Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Environmental awareness proves important for several reasons; it fosters a

sense of connection to the natural world, promotes sustainable development and

encourages conservation of irreplaceable natural resources and vulnerable plant

and animal species.

In year 2007, a survey was conducted in the Sultanate of Oman in order to

evaluate the current environmental awareness of the Omani general public and

their willingness to protect the environment. The focus of the survey was to

explore the role played by demographic factors (sex, age, and education level) in

determining the environmental awareness of the Omani public. The survey was

administered to 425 respondents among all areas of the entire Muscat

governorate in Oman.

The results of the survey revealed that the environmental awareness of the

Omani public was related to gender, age, and education level. Males were found

to have a higher level of knowledge about environmental issues than females.

Males were also more environmentally concerned and tended to engage in more

environmental behaviours than females. Younger and more educated

respondents tended to be more knowledgeable and concerned about the

environment than older and less educated respondents.

 In conclusion, the best way to break bad practices is to cultivate good

practices and childhood is the best time for that as children are receptive

to all influences. Therefore school sanitation and hygiene education have

been given prominence in the Total Sanitation Campaign, which

recognizes the role of children in absorbing and popularizing new ideas

and concepts

This program intends to tap their potential as the most persuasive advocates of

good sanitation practices in their own schools, households and community. It is

better to start good practices for the betterment of the environment at a young

age so that people can grow developed minds that are aware of the

surroundings.

Improvements in environmental knowledge were uncorrelated with the children's

socioeconomic status, whereas improvements in local environmental awareness

appeared only among students living in high socioeconomic neighbourhoods

The study by Lianne Fisman, The Effects of Local Learning on Environmental

Awareness in Children: An Empirical. Developing environmental facts were

uncorrelated children’s socioeconomic status, reveals different kinds of aspect in

terms of environmental awareness behaviour.

In addition, the economic situation and pro-environmental efforts initiated by the

government were found to have an impact on certain aspects of hoteliers’

attitudes and actions.

The society status and environmental friendly established by the authorities have

seen the affect of the given phase of hoteliers’ behaviour. That helped the

environment.

There is still very limited awareness of the nature of the threat. This is an era

of specialists, each of whom sees his own problem and is unaware of or

intolerant of the larger frame into which it fits. There is less knowledge of

being mindful to the effects on the nature of how endangered it already is.

People only care of what interests them.

There is the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance

of sanitary conditions. Keeping things clean while thinking of hygiene and the

betterment of the state of the person or place.

Finding enough resources to provide for the needs of all people is only a part

of the challenge we now face. Protecting the environment from harmful

 wastes is another part. We need to sacrifice for the things we are willing to

trade for a better environment.

It refers to measure developed to protect people from infection and disease

by safeguarding the quality of their air, water, land and food. Cleaning will

reduce the risks of having health problems.

The word clean is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as to be free

from dirt

or pollution, free from contamination or disease, free or relatively free from

radiation.

Imagine if our environment is clean; we can also be free from what have been

stated

(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary.com)

As Dictionary.com revealed to us the meaning of Peer Pressure is sated as;

Social pressure by members of one's peer group to take certain

Actions, adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted.

(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/peer-pressure?s=t)

The importance within each other is valuable to help each other care for our

environment.
 First, I argue that external pressure to behave responsibly towards the

environment- which has increased dramatically over recent decades-

exacerbates the punishment for eco-harmful behaviour and reduces the

reward for eco-friendly initiatives.

our nature gets damaged due to our actions that people need to be liable of.

People forgot to think about recycling and reuse which causes harm to the

environment.

(amj.aom.org/content 156/3/758.short)

Taking care of our environment is for all ages to have discipline upon our

surroundings sharing our knowledge with a group of party specially some political

way to spread knowledge from corner to corner. Our environment is part of us.

Act now for future because our future is created of what we do today not

tomorrow.

(http://www.pachamama.org/environmenttal-awareness)

Cruz (2017) conducted a study on students’ environmental awareness and

practices in Sta. Elena high school, Philippines. She found out that students

sometimes do tasks that were advantageous to the environment such as

recycling, energy conservation, and joining school environmental clubs. Results

also indicate that even though environmental programs were given to students,

some failed to follow basic rules in taking care of the environment.

Constant guidance from parents and integration of environmental awareness of

teachers were recommended

(mindamas-journals.com/index.php/mimbardik/view/793/0

High school students' environmental knowledge and attitudes were assessed

from a questionnaire administered before and after exposure to a 10-day

environmental science course. Students' environmental knowledge scores

increased by 22% after they completed the environmental science course. In

addition, students' environmental attitudes became more environmentally

favorable. A statistically significant correlation was found between pretest

knowledge scores and pretest attitude scores and between posttest knowledge

scores and posttest attitude scores. In both cases, students having higher

knowledge scores had more favorable environmental attitudes compared with

students with lower knowledge scores.

Results indicated significant differences in both knowledge gain and attitudes of

students after exposure. Ignorance to the situation is the cause of destruction, so

if one doesn’t know, one won’t be aware of the effects of the actions they do.

(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00958969909601873?src=recsys)

"Pollution, which is at the root of many diseases and disorders that plague

humankind, is entirely preventable."

The source of ailment of the people can be averted from pollution through

exposure of the environment’s state that would possibly make them realize what

they’re doing to it.

(https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171020182513.htm)

global warming that is caused by the ignorance and carelessness of humans

caused the sites of the natural world heritages to be damaged. For the past 3

years until now, sixty two percent of the risk of global warming had doubled.

(https//www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/13/from-the-everglades-to-

kilimanjaro-climate-change-is-destroying-world-wonders)

Recycling is good for the health of the environment. Teaching the students

to reduce trash is going to make the world a better place. (Angelie Flor B.

Samiling 2014-2015)

Let’s accept the truth within ourselves that we don’t mind about our environment.

Some people advocate valuing our environment. But actually the environment

itself doesn’t care of what we do. (Caloy Libosada , 2016)

In every action we make. Other people are watching us. It affects our attitude in

our decision making. Connecting this to our environment and sanitation

practices; some influenced people will react next. Its either the action was

environmental friendly or not. (Gerard G. Adaro, Ric Angelo P. Ang, Charles Glo

P. Gaviola, Rupert Jay B. Mangibunong, Karl David G. Razonable, 2015)

There is less knowledge of being mindful to the effects on the nature of how

endangered it already is. People only care of what interests them. (Rachel

Carson , 2002)

Keeping things clean while thinking of hygiene and the betterment of the state

of the person or place. (2011)

We need to sacrifice for the things we are willing to trade for a better

environment. (Waste that harm the Environment , 2008)

Cleaning will reduce the risks of having health problems (the new book of

knowledge, 2008)
1.0 Influence really has a great impact on younger ages. As what is said

above, “younger and more educated respondents tended to be more

knowledgeable and concerned” this is because they are aware of what

their parents are doing and they decide to act up upon it.

(Human Ecological Risk Assessment: International Journal, 2015)

2.0 It is better to start good practices for the betterment of the environment at

a young age so that people can grow developed minds that are aware of

the surroundings.

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC288947/)

2.1 To overcome proper exercise for our environment begins with

older people, with their actions that impact the younger people

influences them to do the same thing.

(https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-environmental-awareness)
 2.2 Results showed that increasing in age and levels of education have

effect on increasing of environmental awareness and attitude

(Aminrad, Z., Sayed Zakaria, S. Z. B., & Hadi, A. S. , 2011)

2.3 Therefore to overcome proper exercise for our environment begins

with older people, with their actions that impact the younger people

influences them to do the same thing. In relation to the paragraphs above,

age groups were divided in 3 categories (17-25, 26-40, >40) and

educational groups were included. They were assessed using the Likret

scale for environmental attitude and multichoice with an option for

environmental awareness. Results revealed that there is statistical

significance the effect of age on overall environmental awareness for all

the three levels of education groups

Results showed that increasing in age and levels of education have effect

on increasing of environmental awareness and attitude.

3.0 The study by Lianne Fisman, The Effects of Local Learning on

Environmental Awareness in Children: An Empirical. Developing environmental

facts were uncorrelated children’s socioeconomic status, reveals different kinds

of aspect in terms of environmental awareness behaviour.

(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JOEE.36.3.39-50)
3.1 Pope Francis observed that the ecology within wealthy and financially

unstable is breakable through criticism of human standards. Fresh paradigm

configuration control of technology is human evolvement. The importance of

truthfulness, liability of foreign and local rules that must done can make new

civilization (environews.ph/climate-change/five-key-points-on-pope-francis-

encyclical-on-the-environment-matters/)

3.2 The society status and environmental friendly established by the authorities

have seen the affect of the given phase of hoteliers’ behaviour. That helped the

environment.

(Paulina Bohdanowicz , 2005)

3.3 A study has conducted by Chan et al (2014) on modelling environmental

knowledge and ecological behaviour to 385 employees from the different hotels

in Hong Kong. The study that the independent variable environmental knowledge

positively influenced is the dependent ecological behaviour.

(journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/109634801550873)

3.4 To overcome proper exercise for our environment begins with older people,

with their actions that impact the younger people influences them to do the same

thing.

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-environmental-awareness