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Stifness Modifier
Stifness Modifier
eismic building design has typically modifiers recommended by domestic and inter-
been based on results from conventional national publications for a variety of building
linear analysis techniques. This type of components. A literature review of codes, stan-
Analysis
analysis is a challenge for the design dards, and research articles is provided, along
of reinforced concrete because the material is with a brief summary of the key assumptions
composite and displays nonlinear behavior that made in each document. Effective stiffness
is dictated by the complex interaction between parameters for flexural and shear stiffness are
its components – the reinforcing steel and the summarized in the Table for easy comparison.
discussing problems, solutions,
concrete matrix. Simplifying the behavior of
idiosyncrasies, and applications reinforced concrete components, so they can be
of various analysis methods modeled using a linear-elastic analysis approach,
Domestic Codes
is vital to our ability to effectively design rein- A summary of a variety of documents, which were
forced concrete structures. published domestically and are typically used
Modeling of concrete structural elements using by structural engineers in the United States, is
linear analysis to extract a reasonable structural included below. Note that the recommendations
response typically involves modifying the stiff- provided in each document
® correlate to specific
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ness of concrete structural elements. However, return periods or hazard events, or specific levels
this method presents its challenges, including of applied loading. Some recommendations are
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the following: independent of loading.
• Effective stiffness is a function of the
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ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for
applied loading ht and detailing
yrig Structural Concrete
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of the component. Reinforced
Effective Stiffness for concrete components behave ACI 318-11 is referenced by the 2012 International
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differently under different Building Code (IBC). Sections 8.8.1 through 8.8.3
Modeling Reinforced
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loading conditions (e.g. tension, provide guidelines for effective stiffness values to
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as different rates of loading loading. In general, 50% of the stiffness based
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(impact, short term, long term). on gross section properties can be utilized for
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• Applying stiffness modifiers can be any element, or stiffness can be calculated in
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A Literature Review an iterative process since the assumed accordance with Section 10.10.4.1. ACI 318-14
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stiffness of reinforced concrete elements in contains similar recommendations for stiffness
By John-Michael Wong, Ph.D., S.E.,
Angie Sommer, S.E., Katy Briggs, S.E., m
a structural analysis model influences the
dynamic characteristics of the structure,
modifiers reformatted in Section 6.6.3.
Section 10.10.4, Elastic Second Order Analysis,
and Cenk Ergin, P.E. which, in turn, changes the results of the provides both a table of effective stiffness values
analysis and the effective stiffness. independent of load level and equations to derive
Seismology Concrete Subcommittee of
• Schedule demands pressure engineers to stiffness based on loading and member proper-
the Structural Engineers Association
simplify the design process further, leading ties. Commentary Section R10.10.4.1 explains
of Northern California (SEAONC)
to only one stiffness modifier per element that these recommendations are based on a series
type applied to many analytical elements. of frame tests and analyses, and include an allow-
This may be significantly inaccurate for a ance for the variability of computed deflections
number of reasons, including: (MacGregor and Hage, 1977).
o Analysis models can be very sensitive
ASCE/SEI 41-13, Seismic Evaluation and
to the stiffness of a single element,
Retrofit of Existing Buildings
(e.g. backstay effects due to at-grade
concrete diaphragms or stiff podium Table 10-5 of ASCE 41-13 provides effective
structures in a tall building). stiffness values to be used with linear procedures.
o Certain types of elements may have Section 10.3.1.2.1 states that these may be used
varying stiffnesses due to loading and instead of computing the secant value to the yield
location. For example, a multi-story point of the component, which is independent of
column in a tall building will have a the force level applied to the component.
higher stiffness at the base compared to ASCE 41 differentiates between columns with
the roof. an axial load greater or less than 0.1*Ag*f'c and
o The design may warrant the refers to Elwood and Eberhard (2009) for further
consideration of multiple ground guidance regarding calculation of the effective
motion return periods, such as stiffness of reinforced concrete columns.
a service-level earthquake and a Future editions of ASCE 41 will use ACI 369
Maximum Considered Event (MCE) as the source document for concrete buildings.
earthquake, each with a unique set of The next revision, ACI 369-17, is anticipated
stiffness properties. to be published with ASCE 41-17 and will
This article aids the structural engineer by include improved stiffness provisions based on
providing a summary of the range of stiffness current research.
18 January 2016
Figure 1- Property Modifiers for Modeling of Concrete Buildings
Figureof1-stiffness
Table Property Modifiersfor
assumptions formodeling
Modelingconcrete
of Concrete Buildings
structures. Property Modifier for Modeling Elements
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Conventional flat plates and flat
Conventional flat
slabsplates and flat 0.25Ig See 10.4.4.2
0.25Ig
See 10.4.4.2
n/a n/a (9) (9)
slabs 0.50Ig
0.50Ig 0.25Ig
0.25Ig 0.50Ig
0.50Ig n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.25Ig 0.25Ig
0.50Ig 0.50Ig n/a n/a
Slabs Post tensioned
tensionedflatflatplates
platesand
and
Slabs Post
n/an/a See
See 10.4.4.2
10.4.4.2 n/a n/a n/a n/a
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flatslabs
flat slabs
In-planeShear
In-plane Shear n/an/a n/an/a n/a n/a 0.25Ag 0.80Ag
0.25Ag 0.80Ag n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
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Notes
Notes (5)(5) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (3) (3) (7) (7)
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Notes
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DefinitionsDefinitions
(1)Non-linear
(1) Non-linear fiber elements
elementsautomatically
automaticallyaccount
accountforfor
cracking
crackingof of
concrete because
concrete the the
because concrete fibers
concrete havehave
fibers zero zero
tension stiffness.
tension stiffness. Ig = GrossIgmoment
= Grossof moment
inertia of inertia
(2)Elastic
(2) Elastic modulus
modulus maymay be
be computed
computedusing
usingexpected
expected material strengths.
material strengths. L = Clear span of coupling beam
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L = Clear span of coupling beam
(3) µ is ductility capacity.
(3) µ is ductility capacity. H = HeightHof=coupling
Height ofbeam
coupling beam
(4)Wall
(4) Wall stiffness
stiffness is
is intended
intendedfor forin-plane
in-planewall
wallbehavior.
behavior. Pu = Factored
Pu =axial load axial load
Factored
(5)ACI
ACI 318-11
318-11 Section
Section 8.8 Ag = Ac = AgGross (uncracked) area
8.8 (ACI
(ACI318-14,
318-14,Section
Section6.6) permits thethe
assumption of 0.50Ig for all
forelements under factored laterallateral
load analysis.
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(5) 6.6) permits assumption of 0.50Ig all elements under factored load analysis. = Ac = Gross (uncracked) area
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(6) TS 500-2000 specifies the use of 0.4Ig for Pu/Ac/f'c < 0.1 and the use of 0.8Ig for Pu/Ac/f'c > 0.4; interpolate for all values in between 0.1 and 0.4. f'c = Compressive strength of concrete
(6) TS 500-2000 specifies the use of 0.4Ig for Pu/Ac/f'c < 0.1 and the use of 0.8Ig for Pu/Ac/f'c > 0.4; interpolate for all values in between 0.1 and 0.4. f'c = Compressive strength of concrete
(7) T and L beams should use recommended values of 0.35 Ig. For columns, categories are P = 0.2 f'c Ag and P = -0.05 f'c Ag Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
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(7) T and L beams should use recommended values of 0.35 Ig. For columns, categories are P = 0.2 f'c Ag and P = -0.05 f'c Ag Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
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(8) Shear stifness properties are unmodified unless specifically noted otherwise. fy = Yield stress of reinforcing steel
(8) Shear stifness properties are unmodified unless specifically noted otherwise. fy = Yield stress of reinforcing steel
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(9) Effective stiffness per equation. See reference for more information. MPa = Megapascals
(9) Effective stiffness per equation. See reference for more information. MPa = Megapascals
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(10) Note that G = 0.4*I, so ASCE 41-13 is recommending that a modifier of 1.0 be used for the shear stiffness of concrete shear walls; that is, they recommmend no reduction in shear stiffness. Aw = Horizontal area
(10) Note that G = 0.4*I, so ASCE 41-13 is recommending that a modifier of 1.0 be used for the shear stiffness of concrete shear walls; that is, they recommmend no reduction in shear stiffness. Aw = Horizontal area
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based on moment-to-shear ratio and yield rota-
International Codes tion, which can be used for determination of a As shown in the Table (page 19) and dis-
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more accurate effective stiffness. Both ultimate cussed above, different standards and codes
and Other References level and serviceability level loads are addressed provide varying guidelines for modifying
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A summary of a variety of documents pub- in Eurocode 8 for rlinear
igh and nonlinear analysis.
t the stiffness of reinforced concrete elements.
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lished outside of the United States, is included Cop When performing a structural analysis, it
Turkish Standard
below. Note that the recommendations pro- is useful to review multiple codes and stan-
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vided in each document correlate to specific Turkish TS 500-2000 refers to the Turkish dards to determine the effective stiffnesses
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return periods or hazard events, or specific Earthquake Code (2007), which states that of elements. The information derived from
levels of applied loading, and some recom- uncracked properties shall be used for com-
i n multiple sources may reveal a more accurate
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mendations are independent of loading. ponents when performing certain types of method of analysis for the particular structure
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analyses. However, stiffness modifiers for the designer is currently assessing. Because
New Zealand Standard
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cracked section properties may be utilized
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the effective stiffnesses of reinforced concrete
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NZS 3101: Part 2 (2006 Edition) states for beams framing into walls in their own elements can have significant effects on the
that effective stiffness in concrete members a
plane and for coupling beams of coupled results of structural analysis, it is prudent for
is influenced by the amount and distribu-
tion of reinforcement, the extent of cracking, m
structural walls when performing these types
of analyses. Cracked section properties must
the designer to understand the appropriate
modification factors and, in some cases, run
tensile strength of the concrete, and initial be used for the analysis of existing structures. multiple analyses using upper- and lower-
conditions in the member before structural Cracked section properties may also be used bound stiffness modification factors.▪
actions are applied. when performing advanced analyses.
To simplify the complex analysis that would
Paulay and Priestley (1992), Seismic John-Michael Wong, Ph.D., S.E., is an
be required to address these factors, the stan-
Design of Reinforced Concrete and Associate at KPFF in San Francisco,
dard lists recommended effective stiffnesses
Masonry Buildings California. He has served on the
for different members, similar to U.S. codes.
SEAONC Concrete Subcommittee
However, the level of loading used in NZS Paulay and Priestley provide recommenda-
since 2014 and can be reached at
3101 differs from U.S. codes. The ultimate tions for stiffness modifiers for cracked concrete
john-michael.wong@kpff.com.
limit state earthquake for a typical struc- frame members and shear walls. In their discus-
ture (importance level 2) is based on a 10% sion of stiffness modifiers for frame members, Angie Sommer, S.E., is an Associate at
probability of exceedance in 50 years for they emphasize the inherent approximation in ZFA Structural Engineers in San Francisco,
a structure with a 50-year design life. The the use of stiffness modifiers. California. She has served on the SEAONC
ultimate limit state earthquake for a structure Recommendations for frame stiffness are Concrete Subcommittee since 2014 and can
with an importance level of 4 is based on a provided in Table 4.1 (Pauley and Priestley). be contacted at angiesommer@gmail.com.
2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The authors note that the column stiffness
Katy Briggs, S.E., is a Principal at BASE
The serviceability limit state earthquake for should be a function of the axial load, with the
Design in San Francisco, California. She is
all structures is based on an annual prob- permanent gravity load taken as 1.1 times the
the current chair of the SEAONC Concrete
ability of exceedance equal to one in 25 for dead load plus the axial load resulting from
Subcommittee and the vice-chair of the
a structure with a 50-year design life. seismic overturning effects. For the analy-
SEAONC Seismology Committee. She can
sis of concrete wall structures, the authors
Canadian Standards Association Design be reached at katy@basedesigninc.com.
recommend the use of component-specific
of Concrete Structures
equations to determine their effective stiffness. Cenk Ergin, P.E., is a Senior Design
CSA A23.4-14 provides recommended stiff- Engineer at Gilbane in Concord,
Priestley, Calvi, and Kowalsky (2007),
ness modification factors in Section 10.14.1.2. California. He is past chair of the
Displacement-Based Seismic Design
These factors are provided to determine the SEAONC Concrete Subcommittee. He can
first-order lateral story deflections based on Priestley, Calvi, and Kowalsky conclude be contacted at cergin@gilbaneco.com.
an elastic analysis. The Canadian Standards that the stiffness of a member is related
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9. Paulay, T. and M.J.N. Priestley (1992). Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
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Masonry Buildings. Wiley Interscience.
10. Elwood, K. J. & Eberhard, M. O. (2006). Effective Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete
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Columns, Research Digest Nº 2006-1. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center
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PEER. University of California at Berkeley. USA. yrig
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11. MacGregor, J.G. and S.E. Hage (1977). “Stability Analysis and Design of Concrete
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Frames” Proceedings of ASCE, Vol. 103, No. ST10.
12. ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, Michigan. USA
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13. Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (2015). “An Alternative
Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Located in the
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Los Angeles Region.” 2014 edition with 2015 supplements. Available online:
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www.tallbuildings.org
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14. Priestley, Calvi and Kowalsky (2007), Displacement Based Design of Structures, IUSS
Press; 1st Edition
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15. Moehle, J.P., J.D. Hooper, and C.D. Lubke (2008). Seismic Design of Reinforced
Concrete Special Moment Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers, NEHRP Seismic
Design Technical Brief No. 1, NIST GCR 8-917-1, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.