HEAT TRANSFER A414

Tutorial – Chapter 1: Basic concepts

Wednesday 05/02/2020 Venue: K303

{Online quiz will remain open until 14h00 on Wed 12/02/2019}

Question 1
𝑑𝐸
First law of thermodynamics: 𝐸̇𝑖 − 𝐸̇𝑜 =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑇
A surface has no volume and therefore no mass and as such = 𝑚𝑐 = 0 and the first law
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
reduces to 𝐸̇𝑖 = 𝐸̇𝑜 .

Question 2

a) Conduction, convection and radiation.

b) All three are driven by temperature difference.
c) Conduction: physical contact between particles allows for transfer of energy from one
particle to another. Heat diffuses through medium.

Convection: invloves conduction from a solid surface to a fluid in contact with the surface
PLUS the bulk motion of the fluid that continually delivers “new” fluid to the surface.

Radiation: thermal energy is transferred by means of electomagnetic waves.

d) Conduction: occurs in solids, liquids and gases (although is typically in the form of
convection in liquids and gases due to the prevalance of bulk fluid motion) since all will
have physical contact between particles. Cannot occur in a vacuum due to absence of
matter.

Convection: occurs in liquids and gases due to the prerequiste of bulk fluid motion. Cannot
occur in a vacuum due to absence of particles.

Radiation: (when considered a surface phenomena) occurs between surfaces in liquids,

gases and vacuums since it is a wave phenomenon.

Question 3
a) From the higher temperature (external) to the lower temperature (internal).
∆𝑇
b) 𝑄̇ = 𝑘𝐴 = 966 𝑊
∆𝐿
𝑄̇ 𝑊
c) 𝑞 = = 34.5
𝐴 𝑚2
 ∆𝑇
d) Since 𝑞 = 𝑘 and so the temperature difference across the wall must stay the same
∆𝐿
regardless of the boundary conditions if the heat flux is fixed.

Question 4
∆𝑇
a) 𝑄̇ = ∑ 𝑄̇𝑖 = 4.8 𝑊 = 𝑘𝐴 ∴ ∆𝑇 = 0.042 ℃
∆𝑥
b) 𝑄̇ = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 − 𝑇∞ ) ∴ ℎ = 7.41 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝐾
∆𝑇
c) 𝑄̇ = 𝑘𝐴 so if Q decreases then either k must increase (use a more thermally conductive
∆𝑥
material) or Δx must decrease (use a thinner board).

Question 5
a) 𝑄̇ = 𝑉𝐼 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) ∴ ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 170.52 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
𝑊
b) ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 − ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 12 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞ )(𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇∞2 ) ∴ 𝜀 = 0.75
𝑚2 𝐾
{NB: radiation calculations require thermodynamic temperature i.e. Kelvin not °C}
c) Electrical insulation would add additional thermal resistance between the wire and the
environment and as such, for the same rate of heat generation, the wire surface
temperature would likely be higher as thermal losses would be reduced.

Question 6
a) 𝑞̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑞̇ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝛼𝑞̇ 𝑠𝑜𝑙 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
4
) ∴ 𝑇𝑠 = 375.3 𝐾
b) No. Increasing speed would assist with convection heat removal in the atmosphere but
since space is a vacuum there is no convection and increasing speed would do nothing.
c) Surface temperature is purely dependent on the incoming solar heat flux. The only way to
cool the surface is to move to a location where the solar heat flux is less (find a shadow).

Question 7