Organic Chemistry

1 1 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 9
Define

INTRODUCTION
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• OrganicChemistryisthe studyof carboncompounds.

• Mostof these compoundsalsocontainhydrogenandotherelements.
• Organiccompoundsare sometimescalledascarboncompounds.
• Manyorganiccompoundsoccurnaturally, andmanyare made byman.

FACTS:
All living things contain organic compounds.
 Alkanes
T Y P E S O F
H Y D R O C A R B O N S

1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C

What are alkanes?

*** A saturated
hydrocarbon is an • Saturated hydrocarbons -
organic compound
which contains • Contain single bonds between carbon atoms,
hydrogen and
carbon as well as
i.e. – C – C –
single carbon- • Have the general formula CnH2n+2
carbon bonds only
 CnH2n+2

Naming Alkanes
n Chemical Name
(Molecular Formula)

1 Methane CH4

2 Ethane C2 H6

3 Propane C3 H8

4 Butane C4H10

5 Pentane C5H12

6 Hexane C6H14

7 Heptane C7H16

8 Octane C8H18

9 Nonane C9H20
10 Decane C10H22
Structural Formula
ALKANES
In alkanes, all carbon atoms
forms a single bond with another
carbon atom.

H H H H H H
H C H H C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H
Methane Ethane Propane
 Properties
PHYSICAL

ALKANES
• Low melting point
and boiling point
• Insoluble in water
• Cannot conduct
electricity
Trends
ALKANES
As you go down the series...

•Melting point and

boiling point increase.
•Density increases.
•Solubility in inorganic
solvent decreases.
•Viscosity increases.
•Flammability decreases.
 n Chemical Name CnH2n+2
(Molecular Formula)

1 Methane CH4
The first four 2 Ethane C2 H6
are gases
3 Propane C3 H8

4 Butane C4H10

5 Pentane C5H12

6 Hexane C6H14

The next 13 are 7 Heptane C7H16

liquids 8 Octane C8H18

9 Nonane C9H20
10 Decane C10H22
Then the rest
are solids
 Properties
CHEMICAL

ALKANES

• Alkanes are unreactive and do

not react with most chemicals.
•However, they undergo reactions
like combustion and substitution
reaction with chlorine.
 Combustion
METHANE
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + H2O
ETHANE
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
PROPANE
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

In an insufficient supply of oxygen, combustion will be incomplete, thus producing carbon monoxide and carbon soot.
 Substitution Reaction
• A substitution reaction is a reaction in which one or more
atoms of an organic compound are replaced with one
or more other atoms.
• When alkanes react with chlorine in the
1. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
presence of UV light, they undergo
substitution reactions in which the 2. CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl
hydrogen atoms are replaced
by chlorine atoms.
3. CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl
4. CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl
 Alkenes
T Y P E S O F
H Y D R O C A R B O N S

1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C

What are alkenes?

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons -
• Contain double bond between carbon atoms,
i.e. – C = C –
• Have the general formula CnH2n
 CnH2n

Naming Alkenes
n Chemical Name
(Molecular Formula)

2 Ethene C2 H4

3 Propene C3 H6

4 Butene C4 H8

5 Pentene C5H10

6 Hexene C6H12

7 Heptene C7H14

8 Octene C8H16

9 Nonene C9H18

10 Decene C10H20
Structural Formula
ALKENES
In alkenes, carbon atoms
forms a double bond with another
carbon atom.

H H H
H C C H C C C H
H H H H H
Ethane Propane
 Properties
PHYSICAL

ALKENES

• Low boiling point

• Insoluble in water
 n Chemical Name CnH2n
(Molecular Formula)

2 Ethene C2 H4
The first three
are gases 3 Propene C3 H6

4 Butene C4 H8

5 Pentene C5H10

6 Hexene C6H12

7 Heptene C7H14
The next 12 are
liquids 8 Octene C8H16

9 Nonene C9H18

10 Decene C10H20
Then the rest
are solids
 Properties
CHEMICAL

• Alkenes are more reactive

than alkanes. They undergo
addition reactions as they
ALKENES
are unsaturated compounds.

• Alkenes are considered

unsaturated because alkenes have
5 reactions alkenes undergo: C = C. Thus, other atoms can be
1. Combustion added at that point to to reduce
2. Addition of Bromine (Bromination)
3. Addition of Hydrogen (Hydrogenation) the bonding to a carbon-carbon
4. Addition of Steam (Hydration) single bond.
5. Polymerisation
Combustion
ETHENE
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Addition Reaction
BROMINATION

A solution of bromine water is added

to the substance and then shaken. If.
The substance is an alkene, the
reddish brown color of the bromine
will become colorless.

C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

 Addition Reaction HYDROGENATION

An addition reaction is a reaction in Hydrogenation is the process where

which molecules join together to form alkenes undergo addition reactions
a single molecule. with hydrogen to produce alkanes.

C2H4 + H2 → C2H6
In order for hydrogenation to occur, the temperature should be 200◦C. Nickel is also used as a catalyst.
 Margarine
MANUFACTURE OF

• One use of hydrogenation is the manufacture of margarine

from unsaturated vegetable oils.
• Vegetable oils are polyunsaturated because they contain
many C=C bonds.
FACTS:
Saturated fats are actually bad for
• Margarine is formed by the addition of hydrogen to
our body, whereas unsaturated vegetable oils. Because of the additional hydrogen atoms,
fats are beneficial to us. The
reason why saturated fats are
the margarine molecules have a greater relative molecular
added is because they make food mass, and margarine is a solid at room temperature.
taste better.
Addition Reaction
HYDRATION

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

Alcohols are produced when alkenes react with steam
Polymerisation Polymerisation is a reaction in which
thousands of identical alkene molecules join
together to form one big molecule.

H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C + C C + C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H

C C + C C + C C C C

H H H H H H H H n
 Alkynes
T Y P E S O F
H Y D R O C A R B O N S

1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C

What are alkynes?

• Alkyne are carbon compounds

containing carbon – carbon triple
bond.
 CnH2n-2

Naming Alkenes
n Chemical Name
(Molecular Formula)

2 Ethyne C2 H2

3 Propyne C3 H4

4 Butyne C4 H6

5 Pentyne C5 H8

6 Hexyne C6H10

7 Heptyne C7H12

8 Octyne C8H14

9 Nonyne C9H16

10 Decyne C10H18
Structural Formula
ALKENES
In alkenes, carbon atoms
forms a triple bond with another
carbon atom.

H
H C C H H C C C H
Ethyne Propyne H