智能手机,平板和超级本的创新电池

管理解决方案
Innovative Battery Management
Solutions for Smartphone, Tablet,
and Ultrabook
Simon Wen, Alice Chen
Q4 2012 Analog Overview Seminar
Texas Instruments

1
Battery Management Solutions

Smartphone &
Ultrabook
Tablet Charger

Wireless Battery Monitor

Charging & Gauging

2
Smartphone &
Tablet Charger
Charging with an Active System Load
(Non-DPPM) I I CHG SYS
+
Adapter IBAT
System
or USB
Charger

Advantages:
Narrow System DC voltage = Battery Voltage from 3 to 4.2V

Issues:
 Operate system and charging simultaneously
 Safety Timer
 Termination
Power Path Management Battery Charge Architecture
(DPPM)
Adapter Powering System

+ Q1 Q2
C1
Controller System
Charging
- Battery

• Separate charge current path from system current path

• Charge current controlled by Q2
• Powering System from adapter through Q1
• Simultaneously powering system and charging battery
• No interaction between charge current and system current
Popular Linear Charger: PowerPath Options

800mA
Non-Power Path
Linear Charger

bq24040

bq24075
1.5A USB Friendly
Power Path
Charger

6
 Switching Mode 1.5A Non-PowerPath Charger
C1
USB L1 1uH R1 0.068 C3 10uF
1uF VBUS Q2 SW

Q1 C4
VAUX PMID BOOT 10nF C5
Q3 PGND 0.1uF
10k 10k 10k C2 SGND
4.7uF CSIN
SCL SCL
CSOUT
SDA SDA
C6
STAT STAT 1uF
OTG bq24156A/7/8/9 VREF
OTG C7
10k CD 1uF
HOST
• Internal input current sensing and input current
Detect bad adapter
limiting
• Vin based DPM and bad adaptor detection
Input DPM • Charge in CC and CV mode
• Automatic termination with internal safety timer
7 • Boost mode operation for USB OTG
Current Capabilities of Adapters

• Power sources have their limits

– There are situations where the input power source does
not have enough power to supply what the portable
device demands
– Becoming increasingly important with the
standardization of input connectors such as the Micro-
USB
– Input current limits and Input Voltage Dynamic Power
Management (VINDPM) provide the functions needed to
solve this problem

8
Input Current DPM Switch-Mode Battery Charger
IIN Q1 Q2 VBUS
ISYS2

ISYS1 DPM Mode

ISYS
Q3 ICHG
A2 Q4
- Control ISYS IIN Adapter
+ Loops Limit
IREF
- ICHG Input Current
+ BAT
Regulation
VREF

t1 t2
• Maximize use of the input current
• Current sharing between system & charger
• Minimize the AC adapter size and power rating
How to avoid adapter crash if its current is NOT Known?
Input Voltage DPM Switch-Mode Battery Charger
VIN IIN Q1 Q2 VBUS

Q3 ICHG
A2 Q4
- Control ISYS
+ Loops
VINDPM
-
+ BAT
VREF

• If VIN < VINDPM:

• Reduce Duty Cycle  Reduce ICHG  Reduce IIN
• Allows VIN to recover back to VINDPM level
• Automatically Track Adapter’s Max Current.
• Perfect for third party adapter
bq24270/1 PowerPath 1.5A Switch-mode Charger
20V max, OVP @ 6.5V

Optional
Discharge
FET
I2 C
Interface

Detect bad adapter

Input DPM
Power Path Power up with
Depleted Battery
bq24160 Dual-Input, DPM, Switching Charger
20V Max, 10.5V OVP ADAPTER

IN SW
Up to 3A load in
System
Load supplement mode
PMIDI or higher (~ 5A) w/
20V max, 6.5V OVP external FET
BOOT
`
USB
VBUS
D+ SYS
D-
GND
Optional for high current
PMIDU
`
discharge capability

BGATE

D+
I2C Interface D- BAT
ICHG = 2.5A MAX
SDA
SCL
bq24160
HOST INT PACK+
TEMP
TS
PGND VDRV

Detect bad Vadapter SYS PACK-

Input DPM Dual Input

Power Path Power up with
Depleted Battery
bq24190 (with OTG/1.2A) 4A Tablet Charger
4x4mm^2 QFN-24Pin Package
Support DC Adaptor, USB2.0 and
USB 3.0 up to 3A
VBUS SYS: 3.4V-4.4V
SW
Input
3.9V – 17V Q1 Q2
BOOT
PMID
D+/D- Detection
Q3 REGN Integration of power
USB D+ PGND path and switching
MOSFETs
D-
REGN
SYS
Up to 4A Charge Current and
VREF I2C Interface 6A Discharge Current
BAT
STAT Q4
10mohm
SDA
ILIM
SCL
REGN
Host INT Input Current Setting
OTG
/CE TS1
TS2
Detect badUSB
adapter Thermal
On-The-Go PAD Dual battery Pack
Default USB Current Thermistor Monitoring
Input DPM High current for PAD
Power Path Power up with Boost from Battery
Depleted Battery (OTG)
Ultrabook
 Notebook/Ultrabook Charger Roadmap
SMBus bq24765 bq24760

with SMBus Interface, SMBus, 5x5 QFN-40

Integrated Monolithic 6A FETs 6A iFETs/19.5V input
Thermal Regulation Intel Turbo Mode
MOSFETs 700kHz; 3.5x7 QFN-34 1-4 Cells; 750kHz

bqULTROLLER
bq24725 bq24725A/728 bq24735/38
bq24715
SMBus Interface SMBus Interface Intel Turbo Mode SMBus Interface
SMBus 3.5x3.5 QFN-20 Pin-Pin bq24725 3.5x3.5 QFN-20
Air Mode (bq24738)
with 750kHz, Air Mode: bq24728 Pin-Pin bq24725A NVDC-1;
DPM, Selector DPM, selector DPM, selector 2-3cells: bq24715
Selector All 5-N-MOSFETs All 5 N-FETs 3-4 Cells: bq24717
All 5 N-FETs
Pin-Pin bq24735/725A
Sample: May 15, 2012

bq24707/726 bq24707A bq24737/727 bq24736

SMBus SMBus Interface SMBus Interface

SMBus Interface SMBus Intel Turbo Mode
Without Turbo Mode (bq24737)
3.5x3.5 QFN-20 One comparator Air Mode
One comparator
Selector 750kHz; DPM 1ms ACOK delay Pin- Pin with bq24707A Pin- Pin with bq24726
One comparator

Production Development Definition

15
 How to Support Turbo Mode?
• Need to support peak system power = 2X adapter power
• Solutions:
– Higher power rating adapter (not feasible)
– Turbo boost charger as in bq2473x for NB
– NVDC-1 charger (bq24715) for Ultrabook

Intel Recommendation:
Haswell VR12.5 CRB: bq24735
Haswell VR12.6: NVDC Charger

16
 Turbo Boost and NVDC Charger Power Flow
Adapter Q1 Q2 RAC 10m System Load

C1
0.1F 45W
Q3
Turbo Boost
Buck/Boost
• Direct power path for system load Battery
• Reverse Boost for battery discharge Pack

Adapter Q1 Q2 RAC 10m

C1 System Load
0.1F

NVDC-1 Buck

Q3
• Buck for system load
• Direct power path for battery discharge Battery
Pack

11/23/2012
NVDC-1 Charger Benefits and Challenges
Benefits
Minimum number of Lower system bus voltage higher fs of 1MHz; smaller Vcore size
output cap in Vcore
Improved efficiency in Lower Rdson and Qg with 20V FETs than 30V FETs
Vcore
Possible Battery mode Lower Rdson and Qg of 20V FET, but increases loss due to charge
efficiency improvement current Rsense

Challenges
Charger size and cost Higher inductor and FETs current rating.
increases
Energy star Light load efficiency; PFM; lower Iq

Input Current DPM Overloading adapter. Fast DPM transient response

transient
Output voltage transient Need to have fast output voltage transient response between DCM
response @ no battery and CCM

18
bq24715: NVDC-1 Charge Controller with NMOS AC Selector
and Adapter/Discharge Current Monitoring
• NVDC-1 charge controller with NMOS AC Selector with 6-24V input
• System instant on with minimum system voltage for deeply discharged battery
• Automatic supplement mode with BATFET
• Ultra-Low Quiescent current
• Support 2-3S battery pack: bq24715 (Sample in June 6th)
• Support 3-4S battery pack: bq24717 (Sample in August)
• Accuracy
•0.5% battery accuracy with 16mV step
•3% current accuracy with 64mA step (10mohm)
•2% input current and battery discharge current monitoring accuracy
• 600kHz, 800kHz, and 1MHz operation (SMBus programmable)
• PFM at light load to improve efficiency
• Ultrafast DPM transient response
• Programmable Adapter or Battery Discharge current outputs for CPU Throttling
• SMBus up to 400kHz (I2C friendly)
• Pin-Pin Compatible with the bq24725A/bq24735/737
 bq24715 (bqUltroller) NVDC-1 Charger
Adapter D1
Q1 Q2 RAC 10m
C1 R7
0.1F 10Ω C6
Opt C5 10Fx2
1F SYSTEM LOAD
R4 C2 C3 C4
R3 4k 0.1µ F 0.1µ F 0.1µ F
4k C7:1µ F
ACN VCC REGN C12
R1 ACP 2x100uF
866k CMSRC BTST
Q4
ACDRV HIDRV Battery
C8 L : 3.3uH
ACDET 47nF Q3 Pack
PHASE
R2
133k +3.3V bq24715 C10 Rsns
Q5 10µ Fx2
R8 R9 R10
LODRV 10m
10k 10k 10k
SMBus SDA GND
HOST Dig I/O
SCL
ACOK
SRP
A/D C9
IOUT SRN 0.1µ F
C11
100pF
CELL BATDRV R18: 4k
Float: 2cell
High (REGN): 3cell
TI Confidential – NDA Restrictions
20
Battery Monitor &
Gauging
 What is Fuel Gauging Technology?
Fuel Gauging = technology to predict battery capacity
under all system active and inactive conditions.
Its key benefit is dramatic extended RUN TIME !
The Gas Gauge IC autonomously calculate and report:
• Remaining Battery capacity information
– Percentage
63%
– time to empty/full
– milliamp-hours
– Watt-hours
– talk time, idle time, etc.
• Battery health and safety diagnostics information
– State of Health, Run Time 6:27
– Full Charge Capacity, temperature
Increasing expectations

Time-to-
bars percent
Empty

1:27 hr
42% remaining

23
Gauging
How is it implemented…Host System
VCC Battery Pack
REGIN
CE LDO
PACK+
Battery Voltage Protection
Low Sense

System-side Host CPU

or Temp
IC

Gas
Host-side Power Sense
I2C DATA

Management Gauge T

Controller (bq27520)
CHG
Bq27520 BAT_GD
PACK- FETs
DSG
Current
Bq27425 SOC_INT Sense

bq27421

Host System Battery Pack

PACK+

Vcc

REGIN LDO REG25

BAT
Host CPU
SE
or
Power
Management
HDQ
Gas
Gauge
TS
Pack-side
Controller
(bq27541)
SRP

Bq27541
Protection SRN
IC Vss
bq28z560
PACK-

24
 Gauging
Useable Capacity “QUSE”
4.2
Qmax
Quse
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
3.6 I•RBAT
Battery Voltage (V)

Cell voltage under load

3.0
EDV

2.4

Quse Qmax
• EDV will be reached earlier for higher + -
I RBAT
discharge current. OCV
+ V = OCV - I*RBAT -
• Useable capacity Quse < Qmax

25
 Real-life Gauging Task
True vs reported RSOC

100 4200
1. Highly pulsating current
2. Highly variable battery
80 4000
voltage
3. TI’s bq27xxx fuel gauge

Voltage (mV)
60 3800
RSOC (%)

40 3600
delivers superb
performance in this
20 3400
GSM phone user case
0 True vs reported RSOC 3200
4. Stay within 1% error
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Time (s) near battery empty

100 true remaining capacity 0
SMB remaining capacity
Voltage

80 100

60 200

Current (mA)
RSOC (%)

40 300

20 400

0 500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Time (s)
true remaining capacity
SMB remaining capacity
26 Current
Gauging
Types of Gauging Algorithms…
Impedance Track™
Cell Voltage Measurement • Directly measures effect of
• Measures cell voltage discharge rate, temp, age and other
• Advantage: Simple factors by learning cell impedance
• Not accurate over load conditions • Calculates effect on remaining
capacity and full charge capacity
Coulomb Counting
• Measures and integrates current over time • No learning cycles needed
• Affected by cell impedance • No host algorithms or calculations
• Affected by cell self discharge
• Standby current
• Cell Aging
• Must have full to empty learning cycles
• Must develop cell models that will vary with
cell maker
• Can count the charge leaving the battery,
but won’t know remaining charge without
complex models
• Models will become less accurate with age

27
TI Discrete Fuel Gauge vs PMU - Integrated
Coulomb Counter
TI Fuel Gauge PMU – Integrated coulomb
counter
Remaining Automatically Computed Requires host side algorithm and
Capacity extensive battery modeling
Run Time to Automatically Computed Requires host side algorithm
Empty

Compensation Yes Generally not known

for current
Compensation Yes Generally not known
for temperature
Compensation Yes Design with Conservative
for age approach, ―hidden unused capacity‖
Accuracy over Stay high accuracy – resistance is No, because algorithm is non-
age being learned during usage adaptive
Run Time Extended run time – high No
Increase accuracy so no need for
conservative design

TI Confidential - NDA Restrictions

Wireless Charging
Charge Qi Devices Wherever Your Day Takes You

30
Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)

 Industry wide standard for delivering wireless

power up to 5W
 Aimed to enable interoperability between
various charging pads and portable
devices
 Standard continues to gain traction with
increasing list of members (105+)
 Compatible devices will be marked with a Qi
logo and more…

31
Qi Devices Announced in the Market

LG Charging Pad

Sengfei’s Phone & Charging Pad

Mobile Products released with TI Wireless
Power Solutions Accessories
DROID INCREDIBLE 2 by HTC Rezound™ ThunderBolt™ by HTC Revolution™ by LG
HTC

DROID 3 by Motorola DROID CHARGE by DROID BIONIC by DROID by Motorola

Samsung Motorola

Pantech Breakout™ LTE Wireless

Charging Pad
by LG

33
Inductive Power System Overview
Power

5V System
AC to Voltage
Drivers Rectification Load /
DC Conditioning
Battery

Communication
V/I and Control
Controller
SNS

Communication / Feedback

Transmitter Receiver
bq50k + bq51K: Qi-Compliant Solution
Qi: Intelligent Control of
Inductively Coupled Power Transfer
• Power transmitted through shared
magnetic field I
– Transmit coil creates magnetic field z<D

– Magnetic field induces current in receiver coil

– Shielding material below TX and above RX coils
• Power transferred only when needed D
– Transmitter waits until its field has been perturbed
– Transmitter sends seek energy and waits for a digital
response
– If response is valid, power transfer begins
• Power transferred only at level needed
– Receiver constantly monitors power received and
delivered
– Transmitter adjusts power sent based on receiver
feedback
– If feedback is lost, power transfer stops
Factors Affecting Coupling Efficiency

Optimal operating distance

40% at 1 diameter

1% at 2.5 diameter

0.1% at 4 diameters

0.01% at 6 diameters
 Communication Basics
Analog Ping / Digital Ping / Startup
Analog Pings – no Analog Ping – object detected.
object detected Followed by subsequent Digital
Ping and initiation of
communications functions
TX COIL
VOLTAGE

Vertical Scale: 20V/div

Horizontal Scale: 200
mS/div
COMM
Switching Frequency Variation

• System operates near

resonance for improved
efficiency.

• Power control by changing Operating Point

the frequency, moving along

the resonance curve.

• Modulation using the power

transfer coils establishes the
communications.

• Feedback is transferred to
the primary as error. 80 KHz 100 KHz 120 KHz
WPC version 1.0 TX design freedom
• Tactical feedback or free positioning Guided Positioning
(Magnetic Attraction)
• Alignment or selection of coils
• Activation after detection
M

Free Positioning
Free Positioning (Coil
(Coil Array)
Array)

A Free Positioning
(Moving Coil)
y

23 November 2012
bqTesla System Efficiency Breakdown
Measured from DC input of Transmitter to DC output of Receiver
Tx Eff. Magnetics Eff. Rx Eff. System Efficiency

100%
RX Eff TX Eff
Magnetics Eff
90%

80%

70% System Eff

Efficiency (%)

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Output Power (W)

TI Confidential – Selective Disclosure 42

bqTESLA EVMs
bqTESLA Evaluation Modules

New

bq51013EVM-725
Qi-compliant coil used w/ EVM kit

40-mm x 30-mm x 0.75-mm

WPC Compliant Receiver Coil

WPC Compliant Transmitter Coil

bq51013 “form factor” demo PCB (PR1041)

5 x 15 mm footprint for all RX side circuitry

• Represents what an OEM would design into their actual end-product to
enable wireless power from a QI-compliant charging pad.
 bqTESLA™ Portfolio of
Wireless Power Solutions
• Easily Integrate Wireless Charging
into Portable Electronics

• TI Wireless Power Devices are Qi™

Compliant!

• Example Applications
• Phones, Tablets, E-readers
• Remote controls
• Digital cameras (still and video)
• Medical equipment
• Power tools and flashlights
• MP3 players
Shown here: • Toothbrushes
Media Tablet Wirelessly Charging with • Global positioning devices
Texas Instruments bqTESLA™ Wireless
• Automotive accessories
Power Solutions
46
Wireless Charging Options

Lowest Cost Free Positioning

(Single Coil) (Coil Array)

• 19Vin • 5Vin • 12Vin (or 5V w/ Boost)

• Half Bridge Drive • Full Bridge Drive • Half Bridge Drive
• Magnet • Magnet • No Magnet
• 18x18 Area • 18x18 Area • 70x20 Area
• WPC A1 Type • WPC A5 Type • WPC A6 Type

• bq500210 • bq500211 • bq500410

• Released Now • Released 2Q12 •To be released 3Q12
TI Wireless Power Forum
& Wireless Power Web Page
• TI E2E Community-Wireless Power
http://e2e.ti.com/support/power_management/wireless_power/default.aspx
• External Forum—available for
entire engineering community
• Ground Rules
– Keep the questions technical in nature,
good question your peers can benefit
from at a later date.
– One question per-post to make it
easer to search.
– Place P/N in Topic with description
of question again to make it easier to search.
– Do not ask pricing or deliver questions

• TI Wireless Power Web Page http://www.ti.com/wirelesspower

For technical specs & tutorials:
http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
Thank You!