UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

Term Paper
‘’Political Science ’’

Submitted by : Areeba Iqbal

Roll No: BMCF18M033

 Submitted to: Sir Furqan Khalid

Depart.:Mass Com and Media Studies

Semester : 4 th Morning

POLITICAL PARTIES:
The work political has been derived from the
Greek word ‘’Politika’’ that means the ‘’Affairs To The Cities’’. In the mid of the
fifteenth century according to the composition of Aristotle this word came up
as the ‘’Polettiques’’ that became politics in modern English.
The word Party was derived from the word of the old French
‘’Partie’’ that originally meant the a division or section of something. In
modern English this word appeared as the party that meant same like a
division or a section of something.
‘’Political party means organized group of people who have
some ideology and strive for getting power by the elections and have
candidates who stand in elections and capture positions to control the system
of a territory or the country’’
Basically the political party is an entity in political system that is like a
branch of or it is like a component of the democracy where people have right
to decide their leaders and governmental workers who can bring the bestest
according to their circumstances.
If we look for a short history or the brief intro of how the political parties
system came in being we come to know that in monarchies and the time when
the power was everything there was nothing named as democracy and the
people were tight to follow the orders of monarchies this concept came in
being among the educated persons of the society where they came across the
line of difference of thoughts over something so they started convincing more
people for their opinion and get them to the opinion that they have and make
them believe in it.
Then as the era changes the appearance of different parties and the
parliamentary system changed the scenario and the people got a right to
select the suitable persons for them . The industrialist and the businessmen
started gathering around the monarchies to get powerful position . In that era
the regimes that were supported by the nobel persons got success while those
who were merely elite class failed somehow . Later these parties ith the
narrow opinions transformed to the great parties who had greater perceptions
of the things that were way more changed. The very starting political parties
merged in UK and America in 19th century though this trend was not new to
people that time because this system had a long history that took this shape in
that advance era. Basically there are a few types of political parties not all the
parties can be classified to a specific type but the political parties are a
combination of two or more types of parties because they are functioning
multi ways same time and these parties belong to the multiple types of these
parties. A few types of political parties are as given below.

i) CADRE PARTIES:
the parties that are ruled by the elite group of activists are
known as the cadre parties. These parties got birth in ameriaca and Europe
basically in the 19th century . in france in 848 and in some states of americs the
businessmen suffered a lot because of the taxes that they had to pay and this
when a lot od people were given the right to vote the role of spectator was
snatched from the voters and this was limited to a short ruling elite because
the wanted to control the system so long. So the people were not the active
participants rather they played the r role of goats who just gave the vote

Cadre parties in 19th century reflected a dispute between two

classes that were
i) Aristocracy
ii) Bourgeoisie
Aristocracy:
The first side that was aristocracy was consisting on the
traditional types of values and opinions so we can say that the modern. Mostly
there were the land owners who were rich also and this type of opinions that
related to the aristocracy were found in rural areas, The aristocracy made a
huge impact on the behaviour of the people but this was npt that much
successful because it was conservative and consisted on the views of god and
because it lacks liberalism so it was sure that this would protect certain
religious and that might harm other entities of the things come towards the
extremism so this was not that much successful as compared to the other
conflicting portion that was the bourgeoisie. So this ideology was not able to
prove themselves as attractive because people was looking fort something new
that could solve there problems because the vies of god have been followed
by the people so long and they were no more ready to accept it so this
ideology was contained in the rural areas and the destinations and never
spread to the educated domain of world. But it was some hoe being followed
in roman catholic countries where it was easy to sale something on the name
of GOD. So this became the conservative part of the cadre parties that or
these were the conservative cadre parties that gathered people on the name
of GOD.
Bourgeoisie
This was made up of merchants the industrialist , financiars
bankers and professional people, and this contained a lot of low class class
workers from the cities and most of the second class people who were not as
rich as the other class that is aristocracy but these were the comparatively a lot
more educated class and this class was holding most of the offices and the
major of working class.
The basic ideology of the bourgeoisie was liberal that originated first in
the time of English revolution of 17th century as we can see that in the writings
of JOHN LOCE and that was also written by the german philosophers in the
18th century. This was the ideology of the people who wished to destroy the
dominance of the aristocracy and brun some changes in the system of
feudalism and mercantilism. Because of a huge demand the liberty this
ideology was succeeded because of demand and this proven itself attractive

MASS BASED PARTIES

 The cadre parties engage relatively small number of
participants that are most known to them or this was an area based politics so
far. But the mass based parties engage a hundreds of thousand of people
sometimes that are millions but the party is based on attracting people
through an appeal. It is not only for those who are well known to their motive
and are closer to them but it is for all the citizens of the country that want to
joi n the party and bring it to a large scale of people. Even of this type off party
is able to gather only a few masses still this would be different from the
remaining cadre type parties because this have a moto that is different and
appeal based.
In the end of the 19th century the german siocialist parties of western
Europe started their campaigns for this kind of masses in order to spread
propaganda and gather money o for the expenses of the parties in the bases of
different motives but a lot of people or masses who were poor also
contributed to the party system and enrolled themselves as the members of
the parties.
For Example
German Socialist party in 1913 had more than one billion members
that was huge in that time.
So this type of parties was basically liberal so they attracted the people from
every religion because there was no religious biasing to any religious like
Christianity or islam.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN:

here i will give a brief review of political history of Pakistan then i will write
about the developments that the political parties brung to our country
When Pakistan came into being as a country on August 14th, 1947,
and it tend to form the largest muslim state of that tome . the creation of
Pakistan was non the less a miracle. Nearly seventeen million people migrated
on subcontinent because this was divided in two parta paskitan and india . out
of total 95 million people in the sub continent about 60 million muslims
became part of Pakistan . Unluckily about 35 million muslims remained there
in india that time.
As the partition was not fair enough so Pakistan along with its
separation came under a lot of bordens and problems . After Quid e Azam
there was no one who was fair enough to the country but after that mostly
Pakistan was ruled by the corryut politicians those were interested in saving
their interest and political power instead of the development of Pakistan so to
have them as the representative authority did not provide much hope of a
democratic state that provided socio-economic justice and fair administration
to all Pakistani citizens. The demand of a constiotution to rum affairs of
administration postponed the general elections . in 1956 yhe fist constitution
was declared . The ministries made under that constitution were broke in 1958
by the general Ayub Khan
Between 1958 and 1971 the president General Ayub Khan was able
to rule the country along with the working ministries. Ayub Khan replaced
the system by the basic democracies instead of the major electoral system. HE.
He said that the ‘’Free For All’’ phehnomenon for the politicians is ill for the
country so he disqualified a lot of old politicians, So he disqualified them under
thr elective bodies disqualification order EBDO ." . so the system of basic
democracies did not allowed the individuals to participate in politics but it
bring up the system of bribe and purchase vote.
Though his tenure was so far successful for his own government and he
suppressed the media and not allowed al the secters to come together and
grow together, Especially in eastern Pakistan the circumstances went out of his
hands and he had to resign in march 1969 from his post. So this military rule
remained to Pakistan for about 11 year so many developments were made in
this era that are too long to discuss in this document.
As the Ayub Khan resigned , General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
started the second marshal in country that remained till 1971. This military
regime brung up a mixed up of the democracy and the military rules and all the
way it was trying to bring a democratic government and hand the government
over. The general elections of 1970 told that how strongly the religious affects
the results of elections in Pakistan despite of the efforts being put. The
eastern Pakistan the sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman led campaign on a six points
formula. In western Pakistan the people party run campaign along with some
Islamic parties . The awami league was working on campaign so good that it
became a threat to the people in the western Pakistan and the army tried to
capture mujib ur rahman . This was thw last wrong step taken after elections as
the Mujeeb Ue Rahman won more seats then People party because alreasty
then eastern wing was fed up of their low representation in al lthe sectors So
an armed fight started there Pakistan send their troops and the india got a
chance to crush Pakistan . Pakistan was in the third war with india .as a result
the eastern wing of Pakistan was turned into bangladesh.
So after this the General Yahya Khan was left with no
other option than handing over all the power to the people party who was
leading in the western wing of Pakistan. So the power was handed over to the
Zulfiqar Ali Bhuto but as he had majority in Punjab and sinddh but not in
balochistan so he was not able to work without the help of the balochistan
parties and the military high command. In the constitution of the 1973 the
Bhutto made a lot of reforms but he failed to implement them. Other than that
Bhutto made so called reforms in the federal policies that he failed to
implement. The Bhuttos rule continued toll 1977 and the people party once
again won the election but a co alliance by the 9 opposing parties said that
there was rigging in elections.That was names as Pakistan national alliance.
Thar brung an unstable situation to the country and General Zia Ul
Haq placed third martial laq on 5th july 1977.As he got power he suspended all
the political parties and the constitution was briken down and he said that he
will make Pakistan a pure Islamic state. In 1979 the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was
executed on murder charges and the remaining leadership od PPP was jailed or
exciled. The soviet invasion in Afghanistan brung a lot of support to his
government as the Pakistan was bordering a soviet territory.In 1985 the
general Zia Ul haq after putting himself in a controversial Islamic referendum
and bringing a lot of changes to the constitution of 1973 the general zia ul haq
announced to end martial law for a new democratic era in Pakistan
The non party election of 1985 was rejected by all the political parties as
that was non party election. basically Zia Ul Haq was focused on making
amendment in the constitution of 1973 and securing his national interest so he
made a lot of amendments that was later used by a lot of presidents to dispel
the prime ministers because of their personal grudges or the problems. In 2988
election Muhammad khan Junejo was elected as prime minister because he
got more votes in national assembly. The general Zia ULHaq used the article 58
-2 and disqualified him on May 29 1988.
Zia was supporting the non party elections but the supreme court
said that this is against the constitution so everyone was afraid that he would
impose the martial law in the country again. But the Zia died in a plane crash in
17th august 1988.
In 1988 no one won the majority in the national assembly but Benazir
Bhutto og PPP became president with co allition of the smaller parties but
soon two years later she was disqualified by the president and the elections
were held then again.
so In the elections of 1990 the nawaz sharif won the elections and he
was dismissed in 1993 so people started losing faith in the democratic system
IN 1997 the country prepared for new elections and the nawaz shareef was
elected as the prime minister o the country.But this not stayed so lons and on
12th October 1999 the general musharraf imposed martial law on the country
and took over government and till 2008 he held the government and resigned
after election as the PMLN became most powerful political party of Pakistan
and remained in power till 2018 when the PTI Pakistan Tehreek E Insaf won the
elections and make a new government.

POLITICAL PARTIES IN PAKISTAN

There are about 180 parties in Pakistan that
are registered with the election commission of Pakistan. And aout 1200
candidates who are affiliated with these parties. These parties held
campaigns and convince the voters that they should vote for their party and
the candidates who get the tickets from the party to compete on a seat in a
territory go and run door to door campaigns and agree the voters to vote for
them. As the election come up the voters vote for a selected party for the
national and the provincial assembly. Voter can cote for the different
candidate for both these votes after the vote counting is done the winner
candidate for the provincial assembly and the national assembly is declared
and process continues for the retention of power.
The major political parties of Pakistan are

PTI (Pakistan Tehreek E Insaf)

PMLN (Pakistan muslin leage nawaz)
PPP (Pakistan peoples party)
MQM (Mutthada Qaumi Movement)
 JUI (Jamiat Ulma E
Islam)

Pakistan Tehreek E Insaf

Pakistan Tehreek E
Insaf or the PTI was initiated by the crickter
IMran khan in 1996. Imran khan started
striving from 1996 and went for the door to
door campaigns and started convincing the
people to stand for their rights and ask for the accountability for everything
that is being done in the affairs of the country.
It is worth mentioning that imran khan was a crickter before and he had
a successful career as a cricketer and Pakistan won the worldcup in 1992 when
imran khan was the captain of Pakistani team.

A LITTLE ABOUT FOUNDER:

The founder of PTI is imran khan who is current prime minister of

Pakistan. He born in a pastuun family in 1952. He got his early education in
elite school and then moves to UK for further education. He studied from
achison college Lahore then he moved to uk where he studied in worcestor
college than moved to the oxford university for higher education. He was a
cricket player from early childhood because of the influence of family members
who were cricketers. As he was a good player he played for national team in
1971 but he became a permanent part of the national cricket team in 1976 as
he graduated from the Oxford University. By 1980 the khan was a well known
all rounder of Pakistan cricket team and he became a star in the matter of
years.
In 1992 he was retired from the team ,the same year he won the world cup.
As his mothers death was an inspiration to him ,who died because of cancer.
And he started fund raising for a big free of cost cancer hospital for the poor
people of Pakistan. And finally he inaugurated the Shaukat Khanam Hospital in
1994. He was a tough critic against the policies of the government he
inaugurated his own political party in 1996 and became prime minister of
Pakistan in 2018 after the 22 years long struggle.
Inaugration Of PTI
After his retirement from the cricket the imran khan started to speak
against the corruption and the mismanagement of the government in Pakistan.
As he felt that there is a need for someone to stand against this corrupt mafia
in Pakistan and he inaugurated his own political party in 1996. The next year
the elections happened but the PTI was unable to win even less than one
percent of the votes and did not even secured one seat across the country. The
image was so worst that idx there was someone else instead of imran khan
should have given up but khan stood up stuck to the campaign and in elections
of 2002 then khan Won only one seat across the country that khan secured by
himself. In 2007 the khan was one of the politicians that resigned from the
national assembly in order to protest against the Musharaf’s candidancy in
general election and he was imprisoned for protesting and in 2008 he bycott
the elections to protest the Musharraf’s rule. So the pti have been staggering
in these difficult circumstances but khan never gave up and he was one of
three major parties in election of 2013 and he secured the enough seats to
make the provincial government in KPK in 2013. And in 2018 he became the
prime minister of Pakistan.

PTI’s Role in National Development

The PTI has been ruling the country for approximately 2
years now but it did a lot in changing the dynamics of politics in the country
and eradicating the system of family politics where all the relatives of the
prime minister had to grab the major positions. The PTI did a few things before
coming and grabbing the centeral government that are given below.
Provoking Youth of Country
The founder of PTI imran khan was basically focusing
in the youth of pakistan and has always said that youth should recognize their
value and gave then a sense of how they can change the political system of the
pakistan that is being grabbed by the mafia that is doing the things of their
choice in the country. So the trends changed and so many people started
asking that leaders should be accountable to the general public and they
should brief us for everything they do.
 Gave A Sense Of Accountability
After imran khan kept asking people to ask for
accountability the public od pakistan finally stood to ask for accountability and
then the trend changed and people started asking abiut the projects the funds
and everything that the politicians did wrong for their own benefits

Accountability Of Corrupt Mafia

The corrupt mafia has always been fatal to pakistan the PTI
put a lot of refrences against the corrupt elite of pakistan and always opposed
them so Finally the prime minister of pakistan nawaz shareef was disqualified
for corruption and then sent to the jail.

Role As A Government In KPK

As PTI won enough seats in KPK to make a government their PTI
put new and positive policies to bring up the lifestyle of general public and
mostly PTI government worked on police education and health . Instead of
giving people fake promises and the lush projects to attract them the PTI
worked for education and health and poli and KPK police became exemplary
for all of the pakistan and based on these works the PTI again won the
elections in 2018 and made government in KPK with more seats.

Pakistan Muslim League

Nawaz
The PMLn is a
political party in pakistan that ruled pakistan for
three time and brung a lot of positive and negative
changes in pakistan and ruled the country for the
era of 1990 -93 and then in 1997 -98
then 2013-17.This party was once the most
successful party of pakistan and the l founder of
this party Mian Muhamad Nawaz Shareef was the most popular and
nationwide accepted leader in the politics of pakistan . After ruling pakistan for
the three times the image of the party was not so good as it should be and not
even a single time the prime Minister Nawaz Shareef was allowed to complete
his tenure but he was disqualified on the basis of corruption cases.
A LITTLE ABOUT THE FOUNDER
After he completed an LL.B. from the Punjab university that is
located in laghore, he joined hid family business that was of sugar, steel, and
textiles. When he entered the politics for very first time he became council
member in Punjab ; in 1981 he was been selected as the financial misiter by Zia
Ul Haq, as the elections of 1985 came he became the CM of Punjab . he was
selected as the prime minister of pakistan for the very first time in 1990 . This
was the election that was held because the Benazir Bhutto was dismissed by
Gulam ishaq Kkhan who was the president at that time.

PMLN Role in National Development

The PMLN was selected in pakistan for three times and nawaz
shareef got a chance to play as prime minister for three times and he was not
able to complete his tenure because of the disqualification ,mostly in
corruption cases .The PMLn was at first focused on improving the business side
of pakistan and strengthening the pakistan’s economy but it was not a success
so ar because at the end after ruling country fot three times the efforts
resulted in highest levels of corruption and 92 billion dollars of debits in
pakistan’s staggering economy
The PMLN in first regime 1990-93.
As nawas shareef took oath as the prime minister of pakistan for the
first time the he was experienced enough with the politics of pakistan and he
knew how he can attract people more and secure his career as a politician. He
took oath as the prime minister on 1st of November 1990. In his forst term he
basically continued the thinking model of Zia and try to impose the Islamic
ideologies l
For Example The shariat Ordinace and the coccept of Bait Ul Mall
He basically derived the policy of economy Liberalisation and He allowed
money exchange to be dine through the private money exchangers and
allowed money to run nationwide that way. That time the major problems
came across his way because the people party PPP and the Muttahida Qaumo
Movement MQM were strongly opposing then PMLn to make new policies
Under NERP (National Economic Reconstruction Program) he announced new
economic policy . This policy was so far successful but that increased the
wealth gap as the rich become richest and poor became poorest this brung the
political instability in pakistan and the doctor mubashir hussain said that he
made the unconstitutional change in the privatization.
along with the insutry he took steps to improve pakistan in science and
started the Pakistan Antarctic Program In 1991, S with the3 collaboration of
national institute of oceongraphy with the Pakistan Navy's Weapons
Engineering Division, also a research cell was found for this project . In 1992,
pakistan became a regular member for the Antarctic research.
He made our nuclear program one of the top priorities he was
following the policy of the dillebrate nuclear ambiquity but he expanded the
nuclear research. The US started tightening its hand on pakistan and said that
if pakistan sign fot the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty pakisn would get a lot
of aid but nawaz shareef said that pakistan is having no atom bomb and
pakistan will sign this treaty if india do the same. So America not allowed
pakistan to get a French buil plant pakistan appealed to then International
Atomic Energy Agency and allowed china to build CHASNUPP-1 that was a
success.
In 1992 a scandal came over that the millions of the rupees has been
funded illegally to the itefaq industries and it affected abou 7 lac Pakistanis and
kashmiri people. In 1993 the gulam ishaq khan using his right dismisses nawaz
shareef
PMLn second tenure 1997 -99
After he won the election of 1997 he formed a government in
alliance with the MQM that was no longer works and he removed MQM from
from the parliament and took the control of Karachi
The nuclear policy remained same as pakistan was not ready to step back
over this and in an interview in America nawaz shareef said that pakistan had
an atomic bomb since 1978 and in 1998 pakistan did test atomic blast right
after the Indian atomic bomb tes. In another statement he said that world
imposed no pressure on india rather they imposed sanctions on pakistan for no
fault. This was a very harsh decision and pakistan suffered a lot in the form of
sanctions but this decision led pakistan to being very first Islamic nuclear
state.
Economic policy was so far same as for the last time but this time the
motorway m2 was built in 1997 that costed a lot and the government run short
of the funds the Nawaz Shareef build the Karachi exchange for the monetary
help but still the government was running short of the funds.
This led the government to the serious financial crises and destroyed the
infrastructure because pakistan was not in a position to inverst in this kind of
flash project by that time. Though the pakistan was striving for nuclear tests
still paksitan was trying to bring up a friendly policy for the neighbouring
countries but that was a failure because of the hostile behaviour of the
neighbours,
PMLN’s 3RD TERM 2013 -2018
After musharraf took over the government in 1999 and PPP ruled
the country brutally for last five years this time PMLn again came up with the
new policies . In 2016 ghe backed the policy of punjab government from
banning the tablighi jamat from educating the students that was a reflection
od their social policy and new liberal thoughts that were coming up as a new
mindset of this political party. He also hanged tahor ul qasri on 2016 for killing
a government official salman tasir in the case of blasphemy. The economical
policies were not a big success after the rule of PPP it was not even possible for
PMLn to come up all the crises but the control went out of the hands as this
party was focused on flash projects and that brung a lot of deficit to the
country and also he accepted loans from IMF on very heavy conditions that
later became a huge problem for the country and it was too difficult to come
up the situation. For Example the development fly over and the orange train
were the projects that were totally useless and consumes a lot of money
while other areas like education remained on the backfoot.
The khan and shareef ricalry was another problem for the nawaz sharef and
in 2017 he was disqualified on the bases of corruption. The fata reforms and
balochistan problems werer a few major tasks of that time
In 2013 he also said that they will held talks with talibans and we will solve the
issue with bilateral talks,
But in 2017 a few illegal properties that appeared back in 2016
caused the disqualification of nawaz shareef and a lot of other problems came
to the party
The CPEC or the China Pakistan economic corridor was one of the major
projects that was started in his tenure but that consisted dof network of roads
and other relating projects
 Their role were not so good because at the end there was nothing like health
and education in the country but merely few flash projects to attract more
votes . And the country was left under 92 billion dollars of loans and trapped in
chinas dept trap policy in the form of CPEc

PPP(Pakistan People Party)

Pakistan peoples party have a very diverse history but because
of shortage of space I will take it short.It was founded in 1968 by its founder , a
very well known leader of pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto basically this was based
on a a liberal ideology . This party played a very vital role in politics of pakistan
as the zulfiqar ali Bhutto became the prime minister of pakistan in 1971 and he
became a very popular leader across the country but his government as he
won the elections in 1977 was taken over by the General Zia Ul haq the major
works were the institution of f1973. Bhutto was hanged in that martial law
time later in 2008 again people party took over the country and after the
murder of Benazir Bhutto the country was handed over to her husband zardari
group that looted it with full passion so overall if we see they have not added
much to the country except the slogans. Even today people party have strong
hold in sindh as the Bhutto is still alive in the hearts of the people of sindh.

MQM(Muthida Qaumi Movement)

All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO) was formed in
1978 by the altaf hussain that was an organization of mahajars in pakistan
later in 1984 it changed in Muhajar Qaumi Movement in 1997 the muhajar was
replaces by the word muthida to denote that they carry representation of
more people but this movement remained dominant in Karachi tikll 2013 and
a lot of corruption and target killing is associated with this party and the leader
is now wanted from pakistan ,The over all career was so worse that they
suppresses people and forcefully gget the votes casted as it was very usual to
get 10 15 dead bodies in the streets of Karachi after the operations against
MQM in nawaz shareef tenure the leader became wanted and left paksitan.

JUI(Jamiat Ulma E Islam)

Jamiat Ulma E Islam has a very diverse history but it was founded
ini 1945 by molana shabeer ahmad usmani ,even before the bith of pakistan
and as that of 2013 it was the 5th largest party of pakistan that secures 3.3
percent votes. Its predident is Molana Fazlur Rehman It is mostly based in
Khyber Pahtun Khwah and the northern balochistan but because of its
conservative views it was failed to become a national party so it was conjusted
to the religious areas of pakistan and failed to cover all the paksitan. This party
have strong youth that is ready to sacrifice their lives for islam but the image of
the party leaders have not been so good for example the Maulana Fazal Ur
Raham was accused of corruption but that failed to become a file to be cased
against him but his attitude was not good towards Kashmir issue as the
president of Kashmir comity and he is accused of following every new goven.
for his benefits.