ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

TOPIC- Identify the use and wastage of water in a household. Explain ways to use water
effectively.

Paper 1 – Saving water to save the environment: contrasting the effectiveness of

environmental and monetary appeals in residential water saving intervention.

Margot S. Tijs, Johan C. Karremans, Harm Veling, Martijn A. de Lange, Puk van Meegeren
& René Lion (2017) Saving water to save the environment: contrasting the effectiveness of
environmental and monetary appeals in residential water saving intervention, Social
Influence, 12:2-3, 69-79, DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1333967

This article explores the two methods which can be used to persuade people to save water and
the effectiveness of both the methods. The first method is the Monetary appeal were in the
consumers are incentivised and told that by saving water, they will also save up on money.
The second appeal is the environment appeal wherein the consumers are explained the ill
effects of wasting water and why it is crucial to conserve water for the environment.

To test the effectiveness of environmental vs financial appeals on showering behaviour,

conducted a field experiment was conducted in which participants reported their showering
behaviour for two weeks. A few households were given the environmental booklet, and a few
were the given the monetary booklet. After the participants signed a consent form, a
measuring instrument was placed in their shower. This instrument helped to detect the
frequency of showers in that particular area. Two weeks later, the instruments were collected
from the participants' houses. The results were slightly mixed, however, after detailed and
critical analysis, they found that the households who had received the environmental booklet
were using the shower less frequently than the ones who received the monetary booklet.

This field experiment showed that the participants significantly reduced their showering
frequency following a persuasive environmental appeal, while a persuasive monetary appeal
did not affect showering behaviour much. By Using a varied combination of persuasive
techniques (i.e., commitment, goal setting, and prompts), along with several other previous
findings that have found environmental appeals to be more effective than monetary appeals

Why was the financial appeal not effective? Financial appeals may lead people to make a
deliberate cost-benefit analysis and will make them think whether they want to shower less
to save money? If the answer to this question is negative, a financial appeal will not be
effective. It can be seen that the financial gain that is associated with a lower frequency of
showering was not sufficiently motivated to reduce their frequency of showering , or may
even have lesser motivation to do so. Another potential explanation may be that some family
members such as children are not responsible for paying the monthly gas bill. They don't
know the cost of water. This explanation thus relates to the general idea that this
intervention appeals should be relevant to the goals and motivations of its targets.

Thus the reason the environmental appeal was more effective is that most of the people
understand the importance of conserving water and hence not reducing their frequency of
showering and not supporting this cause creates a sense of hypocrisy.

(Published online at https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/psif20)

Paper 2- Emotions towards water consumption: Conservation and wastage

de Miranda Coelho, Jorge Artur Peçanha Gouveia, Valdiney Veloso de Souza, Gustavo
Henrique Silva Milfont, Taciano Lemos Barros, Bruna Nogueira Romariz : Emotions towards
water consumption: Conservation and wastage DOI link to publisher maintained version:
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RLP.2015.09.006

This article contributes to the recognition of the role played by emotions by reporting two
case studies on the development and validation of a measure to access negative and positive
emotions regarding water wastage.

Water wastage, just like many other environmental problems, is caused by maladaptive
human behaviours, and thus, psychology has a vital role in its reduction. Therefore,
psychology in this context needs to take an active role, first knowing the reasons of the
behaviours that promote environmental quality for current and the future generations, and
then tracing intervention programs to ensure this goal.

The article spoke about emotions. It stated how Emotion is a broad concept; it implies
physiological activation; emotions are linked to expressive behaviours and, are linked to
conscious experience, and have a central role in many human activities. Emotions are also
subjective feelings, making an individual feel in a particular way, such as angry or sad.

Positive and negative emotions enhance pro-environmental behaviours under normative

criteria that guide its driving. For example, negative emotions associated with fear mainly
found in risky situations, such as floods or lack of water results in reactive actions (e.g., store
water to meet possible rationing or emergencies; adapt the course of house construction to
face floods; or change address). In contrast, negative emotions without fear association
(specifically the emphasis on guilt) imply proactive actions (e.g., participate in water reuse
programs --- for household adaptations, such as the washing machine or toilet flushing).

The two experiments conducted were surveys were different demographics were targeted and
asked questions like "Does it bother me when someone stays in the shower for too long."
"Do I Sometimes stop what I am doing to turn off a dripping tap." Several questions like
these tried to understand the mindset and the psychology behind why humans would
wastewater and thus the conclusion that emotions and water wastage are interlinked can be
justified. Despite the fact that most environmentally-related studies have focused on a
rational cognitive approach in explaining pro-environmental behaviour, there is a growing
need for the recognition of the role of emotions as predictors of environmental engagement.

In order to foster water conservation, it is important to understand the psychological

determinants of individuals’ intentions to not waste this essential resource. By understanding
the psychological determination

(This article is published at https://www.elsevier.com/en-in)

Paper 3- ACCELERATING SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE WATER STEWARDSHIP

Khalid, I., Batool, S., & Khaver, A. (2018). Water and the Private sector: ACCELERATING
SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE WATER STEWARDSHIP & COLLECTIVE ACTION
(pp. 8-11, Rep.). Sustainable Development Policy Institute. doi:10.2307/resrep24400.5

Water is known as the elixir of life and it is rightly said that the human race will not be able
to survive without this elixir. Worldwide there have been attempts made to conserve this
resource and thus to mitigate the wastage of water, they came up with water stewardship.

Water stewardship is an action-based business approach to deal with water scarcity issues. It
also focuses on engaging with all the boundary partners such as NGO’s, the government
organisations and several other involved organisations for sustainable water management. An
essential element which makes this process effective is that it starts with the understanding of
water risks, taking actions to address it and then advocating and reaching out to other
stakeholders to promote the concept of ‘shared responsibility.’
The Alliance for Water Stewardship has defined water stewardship as the use of water that is
socially equitable, environmental, sustainable, and economically beneficial, achieved through
inclusive stakeholder process that involves site and several catchment-based activities.

The three keen stages to this water stewardship program are measuring footprints and
engaging the necessary stakeholders, this step involves the inventory of current programs and
projects, water footprint that is enterprise-wide and supply chain products and Stakeholder
mapping.
The next step is then evaluating the risks and opportunities which involves mapping risks that
are both direct and indirect, alignment with other resource issues, map water opportunities
and value and prioritise the issue and establish goals.
The final step is to execute the program. This step involves reducing footprint and offset
Water innovation and technology investment, brand and reputation management, reporting,
disclosure and governance and policy engagement.

The article explores the Food and beverage and industries and states that Food and Beverage
industries have been at the front of water stewardship, through its Sustainable Living Plan
and is taking a lot of efforts to lessen its business environmental impacts through reducing the
water usage per consumer for the usage of company’s product, for example, in laundry
process and water abstraction for manufacturing. In another water stewardship initiative,
PepsiCo, is partnering with stakeholders in developing countries such as China, India, Mali,
Brazil, Colombia and other Latin American countries to provide access to safe water to
marginalised communities through different initiatives related to water conservation,
distribution and purification.

(This article is published on http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep24400.5)