but Arms (EBA) and the US 2009 Tariff Relief Assistance in the global clothing
market have benefited entrepreneurs in Bangladesh's ready-made garments (RMG) industry.
Bangladesh, with a population of about 156 million, is among the most densely populated
countries in the world. In 2012 the textile industry accounted for 45% of all industrial
employment in the country yet only contributed 5% of the Bangladesh's total national income
[Islam, Khan & Islam, 2013][Keane, Velde and Dirk, 2008].
Industrialization is an inevitable feature of economic intensification in a developing country. In

the way of employment-intensive industrialization, textile industries are playing an utmost
important role offering tremendous opportunities for the economy of Bangladesh. But, hasty and
unplanned clustered growth of industries leads to adverse environmental consequence in an
alarming way [Sultana, Ali, Uddin and Haque, 2013].
2
The untreated textile wastewater can cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen if it is directly
discharged into the surface water sources due to its high BOD value. The effluents with high
levels of BOD and COD values are highly toxic to biological life. The high alkalinity and traces
of chromium which is employed in dyes adversely affect the aquatic life and also interfere with
the biological treatment processes [Palamthodi, Patil and Patil, 2011].
Also textile processing units contains a complex mixture of dyes, which are highly resistant to
convention treatment technology [Krishnaswamy, Kaliannan, Kannadasan and Duraisamy,
2009].The quality of such effluent can be analyzed by their physio-chemical and biological
analysis. Monitoring of the environmental parameters of the effluent would allow having, at any
time, a precise idea on performance evaluation of ETP and if necessary, appropriate measures
may be undertaken to prevent adverse impact on environment.
The obtained results were very much useful in identification and rectification of operational and
maintenance problems and it can be also utilized to establish methods for improved textile
industry and plant waste minimization strategies. The textile industry uses high volume of water
throughout its operation, from the washing of fibers to bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, and
printing and washing of finished products [Imtiazuddin, Mumtaz and Mallick, 2012].
1.2 Background
The textile and apparel industry in Bangladesh occupies a prominent position within the
country’s industrial structure. It is the largest manufacturing sector, providing jobs for some 50%
of the total industrial workforce and contributing 9.5% of the country’s GDP. Also, it accounts
for almost 77% of total exports, making it Bangladesh’s leading foreign exchange earner
[Prospects for the Textile and Apparel Industry in Bangladesh, 2003]. From 1947 to 1971 the
textile industry, like most industries in East Pakistan, were largely owned by West Pakistanis.
During that period, in the 1960s, local Bengali entrepreneurs had set up their own large textile
and jute factories. Following its separation from East Pakistan the newly formed Bangladesh lost
access to both capital and technical expertise [Lorch and Klaus, 1991]. Until the liberation of
Bangladesh in 1971, the textile sector was primarily part of the process of import substitution
industrialization (ISI) to replace imports. After the liberation, Bangladesh adopted export-
3
oriented industrialization (EOI) by focusing on the textile and clothing industry, particularly the
readymade garment (RMG) sector. Immediately after the founding of Bangladesh (1971)
[Samuel, Bartrop and Jacobs].Global restructuring processes, including two non-market factors,
such as quotas under Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA) (1974–2005) in the North American
market and preferential market access to European markets [Bhattacharya and Rahman, 2001]
led to the "Emergence of an export-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh in the late
1970s"[Kabeer, Mahmud and Simeen, 2004] and ensured the garment sector’s continual success.
The garment industry in Bangladesh became the main export sector and a major source of
foreign exchange starting in 1980, and exported about $5 billion USD in 2002 [Mahmood,
2002]. In 1980 an export processing zone was officially established in at the port of Chittagong.
By 1981, 300 textile companies, many small ones had been denationalized often returned to their
original owners [Lorch and Klaus, 1991]. The export of ready-made garments (RMG) increased
from $USD 3.5 million in 1981 to $USD 10.7 billion in 2007. Apparel exports grew, but
initially, the ready-made garments RMG industry was not adequately supported by the growth up
and down the domestic supply chain (e.g., spinning, weaving, knitting, fabric processing, and the
accessories industries). In the early 1980s exports were dominated by jute while garment sales
were insignificant. But today garment ex-ports are by far the leading export category. In 2001/02
the clothing sector generated as much as US$ 4.58 billion in foreign exchange [Prospects for the
Textile and Apparel Industry in Bangladesh, 2003]. Since the early 1990s, the knit section
expanded mainly producing and exporting shirts, T-shirts, trousers, sweaters and jackets. In
2006, 90 percent of Bangladesh's total earnings from garment exports came from its exports to
the United States and Europe [Haider and Ziaul, 2007]. Textile exports from Bangladesh to the
United States did increase by 10% in 2009 [The Hindu Business Line, 2009].The industry
benefits from special access to markets in the EU, Canada, Norway and Japan. Because
Bangladesh is a least developed country, its textile and clothing exports enter these countries
quota-free and duty-free. This concession, together with low labor costs, provides the garment
sector with a strong competitive advantage [UNPF, 2009] Knitwear sector’s contribution was
7.64% of the readymade garments sector (RMG) sector in 1990-1991. It has shown to 49.43% in
2006-07. Last year knitwear export was over US$ 4.5 billion comprising 37.39% of the total
export earning of Bangladesh. The RMG sector earned about 75.6% of the total export earning in
2006- 2007, a major share of which is from the export of knit-wear [Karim, 2007]. Thus, these
4
textile industries have established itself as important sub-sector in the national economy. Despite
this fact, those impose socio-economic deprivation of the people of surrounding communities by
polluting the environment. So, it is high time, industries should take remedy measures to build
public confidence and demonstrate that they are also for protecting environment. Not only to
meet the local laws, but also to meet the buyer’s requirement regarding environmental
compliance, they can’t avoid their responsibility to meet the environmental obligation.
Otherwise, our competiveness as a textile export country will be reduced sooner or later.
1.3 Statement of the problem

In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located at waterside. A complex mixture of hazardous
chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies from all these
industries, usually without treatment. Thus, industrial units drain effluents directly into the rivers
without any consideration of the environmental degradation.
Textile and dyeing industries produce wastewater, or effluent, as a bi-product of their products,
which contains several pollutants originated from sizing, bleaching, mercerizing, fancy dyeing,
screen printing, yarn dyeing and finishing. Chemicals used in these industries include
acrylonitrile, chlorinated phenols, organic mercurial compounds and copper ammonium
carbonate.
In knit dyeing, the local textile dyeing industries discharge higher amount of wastewater.
Disposal of these large amounts of wastewater with highly toxic compounds to water body and
irrigable land is extensively threatening to the ecosystem and aquatic life and it also enters in our
food chains. These lead to diminish the fisheries and agricultural economy day by day. The
pollution leads to yield of poor quality of fish with the smell of chemicals. In general, pH of the
effluent is found to above 11, which become lethal to all species of fish.
Again, the textile industries dispose large quantities of sulfates in their wastewater; this can be
converted in the environment to hydrogen sulfide, a very poisonous gas. In addition, there is a
large body of evidence that shows that residual textile dyes which go along with the waste-water
can act as respiratory sensitizers and can lead to coughs, respiratory tract irritation ad asthma. It
is to be noted that, textile effluent comprises of large quantity of salt along with wastewater as
5
dissolved solid. This salinity of the effluent is not removed by the conventional treatment of the
effluent. So, with or without treatment, this wastewater disposed to the water system leads to
increasing the salinity of water severely.
Considering the environmental issues, the textile mills of Bangladesh should set up and properly
use Effluent Treatment Plants. For cost effective operation of ETPs Biological Treatment
Process can be introduced. In this manner, textile mills can follow the example discussed here.
The recent awareness on the ETP requirement should be directed in a constructive way. We
realize that industrial effluent should be treated before drainage. Neither industry and private
sector nor public sector alone can be left responsible for realization on the intensity of the
problem. Government and the private sector should come into with its full glory to solve the
problem mutually, which aims at burning issue like environmental conservation [Journal of
Environmental Protection, 2013].
1.4 Significance of the study

This study is aimed to evaluate the effluent treatment plant of textile industries in our country.
This kind of study can enable us to determine how wastewater from textile industries are
polluting the canals, rivers & many other water bodies & making them unsafe for all living
beings. This study also aims to discuss other ETP related research & compare them with our
research. On the basis of the findings, the study will be able to recommend the improvement on
the major phases of a standard ETP & thereby to follow the standard discharge guidelines for
controlling the environmental pollution.
6
1.5 Objective & Scope
The objective of the study is to know the standard biological ETPs work, phases and the
performance of textile industries in Bangladesh. There are main two objective of the study.
1. Primary objective
2. Analytical objective
Primary objectives
 To list down the textile industries having ETP around Dhaka city.
 To find out major industries that have common probable discharge point near Dhaka and
nearby rivers.
 To locate the discharge points of waste water from the ETPs located around the rivers.
 To select certain textile industries for evaluation.
Analytical objectives
 To collect samples from different phases of textile ETPs and learn the working processes
of different phases.
 To analyze the samples for different water quality parameters
 To compare the results with standard water quality discharge and find out the existing
condition of the ETPs.
 To find out the percent removal rate of contaminants in different phases
 To compare between the performances of selected industries
 To find out the problem and limitations of standard ETPs in Bangladesh.
7
1.6 Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 - This chapter introduces the topic of the study along with reasons for the study
Chapter 2 - Provides information of importance and reasons for the study, focusing on the
problem & beneath the view.
Chapter 3 - Provides information on data sources, survey location and sample collection along
with the methods used for the analysis of the data.
Chapter 4 - Assimilates the obtained data and performs qualitative analysis with reference to
guidelines.
Chapter 5 - Concludes the study by providing the findings along with some recommendations.
This chapter also provides the limitations of the study and the references used.
8
CHAPTER
Literature Review
2
9
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

The effluent treatment plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from different areas of the
plant. The treatment of different effluent varies with the type of effluent.
Water is recycled from effluent coming from textile & chemical industries using series of
operations i.e. coagulation, flocculation, aeration & filtration techniques mainly reverse osmosis.
The effluent produce has high BOD, COD, pH, TSS, TDS & color material. This study includes
characterization of effluent & making of process flow sheet of Effluent Treatment Plant after
visit to various locations in industrial areas. Points of optimization were identified in various unit
operations involved considering the total cost incurred during the whole process. It was
identified that automation & use of highly substantive dyes during coloration stages (dyeing &
printing) in a textile mill considerably reduces the amount of effluent produced. Effect of
different mesh sizes of coagulating agents was studied in conjugation mixing speed. It was noted
that use of polyphosphazene membranes instead of polyamides for reverse osmosis plants, as
they possess better resistance at high pH & temperature [Chemical Engineering Research
Bulletin 13, 2009]. A block diagram of modeling ETP is shown in figure 2.1 -
Fig 2.1: Block Diagram of a model ETP

[Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 13, 2009].
10
2.2 Importance of Effluent Treatment Plant
Their first and most important purpose is to clear the water we use in our homes of solid
materials. This process of screening and settlement is known as primary treatment. Although this
removes the largest debris items, the wastewater is still full of organic material, which removes
smell great and, if dumped directly into our water bodies, can contaminate them and consume
available oxygen as it decomposes. This is why virtually all treatment plants in the U.S. use a
process of aeration to encourage the growth of beneficial microorganism which break down the
biological material in the waste, in a process called secondary treatment. In many cases the
water is then discharged, often after sterilization with Ultra Violet light which kills potentially
disease causing bacteria and viruses. This was the case here in Rhode Island until about 2005.
However as city populations grow, more and more nutrients are going into the wastewater
treatment facilities and being discharged into our waterways. These excess nutrients act like
fertilizer to the plants and algae living in the water. Unfortunately, too much fertilizer in the Bay
is a bad thing. Phytoplankton (tiny microscopic plants) begins to bloom uncontrollably, blocking
out sunlight needed by other plants lower in the water column. Once the algae reach maximum
capacity it begins to die off in mass numbers. The dead cells sink to the bottom where bacteria
decompose the cells, using up oxygen in the process. As the bacteria pull oxygen out of the
water, the fish, shellfish and other organism in the area begin to suffocate. Those that cannot
swim away eventually die, providing more food for the oxygen-consuming bacteria. However,
recent advancements in technology and awareness have brought about new technologies which
can treat wastewater to remove these nutrients is done in the third phase, known as tertiary
treatment. [http://simply-science-nbep.blogspot.com/2011/06/why-are-wastewater-treatment-
plants so.html]
11
2.3 National Standard Guidelines of waste discharge quality
There is a standard guidelines of water discharge quality which is regulated by Ministry of
Environment. The guidelines of table 2.1 is shown below in terms of parameters, units & the
allowable limits according to final disposal location:
Table 2.1: Waste Discharge Quality Standards for Industrial Units & Projects: Quality at
discharge point [Ministry of Environment, 2008]
Location of final disposal
Parameter Unit Inland Public Irrigated
Surface Water Sewer Land
Ammonia (Free Ammonia) mg/L 5 5 15
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) mg/L 50 75 75
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.2 0.5 0.2
BOD5 (200C) mg/L 50 250 100
Boron (B) mg/L 2 2 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.05 0.5 0.5
Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 600 600 600
Chromium (Hexavalent Cr) mg/L 0.1 1 1
Chromium (Total Cr) mg/L 0.5 1 1
COD mg/L 200 400 400
Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.5 3 3
Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.1 2 0.2
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 4.5-8 4.5-8 4.5-8
Dissolved Phosphorus (P) mg/L 8 8 10
Electrical Conductivity μMho/cm 1200 1200 1200
Fluoride (F) mg/L 7 15 10
Iron (Fe) mg/L 2 2 2
Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.1 0.1 0.1
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 5 5 5
Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.01
Nickel (Ni) mg/L 1 1 1
Nitrate (N molecule) mg/L 10 Undetermined 10
Oil & Grease mg/L 10 20 10
pH 6-9 6-9 6-9
Phenol Compounds (C6H5OH) mg/L 1 5 1
Radioactive Materials As determined by Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05
Sulfide (S) mg/L 1 2 2
0
Temparature - Summer C 40 40 40
0
Temparature - Winter C 45 45 45
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 2100 2100 2100
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (N) mg/L 100 100 100
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 150 500 200
Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5 10 10
Source: Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, The Environment Conservation Rules 1997, Schedule 10, Rule 13 (Un-official English
Version)
12
And also a discharge quality standards for classified industries is recommended by Ministry of
Environment. The table 2.2 is given below in terms of suggested parameters & their allowable
limits:
Table 2.2: Discharge Quality Standard for Classified Industries: Composite Textile Plant &
Large Processing Units (Investment over Tk 30,000,000) [Ministry of Environment, 2008]
Parameter Limit (mg/L)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 100

BOD5 200C 150
Oil & Grease 10
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 2100
Wastewater Flow 100 L/Kg of fabric processing
pH 6.5-9
Special parameters based on classification of dyes used :
Total chromium (as Cr 2
molecule)
Sulfide (as S molecule) 2
Phenol compounds (C6H5OH) 5
 BOD limit of 150 mg/L will be applicable only for physio-chemical processing method
Source: Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment and

Forests, The Environment Conservation Rules 1997, Schedule 12, Rule 13 (Un-official
English Version)
2.4 Effluent discharge point/ Locations around Dhaka city:
In this part we will discuss about the effluent discharge point or location around the river of
Dhaka city.
Excessive industrial pollution has made the waters of the river so toxic that even the
underground water of the areas on its banks has become poisonous. As a result, people of the
area are often suffering from different intestinal diseases. There are so many sewage line which
is connected through the many river in Dhaka city. Turag river is one of them. Some pictures are
shown below where industrial wastewater are discharging in Turag river.
13
Figure 2.2 represent that how industrial wastewater are discharging in Turag river -
Figure 2.2: Industrial wastewater discharge in Turag river

[http://file.scirp.org/Html/12-9401657_28446.htm]
The recently taken picture shows industrial waste from different factories in Savar being dumped
into nearby canals that eventually flow into Turag River. The picture is shown below in figure
2.3 -
Figure 2.3: Toxic liquid flows into the Turagriver in Ashulia on the outskirts of the capital
[http://www.thedailystar.net/poisoning-a-river-to-death-16683]
14
Another picture of waste water flowing to Turag river is given below in figure 2.4 -
Figure 2.4: Waste water flowing to Turag river

[http://www.dhakatribune.com/editorial/2014/apr/26/scale-community-recycling-initiatives]
A wide outlet of industrial waste flowing onto the Shitalakkhyariver about a kilometre south of
Kanchpur Bridge in Narayanganj. The picture is shown below in figure 2.5 -
Figure 2.5: Industrial waste water flowing into Shitalakkhya river

[http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2011/rivers_still_on_deathbed/pg06.htm]
15
The other picture is showing that how industrial wastewater is making poisonous the Balu river.
This picture is shown in figure 2.6 -
Figure 2.6: Sewage discharge in Balu river [http://www.assess-

hkh.at/downloads/meeting5/session5_BD_Sustainable_strategies_Badruzzaman.pdf]
The figure 2.7 shows that how sewage line are connected to Bongshi river -
Figure 2.7: Sewage discharge in Bongshi river [http://www.assess-

hkh.at/downloads/meeting5/session5_BD_Sustainable_strategies_Badruzzaman.pdf]
16
2.5 Polluted Rivers around Dhaka City
In following picture we are showing water quality map around Dhaka city. In this map we can
see that there are many river station around Dhaka city & marked according to the water quality
status by various color. Figure 2.8 shows the water quality map around Dhaka city -
Figure 2.8: Water Quality Map Around Dhaka

[https://tarekhossain.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/silence-death-of-a-river-turag/]
So, according to the map there are so many rivers around the Dhaka city which are polluting day
by day & sill remain in red zone. The list of polluted rivers around Dhaka city is given below:
1. Western Side: Part of Bongshiriver & Turag river from Tongi bridge upto its confluence with
Buriganga
2. Southern Side: Part of Dhaleshawri river and Buriganga
3. Northern Side: Tongikhal and part of Baluriver
4. Eastern Side: Baluriver and part of Shitalakkhya river [Badruzzaman, Environment Pollution
Presentation]
17
2.6 Reality behind the river pollution
Soft attitude of the government towards polluters and lack of awareness among city dwellers
have literally left dead all the rivers and other surface waters in and around the Bangladesh
capital Dhaka.
Over the years the government agencies conducted small-scale drives against the polluters
without yielding any major success. The polluters have meanwhile continued polluting the rivers
side by side with city dwellers linking excreta discharge to the storm sewerage that ultimately
falls into the rivers.
The immediate past caretaker government had earlier directed industrialists to install Effluent
Treatment Plants (ETP) at their respective industries by October 31, 2007. But most of the
industrialists defied the directive and the government also did not go for action against the
violators.
Even the Department of Environment (DoE) does not know exactly how many of the industries
have ETPs installed. "Some industries set up ETPs but don't use those as they need to spend
additional money to treat their water," says a DoE inspector.
According to a study jointly conducted by the World Bank and the Institute of Water Modelling
(IWM), there are over 300 various effluent discharge outlets from 9 major industrial clusters
including Tongi, Hazaribagh, Tejgaon, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Ashulia, Gazipur and
Ghorashal. Of these, 19 outlets carry the major discharge of domestic and industrial waste. Of
the discharged untreated liquid waste, 61% are industrial and 39% domestic waste, the study
shows. The lone Sewerage Treatment Plant (SWP) in Pagla in Narayanganj can treat only 10%
of the industrial waste. The primary estimates made in this study show that nearly 330,000
kilograms of BOD is discharged from various polluting sources every day in Dhaka watershed.
"This gives an indication of the extensive pollution loads from various domestic and industrial
sources. The situation is extremely precarious particularly during the six months of the year from
November to April," the report states.
Over the last 10 years major industrialization in the Dhaka watershed has been observed,
especially in dyeing, washing and textiles sectors. It is estimated that there are over 7,000
18
industries in Dhaka metropolis located mostly in three clusters- Hazaribagh, Tejgaon and DND
area.
According to statistics from DoE, the number of polluting dyeing mills is 365, tanneries 198,
pharmaceutical units 149, engineering workshops 129, chemicals and pesticide factories 118,
jute mills 92, rubber and plastic units 63, food and sugar 38, paper and pulp 10, cement and
fertilizers 5 each and distilleries 4. However, the real number is much higher than the statistics,
and among all these the dyeing factories and tanneries are the main polluters of the rivers.
Asked why the industries don't use ETPs even if they have it, a DoE chemist explains the reason.
He says, "If a dyeing factory produces 1 ton of cloth, it discharges 100 m3 of liquid waste
equivalent to 100,000 litres of water."A factory needs to spend (300-400) Tk to purify one cubic
metre of water excluding electricity and manpower costs. "They just don't want to spend that
money," the DoE chemist says.
Waste from these industries is connected to the sewerage system that directly leads to the rivers
around the city. In fact, the rivers have become a dumping ground of all kinds of solid, liquid and
chemical waste of bank-side population.
According to the Environment Conservation Rule, 1997, every industry should have an in-house
ETP. Otherwise, they would not get from DoE the environmental clearance, which is mandatory
to obtain power and gas connections.
Mahmud Hossain, owner of a washing plant in Gazipur, said their industry generated 150 cubic
metres of waste water every day. "We need to spend Tk (8-10) lakh per month for lime, poly
electro lime, pollyaluminium chloride and polly electro chloride to treat the waste," Mahmud
added. "If we are honest we can treat the wastewater before discharging and even make profit
from the business," he commented [http://www.iedsbd.org/river.html].
19
2.7 Existing Situation: Newspaper Reports
Report 1
On 31st August 2015 in Prothom Alo newspaper a news was published on focusing the effluent
treatment plant. A seminar was held in Naraynganj on the topic of environment. The main
content of this seminar was about textile industries waste water. In Narayanganj there are about
2200 heavy textile industries. Among these industries there are about 600 industries which
emitted the effluent water & there are only 210 industries who has their own ETP. Bust of them
do not operate regularly to save the company cost [Prothom Alo, August 31, 2015].
Report 2
Shut industrial units sans ETPs
The chemical waste flowing from the industries situated in the Dhaka Export Processing Zone
and the surrounding area is severely polluting the air, water and soil of Ashulia.
An illustrated report, published on the front page of Prothom Alo on Monday, depicted the
situation, which is causing dangerous health hazard for the local people. However, pollution is
not limited in the area. Where there are industries in the country, there is environment pollution
of different extents
Toxic chemical waste from the industries flows into the water of rivers, marshland and canals of
the area. About 20 thousand people of four villages of Ashulia are directly affected by the
pollution. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) experts tested canal
water sample collected by Prothom Alo reporters from the area.
The experts said the canal water is polluted at a danger level due to the industrial wastes. The
Biochemical Oxygen Demand was found 600 milligram per litre where the permissible limit is
50 mg only. The Chemical Oxygen demand was also found as high as 994 mg instead of
permissible limit of 200 mg per litre. Sulfide is mixing with air evaporating from the polluted
water and rusting the corrugated tin sheets of the houses and other metal goods. Experts said that
human kidney and liver are very much prone to be affected in this environment. But there is no
data as to what extent the poor laborers' children and women are affected by the pollution.
20
There is unbridled environment pollution by the industrial wastes all over the country. But it was
not supposed to be. One of the preconditions of establishing an industry is setting up of effluent
treatment plants to clean the chemical wastes. But most of the industries have no ETP and there
is no adequate monitoring also in this regard.
The environment department on and off fines industries for not having ETPs. But monetary
penalty is not enough to check the trend, because there is a general perception among the
industrialists that they can run industries without ETPs paying a few amount of money as fine.
So more stringent rules should be applied to check pollution.
Modernization is not possible without industrialization. But it is suicidal to run industries without
ensuring environment protection. The industrialized countries have developed and also protected
their environment. But we are paving way of our ruination through industrialization.
We should be aware of the issue at least for the sake our next generations [Prothom Alo, March
11, 2014].
2.8 Steps Involved in the treatment of contaminants that are expected in the effluent
The need to protect the current diminishing water resources has been constantly stressed, with
increasing concerns about national water quality and maintenance of ecosystem health. Initially,
all wastewater used to be discharged directly into natural waterways, where a dilution effect
would occur in conjunction with the degradation of organic matter by existing microorganisms.
However, due to rising population numbers as well as an increase in the production of both
domestic and industrial waste, the pollution of surrounding environments and consequent
deterioration of public health has escalated. This resulted in an increased need for the
introduction of WWTPs that would aid and accelerate the purification process prior to discharge
into any natural waterway. In addition, provided these plants operate efficiently, the treated
wastewater effluent and sludge produced could serve as a valuable resource when reused safely.
In Figure 2.9 which shows the overview of treatment stages within a wastewater treatment plant -
21
Figure 2.9: Overview of treatment stages within a wastewater treatment plant
[http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/1/249/htm]
The overall wastewater treatment process can be broken down into four main stages. The
following steps are:
1. Preliminary stage
2. Primary stage
3. Secondary stage
4. Tertiary stage
This steps are described below:
22
1. Preliminary stage
The first stage of treatment involves the use of screens to remove larger debris such as paper,
plastic or any other foreign material which may damage downstream plant equipment. This is
followed by further removal of grit and silt. In addition, the screened materials are often
hazardous and must be safely disposed of to prevent fly breeding, excessive odors or
downstream hazardous effects to public and environmental health. One such suitable disposable
method is deposition in trenches covered with soil. In addition, the incineration of solids prior to
burial is often preferred. Excess grit such as sand, silt and stones can cause severe operational
problems, affecting a range of subsequent treatment steps, ultimately causing severe pump
blockages. Grit removal is therefore essential to protect mechanical equipment and pumps from
abrasion and to reduce blockages. In addition measuring daily flows within a plant to ensure the
maintenance of functional capacity is imperative to producing effluent of sufficient quality.
2. Primary stage
The main purpose of primary treatment is to reduce any settleable solids, as well as oils, grease,
fats, sand and grit within the wastewater via settling and sedimentation processes. The steps
involved in primary treatment are entirely mechanical and by means of filtration and
sedimentation. After initial screening to remove larger debris, wastewater still contains dissolved
organic and inorganic constituents as well as suspended solids which are removed via the process
of primary settling, sedimentation, chemical coagulation or filtration. This allows for separation
of the solid and liquid phases in the wastewater by removing those settled organic solids as well
as any floating materials such as fats, oil and grease.
23
3. Secondary stage
Following primary treatment, wastewater flows into the next stage whereby remaining suspended
solids are decomposed and the microbial load is greatly reduced. A variety of secondary
treatment options are available which are classified into three main categories, namely
wastewater stabilization ponds, suspended growth systems or fixed film systems. This step
results in organic matter removal of approximately 90%. Wastewater stabilization ponds may be
constructed either singularly or in parallel with the number of ponds increasing as the volume of
waste being processed by the plant increases. These ponds are classified by the type of bacteria
responsible for the decomposition process as well as the duration for which the waste will remain
in the pond. Suspended growth systems are generally applied to smaller communities and consist
of three main types: activated sludge, sequential batch reactor and aerated lagoons whilst fixed
film systems involve the passage of raw wastewater onto a filter medium in which bacteria can
attach, build up and accumulate in biomass which is subsequently removed.
4. Tertiary stage
In this stage there are three steps. These steps are described below:
(I) Nutrient Removal

Tertiary treatments involving nutrient removal are often referred to as advanced methods of
wastewater treatment and usually occur after or in conjunction with conventional biological
secondary treatment to aid both nitrogen and phosphorous removal from wastewater. Generally
these methods may include some form of physical or chemical techniques such as flocculation,
precipitation or membrane filtration. Two such commonly used techniques include Biological
Nutrient Removal and Enhanced Nutrient Removal which serves as a modification of the
suspended growth treatment systems, achieving nitrogen and phosphorous removals of 8–10
mg/L; 1–3 mg/L and 3 mg/L; 0.3 mg/L per respective process. Nitrogen is generally present in
wastewater in the form of ammonia and is usually not removed by prior conventional secondary
treatment processes. Therefore, advanced treatment methods successfully aid in the conversion
of ammonia and other organic forms via nitrification and denitrification to non-toxic nitrate and
subsequently nitrogen gas. Generally secondary biological treatment processes achieve
24
phosphorous removal rates of less than 20%, requiring the need for additional removal methods.
Physical precipitation such as filtration techniques as well as chemical precipitation such as
flocculation after lime or alum addition may be used which aids in achieving phosphorous
reduction rates of up to 95%.
(II) Filtration
Membrane filtration technology is one such advanced method that has been implemented in
removing micro pollutants and can be divided into different categories depending of the type and
size of contaminants to be removed. Media-coated filters contain one or more layers of an inert
media such as sand or gravel and traps suspended particles either within pore spaces or through
adherence to particle surfaces within the media-coated membrane. Pressure-driven membrane
processes include a range of filtration types, namely, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration
and reverse osmosis which are differentiated by pore size and which can be used to remove a
range of residual micro pollutants after disinfection.
(III) Activated Carbon

Activated carbon treatment is most often applied to treated industrial wastewater that will either
be reused or which needs to meet stringent guidelines prior to discharge into any receiving
watershed. This advanced method has been shown to be effective in removing a range of soluble
organic and inorganic compounds such as nitrates, heavy metals and a range of pharmaceuticals
as water is passed over a bed of activated carbon granules. Adsorption occurs via adherence of
pollutants to carbon particles after thermal activation. Removal rates are however, affected by
the composition of treated waste as the amount of organic matter present may reduce adsorption
sites available [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924443/, 2014].
25
2.9 Planning consideration for an ETP
There are eight steps of planning consideration for an etp. This steps are given below in figure
2.10 -
How much can you afford to spend on running an ETP?
What volume of effluent do you have?

What chemicals does it contain?
At what contains?
3
e.g. 30m /hour with COD of 500 ppm & pH of 11.5
Do you plant to increase production?
Will this increase the amount of effluent to be treated?
How much can you afford to spend on constructing an ETP?
How much can you afford to spend on running an ETP?
How much land do you have available, or can you buy, on which to build the ETP?
Which ETP expert or designer should be used?
What type of plant will best suit your requirements?

(The answers that you give to the above questions will help you &
The designers to decide this)
What capacity do you have in your factory to manage the ETP?

Do you need to hire more staff or train existing staff?
Figure 2.10: Planning consideration for an ETP [Ahmed, Clenett, Clark and Tapley]
26
2.10 ETP Evaluation
Performance evaluation has the benefit of assessing the performance of the wastewater treatment
plant after commissioning the plant based on the removal efficiency of major parameters such as
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS. Suitable remedial measures can be adopted to improve the
performance of treatment plant [Waskar, Kore and Kore]. To carry out the study on evaluating
efficiency of the treatment plant by studying water samples, which are need to collected at
different stages of treatment units. Performance efficiency of each unit must be calculate, which
is the evidence that ETPs are following the standard discharge limits or not.
There is no single, ideal ETP for a textile dyeing industry but the best options consist of several
units. The combination of these units will vary depending on the exact type and function of the
processing plant, which is determined to a large degree by the nature of the effluent. Typically an
ETP for a textile industry would consist of primary, secondary and tertiary treatment [Lash and
Kominek, 1980] to ensure the best performance. However, in countries where resources are
limited and factories must minimize their outgoings, they are less likely to adopt advanced
treatment methods. In Bangladesh for example, ion exchange, electro-dialysis and reverse
osmosis have only recently been introduced for wastewater treatment and the uptake is still
limited.
A combination of physio-chemical and biological units are most commonly used in textile
dyeing industries in Bangladesh [Lash and Kominek, 1980]. Although pure physicochemical
plants have also been observed by the project team. Depending on the combination of physio-
chemical and biological units selected the removal efficiency of key constituents differs: the
ranges of percentage removal rates are given in Table 2. As can be seen they can vary
considerably depending on the type of units (for example a low rate non submerged trickling
filter can achieve a BOD removal efficiency of 80-90 per cent while the range for a high rate
system is 65-90 per cent); the retention time is also an important factor for certain units, such as
sedimentation tanks [Crite and Tchobanoglous, 1998].
27
In textile industries there are so many process which is related to production & during production
there are so many effluent composition which is mixed with wastewater. It contains many
chemical composition in high amount. The details are given in table 2.3 in terms of effluent
composition & their nature:
Table 2.3: Effluent Characteristics from Textile Industry [Patel, Rajor, Jain and Patel, 2013]
Process Effluent composition Nature
Sizing Starch, waxes, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), High in BOD,COD

polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), wetting agents.
De-sizing starch, CMC, PVA, fats, waxes, pectins High in BOD, COD, SS,
dissolved solids(DS)
Bleaching Sodium hypochlorite,Cl2, NaOH,H2O2, acids, High alkalinity , high SS

sudfacts,NaSiO3, sodium phosphate, short
cotton fiber
Mercerizing Sodium hydroxide, cotton wax High pH, low BOD, high DS
Dyeing Dyestuffs urea, reducing agents, oxidizing Strongly colored, high BOD,
agents, acetic acid, detergents, wetting agents DS, low SS, heavy metals
Printing Pastes, urea, starches, gums, oils, binders, acids, Highly colored, high BOD,
Thickeners, cross linkers, reducing agents, oily appearance, SS slightly
alkali alkaline, low BOD
28
Table 2.4 shows typical removal rate for the ETP components.
Table 2.4: Typical removal rates for ETP components [Khan, Ahmed, Evans and Chadwick,
2009]
Component Constituent % Removal rate
Fine Screens BOD 5-55
TSS 5-55
Primary sedimentation BOD 25-40
tanks TSS 50-70
Depending on type
and detention time
Biological: BOD 50-90
Trickling filters BOD and TSS Final effluent quality
Activated sludge 10 mg/l
Anaerobic COD 65-95
In addition to BOD, COD and TSS, parameters of importance are colour, odour, total dissolved
solids (TDS), turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, hardness, metals
and ions. For biological treatment, microorganisms may be monitored along with sludge volume
index (SVI) and stirred sludge volume index (SSVI).
In this study only the parameters considered to be of most importance or which give an
indication of overall pollution load (e.g. BOD and COD) were measured. This reflected the type
of waste, the national standards and the facilities and funds that a factory would have available to
them for monitoring. Since this method was intended to be repeated regularly it could not be
overly complex or expensive.
The units that would be sampled in a standard monitoring programme of a typical ETP are
summarized in Table 3 along with the parameters that would be analyzed for. Monitoring just a
few simple parameters may facilitate the assessment of the performance of the whole plant, if
done in an effective and systematic way [Khan, Knapp, Clemett, Chadwick and Mahmood,
2006].
To analysis the effluent sample we need to collect the raw water from a certain sampling points
in each unit of an ETP. The following parameters must be checked at different sampling points.
These are shown in table 2.5
29
Table 2.5: List of parameters to be checked at different sampling points [Khan, Ahmed,
Evans and Chadwick, 2009]
Unit Parameters Sampling Points
Equalization tank pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Outflow

Temperature
Neutralization pH Outlet, to ensure that
tank the acid or alkali has
been properly mixed
Coagulation and pH Outlet
Flocculation
Primary Clarifier TSS, TDS, COD, pH, BOD Outflow
Biological Reactor DO, pH, samples of activated In aeration basin

sludge for microscopic test,
Temperature
Secondary Clarifier BOD, COD, TSS Outflow
Treated Water pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD Outlet
In each process of an ETP it needs to observe the location of sampling & objective of the
suggested sample collecting. It is described in table 2.6 in terms of sample location & their
objective:
Table 2.6: List of sampling location and objective of the sampling [Khan, Ahmed, Evans and
Chadwick, 2009]
Sample Location of Objective
ID Sampling
1. Outflow of Equalization Tank To find out the effluent (untreated) water

characteristics (after equalization and
before P-C)
2. Outflow of Tube Settler-1 To analyze the performance of Coagulation
and Flocculation units
3. Outlet of Biological Reactor-1 To analyze the performance of Biological
Reactor-1
4. Outlet of Biological Reactor-2 To analyze the performance of Biological
Reactor-2
5. Outlet of ETP (treated water) To analyze the performance of Tube
Settler-2, Activated Carbon Filter and Sand
Filter.
30
It should be noted that due to the nature of the dyeing process, which can take between six and
twelve hours, the effluent reaching the treatment plant can vary throughout the day. The samples
collected were therefore a composite of several dying batches which had been combined in the
equalization tank. The assumption is that the equalization tank is of sufficient capacity and well
mixed enough to ensure the effluent passing through the system is of consistent quality
[Tchobanoglous, Burton and Stensel, 2003],[Noyes, 1994]
31
CHAPTER
Methodology
3
32
CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
In this chapter we will discuss about what steps we have taken to evaluate a textile ETP on basis
of their effluent treatment, discharge location along with their method. To evaluate an ETP
we’ve listed the harmful chemical components which is very dangerous for our environment.
We’ve visit some of textile industries which has their own ETP. Besides, we have collect some
information about their ETP & other data on basis of their production, human effort etc. We’ve
observed their ETP phases, steps of treatment, production limit & many other things. After that
we’ve collect their sample in each step of treatment. Then we’ve tested in our lab & DPHE lab to
find out the chemical & heavy metals components from these sample. So that we can compare
their sample data with surface water discharge standard.
3.2 ETP survey list

Name of corresponding textile industries are:
1. Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited
2. Anontex Group
3. Echotex Limited Bangladesh
We’ve surveyed this three textile factory on the basis of their effluent treatment plant (ETP) &
others data which is also relevant to evaluate an ETP. We have collected sample raw water only
from two factories & tested the sample in our lab, their own lab & DPHE lab.
3.2.1 ETP details

The details of textile industries that we have surveyed are given below:
33
3.2.2 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited
Establishment Year : 2008
Location : 131 Tejgaon industrial area, Dhaka
Factory type : Composite
ETP area : Around (100*80) ft2
Products type : Fabric, Sweater, Jersey etc.
Production capacity : 30 Tons/day
Manpower : Production, Maintenance, Admin & others (800)
ETP Process Configuration :
1st Phase - Equalization, Neutralization, Distribution, Oxidation, Clarifier
2nd Phase - Sludge returns, Thickener, Filter process
ETP type : Biological
Discharge point : Previously it was connected to Hatirjheel. But right now probably connected
with a local sewerage line which may have a connection with Badda (Not sure).
pH level : Before treat ( 9-11), After treat ( 7-8 )
Type of activities : Knitting, dyeing, dyeing finishing, cutting, sewing, garments finishing.
DoE regulation : Follow all the guidelines
Running ETP cost : 14 Taka/m3
Effluent discharge amount : 1500 m3/day
Future planning on production : Yes ( Extra area extending on process)
ETP build cost : Approximately 1.5 Crore
ETP provider : SIMEM, Italy. Specially consulted by Texmac Limited, Bangladesh
34
3.2.3 Anontex Group
Location :Vadam, Nishat Nagar-1711, Tongi, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Products type : Fabric, Sweater & all other fashion garments
Production capacity : 120-130 Tons/day (Approx)
ETP type : Biological
Discharge point :Turag
pH level : Averagely (7.5-8.5)
Type of activities : Knitting, cotton yarn, acrylic yarn dyeing, dyeing, dyeing finishing, cutting,
sewing, garments finishing.
Running ETP cost : 3 Taka/m3
Effluent discharge amount : 110 m3/hr
Future planning on production : Not yet. But they have extended area for future developing.
ETP build cost : Approximately 13 Crore
ETP provider :Osmo Corporation Bangladesh
ETP related stuff/trainee : 6 person
35
3.2.4 Echotex Limited Bangladesh
Location :Chandra, Pollibiddut, Kaliakoir, Gazipur
ETP area :2200 m2
Products type : T-shirt, Polo shirt, ladies & kids garments
Production capacity : 27 tons/day
ETP type : Bio-chemical
Discharge point :Turag
pH level : Before inlet (8.5-8.7), After inlet (7-7.5)
Type of activities : Knitting, dyeing, cutting, washing, cutting, sewing, garments finishing.
Running ETP cost : (10-12) Tk/m3
Effluent discharge amount : 2200 m3/day
Future planning on production : Yes ( Extra area extending on process which amount is 3300
m3/day)
ETP build cost : 4 Crore
ETP provider :Echotex Singapore
ETP related stuff/trainee : 18 person
36
UNIQUE FEATURES of Echotex Ltd
1. They have the zero discharge plan where they can reuse the water in car washing, gardening,
dyeing etc.
2. They have flowmeter in their inlet, outlet, finishing & washing point so that they can
calculate what amount of water are using daily.
3. They use ground water & treat it with their own water treatment plant (WTP)
4. They have own chemical lab to test their discharge sample from ETP & they test one time in
every month.
3.3 Descriptions of the ETP Components of the selected ETPs under study
To analysis & understand the each step of an ETP we have drawn flow diagram of two ETPs.
Beside we have described the each step provided with pictures. The full specifications of each
ETPs are given below-
37
3.3.1 Padma Polycotton ETP flow diagram
The flow diagram of Padma Polycotton ETP is shown below in figure 3.1 -
Screening
Equalization
Neutralization
Inlet Phase
Distribution
Oxidation
Clarification
Before Settling After Settling
Treated Sludge
Outlet Phase
Water Collection
Final
Disposal
Figure 3.1: ETP Phase of Padma Polycotton
38
3.3.2 ETP Phases of Padma Polycotton
ETP Phase of Padma Polycotton is consists of two parts. Inlet phase & outlet phase. The whole
process are described below:
1. Screening
In this process effluent is passed through a drain channel. Screening is the filtration process for
the separation of coarse & dust particles from effluent. Stainless steel net is used for screening.
Hard plastic brushes are used to clean the net, which are driven mechanically.
In figure 3.2 screening & equalization process are shown below-
Figure 3.2: Screening & Equalization [Self capture]
2. Equalization
Equalization is the process to make the waste water homogenous & cool. It is also called
homogenous tank. Because of water quality highly polluted and quantity fluctuations, complex
components, textile dyeing wastewater is generally required pretreatment to ensure the treatment
effect and stable operation. In general, the regulating tank is set to treat the wastewater.
39
Meantime, to prevent the lint, cotton seed shell, and the slurry Settle to the bottom of the tank,
it’s usually mixed the wastewater with air or mechanical mixing equipment in the tank.
3. Neutralization
The purpose of neutralization is to adjust the pH value to meet the requirements of the different
processing units in the wastewater treatment system. Neutralization is the process to which the
very acidic or alkaline waste must be subjected so as to avoid problems created to recipients
from the high or low pH. Generally all treated wastewater with too low or high pH are required
to be neutralized before being disposed in natural recipients (river, lake, sea).
In figure 3.3 shows the neutralization process-
Figure 3.3: Neutralization [Self capture]

After cooling & mixing effluent is transferred to neutralization tank by the help of pipeline. Here
acid or alkali is mixed to neutralize the effluent. This step is conducted before the main step of
wastewater treatment that is clarification to fulfill the overall wastewater treatment objectives.
40
4. Distribution
After neutralization process the distribution process come. In figure 3.4 shows the neutralization
process-
Figure 3.4: Distribution [Self capture]
In this process effluent water comes from neutralization tank. After that if any chemical
components are no need to adding then effluent water sent into the oxidation tank.
41
5. Oxidation
After distribution process oxidation process start. Oxidation is a process to remove organic and
sometimes inorganic materials in water and waste water by oxidation through reactions with
hydroxyl radicals (-OH). In figure 3.5 shows the oxidation process-
Figure 3.5: Oxidation [Self capture]
Oxidation processes make use of (chemical) oxidants to reduce COD/BOD levels, and to remove
both organic and oxidizable inorganic components. The processes can completely oxidize
organic materials to carbon dioxide and water.
42
6. Clarification
In this process a settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids
being deposited by sedimentation. It is generally used to remove solid particulates or suspended
solids from liquid for clarification. In figure 3.6 shows the clarification process-
Figure 3.6: Clarification (Before & after settling) [Self capture]
The purpose of clarifiers is to continuously remove nearly all settlable solids from the
wastewater. Clarification is a cost effective removal method for solids in wastewater held in
suspension by flow velocity. Particles in raw wastewater will form heavier particles that will
settle by gravity under quiescent conditions. In addition, any grease and scum will float to the
surface of the clarifier. Settled and floatable solids are conveyed to thickening for further
treatment.
43
7. Sludge Collection
Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in both on-site & off-site. Sludge is heavily
contaminated with heavy metals or other undesirable pollutants. In figure 3.7 shows the process
of sludge return -
Figure 3.7: Sludge Collection [Self capture]
Sludge is getting collected from clarifier based on the amount of sludge present in the tanks. The
collected sludge should be pumped to sludge drying bed. For an activated sludge process to
achieve optimum plant efficiency the final clarification unit must effectively separate the
biological solids from the mix liquor. If these solids are not separated properly and removed
from the clarifier in a relatively short period of time, operating problems will result, causing an
increased load on the receiving waters and a decline in plant efficiency. The most important
function of the final clarifier is to maintain the wastewater quality produced by the preceding
processes.
44
3.3.3 Echotex Limited ETP Flow diagram
In figure 3.8 the flow diagram of Echotex Limited ETPs is given below:
ETP Flow Chart

Raw water from process house
Capacity: 3300 m3/day
Remove floating dust
Mechanical + Manual (15.75 m3)

Make effluent equal by providing air from air blower through coarse type diffuser
Equalization tank (2500 m3)

Retention time – 35 hrs 1. Remove color
2. Add more DO
3. Kill anaerobic bacteria
Ozone contact tank – 1 (33.3 m3) 4. O3 is created by Ozonator
1. Use coagulant flocculants (lime, ferrous & polymer)

Flocculation tank – 1 (31.08 m3) 2. Break down color bond
Primary inclined plate settler (70 m3 x 2 hr)
HCl dosing Excess Sludge
Excess Water
Sequencing batch reactor (567 m3)
Aerobic digester tank (245 m3)
Retention time – 7 hrs
Intermediate tank (427.6 m3) Sludge conditioning tank (5 m3)
1. Reduce temp
2. Increase DO Filter press
Ozone contact tank – 2 (33.3 m3)
Excess Sludge
Sludge disposal
Flocculation tank – 1 (31.08 m3)
( By client/landfilling/bio-fertilizer for
gardening)
Tertiary inclined plate settler
Excess Sludge Separation
Final discharge/Outlet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Figure 3.8 : ETP Phase of Ecotex Limited
45
3.3.4 ETP Phases of EchotexLimited
ETP Phase of Echotex Limited is a complex process. The whole process are described below:
1. Raw water from process house

In figure 3.9 represent the raw water coming from dyeing process-
Figure 3.9: Raw waste water from dyeing process [Self capture]
The textile dyeing wastewater has a large amount of complex components with high
concentrations of organic, high-color and changing greatly characteristics. Owing to their high
BOD, COD, their coloration and their salt load, the wastewater resulting from dyeing cotton with
reactive dyes are seriously polluted. In this process raw waste water from dyeing enter into
mechanical & manual screening chamber.
46
2. Mechanical & manual screening chamber
Screening is the first unit operation used at ETP. Screening removes objects such as rags, paper,
plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and
appurtenances. Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine
screens. In figure 3.10 shows the processing unit of the mechanical & manual screening
chamber-
Figure 3.10: Mechanical & manual screening chamber [Self capture]
Manually Cleaned Bar Screen: Designed to remove large solids, rags, and debris. Opening size
30 to 50 mm (1-2)”. Bars set at 30 to 45 degrees from vertical to facilitate cleaning. Primarily
used in older or smaller treatment facilities, or in bypass channels.
Mechanically Cleaned Bar Screen: Designed to remove large solids, rags, and debris. Opening
size 6 to 38 mm (0.25-1.5)”. Bars set at 0 to 30 degrees from vertical. Almost always used in
new installations because of large number of advantages relative to other screens
[http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/owm/upload/2004_07_07_septics_final_sgrit_removal.pdf ,
2003].
47
There are two parts in mechanical & manual screening chamber. In figure 3.10(a) & figure
3.10(b) shows the inside parts of mechanical & manual screening chamber-
Figure 3.10(a): Inside of Mechanical & manual screening chamber [Self capture]
Figure 3.10(b): Mechanical & manual screening chamber [Self capture]
48
3. Equalization Tank
Equalization tank for wastewater treatment refers to a holding tank that allows for equalization of
flow. In figure 3.11shows the Equalization Tank-
Figure 3.11: Equalization Tank [Self capture]

An equalization tank may also be used as a staging area where chemicals, activated sludge, or
other agents are added into the wastewater treatment process. This tank is made of RCC & the
retention time is 8hrs along the capacity of 2750m3.
Equalization process is shown in figure 3.12
Cool &
Equalization homogenous
Influent from
Tank influent to pH
screening
correction tank
Air for
diffusion
Figure 3.12: Schematic diagram of equalization tank [MazadulHasan, 2014]
49
4. Ozonator Room
Many effluent treatment plants are gradually substituting chlorine with ozone. Ozone is a
powerful oxidizing agent and safer in use in comparison with other oxidizing agents. In figure
3.13 shows the ozonator room-
Figure 3.13: Ozonator room [Self capture]

Ozone is generated on site by ozonator. Aquazone systems and engineering has designed
ozonatorspecially for ETP and dye removal from textile and dye industries.
50
5. Ozone contact tank
Ozone contact tank is used to remove color, add more DO, kill anaerobic bacteria, ozone is
created by ozonator. This tank is made of RCC & capacity of 33.3 m3.
In figure 3.14 shows the ozone contact tank-
Figure 3.14: Ozone contact tank (Both I & II) [Self capture]
51
6. Flocculation tank
Flocculation tanks are used to mix polymer and sludge prior to sludge thickening or dewatering.
Flocculation tanks generally have an open top, which allows operators to easily visually observe
floc conditions. In applications where odors or harmful gases can be present, floc tanks are
supplied with a cover. In figure 3.15 shows the flocculation tank-
Figure 3.15: Flocculation tank (Both I & II) [Self capture]

According to IUPAC “Flocculation is a process of contact & adhesion whereby the particles of a
dispersion from larger size clusters”. Flocculation process in ETP means increasing the particle
size. Flocculation tank is used for coagulant flocculants (lime, ferrous & polymer), break down
color bond, decolorant. This tank is made of RCC & the capacity is 31.08 m3.
52
7. Inclined Plate Settler
Primary, secondary & tertiary plate settler rack of inclined metal plate which cause flocculated
material to precipitated from waste water. The main part of this phase are solid & liquid
separation & the capacity is 70m3. In figure 3.16 shows inclined plate settler process & figure
3.17 shows tertiary inclined plate settler process -
Figure 3.16: Inclined Plate Settler (Both I & II) [Self capture]
Figure 3.17: Tertiary Inclined Plate Settler [Self capture]
53
8. Aerobic digester tank
Aerobic digestion is an open system that utilizes oxygen & biologically treats waste with
naturally occurring organism. This tank is made of RCC & the capacity is 245 m3. In figure 3.18
shows the aerobic digester tank-
Figure 3.18: Aerobic digester tank [Self capture]

In figure 3.19 aerobic digester tank process is shown -
Wastewater Aerobic Sludge

from inclined conditioning
Digester Tank
plate settler tank
Recycle
wastewater to
equalization
tank
Figure 3.19: Schematic diagram of aerobic digester tank [Mazadul Hasan, 2014]
54
9. Sludge conditioning tank
Sludge conditioning is a process whereby solids are treated with chemicals or various other
means to prepare the sludge for dewatering processes & the capacity of the sludge conditioning
tank is 5 m3. In figure 3.20 shows the sludge conditioning tank-
Figure 3.20: Sludge conditioning tank [Self capture]
In figure 3.21 sludge conditioning tank process is shown:
Sludge from Sludge Sludge to filter

aerobic Conditioning press/disposal
digester tank Tank
Sludge to
recycle tank
Figure 3.21: Schematic diagram of function of sludge conditioning tank

[Mazadul Hasan, 2014]
55
10. Filter press chamber & sludge disposal
And finally the solid sludge particles are separated & disposed outside of the filter press
chamber. In figure 3.22 shows the filter press chamber & sludge disposal-
Figure 3.22 : Filter press chamber & sludge disposal [Self capture]
56
11. Sequencing batch reactors
Sequencing batch reactors are industrial processing tanks for the treatment of wastewater. SBR
reactors treat waste water from industrial area and sewage or output from anaerobic digesters or
mechanical biochemical and biological treatment facilities in batches. In figure 3.23 shows the
sequencing batch reactors:
Figure 3.23 : Sequencing batch reactors ( I, II & III ) [Self capture]
Oxygen is bubble through the waste water to reduce Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD) to make suitable for use in land and aquatic life. Here used
bacteria should be aerobic. This tank is made of RCC & the capacity is 842.4 m3.
57
12. Intermediate tank
Intermediate tank is generally used to reduce temperature and increase DO. To storage the
wastewater for next treatment & the capacity is 375.76 m3. In figure 3.24 shows the intermediate
tank-
Figure 3.24: Intermediate tank [Self capture]
58
3.4 Sample Collection
We have collected the ETP samples from Padma Polycotton ETP only, but obtained secondary
analyzed data from the Echotex Limited. From Padma Polycotton ETP, we have collected
samples twice. In first time collection we have collected the samples from intermediate steps.
These are Equalization, Neutralization, Distribution, Oxidation& before settling in clarification
process. And in 2nd time collection we have collect the sample from three major step. These are
before screening, before settling & after settling process. To collect the sample we have used 1
Litre, 1.5 Litre & 2 Litre bottles. After collecting we have marked the label in bottles body. We
have captured the pictures after sampling. In figure 3.25 shows the sample collection from
Padma Polycotton ETP:
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Figure 3.25: Sample Collection from Padma Polycotton ETP [Self capture]
In this picture sample 1 shows the sample collection from intermediate steps, sample 2 & 3
shows the sample collection from three major steps. After collecting the samples we brought
them in our chemical lab to analyze the water quality parameters &only sample 3 were sent to
DPHE for testing heavy metals. During labwork we have taken some pictures during sample
analysis. In figure 3.26 shows the sample analysis in our chemical lab:
59
Figure 3.26: Sample analysis in chemical lab [Self capture]
3.5 Determination of water quality parameters

Particularly for this study, the following parameters have been analyzed to evaluate the water
quality from the effluent treatment plants:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH. Color, turbidity,
Iron (Fe), Arsenic (As), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness,
Chloride, BOD5, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), NH3-N,
NO2-N, NO3-N, SO4, PO4, Free Chlorine, Temperature, Alkalinity, CO2 was considered. For
these parameters the appropriate method of treatment and the optimum condition has been
studied to achieve maximum possible reduction.
3.6 Analysis of water quality parameters in the laboratory

In this part we will discuss about the method that were followed in our chemical lab to analysis
the collected sample at various steps. These are described below-
1. pH : Multi parameter or pH meter, standard pH solution (Buffer solution 4 & 7)
2. Color : Spectrophotometer or color comparator
60
3. Turbidity : Dr Lange Turbidimeter
4. Total Suspended Solids : Spectrophotometer (Digital)
5. Total Dissolved Solids : Multi parameter (Digital)
6. Carbon-dioxide : Digital titrator, Phenolphthalein indicator, standard N/44 NaOH
7. Alkalinity : Digital titrator, Phenolphthalein indicator, bromeresol green-methyl red indicator
8. Hardness : Digital titrator, Buffer solution hardness 1, Manver hardness indicator 2
9. Chloride concentration : Digital titrator, chloride 2 indicator power pillow
10. Iron concentration : Spectrophotometer (Digital), iron kit (manual), ferrover iron (digital &
manual)
11. BOD : BOD trak, KOH
12. Arsenic : Arsenic kit & jar, EZ Arsenic reagent zinc, EZ Arsenic sulfamic acid
13. Ammonia : Spectrophotometer, nesler reagent, polyvinyl alcohol, mineral stabilizer
14. Nitrate : Spectrophotometer, Nitrate reagent
15. Nitrite : Spectrophotometer, Nitrite reagent
16. Phosphate : Spectrophotometer, Molybdovanadate Reagent (Phosphate)
17. Sulphate : Spectrophotometer, sulfaver 4 sulphate reagent
18. Free chlorine : Spectrophotometer, DPD free chlorine reagent
19. Dissolved Oxygen : Multi parameter, Dissolve oxygen electrode
20. Salinity : Multi parameter, NaCl
21. Electrical conductivity : Multi parameter
22. Temparature : Thermometer
61
3.6.1 Standards for surface water discharge
The following table represents the lists of parameters and surface water discharge standards for
each of them-
Table 3.1: Waste Discharge Quality Standards for surface water [Ministry of Environment,
2008]
Parameter Unit Surface Water
Ammonia (Free Ammonia) mg/L 5

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (as N) mg/L 50
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.2
BOD5 (200C) mg/L 50
Boron (B) mg/L 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.05
Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 600
Chromium (Hexavalent Cr) mg/L 0.1
Chromium (Total Cr) mg/L 0.5
COD mg/L 200
Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.5
Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.1
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 4.5-8
Dissolved Phosphorus (P) mg/L 8
Electrical Conductivity μMho/cm 1200
Fluoride (F) mg/L 7
Iron (Fe) mg/L 2
Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.1
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 5
Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.01
Nickel (Ni) mg/L 1
Nitrate (N molecule) mg/L 10
Oil & Grease mg/L 10
pH 6-9
62
Phenol Compounds (C6H5OH) mg/L 1
Radioactive Materials As determined by Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.05
Sulfide (S) mg/L 1
0
Temparature - Summer C 40
0
Temparature - Winter C 45
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 2100
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (N) mg/L 100
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 150
Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5
3.7 Selection of specific parameters for further Evaluation of ETPs and comparisons
To evaluate an ETP we have focused on some importance parameters which are relevant &more
important for evaluation of ETPs (based on other ETP evaluation studies). These are SO4, PO4,
Cl2, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Suspended Solid, Total Dissolved Solid, BOD5, COD,
Salinity, NH3, Fe, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, Turbidity & color. After selection of parameters we have
analyzed the ETP samples from Padma Polycotton only in the Environmental laboratory.
Afterwards, we also compared with other studies & their relevant parameters.
63
CHAPTER
Data Analysis
4
64
CHAPTER 4 : DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, probable discharge points of the industries that are located around Dhaka city will
be approximated based on their relative location with respect to the nearby water bodies. In
addition, the water quality parameter data of Echotex Limited will be compared to that of Padma
Polycotton to determine that which factory are following properly all the surface water discharge
standard.
4.2 List of Textile Industries having ETP

We have enlisted the name of textile industries in Dhaka city having ETPs in term of their type
of activity, capacity & technology. The lists are given below:
Table 4.1: List of Textile Industries having ETP

[http://www.aquatechbd.com/MajorProjects.aspx, 2015],
[http://www.multitex.org/adver/105422effluent.html]
SL
No. Industry Name Type of activity Item/Capacity Technology
01. Landmark Fabrics Ltd. Knitted fabrics,
Baroashulia, Savar, cotton yarn & 100 m3/hr Conventional
Dhaka acrylic yarn ETP
dyeing
02. Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. Knitted fabrics
(Mondol Group) dyeing 50 m3/hr Biological ETP
Kasimpur, Gazipur
03. Mondol Fabrics Ltd. Knitted fabrics,
(Mondol Group) cotton & acrylic 100 m3/hr Biological ETP
Kashimpur, Gazipur yarn dyeing
04. IL Bangla Ltd. Knitted Shocks 50 m3/hr Biological ETP
Narshindi dyeing
05. Square Knit Fashion Printing of 5 m3/hr Conventional
Ltd. Vogra, garments ETP
JoydebpurGazipur
06. Falcon Tex Limited Knitted fabrics
BSCIC Industrial Area, dyeing 35 m3/hr Conventional
Katchpur, Narayangong ETP
65
07. Seacotex Dyeing & Knitted fabrics
Printing Ltd. dyeing 30 m3/hr Conventional
Baluakandi, Gojaria, ETP
Munshigonj
08. P. A. Knit composite Knitted fabrics
Ltd, Valuka, dyeing 25 m3/hr Conventional
Mymenshingh ETP
09. Blue Seal Textile Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
Sreepur, Gazipur dyeing ETP
10. Fair Apparels Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
BSCIC I/A, dyeing ETP
Narayangonj
11. MS Dyeing Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
Narayangonj, BSSIC dyeing ETP
12. Shisir Knitting & Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
Dyeing Ltd. Pagar, dyeing ETP
Tongi, Gazipur
13. Zaara Textile Composite Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
Ltd. Kashimpur, dyeing ETP
Gazipur
14. GTA Sports Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr. Conventional
Ziraneebazar, Savar, dyeing ETP
Dhaka
15. Muazuddin Textile Ltd. Knitted fabrics 60 m3/hr Conventional
Shafipur,Gazipur dyeing ETP
16. United Apparels Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Conventional
Madanpur, Narayanganj dyeing. ETP
17. South West Composite Knitted fabrics N/A Conventional
Ltd. Chandra Konabari dyeing. ETP
18. Knit Softwear Ltd. Knitted fabrics 80 m3/hr Conventional
ShofipurGazipur dyeing ETP
19. Mother Colour Ltd Knitted fabrics 40 m3/hr Conventional
BSCIC I/A, dyeing ETP
Narayangonj
20. Unity Dyeing Ltd. Knitted fabrics 60 m3/hr Conventional
Fatulla, Narayanganj dyeing ETP
21. Hypoid Composite Knit Knitted fabrics
Ltd. dyeing N/A Conventional
South Krishnapur, ETP
Savar, Dhaka
22. Anlima Yarn Dyeing Knitted fabrics,
Industries Ltd. cotton & acrylic N/A Conventional
Karnapara, Dhaka- yarn dyeing ETP
Aricha Hwy, Savar
23. Bluetex Knit ware Ltd. Knitted fabrics N/A Conventional
Savar, Karnapara dyeing ETP
66
24. H.R Textile Ltd. N/A N/A Conventional
Savar, Dhaka ETP
25. DBL Group Knitted fabrics
(Knit garments & textile dyeing N/A Conventional
industry) ETP
26. Crossline Knit Fabrics Knitted fabrics
Ltd. dyeing 50 m3/hr Conventional
NishatNagar,Tongi , ETP
Gazipur
27. Universal Yarn Dyeing Knitted fabrics,
Ltd. cotton & acrylic 15 m3/hr Conventional
Tarotia, Karotia, yarn dyeing ETP
Tangail.
28. Haseen Knit Composite Knitted fabrics

Ltd dyeing 100 m3/hr Conventional
Sreepur, Gazipur ETP
29. Abanti Color Textile Ltd Knitted fabrics 1000 m3/hr Biological ETP
dyeing
30. AnonTex Group, Knitted fabrics, 110 m3/hr Biological ETP
Tongi, Gazipur cotton & acrylic
yarn dyeing
31. Esquire Knit Composite Knitted fabrics N/A Biological ETP
Limited dyeing
32. JK Group (Knit fabrics Knitted fabrics N/A Biological ETP

& garments) dyeing
33. Keya Knit Composite Knitted fabrics 4000 m3/day Biological ETP
Ltd dyeing
34. Padma Poly Cotton Knit Knitted fabrics 30 Ton/day Biological ETP
Fabrics dyeing
35 Echotex Limited Knitted fabrics, 2200 m3/day Bio-Chemical

cotton & acrylic ETP
yarn dyeing
67
4.3 Probable Discharge Point of Industry Wastage
We also made a list of textile industries in terms of probable discharge point. The lists are given
below:
Table 4.2: List of Probable Discharge Point

[http://www.aquatechbd.com/MajorProjects.aspx, 2015],
[http://www.multitex.org/adver/105422effluent.html]
SL
No. Industry Name Type of activity Item/Capacity Probable Discharge
Point
01. Landmark Fabrics Ltd. Knitted fabrics, Karnatali, Turag and
Baroashulia, Savar, Dhaka cotton yarn & 100 m3/hr Buriganga river
acrylic yarn
dyeing
02. Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. Knitted fabrics 50 m3/hr Kashimpur around Turag
(Mondol Group) dyeing river
Kasimpur, Gazipur
03. Mondol Fabrics Ltd. Knitted fabrics, 100 m3/hr Kashimpur around
(Mondol Group) cotton & acrylic Turagrivder
Kashimpur, Gazipur yarn dyeing
04. IL Bangla Ltd. Narshindi Knitted Shocks 50 m3/hr Narshingdi around
dyeing Meghna river
05. Square Knit Fashion Ltd. Printing of Joydebpur around Balu
Vogra, JoydebpurGazipur garments 5 m3/hr River and ChilaiKhal
06. Falcon Tex Limited Knitted fabrics Narayanganj around

BSCIC Industrial Area, dyeing 35 m3/hr Shitalakkha river
Katchpur, Narayangong
07. Seacotex Dyeing & Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Munshiganj around
Printing Ltd. Baluakandi, dyeing Meghna and Dhaleshwari
Gojaria, Munshigonj river
08. P. A. Knit composite Ltd Knitted fabrics
Jamirdia, dyeing 25 m3/hr Madhua river
HabirbariValuka,
Mymenshingh
09. Blue Seal Textile Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Sreepur around
Sreepur, Gazipur dyeing Shitalakhya river
10. Fair Apparels Ltd. BSCIC Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Narayanganj around
I/A, Narayangonj dyeing Shitalakkha river
11. MS Dyeing Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Narayanganj around

Narayangonj, BSSIC dyeing Shitalakkha river
12. Shisir Knitting & Dyeing Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Tongi around Turag river
Ltd. Pagar, Tongi, Gazipur dyeing
68
13. Zaara Textile Composite Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Kashimpur around Turag
Ltd. Kashimpur, Gazipur dyeing river
14. GTA Sports Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr. Savar, Aminbazar around
Ziraneebazar, Savar, dyeing Karnatali, Turag and
Dhaka
15. Muazuddin Textile Ltd. Knitted fabrics 60 m3/hr Kashimpur river side (
Shafipur ,Gazipur dyeing Distance around 9.7 km
from shafipur )
16. United Apparels Ltd. Knitted fabrics 30 m3/hr Narayanganj around
Madanpur, Narayanganj dyeing. Shitalakkha river
17. South West Composite Knitted fabrics N/A Konabari around Turag
Ltd. Chandra, Konabari dyeing. river
18. Knit Softwear Ltd. Knitted fabrics 80 m3/hr Kashimpur river side (
ShofipurGazipur dyeing Distance around 9.7 km
from shafipur )
19. Mother Colour Ltd BSCIC Knitted fabrics 40 m3/hr Narayanganj around
I/A, Narayangonj dyeing Shitalakkha river
20. Unity Dyeing Ltd. Fatulla, Knitted fabrics 60 m3/hr Narayanganj around
Narayanganj dyeing Shitalakkha river
21. Hypoid Composite Knit Knitted fabrics N/A Around Karnatali, Turag
Ltd dyeing and Buriganga river
Savar, Dhaka
22. Anlima Yarn Dyeing Knitted fabrics, N/A Around Dhaleshwari
Industries Ltd. Karnapara, cotton & acrylic river and Karnatali river
Dhaka-Aricha Hwy, Savar yarn dyeing
23. Bluetex Knit ware Ltd. Knitted fabrics N/A Around Dhaleshwari
Savar, Karnapara dyeing river and Karnatali river
24. H.R Textile Ltd N/A N/A Around Dhaleshwari

Savar, Dhaka river and Karnatali river
25. DBL Group Knitted fabrics Kashimpur around Turag
Nayapara, Kashimpur, dyeing N/A river
Gazipur
26. Crossline Knit Fabrics Knitted fabrics
Ltd. dyeing 50 m3/hr Tongi around Turag river
NishatNagar,Tongi ,
Gazipur
27. Universal Yarn Dyeing Knitted fabrics,
. Ltd. cotton & acrylic 15 m3/hr Jamuna river
Tarotia, Karotia, Tangail. yarn dyeing
28. Haseen Knit Composite Knitted fabrics 100 m3/hr Sreepur around
Ltd dyeing Shitalakhya river
Sreepur, Gazipur
69
29. Abanti Color Textile Knitted fabrics 1000 m3/hr Narayanganj around
Ltd dyeing Shitalakkha river
30. AnonTex Group, Knitted fabrics, 110 m3/hr Turag river
Tongi, Gazipur cotton & acrylic
yarn dyeing
31. Esquire Knit Composite Knitted fabrics N/A Shitalakkha river
Limited dyeing
32. JK Group (Knit fabrics Knitted fabrics N/A Dhalewshwari river

& garments), Savar dyeing
33. Keya Knit Composite Knitted fabrics 4000 m3/day Turag river
Ltd dyeing
34. Padma Poly Cotton Knit Knitted fabrics 30 Ton/day Hatirjheel

Fabrics dyeing
35. Echotex Limited Knitted fabrics, 2200 m3/day Turag River

cotton & acrylic
yarn dyeing
70
We have listed a table in terms of locating the probable discharge points of ETP’s around Dhaka
city from above 4.2 table. The table 4.3 shows the probable discharge points of the industries that
are presumably discharging their effluent to the nearby water bodies:
Table 4.3: List of ETP’s with locations
Sl Probable
No. Textile Factory Name Address Discharge ETP Type
Point
1. AnonTex Group Tongi, Gazipur Turag river Biological ETP
2. MS dyeing, printing & Fatullah, Shitalakkha Conventional ETP

finishing Ltd Narayanganj river
3. Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. Kashimpur, Turag river Biological ETP
Gazipur
4. Esquire Knit Narayanganj Shitalakkha Biological ETP
Composite Limited river
5. JK Group (Knit fabrics Savar Dhalewshwari Biological ETP
& garments) river
6. Keya Knit Composite Konabari, Gazipur Turag river Biological ETP
Ltd
7. Abanti Color Textile Narayanganj Shitalakkha Biological ETP
Ltd river
8. Padma Polycotton Knit Tejgaon Industrial Hatirjheel Biological ETP
Fabrics Ltd. area
9. Echotex Limited Shafipur, Chandra, Turag river Bio-Chemical ETP
Gazipur
10. Square Knit Fashion Joydebpur,Gazipur Turag river Conventional ETP
Ltd
11 Zaara Textile Kashimpur Turag river Conventional ETP

Composite Ltd
71
4.4 Locating the discharge points of ETP’s around Dhaka
We have located the ETP along with the discharge point around Dhaka through the Google map.
We’ve marked the ETP & their probable discharge point in images which is cropped from the
Google map. In these pictures we’ve used two different colors so that we can easily visualize the
selected ETP area & contaminated zone. The red zone indicating ETP zone & blue zone
indicating discharge point or contaminated zone. In figure 4.1 shows the symbol & its meaning
which is marked in google map snapshot:
Figure 4.1: Map Symbol
72
In figure 4.2 shows the Anotex industry that situated Tongi, Gazipur beside the Turag river:
Figure 4.2: AnonTex Group, Tongi, Gazipur [Google Map Snapshot]
73
In figure 4.3 shows the industrial area of BSCIC Fatullah, Narayanganj. The red line located the
whole area:
Figure 4.3: MS dyeing, printing & finishing Ltd, Narayanganj [Google Map Snapshot]
74
In figure 4.4 shows the location of Cotton Club (BD) Ltd, Kasimpur, Gazipur beside the Turag
river:
Figure 4.4: Cotton Club (BD) Ltd, Kasimpur, Gazipur [Google Map Snapshot]
75
In figure 4.5 indicate the location of Esquire Knit Composite Ltd, Narayanganj beside the
Shitalakkha river:
Figure 4.5: Esquire Knit Composite Ltd, Narayanganj [Google Map Snapshot]
76
In figure 4.6 shows the location of JK Group (Knit Fabrics & Garments), Savar beside the
Dhaleshwari river:
Figure 4.6: JK Group (Knit Fabrics & Garments), Savar [Google Map Snapshot]
77
In figure 4.7 shows the location of Keya Knit Composite Ltd, Konabari, Gazipur beside the
Turag river:
Figure 4.7: Keya Knit Composite Ltd, Konabari, Gazipur [Google Map Snapshot]
78
In figure 4.8 shows the location of Abanti Color Textile Ltd, Narayanganj beside Shitalakkha
river:
Figure 4.8: Abanti Color Textile Ltd, Narayanganj [Google Map Snapshot]
79
In figure 4.9 shows the location of Padma Poly Cotton Knit Fabrics, Tejgaon Industrial Area,
Dhaka beside the HatirJheel:
Figure 4.9: Padma Poly Cotton Knit Fabrics, Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka
[Google Map Snapshot]
80
In figure 4.10 shows the location of Echotex Limited’s ETP, Shafipur
Figure 4.10: Echotex Limited, Shafipur [Google Map Snapshot]
81
In figure 4.11 shows the Square Knit Fashion Ltd, Joydebpur, Gazipur beside the Balu river:
Figure 4.11: Square Knit Fashion Ltd, Joydebpur, Gazipur [Google Map Snapshot]
82
In figure 4.12 shows the location of Zaara Textile Composite Ltd, Kashimpur, Gazipur beside
the Turag river:
Figure 4.12: Zaara Textile Composite Ltd, Kashimpur, Gazipur [Google Map Snapshot]
Source: Google Map (Google Chrome Browser)
Last Accessed: 09 Aug, 2015
83
4.5 Echotex Limited
The overall performance of the ETP is approximately adequate to meet the surface discharge
quality standards. The waste discharge quality standards differ according to the point of disposal.
So, the standards are different for inland surface water (ponds, tanks, water bodies, water holes,
canals, river, springs or estuaries); public sewers (any sewer connected with fully combined
processing plant including primary and secondary treatment); and irrigated land defined as an
appropriately irrigated plantation area of specified crops based on quantity and quality of
wastewater. To analysis the parameters of Echotex Limited’s Effluent Treatment Plant we have
collected the data of three months i.e. January, February & June.
4.5.1 Data Table of Echotex Limited ETP

Table 4.4 shows the concentration present in effluent water of Echotex Limited in January
month:
Table 4.4: ETP Monthly operation sheet, January 2015 [Duration: 04.01.2015 - 30.01.2015]
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Raw Treated % Removal Surface Water Discharge
Parameters Effluent Water Standard
1 pH ppm 8.6 7.363 14.38 6.00-9.00
2 TDS ppm 2498.9 1828.3 26.83 2100
3 TSS ppm 387 21.519 94.43 150
4 BOD ppm 241 21.37 91.13 50
5 COD ppm 611 52.333 91.43 200
6 Color Pt co 1435 291.63 79.67 N/A

o
7 Temperature C 41 30.222 26.28 40
Table 4.5 shows the concentration present in effluent water of Echotex Limited in February
month:
84
Table 4.5: ETP Monthly operation sheet, February 2015 [Duration: 01.02.2015 –
28.02.2015]
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Raw Treated % Removal Surface Water Discharge
Parameters Effluent Water Standard
1 pH ppm 8.6 7.4 13.95 6.00-9.00
2 TDS ppm 2551.2 1854.3 27.31 2100
3 TSS ppm 389 20.85 94.64 150
4 BOD ppm 254 21.74 91.44 50
5 COD ppm 608 78.25 87.12 200
6 Color Pt co 1464 290.67 80.14 N/A
o
7 Temperature C 41 30.59 25.39 40
Table 4.6 shows the concentration present in effluent water of Echotex Limited in June month:
Table 4.6: ETP Monthly operation sheet, June 2015 [Duration: 01.06.2015 – 30.06.2015]
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Raw Treated % Surface Water Discharge
Parameters Effluent Water Removal Standard
1 pH ppm 8.3 7.3 12.04 6.00-9.00
2 TDS ppm 2820.2 1923.6 31.79 2100
3 TSS ppm 319 17.72 94.45 150
4 BOD ppm 289 39.39 86.37 50
5 COD ppm 409 81.58 80.05 200
6 Color Pt co 1437 363.97 74.67 N/A
o
7 Temperature C 41.00 29.93 27 40.00
85
Table 4.7 shows the concentration present in effluent water of Echotex Limited in average of
three months:
Table 4.7: ETP Average Data Sheet [Duration: January, February & June 2015]
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Raw Treated % Removal± Surface Water
Parameters Effluent Water Standard Discharge Standard
Deviation
1 pH ppm 8.5 7.354 13.48 ± 1.24 6.00-9.00
2 TDS ppm 2623.43 1868.73 28.76± 2.73 2100
3 TSS ppm 365 20.03 94.51 ± 0.115 150
4 BOD5 ppm 261.33 27.5 89.47 ± 2.84 50
5 COD ppm 542.67 70.72 86.96 ± 5.74 200
6 Color Pt co 1445.33 315.43 78.17 ± 3.03 N/A
7 Temperature oC 41.00 27.53 32.85 ± 0.806 40.00
In the above 4.7 table shows that the standard deviation of the most of the parameter pH, TDS,
TSS, BOD5, color and temperature of Echotex limited below 5% which implies that the industry
operates as well as treats the waste quite consistently at most of the times in the year. The
standard deviation for COD removal only exceed above 5% but it can be considered as a
negligible fluctuation. Overall, the Echotex Limited seems to have a very robust system of
effluent treatment.
86
4.5.2 Water Quality Parameters Analysis of Echotex Limited ETP
Now we are going to discuss on the water quality parameters of Echotex Limited’s ETP. We
have compared their data with surface water discharge standard & also determined the amount of
percent removal of following parameters in average of three months data. The standard discharge
range is marked by a blue color straight line which is shown in every figure of statistical data.
All the description are given below with statistical graph-
1. BOD
From the statistical data it can be seen that raw effluent has exceed the standard range which is
marked by blue color in straight line. But treated water is below the standard level. It removes up
to 89% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable.
BOD range is given in figure 4.13 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent &
treated water.
mg/L mg/L
Figure 4.13: Representation of BOD & COD range comparing to discharge standard
(Blue line indicates the standard value)
87
2. COD
COD range is given in figure 4.13 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent &
treated water.
3. TDS
marked by blue color in straight line.. But treated water is below the standard level. It removes
up to 28% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable.
TDS range is given in figure 4.14 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent &
treated water.
mg/L mg/L
2100
Figure 4.14: Representation of TS & TSS range comparing to discharge standard

88
4. TSS
to 94% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. TSS
range is given in figure 4.14 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent & treated
water.
5. pH
From the statistical data it can be seen that raw effluent & treated water both range is below the
standard discharge range which is marked by blue color in straight line. It adjusts 13% of raw
effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. pH range is given
in figure 4.15 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent & treated water.
9 0
C
42
Figure 4.15: Representation of pH & temperature range comparing to discharge standard

5. Temperature
standard discharge range which is marked by blue color in straight line. It removes temperature
up to 33% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable.
Temperature range is given in figure 4.3 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw
effluent & treated water.
89
4.5.3 Heavy Metals Analysis
Heavy metals are commonly defined as those elements with a high (>5.0) relative density. When
in significant concentrations in water, that may pose detrimental health effects. Heavy metals
include lead, silver, mercury, copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, cadmium, manganese, cyanide,
chromium etc. that must be removed to certain levels to meet discharge requirements. The main
sources of heavy metals are printed board manufacturing, metal finishing and plating,
semiconductor manufacturing, textile dyes etc. Heavy metals have inhibitory effects on the
biological treatment process at the effluent treatment plants.
In this step we have selected some important heavy metals & analyze them along with standard
guidelines.
4.5.4 Data Table of Heavy Metals

List of heavy metals & their concentration is given below the table 4.8 with standard discharge
range:
Table 4.8: Heavy metals operation sheet, June 2015

Sl No Test Name Method Results Units `Surface Water
Discharge Standard
1 Iron Hach Spectrophotometer 2.042 mg\L 2
2 Copper Hach Spectrophotometer 0.04 mg\L 0.5
3 Manganese Hach Spectrophotometer 4.4 mg\L 5
4 Nitrate Hach Spectrophotometer 1.3 mg\L NA

Nitrogen
5 DAP Free Hach Spectrophotometer 0.91 mg\L NA

Chlorine
6 Silica Hach Spectrophotometer 25.4 mg\L NA
7 Arsenic Hach Indicator 0 mg\L 0.2
8 Zinc Hach Spectrophotometer 0.26 mg\L 5
90
9 Cyanide Hach Spectrophotometer 0.026 mg\L 0.1
10 Cobalt Hach Spectrophotometer 0.25 mg\L NA
11 Cadmium Hach Spectrophotometer 0 mg\L 0.05
12 Nickel Hach Spectrophotometer 0.06 mg\L 1
13 Lead Hach Spectrophotometer 0 mg\L 0.1
14 Calcium Titration 24 mg\L NA
15 Magnesium Titration 8.57 mg\L 5
16 Chromium Hach Spectrophotometer 0.09 mg\L 0.5
17 Ca Hardness Titration 60 mg\L NA
18 Mg Hardness Titration 30 mg\L NA
19 Total Titration 90 mg\L NA

Hardness
4.5.5 Comparison of heavy metals with surface water discharge standard

From the analysis we have compared the data with surface water discharge standard. Full
analysis of heavy metals is given below-
1. Arsenic
In this data table it can be seen that Arsenic range is nil & the value is appropriate to surface
water discharge standard. So the range is undoubtedly acceptable.
2. Cadmium
In this data table it can be seen that Cadmium range is also nil & the value is appropriate to
surface water discharge standard. So the range is allowable.
91
3. Chromium
In this data table it can be seen that Chromium range exceeds the WHO & Bangladesh standards
but the value is lower than surface water discharge standard. So the range is adoptable.
4. Copper
In this data table it can be seen that Copper range is very much lower than surface water
discharge standard. So the range is admissible.
5. Cyanide
In this data table it can be seen that Cyanide range is very much lower than surface water
discharge standard. So the range is allowable.
6. Iron
In this data table it can be seen that Iron level is exceeds a little amount the surface water
discharge standard. So the range is quite ok.
7. Lead
In this data table it can be seen that Lead range is nil & the value is appropriate to surface water
discharge standard. So the range is absolutely agreeable.
8. Manganese
In this data table it can be seen that Manganese range below the surface water discharge
standard. So the range is bearable.
9. Nickel
In this data table it can be seen that Nickel range is lower than thesurface water discharge
standard. So the range is adorable.
10. Zinc
In this data table it can be seen that Zinc range is very much lower than surface water discharge
standard. So the range is allowable.\
92
11. Magnesium
In this data table it can be seen that Magnesium range exceeds the surface water discharge
standard level. So the value is unacceptable.
4.6 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited (1st analysis)

Following figure 4.16 shows the phases of Padma Polycotton ETP according their treatment
process:
Before Oxidation Clarification Filter

Screening Process
Screening Distribution Before

Thickener
Settling
Equalization Neutralization After Sludge

Settling Return
Figure 4.16: Sequence of sample collection in 1st analysis

To analyze the parameters of Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited Effluent Treatment Plant’s
we have collected the data in various steps. We have collected their effluent sample in two times.
In first time we have collected the sample from five steps & examine them in our lab. And in
second time we have collected the raw water from three important phases & examine again in
our lab and for heavy metals test we have sent the sample in DPHE to determine the results. We
have collected the sample through the following sequence. These are marked by gray colored
round rectangle shape.
93
4.6.1 Results of 1st Analysis
In 1st analysis we have determine the concentration of each parameters in selected steps. The data
tables of each step is given below-
1. Equalization
Following table 4.9 represent the water quality parameters in Equalization process-
Table 4.9: Representation of water quality parameters in Equalization phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Remarks
No. Parameters Discharge Standard
1 pH … 7.43 6.0-9.0
2 Colour Pt-Co Overmeasure 987 …
3 Turbidity JTU 65.89
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.99 2
5 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0 0.2
6 EC @ 250C μS/cm 2.35 1200
7 Dissolved mg/l 10.13 8.00

Oxygen
8 Total Hardness mg/l 1288 … Samples were diluted in

(as CaCO3) the ratio of (1:4)
9 Chloride mg/l 16.24 600 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
10 BOD5 mg/l 13.5 50
11 Salinity … 1.2 …
12 TDS mg/l 1191 2100
13 TSS mg/l 52 150
14 NH3-N mg/l 2.32 50 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
15 NO2-N mg/l 64 …
94
16 NO3-N mg/l 0.2 …
17 SO4 mg/l 308 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
18 PO4 mg/l 77.1 …
19 Free Chlorine mg/l 0.1 …
0
20 Temperature C 23.6 Summer - 40,
Winter - 45
21 Alkalinity mg/l 264 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
22 CO2 mg/l 400 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
2. Neutralization
Following table 4.10 represent the water quality parameters in Equalization process-
Table 4.10: Representation of water quality parameters in Neutralization phase

1 pH … 7.31 6.0-9.0
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 42 2
6 EC @ 250C μS/cm 1934 1200

Oxygen


the ratio of (1:4)
95
10 BOD5 mg/l 7.8 50
11 Salinity … 1 …
12 TDS mg/l 970 2100
13 TSS mg/l 69 150

the ratio of (1:4)
15 NO2-N mg/l 37 …
16 NO3-N mg/l 0.6 …
17 SO4 mg/l 49 …
18 PO4 mg/l 28.3 …
0
Winter - 45
21 Alkalinity mg/l 350.4 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
22 CO2 mg/l 299 …
3. Distribution
Following table 4.11 represent the water quality parameters in Distribution process-
Table 4.11: Representation of water quality parameters in Distribution phase

1 pH … 7.34 6.0-9.0
96
6 EC @ 250C μS/cm 2.32 1200

Oxygen


the ratio of (1:4)
10 BOD5 mg/l 17 50
12 TDS mg/l 1172 2100
13 TSS mg/l 54 150

the ratio of (1:4)
15 NO2-N mg/l 15 …
16 NO3-N mg/l 0.3 …

the ratio of (1:4)
18 PO4 mg/l 114 …
0
Winter - 45
21 Alkalinity mg/l 280 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
22 CO2 mg/l 158 …
97
4. Oxidation
Following table 4.12 represent the water quality parameters in Oxidation process-
Table 4.12: Representation of water quality parameters in Oxidation phase

1 pH … 7.38 6.0-9.0
6 EC @ 250C μS/cm 2.35 1200

Oxygen


the ratio of (1:4)
10 BOD5 mg/l 14.4 50
12 TDS mg/l 1186 2100
13 TSS mg/l 16 150

the ratio of (1:4)
15 NO2-N mg/l 66 …
16 NO3-N mg/l 0.3 …

the ratio of (1:4)
18 PO4 mg/l 116.6 …
98
0
Winter - 45

the ratio of (1:2)
22 CO2 mg/l 305 …
5. Before settling
Following table 4.13 represent the water quality parameters in before settling process-
Table 4.13: Representation of water quality parameters in before settling phase

1 pH … 7.44 6.0-9.0
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.32 2
6 EC @ 250C μS/cm 1751 1200

Oxygen

9 Chloride mg/l 10 600 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:4)
10 BOD5 mg/l 9.8 50
12 TDS mg/l 875 2100
13 TSS mg/l 29 150
99
the ratio of (1:4)
15 NO2-N mg/l 67 …
16 NO3-N mg/l 0.6 …

the ratio of (1:4)
18 PO4 mg/l 15.4 …
0
Winter - 45

the ratio of (1:4)
22 CO2 mg/l 184 …
4.6.2 Comparison between the water quality parameters (1st Analysis)

Now we are going to discuss on the water quality parameters of Padma Polycotton ETP. In our
1st analysis we have compared the data with surface water discharge standard of following
parameters. The standard discharge range is marked by a blue color straight line which is shown
in every figure of statistical data. All the description are given below with statistical graph-
100
1. pH
From the statistical data it can be seen that pH range is below in all process comparing to
standard discharge range which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is
acceptable. In figure 4.17 pH range is given below comparing to discharge standard in terms of
each process:
0
C
42
9
Figure 4.17: Representation of pH & temperature range comparing to discharge standard

2. Temperature
From the statistical data it can be seen that temperature range is below in all process comparing
to standard discharge range which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is
acceptable. In figure 4.17 Temperature range is shown comparing to discharge standard in terms
of each process:
101
3. BOD5
From the statistical data it can be seen that BOD5 range is below comparing to standard discharge
range which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is acceptable according to the
standard discharge range. In figure 4.18 BOD5 range is given below comparing to discharge
standard in terms of each process:
50
mg/L
mg/L
Figure 4.18: Representation of BOD5 & DO range comparing to discharge standard

4. Dissolved Oxygen
From the statistical data it can be seen that DO range has exceeded in each step compare to
standard range which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is not acceptable
comparing to standard discharge. In figure 4.18 Dissolved oxygen range is shown comparing to
discharge standard in terms of each process:
102
5. Chloride
From the statistical data it can be seen that chloride range is below comparing to standard
discharge in each step of ETP which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is
acceptable comparing to standard discharge. In figure 4.19 Chloride range is given below
comparing to discharge standard in terms of each process:
600
μS/cm
mg/L
1200
Figure 4.19: Representation of chloride & EC range comparing to discharge standard

6. Electrical conductivity
From the statistical data it can be seen that EC range has exceeded only in neutralization &
before settling step compare to standard range which is marked by blue color in straight line. So
the range is not acceptable comparing to standard discharge. In figure 4.19 EC range is shown
comparing to discharge standard in terms of each process.
103
7. TDS
From the statistical data it can be seen that TDS range is below in all process comparing to
standard discharge which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is acceptable
comparing to standard discharge. In figure 4.20 TDS range is given below comparing to
discharge standard in terms of each process.
mg/L mg/L
2100 150
Figure 4.20: Representation of TDS & TSS range comparing to discharge standard
8. TSS
From the statistical data it can be seen that TSS range is below in all process comparing to
standard discharge which is marked by blue color in straight line. So the range is acceptable. In
figure 4.20 TSS range is shown comparing to discharge standard in terms of each process.
104
9. Iron
From the statistical data it can be seen that iron range has exceeded only in neutralization,
distribution & oxidation process compare to standard range. So the range is not acceptable. In
figure 4.21 Iron range is given below-
mg/L
Figure 4.21: Representation of iron range comparing to discharge standard

105
4.6.3 Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics Limited (2nd analysis)
Following figure 4.22 shows the phases of Padma Polycotton ETP according their treatment
process:
Before Oxidation Clarification Filter

Screening Process
Screening Distributio Before

Thickener
n Settling
Equalization Neutralization After Sludge

Settling Return
Figure 4.22: Sequence of sample collection in 2nd analysis
During second phase, we have collected the sample from three phases & examine them in our
lab. And for heavy metals test we have sent the sample in DPHE to determine the results. We
have collected the sample through the following sequences. These are marked by gray colored
round rectangle shape. All sequences are described in following schematic diagram in figure
4.22.
4.6.4 Results of 2nd Analysis

In 2nd analysis we have determine the concentration of each parameters from three phases. The
data tables of each step is given below-
106
1. Before Screening
Following table 4.14 represent the water quality parameters in before screening process-
Table 4.14 : Representation of water quality parameters in Before Screening phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Discharge Remarks
No. Parameters Standard
1 pH … 8.4 6.00-9.00 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:100)
2 Colour Pt-Co 14100 … Samples were diluted in

3 Turbidity JTU 68 Samples were diluted in

4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 4 2 Samples were diluted in

5 EC @ 250C μS/cm 3280 1200 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:10)
6 BOD5 mg/l 2.2 50 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:11)
7 Salinity … 1 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:10)
8 Total Dissolved mg/l 1578 2100 Samples were diluted in

Solid the ratio of (1:10)
9 Total Suspended mg/l 200 150 Samples were diluted in

10 NH3-N mg/l 29 50 Samples were diluted in


12 PO4 mg/l 220 … Samples were diluted in

13 Free Chlorine mg/l 20 … Samples were diluted in

107
2. Before Settling
Table 4.15 : Representation of water quality parameters in Before Settling phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Discharge Remarks
No. Parameters Standard

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)
3 Turbidity JTU 8.38 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.11 2 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)
7 Salinity … 0.4 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)



the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:8)
12 PO4 mg/l 5.5 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
13 Free Chlorine mg/l 0.1 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
108
3. After Settling
Following table 4.16 represent the water quality parameters in after settling process-
Table 4.16 : Representation of water quality parameters in After Settling phase

Sl No. Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Discharge Remarks
Parameters Standard

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)
3 Turbidity JTU 11.43 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.06 2 Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)
7 Salinity … 0.4 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)



the ratio of (1:1)

the ratio of (1:1)
12 PO4 mg/l 45.6 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:8)
13 Free Chlorine mg/l 0.1 … Samples were diluted in

the ratio of (1:1)
109
In table 4.17 shows the percent removal of before settling & after settling in terms of surface
water discharge standard:
Table 4.17 : Percent removal of contaminants before settling & after settling
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Before After % Removal Surface Water
Parameters Screening Settling Discharge Standard
1 pH … 8.4 6.88 18.09 9
2 Colour Pt-Co 14100 178 98.73 N/A
3 Turbidity JTU 68 11.43 83.19 N/A
4 Iron (Fe) mg/l 4 0.06 98.5 2
5 EC @ 250C μS/cm 3280 955 70.88 1200
6 BOD5 mg/l 2.2 0.2 90.9 50
7 Salinity … 1 0.4 60 N/A
8 Total Dissolved mg/l 1578 468 70.34 2100

Solid
9 Total Suspended mg/l 200 12 94 150

Solid
10 NH3-N mg/l 29 1.17 95.96 50
11 SO4 mg/l 6400 66 98.96 N/A
12 PO4 mg/l 220 45.6 79.27 N/A
13 Free Chlorine mg/l 20 0.1 99.5 N/A
Above table 4.17 shows that Colour, Iron, BOD5, Total Suspended Solid, NH3-N, SO4 & Free
Chlorine consists above 90% removal which consequences is very good. And the parameters of
EC, Total Dissolved Solid, Turbidity&PO4 consists below 90% removal which consequences is
moderately good. And salinity removal rate is 60% which is consequently not good.
110
4.6.5 Comparison between the water quality parameters (2nd Analysis)
In following we will discuss on the water quality parameters of Padma Polycotton ETP of 2nd
analysis. In our analysis we have compared the data with surface water discharge standard of
following parameters. The standard discharge range is marked by a blue color straight line which
is shown in every figure of statistical data. All the description are given below with statistical
graph-
1. pH
standard discharge range which is marked by blue color in straight line. It adjusts 18.09% of raw
effluent pH. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. pH range is
given in figure 4.23 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent & treated water.
Figure 4.23: Representation of pH comparing to discharge standard

111
2. BOD5
BOD range is given in figure 4.24 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent &
treated water.
mg/L μS/cm
50
1200
Figure 4.24: Representation of BOD5 & EC range comparing to discharge standard

3. Electrical Conductivity
to 71% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. EC
water.
112
4. TDS
to 70% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. TDS
water.
mg/L mg/L
2100
Figure 4.25: Represent of TDS & TSS range comparing to discharge standard
5. TSS
to 94% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. TSS
water.
113
6. Iron
to 98% of raw effluent. So according to the standard discharge level the range is acceptable. Iron
water.
mg/L mg/L
50
Figure 4.26: Represent of TDS & TSS range comparing to discharge standard
7. NH3-N
NH3-N range is given in figure 4.26 comparing to discharge standard in terms of raw effluent &
treated water.
114
4.6.6 Heavy Metals Analysis in DPHE Lab
For heavy metal analysis we have sent the sample in DPHE lab. The data analysis of heavy
metals are described below-
1. Before Screening
Following table 4.18 represent the water quality parameters in before screening process-
Table 4.18: Representation of water quality parameters in Before Screening phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Analysis Method LOQ
No. Parameters Discharge
Standard
1 BOD mg/L 17 50 5 days …

incubation
2 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.0014 0.05 AAS 0.00015
3 COD mg/L 136 200 CRM …
4 Cr (Total) mg/L 0.004 0.5 AAS …
5 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.042 0.1 AAS 0.002
6 Mercury (Hg) mg/L <LOQ 0.01 Mercury 0.00015

Analyzer
7 Nickel (Ni) mg/L 0.0593 1 AAS 0.001
8 Zinc (Zn) mg/L <LOQ 5 AAS 0.08
115
2. Before Settling
Table 4.19 : Representation of water quality parameters in Before Settling phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Discharge Analysis LOQ
No. Parameters Standard Method

incubation
3 COD mg/L 820 200 CRM …
4 Cr (Total) mg/L 0.002 0.5 AAS …
5 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.028 0.1 AAS 0.002

Analyzer
7 Nickel (Ni) mg/L 0.0337 1 AAS 0.001
8 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.08 5 AAS 0.08
116
3. After Settling
Following table 4.20 represent the water quality parameters in after settling process-
Table 4.20: Representation of water quality parameters in After Settling phase

Sl Water Quality Unit Concentration Surface Water Discharge Analysis LOQ
No. Parameters Standard Method

incubation
3 COD mg/L 72 200 CRM …
4 Cr (Total) mg/L 0.001 0.5 AAS …
5 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.031 0.1 AAS 0.002

Analyzer
7 Nickel (Ni) mg/L 0.0349 1 AAS 0.001
8 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.1 5 AAS 0.08
117
Following table 4.21 represent the water quality parameters results with percent removal:
Table 4.21: Representation of water quality parameters results with percent removal
Sl No. Water Quality Unit Before After % Surface Water Analysis
Parameters Screening Settling Removal Discharge Standard Method
1 BOD mg/L 17 4 76.47 50 5 days

incubation
2 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.0014 0.0015 N/A 0.05 AAS
3 COD mg/L 136 72 47.05 200 CRM
4 Cr (Total) mg/L 0.004 0.001 75.00 0.5 AAS
5 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.042 0.031 26.19 0.1 AAS
6 Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.0015 0.00015 90.00 0.01 Mercury

Analyzer
7 Nickel (Ni) mg/L 0.0593 0.0349 41.14 1 AAS
8 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.08 0.1 N/A 5 AAS
118
4.6.7 Comparison of heavy metals with surface water discharge standard
In our analysis from DPHE lab we found a very little amount of heavy metals. Which are
according to the surface discharge standard. These are described below:
1. Chromium
In this data table it can be seen that Chromium range is lower in each step than the standard. So
comparing to the surface water discharge standard the range is admissible.
2. Lead
In this data table it can be seen that Lead range is lower in each step than the standard. So
3. Mercury
In this data table it can be seen that Mercury range is lower in each step than the standard. So
4. Nickel
In this data table it can be seen that Nickel range is lower in each step than the standard. So
4.7 Comparison of Analysis

In this part we will compare the operational efficiencies between the ETPs that we have studied
on the basis of the obtained results and also mention and compare with previous ETP evaluation
studies.
119
4.7.1 Comparison between the ETPs in our analysis
In table 4.22 shows the percent removal difference between Echotex and Padma Polycotton.
Table 4.22: Representation of difference between Echotex & Padma Polycotton water
quality parameters with their percent removal
% Removal
Parameters
Echotex Limited Padma Polycotton
BOD5 89.47 90.9
COD 86.96 47.05
Color 78.17 98.73
TDS 28.76 70.34
TSS 94.51 94
From above analysis we will discuss about the evaluation of ETP with our sample study &
compare them in terms of percent removal & higher amount of concentration present.
The overall performance of the ETP is quite ok to meet the national discharge quality standards
and therefore requires more monitoring to follow the standard regulation. If better management
is controlled by textile companies, ETP plant could actually reduce costs.
The capacity of effluent discharge amount for Echotex Limited ETP is 2200 m3/day. Effluent
treatment plant schematic sketch of Echotex Limited factory is already shown in figure 3.8. The
maximum BOD was present 261.33 mg/L in raw effluent in Echotex Limited’s ETP followed by
COD 542.67 mg/L, TDS 2623.43 mg/L, TSS 365 mg/L. pH were adjust in 13.48%. The
maximum reduction 94.51% was observed in TSS followed by TDS, BOD, COD, Color and then
Temperature which is 28.76%, 89.47%, 86.96%,78.17%, 32.85% respectively and also observed
120
maximum efficiency and found in their experiments values are enough to meet national
discharge standard. Above reduction indicates that removal efficiency ranges between 28.76% to
89.47% which is quite high. The industry had good removal efficiency in all parameter in all
sampling locations which ranges from 28.76% to 94.51%. So following the statistical graph &
data analysis table we can see that TSS, BOD, COD reduced significantly whereas TDS
reduction was very small.
The capacity of effluent discharge amount for Padma Polycotton ETP is 1500 m3/day. Effluent
treatment plant schematic sketch of Padma Polycotton Limited factory is already shown in figure
3.1. In 2nd analysis of Padma Polycotton ETP we can see that maximum BOD5 was present 2.2
mg/L in before screening process followed by iron 4 mg/L, NH3-N 29 mg/L, TDS 1578 mg/L,
TSS 200 mg/L. pH were adjust in 18.09%. The maximum reduction 99.50% was observed in
free chlorine&98.96% was observed in SO4 followed by BOD5, Electrical Conductivity, NH3-N,
TDS & TSS which is 90.9%, 70.88%, 95.96%, 70.34%, 94% respectively and also observed
maximum efficiency and found in their experiments values are quite enough to meet national
discharge standard except a few parameters which exceed the standard range. This industry had
also god removal efficiency in all parameters in every sampling locations which ranges from
70.34% to 99.50%. So following the statistical graph & data analysis table we can see that Iron,
EC, BOD5, TSS, NH3-N reduced significantly whereas TDS reduction was very small.
In heavy metals analysis of Echotex Limited’s ETP sample we can see that maximum
concentration was found in Magnesium 8.57 mg/L & others parameters such as Cu, As, Zn,
Cyanide, Cd, Ni, Pb & Cr were found in so much lower amount comparing to standard range.
In heavy metals analysis of Padma Polycotton Limited’s ETP sample in DPHE lab we can see
that maximum concentration was found in COD 72 mg/L & others parameters were found in so
much lower amount comparing to standard range. The maximum reduction were observed in
Mercury 90% followed by BOD, COD, Cr, Lead & Nickel which is 76.47%, 47.05%, 75%,
26.19% & 41.14% respectively. This ETP had god removal efficiency in all heavy metal
parameters in selected sampling points range from 26.19% to 90%. So following the statistical
graph & data analysis table we can see that Mercury, BOD, Chromium reduced significantly
whereas COD, Lead & Nickel reduction was very small.
121
4.7.2 Comparison with previous studies
Comparing to other thesis & journal research paper we can see that most them have focused on
some main important water quality parameters like pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS etc. A journal
paper heading on “Implementation of Effluent Treatment Plants for Waste Water Treatment”
which is related to textile industries effluent treatment plant. In this journal they have focused on
textile effluent plant in terms of present pollution scenario in Bandgladesh. They have located
many polluted & sampling locations. In their sample analysis they have determined the amount
of concentration of pH, Electrical Conductivity, BOD, COD, TDS, Cl, NH3& NO3-N. They also
investigated some textile industries about their ETP status & capacitities. [Sultana, Ali, Uddin
and Haque, 2013]
In another journal paper heading on “Performance Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of

Textile Wet Processing Industry” which has been undertaken to evaluate performance efficiency
of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of a textile industry located in Narol, Ahmedabad
(Gujarat). In this paper they have listed many effluent compositions & their nature in terms of
processing units of an ETP. They have compared the parameters like pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TDS
& NH3-N in terms of various sampling location like raw influent, inlet aeration tank, inlet
secondary clarifier & final treated effluent. They have also included removal efficiency of each
parameters. [Patel, Rajor, Jain and Patel, 2013]
In additional journal paper heading on “Performance Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant for
Textile Industry in Kolhapur of Maharashtra” which has been undertaken to evaluate
performance efficiency of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of a textile industry located in
kagal-Hatkanangale MIDC area, Kolhapur (Maharashtra). In this paper they are also listed many
effluent compositions & their nature in terms of processing units of an ETP. They have
compared the parameters like pH, COD, BOD, TDS in terms of inlet parameters & outlet
parameters. They also shows a graph variation in percent removal of COD, BOD and TDS.
[Desai and Kore]
122
In another journal paper heading on “ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT” which has been undertaken to evaluate performance
efficiency of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). In this paper they have compared the
parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS with DoE standard of Bangladesh in terms
of raw water & treated water. They also included cost for chemical & biological ETP. [Ahmmed
and Miah, 2013]
In other journal paper heading on “Methodology for Performance Analysis of Textile Effluent
Treatment Plants in Bangladesh” where an ETP of a composite textile industry in Bangladesh
was investigated using this method. The have listed of parameters to be checked at different
sampling points in terms of ETP units or process. To analysis the water quality parameters they
have tested the sample in two times- morning & evening. In this result they have determined the
value of pH, BOD5, COD, TDS & TSS & compared them to Bangladesh standards. They have
also included the percent removal of pollution load. [Khan, Ahmed, Evans and Chadwick, 2009].
123
4.8 Conclusion
As seen from the qualitative analysis of all water quality parameters comparing to surface water
discharge standard overall it is clear that both etps are quite follow all the standards except some
of parameters are exceeding the standard discharge level. But technically Ecotex Limited’s ETP
are so much ahead than Padma Polycotton’s ETP. Because of their unique features that already
mentioned as before, full treatment plant process, safety, monitoring, ETP management team &
many other things. They also got the “National Environment Award 2010” for controlling the
environment pollution. So comparing to Echotex Limited ETP, Padma Polycotton Knit Fabrics
Ltd ETP needs more space or area to extend their treatment capacity to reduce the raw water
concentration. Comparing to Echotex Limited ETP they have less processing unit. So for future
planning they need to increase more processing unit like Ozone contact tank, Flocculation tank,
Inclined plate settler, Sequencing batch reactor, Intermediate tank & upgrade sludge disposal ,
sludge conditioning & filter processing unit because a factory increase production year by year.
So controlling the waste water disposal they need to follow the recommendation to controlling
the environment pollution.
124
CHAPTER
Conclusion
5
125
5.1 Summary
Currently, the textile industries wastewater is one of the most important source of water
pollution. The type of this wastewater has the characteristics of higher value of color, BOD,
COD, complex composition, large emission, widely distributed and difficult degradation. If
being directly discharged without being treated, it will bring serious harm to the ecological
environment. To mitigate the risks from the discharge of untreated water from textile industries,
an effluent treatment plant is must important. Effluent treatment plant must meet the national
effluent discharge quality standards. An effluent treatment plant should contain the Process Flow
Diagram, Layout Plan including the location for the Effluent Disposal System, and the plan and
design with full information about its effectiveness. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the
performance of ETP in terms of BOD5, COD, TDS, TSS etc. water quality parameters including
with heavy metals. When the enforcement of environmental laws & regulation is not so strong,
the factories try to skip their responsibilities to pretreat the effluent water. So the difficulties in
pretreatment of effluent water were also a part of study.
126
5.2 Conclusion
The findings that can be summarized from the study are:
a) In this research we have located 35 industries around Dhaka city which have both biological
and conventional ETPs and also located their probable common discharge points. From them we
selected 11 most important industries which have probable common discharge points around
Dhaka city and nearby rivers.
b) From this list we selected 2 Textile Industries which have biological ETP for evaluation of
this research and collected sample from different phases of ETP and analyzed various parameters
to know the working process of different phases of ETP. We also learnt about the flow diagram
of these 2 ETPs.
c) Water quality results between the two industries showed that the percent removal of TDS for
Echotex limited was 28.76% and the Padma Polycotton was 70.34%. Percent removal of TSS of
Echotex limited was 94.51% and the Padma Polycotton was 94%. Percent removal of BOD (for 5
days) of Echotex limited was 89.47% and the Padma Polycotton was 90.9%. Percent removal of
COD of Echotex limited was 86.96% and the Padma Polycotton was 47.05%.Percent removal of
Color of Echotex limited was 78.17% and the Padma Polycotton was 98.73%.
d) Thus satisfactory removal was optimum with respect to TSS, BOD5 and Color for both of the
ETPs. Its worth mentioning that analysis of three months’ results obtained from Echotex limited
showed consistence performance. The analysis for the ETP sample from Padma Polycotton was
performed only for once which showed satisfactory result but consistency of performance could
not be evaluated.
e) The results of concentration of heavy metals that were obtained with two ETPs showed that
the levels of the heavy metals were below the standard guideline. Thus no significant health
hazard are being imposed on the water quality of the water bodies where water is being
discharged by the two ETPs.
127
5.3 Recommendation
At the very least, monitoring of the performance of ETPs is so much significant to ensure that
effluents are performing the standards required by regulations. Textile manufacturers are need to
operate ETPs by standard guidelines and must operate them effectively to maintain the water
quality parameters of discharged effluents. Regular testing of raw effluent water from different
phases of an ETP is evidently important to ensure its optimal functioning. In chapter 2 we have
already identified some of the units of an ETP in which should be followed to treat the raw waste
water before discharging them into the environment. This study provides guidance on the
sampling location, how sampling should be guided, how samples should be handled and what
parameters should be tested for.
Bangladesh law ordered legal standards that should be achieved and the parameters listed under
the regulations which must be measured. However if these are only monitored once a year we
will have no concept whether textile ETPs are working well and no data to help optimization of
activities to ensure good quality effluent. If they do adequate monitoring they should be able to
get enough data to allow to optimize performance and this may mean that they can reduce cost
on energy & on chemicals. More frequent monitoring is therefore required, but how frequent and
what should be monitored? It is difficult to give a definite answer to this as how hazardous the
effluent is and many other factors which are related to this. A regular rule of monitoring is
fundamental if good quality effluents are to be achieved and maintained.
Although monitoring of the performance of ETPs may appear expensive it is essential and the
suggestions made are feasible and not excessive when the effects of textile effluents on the
environment and human health are considered. Department of Environment (DoE) does not
know exactly how many of the industries have ETPs installed. Some industries set up ETPs but
they don't use those as they need to spend additional money to treat their raw waste water. So it
should be noted that those who has ETP, are they following the standard guidelines properly or
not.
128
5.4 Limitations
There are quite a few limitations to this study and some of the major limitations are listed below :
a) It was very difficult to identify the enjoined discharge point of the ETP’s. So we had to work
on probable common discharge points.
b) We could not analyze all the parameter of the waste water due to limitations of our laboratory
facilities.
c) The analysis of water quality parameters such as heavy metals was very costly.
d) Collecting sample from different phases of ETP’s was very difficult with respect to the
accessibility to collection points.
e) Certain important information for individual ETPs such as discharge locations etc. was not
found because the industrial authority was unwilling to provide the information.
129
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133
Appendix
134
Questionnaire
1. When was the ETP established?
2. Was the company ever fined or charged for any disposal?
3. In Sizing process which chemical compositions are emitted or discharged?
□ Starch □ Waxes □ Polyvinyl Alcohol □ Wetting Agents □ All □ Others
4. In De-Sizing process which chemical compositions are emitted or discharged?
□ Starch □ CMC □ PVA □ Fats □ Waxes □ Pectins □ All □ Others
5. In Bleaching process which chemical compositions are emitted or discharged?
□ NaClO □ CL2 □ NaOH □ H2O2 □ Acids □ NaSiO3 □ NaPO4 □ Short cotton fiber
□ All □ Others
6. In Mercerizing process which chemical compositions are emitted or discharged?
□ NaOh □ Cotton wax □ All □ Others
7. In Printing process which chemical compositions are emitted or discharged?
□ Pastes □ Urea □ Starches □ Gums □ Oils □ Binders □ Acids □ Thickeners □ Cross linkers
□ Reducing agents □ Alkali □ All □ Others
135
8. ETP type?
□ Biological □ Conventional □ Others
9. Probable discharge point?
□ Buriganga □ Balu □ Turag □ Bongshi □ Hatirjheel □ Gulshan Lake □ Badda Lake
□ Others
10. pH level of discharged effluent (Around) ?
11. What type of activities are doing in this factory?
□ Knitted fabrics □ Cotton Yarn □ Acrylic Yarn Dyeing □ Printing materials □ All
□ Others
12. Do you follow DoE given National Standard Guidelines for Waste Discharge Quality
Standards for Industrial Units & Projects?
□ Fully □ Particular □ Some of components
13. How much can you afford to spend on running an ETP?
14. What volume of effluent do you have?
15. What chemicals does it contain? At what contains?
(Ex: 30m3/hr with COD of 500 ppm & pH of 11.5)
136
16. Do you plant to increase production?
17. Will this increase the amount of effluent to be treated?
18. How much was spent on constructing an ETP?
19. How much was spent on running an ETP?
20. How much land do you have available, or can you buy, on which to build the ETP?
21. Which ETP expert or designer or company you have been used?
22. What type of plant will best suit your requirements?
23. What capacity do you have in your factory to manage the ETP?
24. Do you need to hire more staff or train existing staff?
137

Evaluation of Textile ETPs in Dhaka City

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Evaluation of Textile ETPs in Dhaka City

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Evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plants of

Textile Industries in Dhaka City

MD. HABIBULLAH NAYEM

Department of Civil Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC, DHAKA,

UNIVERSITYOF ASIA PACIFIC

Dr. Nehreen Majed Chairman of the Committee

Dr. M. R. Kabir Member

Dr. Alamgir Habib Head of Department

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-8

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 9-31

2.1 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) 10

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 32-63

CHAPTER 4 : DATA ANALYSIS 64-124

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 125-129

5.1 Summary 126

Figure No. Title Page

2.1 Block Diagram of a model ETP 10

2.2 Industrial wastewater discharge in Turagriver 14

2.4 Waste water flowing to Turagriver 15

2.5 Industrial waste water flowing into Shitalakkhya river 15

2.6 Sewage discharge in Baluriver 16

2.7 Sewage discharge in Bongshiriver 16

2.8 Water Quality Map Around Dhaka 17

2.9 Overview of treatment stages within a wastewater 22

2.10 Planning consideration for an ETP 26

3.1 ETP Phase of Padma Polycotton 38

3.2 Screening & Equalization 39

3.6 Clarification (Before & after settling) 43

3.7 Sludge collection 44

3.8 ETP Phase of Echotex Limited 45

3.9 Raw waste water from dyeing 46

3.10 Mechanical & manual screening chamber 47

3.10(a) Inside of Mechanical & manual screening chamber 48

3.11 Equalization Tank 49

3.12 Schematic diagram of equalization tank 49

3.13 Ozonator room 50

3.14 Ozone contact tank (Both I & II) 50

3.15 Flocculation tank (Both I & II) 51

3.16 Inclined Plate Settler (Both I & II) 53

3.17 Tertiary Inclined Plate Settler 53

3.18 Aerobic digester tank 54

3.19 Schematic diagram of aerobic digester tank 54

3.20 Sludge conditioning tank 55

3.21 Schematic diagram of function of sludge conditioning tank 55

3.22 Filter press chamber & sludge disposal 56

3.23 Sequencing batch reactors ( I, II & III ) 57

3.24 Intermediate tank 58

3.25 Sample Collection from Padma Polycotton ETP 59

3.26 Sample analysis in chemical lab 60

4.1 Map Symbol 72

4.2 AnonTex Group, Tongi, Gazipur 73

4.3 BSCIC Industrial Area Fatullah, Narayanganj 74

4.4 Cotton Club (BD) Ltd, Kasimpur, Gazipur 75

4.5 Esquire Knit Composite Ltd, Narayanganj 76

4.6 JK Group (Knit Fabrics & Garments), Savar 77

4.7 Keya Knit Composite Ltd, Konabari, Gazipur 78

4.8 Abanti Color Textile Ltd, Narayanganj 79

Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka

4.10 Echotex Limited, Shafipur 81