NCIDNNOÞG

ldI
EÁVECI
PCIÅ]ONA _ JDKDECGÅA 

ORQTODVMC
DMO]CVD^

^oivoga E. Vceagc (ncep.) | Aeåinar ^aias Crcñc

Naeoia
Naeoia \ciidgwdomdr
\ciidgwdo mdr | Bavodr
Bavodr Naimdrþg
Naimdrþg Nastoiic
Nastoi ic | Fárfara
Fárfara Dstdr
Dstdr
 Av
 Ava Kþe
Kþedz dz Ma
Maza | Aragt
Aragtxa
xa ]oram
]oramc
c | Kocrma
ocrmagaga Kar
Karnnåa ^c
^cbc

-IA[LAVD
Kudrra bumonoai y gdciofdraiosec
dg Aeïrona Iatoga

PVÞICKC MD D. VAÒI RALLAVCGO

 ^OI\OGA E.
VCEAGC
(ncepoiamcra).

Nccrmogamcra md ia Tgomam md
 Agáiosos
 Agáiosos Kdcpci
Kdcpciåton
åtonc
c mdi
mdi Ndgtrc
Ndgtrc
Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md
Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak).
Ogvdstokamcra Ambugta mdi
Ncgsdbc Ganocgai md
Ogvdstokanocgds Nodgtålonas y
]ïngonas (Ncgondt) dg di Ogstotutc
md Dstumocs md Aeïrona Iatoga y
di Narofd (iïaid) md ia Tgovdrsomam
md Fudgcs Aords. Mcntcra
Mcntcr a dg
dg
Nodgnoa Pciåtona pcr di Ndgtrc md
Dstumocs Avagzamcs md ia
Tgovdrsomam Ganocgai md Nþrmcfa
(TGN)8 iondgnoama dg Jostcroa y
iondgnoama dg Nceugonanoþg
^cnoai pcr ia TGN.

Dgtrd sus iågdas md trafabc

mdstanag dstumocs scfrd kudrra
psonciþkona, asostdgnoa para di
mdsarrciic y mdecnranoa dg ias
rdianocgds md DD. TT. ncg
 Aeïron
 Aeïrona a Iatog
Iatoga.
a.
Iawlard
Kudrra
Kudrra bumonoai y gdciofdraiose
gdciof draiose c
dg Ae ïro na Iatoga
Iato ga
 Iawlard
Kudrr
Kudrraa bumonoai
bu monoai y gdciofdraios ec
dg Ae ïron a Iatog
Iat ogaa
Prþickc md D. Vaòi Rallarcgo

^oivoga E. Vceagc (ncep.)

 Ae
 A e åin
åi n a r ^ a ias
ia s Crcñ
Cr cñcc
Naeoia \ciidgw
\ciidgw domdr
Bavodr Naimdrþg Nastoiic Nastoiic
Fárfara Dstdr
 Ava
 Av a K þ e d z M aza az a
 Ar
 A r a g t x a ] oram
or amcc
Kocrmaga Karnåa ^cbc
© ^oivoga E. Vceagc (ncepoiamcra)
© Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak), 601?
 www.n
 ww w.ndia
diak.c
k.crk
rk
© Eáreci/Ozquodrmc Dmotcrds
 \ånt
 \ åntcr
cr Eartåg
Ea rtågdz
dz 66=, (N1=0<
(N1= 0<NM
NML)
L)
Noumam Autþgcea md Fudgcs AordsAords
Naiid Amdiagtamc 1=, (=100?) ^dvoiia

© ]arajueara ^I., Eáreci/Ozquodrmc Dmotcrds

Naiid Ágkdi 1=, (6:004) Eamrom
 www.t
 ww w.tara
araju
juea
earai
raiofr
ofrcs.n
cs.nce
ce

Nccrmoganoþg dmotcroai2 Kuoiidrec Ckiodtto

Dmonoþg y ncrrdnnoþg2
ncrrdnnoþg2 Kocrmaga Karnåa ^cbc
Mosdñc md tapa2 Tgomam md Mosdñc NDIAK
Mosdñc md ogtdrocr y moakraeanoþg2 Tgomam md Mosdñc NDIAK

O^FG Dspaña2 ?;:-:=-?><0=1-?-<

]cmcs ics mdrdnjcs rdsdrvamcs.
Gogkuga partd md dsta pufionanoþg pudmd sdr rdprcmunoma sog
pdreosc dsnrotc mdi dmotcr.
dmotcr.

EÁV EC I* ORQTODVMC
ORQTODVMC
 Ncgtdgomc

Prþickc 0?
D. Vaòi Rallarcgo

Ogtrcmunnoþg. I aw lar d, bumonoa

bumo noaioza
iozanoþ
noþg
g md ia 1?
pciåtona y gdciofdraiosec
gdciofdraiosec dg Aeïrona Iatoga
Iatoga
^oivoga E. Vceagc

Burostcnranoa y áefotcs md apionanoþg

apionanoþg dg di >?
i a w l a r d frasoidñc
 Aeåin
 Ae åinar
ar ^aias
^aia s Crcñc
Crcñ c

Di i a w l a r d dg Arkdgtoga2 mcfid rasdrc, s j c w  4?

 y ealoas
Naeoia \ciidgwdomdr

I a w l ar
a r d dg Dnuamcr2
Dnuamcr 2 ia våa ’ Idgåg―
Idg åg― ai :4
gdciofdraiosec
 Ava
 Av a Kþedz
Kþe dz Maza y Ba
Bavod
vodrr Naimdrþ
Naim drþg
g Nastoiic

Pdrò ³kudrra buråm

bu råmona
ona c eïtcmc
eïtcm c md 11>
mosnopiogaeodgtc md ias ïiotds qud asporag ai
ncgtrci mdi Dstamc3
Fárfara Dstdr

Ia apionanoþg mdi i a w l a r d dg Ncicefoa 1>;

Bavodr Naimdrþg Nastoiic

I a w l ar
a r d  y kudrra jåfroma2
jåfroma2 \dgdzudia
\dgdzu dia dg ia 14;
mosputa kdcpciåtona
kdcpciåtona
^oivoga E. Vceagc, Aragtxa ]oramc y
Kocrmaga Karnåa ^cbc
 Prþickc
D. Vaòi Rallarcgo
Prcldscr Deïrotc md ia Tgovdrsomam
Tg ovdrsomam md Fudgcs Aords

Gugna dstuvc euy niarc so dg ic ncgndrgodgtd a ia kudrra y a ia

pciåtona mdfd marsd ia razþg a Lcunauit c a Niausdwotz2 ³Nuái
ds ia ncgtoguanoþg md ia ctra pcr ctrcs edmocs3 Pdrc ajcra ds
eunjc eás molånoi mar uga rdspudsta, puds aefas sd ncglugmdg2
³Dstaecs dg kudrra c dg pciåtona3 ³Di iawlard 
iawlard  ds kudrra c ds
pciåtona3 ³Quï rdspcgmdråag di lragnïs y di prusoagc lrdgtd a
dstc3

Gama surkd dg dstd eugmc

eu gmc tdrrdgai
tdrrdga i md ia gama, sogc
s ogc qud tcmc todgd
jostcroa, tcmc ds kdnjonjtionjd. Pdrc nuagmc sd quodrd mdsdgtrañar
ia dsdgnoa md ug ldgþedgc gdkatovc mdsmd su tdepcraiomam, di
cfsdrvamcr gc pudmd dsnapar a su prcpoc taiagtd qud, sdkòg
su ágoec, dstá prdmospudstc a ia naiea 
naiea  c a ia aiarea. 
aiarea.  Gc ds di
jdnjc, di eatdroai mdi eugmc, sogc di taiagtd mdi cfsdrvamcr qud
rdspcgmd scstdgodgmc qud gc gc sd trata
trata md gogkuga gudva aedgaza
c so, pcr di ncgtraroc, ds aikc moldrdgtd y eás pdiokrcsc.

^o dg ia eonrclåsona gc pcmdecs cfsdrvar sog aitdrar di cfbdtc

cfsdrvamc, eunjc eás ioeotamc pardnd gudstrc ncgcnoeodgtc ai
asceargcs a ics ncepidbåsoecs ldgþedgcs jueagcs y scnoaids.
Pcr dsc, lrdgtd a aikc tag ncepidbc ncec
nce c ic qud cnupa ias pákogas
pák ogas
md dstd pdqudñc y krag iofrc, ds eunjc eás amdnuamc a gudstra
ioeotama napanomam md nceprdgsoþg, rdgugnoar a ia rdianoþg
mordnta subdtc-cfbdtc 
subdtc-cfbdtc   (qud prdsupcgd ncicnargcs md agtdeagc
dg di piagc md supdrocromam mdi subdtc nckgcsndgtd lrdgtd ai
cfbdtc a ncgcndr),
ncgcndr), y prcnurar uga aprcxoeanoþg fcrmdagtd, aikc
fcrmdagtd,  aikc
aså ncec korar dg tcrgc mdi ldgþedgc, sog prdtdgmdr iagzargcs
mordntaedgtd a janoa su gònidc.

 Agtd
 Ag td tcmc,
tcm c, di jcy
jc y iiae
iia e amc
am c iawlard, 
iawlard,   gc dstá sdparamc md ctrcs
ldgþedgcs. Ai scfrdvciaric koragmc dg su dgtcrgc, gcs maecs
 nudgta md qud lcrea partd md uga ncgstdianoþg eaycr. ^o sd
trata md satagozar ai dgdeokc 
dgdeokc  y ecstrar ai cpcsotcr pciåtonc
ncec ncrruptc y ai dstaedgtc mceogagtd ncec purc y agkdionai,
ic proedrc qud gcs saita a ia vosta ds qud sd trata md aikc qud
gc ds vdrmam, ds mdnor, qud ds uga vuikar edgtora, 
edgtora,  c sda, uga
 lais
 la isdd m a m .  Iudkc, di iawlard ds
iawlard ds uga natdkcråa dspdnoai mdi kïgdrc
 lais
 la isdd m a m ds.
ds .

^o vdecs qud dstas laisdmamds sd vaidg md ia nceugonanoþg,

sd trata taefoïg md molusoþg md edgtoras c laisdmamds, 
laisdmamds,   sþic
qud vaioïgmcsd md aikugcs lugnocgarocs iiaeamcs bu
iiaeamcs  bu d n d s   y ncg
ncgsdnudgnoas
ncgsdnudg noas ogedmoatas
ogedm oatas md prosocgozanoþg
prosocgozanoþg y dstokeatozanoþg
dstoke atozanoþg md
ias pdrscgas ncgtra ias qud sd morokdg. Pdrc dsas partonuiaromamds
partonuiaromamds
gc aldntag di narántdr kdgïronc md oglcreanoþg
oglcreanoþg laisa
la isa,, ic qud gcs
pdreotd nadr dg ia nudgta md qud di iawlard y
iawlard y ias ajcra iiaeamas
 la
 l a h d gdws,
gdw s,   gc scg ldgþedgcs mdi tcmc ogmdpdgmodgtds, sogc
qud, eás fodg, di proedrc ds uga natdkcråa partonuiar md ias
sdkugmas.

Di cfsdrvamcr md ágoec naiec gcs

naiec  gcs moråa qud gc ds gama gudvc.
Ias gctonoas laisas nrdag rdaiomam, 
rdaiomam,  pcrqud ia nceugonanoþg
ds ug naepc md iunja mcgmd nama quodg trata md nrdargcs ia
rdaiomam ncglcred a sus ogtdrdsds. Nuagmc aikuodg jdkdecgoza
pcr ncepidtc di naepc nceugonanocgai, gcs nrda uga ògona
rdaiomam, y dsc ja pasamc dg tcmcs ics tctaiotarosecs. Pcr ctra
partd, dg ia jostcroa sodeprd ja jafomc kudrra psonciþkona,
tratagmc md mdsecraiozar ai dgdeokc mdi ecmc eás pdrvdrsc
oeakogafid. Ia nrdanoþg md rdaiomam dg fasd a  la  l a h d gdws
gdw s
todgd iarka jostcroa, ncg napåtuics ncec Lcunjï c ics cgnd
prognopocs niásoncs md Kþffdis. ]aepcnc ds gudvc vaidrsd md
pdrscgas moslrazamas md budnds, nuyc dxpcgdgtd eáxoec lud di
trákonc payasc Vciagm Lrdosidr y di \cihskdronjt. 
\cihskdronjt.  Ds safomc qud
nuagmc ia nceugonanoþg ds ecgcpþiona u ciokcpþiona, sdkòg ia
nuitura, ds napaz md nrdar rdaiomamds qud scg afsciutaedgtd
orranocgaids. Dg todepcs dg qud ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg
drag ics pòipotcs, tcmcs nrdåag dg frubas y ias qudeafag. Ias
gctonoas
gctonoas laisa s   sodeprd ludrcg ug edmoc md mdsoglcreanoþg
 pc
 p c iåto
iå tona
na   mdsmd ia laisa narta mdi dspartagc Pausagoa ai rdy md
ics pdrsas, qud id vaioþ sdr aeuramc vovc, sþic qud pctdgnoamas,
proedrc edmoagtd ia aparonoþg md ics moarocs, iudkc md ia
ramoctdidlcgåa, eás tarmd ncg ia tdidvosoþg y ajcra ncg ias rdmds.
Para di ágoec mdi cfsdrvamcr naiec, 
naiec,  gama ds gudvc, sþic uga
gudva tdngcickåa.

Para ics cfsdrvamcrds md ágoec aiareamc  aiareamc   tcmc pardnd gudvc.

Ias gctonoas laisas sd voraiozag pcr ias rdmds  rdmds  a uga vdicnomam
agtds mdsncgcnoma, y sd mdmonag a dsc akdgnoas sclostonamas
md ias kragmds pctdgnoas dg iunja ncepdtotova. Mdstanag qud,
ai pardndr, gc todgdg krag ncstc, dg nceparanoþg ncg ics md
areaedgtc d ogniusc md prcpakagma pcr ics edmocs niásoncs.
Dbdepiolonag ncg ia aita tdngcickåa mdsarrciiama pcr ia Vusoa
md ia dra Putog y ics Dstamcs Tgomcs ajcra dg ia dra ]ruep.
Mdsjoianjag logaedgtd dscs eïtcmcs, pcgdg dg mdsnufodrtc
qud ogniusc sd vaidg nrdnodgtdedgtd md ics ncgcnoeodgtcs
apcrtamcs pcr ias gdurcnodgnoas, ncg di cfbdtc md oepantar
edbcr decnocgaiedgtd. Gcs iiaeag ia atdgnoþg scfrd ics fok
mata y
mata y ia pufionomam ogmovomuaiedg
ogmovomu aiedgtd td morokoma. Ics
Ics cfsdrvamcrds
aiareamcs 
aiareamcs   gcs jandg rdlidxocgar scfrd ias partonuiaromamds
md ias rdmds, ogniusc md su moldrdgnoa ncg di soepid njat,
mcgmd pcmdecs asueor nuaiquodr omdgtomam y nagndiaria
ogedmoataedgtd saiodgmc mdi njat.  njat.  Gcs jandg gctar qud dg ias
rdmds sd asued ug  pdr p drlo
loi i   qud sd ogtdkra dg krupcs guedrcscs
-qud ludra md ias rdmds sdråag md oepcsofid rdugoþg-, qud
gc pcmdecs naefoar gudstra omdgtomam a kustc sog pdrmdr di
sdgtoeodgtc md pdrtdgdgnoa kdgdramcr md ia tdgmdgnoa a sdkuor
ai krupc para gc pdrmdric, para gc vcivdr a dstar scics. Ics
aiareamcs gcs
aiareamcs gcs amvodrtdg qud sd ogsdrtag dg dsa nceugonanoþg
ics trcii   rcfctozamcs akrdsovcs qud prcmundg ncgliontc, ics fct 
autceatozamcs qud ncepartdg cpogocgds y ics njat-fct   qud
ias ncedgtag, y gcs jandg nrddr qud sd trata md partonopagtds
jueagcs. Para di cfsdrvamcr aiareamc tcmc
aiareamc  tcmc ds gudvc.

Mdspuïs md naso sdsdgta añcs md ia niasolonanoþg md apcnaiåptoncs

d ogtdkramcs md
ogtdkramcs  md Tefdrtc Dnc, sd oepcgd rdlcreuiaria md ecmc
moldrdgtd, pcrqud gc ncrrdspcgmd ajcra a ia md ágoec naiec c
aiareamc, puds dgtrd ics apcnaiåptoncs md
apcnaiåptoncs md Dnc ics jay md aefas
 mospcsonocgds ogtdrgas y,y, ai ncgtoguar fcrmdagmc
fcrmdag mc di ldgþedgc dg
nårnuics aprcxoeatovcs, sd todgd ia oeprdsoþg md qud ug naefoc
nuagtotatovc sdñaia taefoïg partonuiaromamds nuaiotatovas. Dg
dldntc2 so fodg gama pardnd sdr gudvc dg nuagtc a eïtcmcs
md mdsoglcreanoþg y pdrvdrsoþg, ia vdicnomam y napanomam md
pdgdtranoþg md ïstcs sd ja ognrdedgtamc gctcroaedgtd. Pcr
dgmd, go tag
tag naiecs
naiec s go tag
tag aiareamcs,
aiare amcs, gc pcr
pc r ug
ug alág arostctïionc
md fusnar dibust
bu stcc edmoc, sogc
edmoc, sogc para prdparargcs amdnuamaedgtd
lrdgtd a dsta tántona md iunja.

³Pdrc md quï iunja 

iunja   sd trata3 ³A quï rdspcgmdg di depidc md
ias l
ias  la
a h d gdws
gdw s  y su sufnatdkcråa md iawlard3
iawlard3 ³Md quï pcmdr
scg ogstruedgtcs jcy3 ³Quoïgds scg ics qud sd vaidg md dscs
edmocs3

^o sdkuoecs koragmc y eoraecs di pagcraea mdi pcmdr mdi

eugmc mdsmd ia iuga, ya qud jand nognudgta añcs aikuodg ia
posþ, ic proedrc qud mdsnufrordecs ds qud go soquodra dstaecs
sdkurcs md dstc òitoec, mdfomc taefoïg a  la  l a h d gdws
gd ws   md su
todepc. Pdrc so ia mdsnartaecs
mdsnartae cs y ncg ics pods dg ia iuga eoraecs
gudstrc piagdta, vdrdecs pctdgnoas ncepotodgmc
nce potodgmc ncg ugauga kudrra
md gctonoas laisas y di eugmc movomomc dg mcs jdeosldrocs, qud
 ya gc scg
sc g dstd-cdstd 
dstd-cdstd  sogc gcrtd-sur. 
gcrtd-sur.  Dg kdgdrai jay ug gcrtd
ronc -augqud ncg eagnjas md pcfrdza- y ug sur pcfrd -
augqud ncg eagnjas edgcrds md roqudza- y, dg pdrspdntova
mogáeona sd pdrnofd ncg niaromam qud ia roqudza sd ncgndgtra
andidramaedgtd dg edgcs eagcs.

Nuagmc gudstrc korc aprcxoeatovc qud va fcrmdagmc di

ldgþed
ldgþ edgc gc sd andrna a gudstra rdkoþg, tcmc pardnd ogmonar
og monar qud ias
ias
 la
 l a h d gdws
gd ws todgmdg
 todgmdg a sdr eás iawlard qud
iawlard qud dg di gcrtd y qud scg
utoiozamas pcr ias
ias eagnjas
ea gnjas md roqudza mdi sur para ncgtrciar
ncgtr ciar a ics
dxniuomcs, qud scg krag y nrdnodgtd eaycråa, tcmc dg partonuiar
sogtcgåa ncg di gcrtd, qud id tragslodrd aikc -augqud gc eás md
ic dstrontaedgtd gdndsaroc- md su sclostonama tdngcickåa.

Dg sågtdsos2 ic qud dglrdgtaecs ds ug eugmc nama vdz eás

mdsokuai. ^o
mdsokuai. ^o tdgdecs dg nudgta qud di ecmdic omdai mdi iiaeamc
 Dsta
 Ds tamc
mc md mdrd
md rdnj
njcc  ds aqudi dg qud tcmcs sdråaecs okuaids agtd
okuaids agtd
ia idy, ds cfvoc qud tcmc Dstamc rdai qud sd aprcxoed a dstd
ecmdic omdai mdfd sdr mdsfar
m dsfaratamc
atamc pcr
pc r di
di pcmdr
pcm dr md
md ia
ia roqudza
roqu dza qud
sd ncgndgtra. Dg mdlogotova, md dsc sd trata2 mdstruor di Dstamc
md mdrdnjc, pcrqud cfstanuioza ia nrdnodgtd ncgndgtranoþg md
roqudza.

Nuagmc sdkuoecs mdspidkagmc gudstrcs nårnuics md

aprcxoeanoþg, vdecs qud di gcrtd sd dgnapsuia, ics roncs
sdptdgtrocgaids sd dgnodrrag pcrqud sd sodgtdg aedgazamcs pcr
ics eoiicgds md pcfrds mdi sur, mdbag ecror dg sus piayas a ics
qud iidkag gáulrakcs, tdedg ia ogvasoþg md ics mdi sur, roncs sþic
dg ediagoga. Pcr dsc sd dgnapsuiag y sd vudivdg eás ranostas,
para mdldgmdr sus provoidkocs md pcfrds dg ediagoga.

^o sdkuoecs koragmc y cfsdrvagmc

cfsdrvag mc eás md ndrna gudstra rdkoþg, rdkoþg,
 vdrd
 vd rdee cs qud
qu d ics pcnc
pc ncss md ias
ia s rara
ra rass e agnj
ag njas
as ronas
ron as tae
ta e f oïg
oï g sd
dgnapsuiag, pdrc todgdg qud jandric edbcr, pcrqud, a moldrdgnoa
md ics roncs mdi gcrtd, dstág rcmdamcs -dg ncgtantc ogedmoatc-
ncg ia nrdnodgtd eaycråa md dxniuomcs, su tdecr ya ds págonc
 y a vdnd
vd ndss tdrr
td rrcr
cr,, di kram
kr amcc md e odmcod mc m dgtr
dg trcc md ia náps
ná psuiuiaa
kuarma rdianoþg ogvdrsa ncg di todepc dg qud iidkarcg a diia2
dxpdroedgtag eunjc eás eodmc ics qud ickrarcg dgtrar eás
rdnodgtdedgtd, pcrqud sodgtdg su pcsonoþg eás prdnaroa. Ias
 la
 l a h d gdws
gd ws y y su sufnatdkcråa md iawlard -sus
iawlard -sus edgtoras- sudidg
sdrvor para nrdar uga rdaiomam qud jaka nrddr nrd dr a eunjcs
eunj cs dxniuomcs
qud dstág mdgtrc md ia nápsuia, nuagmc gugna dstuvodrcg go
pcmrág tdgdr baeás ug fcidtc md ogkrdsc a diia.

³Pdrc quodgds iomdrag ia nápsuia kragmd mdi gcrtd y ias

pdqudñas mdi sur3 Gc scg ics pciåtoncs, qud ya gc todgdg pcmdr
autþgcec dg di eugmc, pcrqud scg earocgdtas md ics qud
jcy todgmdg a sustotuor ia pciåtona, ds mdnor, ics tdngþnratas md
ias ncrpcranocgds tragsganocgaids, ics njodl dxnutovd cllondrs,
lcreaiedgtd iiaeamcs mordntcrds dbdnutovcs. 
dbdnutovcs.  ³Pdrc scg diics
anasc ics mudñcs mdi mogdrc3 Gc, gc scg ics Jdgry Lcrm mdi
 vodb
 vo dbcc napo
na pota
taio
iose
secc prcm
pr cmu
u ntovc
nto vc.. ³^cg
³^c g anas
an ascc ics aros
ar ostþ
tþnr
nrat
atas
as c
sdñcrds ldumaids3 Gc, gc todgdg di pcmdr tdrrotcroai md aqudiics.
 ^cg depidamc
de pidamcss md iubc md easas dgcreds md mogdrc mogdrc dgtraeamas
dg dgtd3 lontonocs iiaeamcs scnodmamds agþgoeas, aikugas rdaids
 y ctras
ctr as laisas
lais as (cllsjcrd).
cllsjcrd). Ncedtdg mdiotcs a kragdi2 dstalag dg
moedgsocgds astrcgþeonas, dgmdumag dg ameogostranocgds
lraumuidgtas, dxpictag trafabc dsniavc a mostagnoa, dxtcrsocgag
a Kcfodrgcs, logagnoag kcipds md Dstamc, mdlraumag losncs,
ogstokag ncjdnjcs y prdvaronatcs, dgnufrdg y rdnoniag di mogdrc
prcvdgodgtd md tcmas ias nroeogaiomamds crkagozamas mdi piagdta
 y sd mospu
mos putag
tag ia prdsta
prd stanoþ
noþgg md dsd sdrvonoc.
sdrv onoc. Dg sågtdsos
s ågtdsos22 anueu
anu euiag
iag
mogdrc.

³Pdrc quï ds di mogdrc3 Jand eunjc qud sd afagmcgþ di patrþg

crc, ajcra di mogdrc scg papdids, qud go soquodra dxostdg dg
ia nagtomam qud sd ncgtafoioza, pcrqud pcr dldntc mdi nrïmotc
gueïronaedgtd
gueïronae dgtd sd euitopionag dgics dg icsfa
fagn
gncs
csy,
y, logaiedgtd,
logaiedgtd, anafag
anafag
sodgmc gòedrcs dg nceputdrs, 
nceputdrs,   dg fasd a ics qud sd dspdnuia
logagnodraedgtd y sd tragslodrdg didntrþgonaedgtd. Pardndg sdr
vortuaiomamds dg
vortuaiomamds  dg uga dncgceåa qud nrdnd sog prcmunor, pcrqud ia
nurva md ia antovomam logagnodra sd aidba janoa arrofa dg rdianoþg
a ia mdi PFO eugmoai, qud sufd eunjc eás idgtaedgtd. Pdrc ics
Ndcs ncgndgtrag
Ndcs ncgndgtrag gòedrcs astrcgþeoncs md aikc qud gc safdecs
euy fodg so ds roqudza 
roqudza  y eunjc edgcs pcmdecs safdr quï
sundmdråa so -dg di luturc- aikuodg ogtdrruepodsd ia ncrrodgtd
diïntrona
diïntrona y po
y pogg nj
njaa sd di kicf
ki cfcc md dsta rdaiomam fastagtd vortuai.

Pdrc dg di prdsdgtd pcmdecs vdr nþec ics dgnapsuiamcs

mdsfaratag ics Dstamcs (eás c edgcs) md mdrdnjc dxostdgtds. Dg
di gcrtd para eagtd
e agtdgdr
gdr idbcs a ics roncs dg ediagoga,
edi agoga, dg didi sur para
para
mdldgmdrsd md ics vdnogcs pdkamcs a su nápsuia. Di sur sodeprd
lud mceogamc y, pcr nodrtc, sus Dstamcs md mdrdnjc sodeprd
ludrcg prdnarocs y eunjas vdnds mdspardnodrcg, arrasamcs pcr
montamuras. Ds cfvoc qud scnodmamds eás c edgcs ncicgozamas
gc pudmdg sdr okuaiotaroas, pdrc dg ics pcncs ecedgtcs md
autcmdtdreoganoþg dedrkodrcg mïfoids Dstamcs md mdrdnjc. Ds
lugnocgai ai gcrtd ia mdkramanoþg md dstcs Dstamcs, su ncrrupnoþg
 y mds
m dsfa
fara
ratae
taeodg
odgtc
tc ogstot
ogs totun
unocg
ocgai,
ai, ncec
nce c agtds
agt ds lud su arra
a rrasae
saeodg
odgtc
tc
tctai pcr ia våa md montamuras, vaioïgmcsd md ics eoiotards. Ajcra
md dsc sd dgnarkag ics iåmdrds md ias pdqudñas nápsuias icnaids y,
a vdnds, pciåtoncs qud asuedg di papdi md euñdncs md vdgtråicnuc
md ïstcs,
ïstcs, pdrc qud prcndmdg
prcndm dg a pdrvdrtor mdecnranoas
mde cnranoas ncg di apcyc
md budnds, qud ajcra rddepiazag a ics eoiotards dg dsta tarda.

³Quï ds ic qud mdsfaratag3 ³Md mþgmd prcvodgd ia omda md qud

pcmdecs ecgtar
ecgta r Dstamcs md mdrdnjc3 ³Quï ds dg mdlogotova
mdlogotova ic
ic qud
dstá dg pdiokrc md dxtognoþg3 ^o rdtoraecs tcmc ic qud ncglugmd
 y eorae
eor aecs
cs di lcgm
lc gmcc md ia vdrmam
vdr mam,, ic qud dstá
dst á dg pdiok
pd iokrc
rc -pc
-p c rq
rquud
ds sdroaedgtd akrdmomc- ds ia scnodmam ncg mdecnranoa piurai y
ics vaicrds mdi vodbc iofdraiosec pciåtonc. A dstd rdspdntc gc gcs
pcmdecs ncglugmor.

Quodg lcreuid uga aloreanoþg ncec ia agtdrocr, pudmd sdr

tanjamc jasta md rdannocgaroc dg gudstra rdkoþg, pcrqud di
iofdraiosec pciåtonc sodeprd lud mdniaeamc, mdniaeamc,  dspdnoaiedgtd pcr
ics eás pdrvdrscs kdgcnomas
kdgc nomas y pcr ias ciokarquåas eás mdtdstafids
 y ranostas
rano stas,, qud dg sogkusog kuiar
iards
ds aioagz
aioa gzas
as nce
nc e dtodrc
dto drcg
g ias
ia s pdcrds
pdcrd s
atrcnomamds md gudstra jostcroa rdkocgai. Pdrc dsc gama todgd qud
 vdr
 vd r ncg ics
i cs vaic
v aicrds
rds crokog
cr okogaids
aids,, traono
tra onocg
cgam
amcs
cs pcr
pc r gudst
gu dstras
ras eogcråa
eog cråass
md tcmcs ics todepcs y qud sokudg traonocgagmc jcy, nuagmc su
ncgmonoþg md eagmatarocs mdi antuai tctaiotar tctaiotarosec
osec logagnodr
loga gnodrcc ia
prdtdgmdg dgnufror ncg ia omdcickåa antuaiedgtd eás cpudsta a
ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs y qud autcmdgceogag gdciofdrai.

Dsa omdcickåa, ncec agtåpcma ncglrcgtatova ncg ics mdrdnjcs

jueagcs, cnupa jcy di iukar qud ctrcra tuvodrcg ias omdcickåas
md ics tctaiotarosecs md dgtrdkudrras y, pcr nodrtc, md iofdrai gc
iofdrai  gc
todgd gama y md gdc gdc  taepcnc, pcrqud ia apdtdgnoa a anueuiar
roqudza a nuaiquodr prdnoc, dg tcmcs ics todepcs, lud ncgsomdrama
ug vonoc dxdnrafid. Pcstuiar mdsnaramaedgtd qud di prognopai
cfbdtovc mdi sdr jueagc ds ia anueuianoþg md roqudza -ncec
ic jand Lrodmronj vcg Jaydh-, gc ds sþic uga agtrcpcickåa
afdrragtd, sogc ia ncgldsoþg md uga patcickåa qud, monja dg lcrea
tag afodrta, mdgcta aòg eás su kravdmam, ds mdnor, ia tctai laita md
ncgsnodgnoa md dgldredmam. Quodg prdtdgmd ncec cfbdtovc para
så -y sd supcgd qud taefoïg para ics mdeás- ia anueuianoþg
ogmdlogoma md roqudza qud gc pcmrá kastar dg su voma go dg ia md
 varoa
 va roass kdgd
kd gdra
ranoc
nocgd
gdss lutura
lut uras,
s, gc jand ctra ncsa
ncs a qud juor
ju or md ia
eudrtd ncec ogdxcrafid mdstogc logai, c sda, ncglodsa su afsciuta
ognapanomam md dxostor, 
dxostor,  dsncgmoma fabc uga cfvoa prdtdgsoþg
patciþkona md ogecrtaiomam.
Y
Ds vdrmam nbud di iofdraiosec pciåtonc surkoþ dg Durcpa pcr dldntc
md uga niasd nuyc asndgsc sd mdfåa a ics kdgcnomocs ncicgoaiostas
 y dsni
ds niav
avost
ostas
as dg di sur. Pdrc ai edgcs,
edg cs, quod
qu odgd
gdss ics scñar
scñ arcg
cg dg di
ndgtrc mdi pcmdr md dsd ecedgtc, pcr rdprdsdgtar a uga niasd
dg asndgsc y iunja, ic jonodrcg jcgdstaedgtd y gc sd ids pudmd
gdkar su oeprcgta iofdramcra.

Ds vdrmam taefoïg -y gc ncgvodgd civomaric- qud dsa niasd dg

asndgsc, nuagmc sd ogstaiþ dg di pcmdr, afagmcgþ dscs vaicrds,
rddepiazágmcics pcr di rdmunnocgosec fociþkonc mdi eás
 furm
 fu rmcc y vdrk
vd rkcg
cgzc
zcsc
sc ranosec
rano sec,, qud
qu d dxpc
dx pcrta
rtarcg
rcg a gudst
gu dstra
ra rdkoþg,
rdko þg,
ncec omdcickåa prcpoa md gudstras rdpòfionas ciokárquonas.
Vdncrmdecs qud para su oepcrtanoþg icnai lud agtds gdndsaroc
dioeogar a ics prcndrds md gudstras ogmdpdgmdgnoas, qud dra
autïgtoncs iofdraids pciåtoncs,
pciåtoncs, ecidstcs a ics piagds md ogstaianoþg
mdi gdcncicgoaiosec ciokárquonc.

Gc cfstagtd, gc lud pcsofid

pcsofid fcrrar
fcrr ar mdi tcmc md ia
ia edecroa
ede croa ugovdrsai
ics vaicrds mdi iofdraiosec pciåtonc y, nuagmc dg di sokicsokic pasamc sd
dgrdmarcg ics mdi gcrtd
gcrtd dg susu atrcz ranosec
ranosec y vontoeozarcg
vontoeo zarcg - d g su
prcpoc tdrrotcroc y pcr eoiicgds- a quodgds tdgåag okuai nardgnoa
md ediagoga, sd vodrcg lcrzamcs a rdsnatar ics vodbcs vaicrds y
ncgvdrtorics dg gcreas md mdrdnjc ogtdrganocgai ncg prdtdgmoma
 vokd
 vo kdgn
gnoa
oa ugovd
ug ovdrsai
rsai..

Dsa prdtdgsoþg dra mdeasoamc kdgdrcsa, sorvoþ md eásnara dg ug

eugmc fopciar para ecstrar ug rcstrc aeafid, pdrc nuagmc gc
jufc gama qud ncgtdgdr, nuagmc tdreogþ di eugmc fopciar, ias
scgrosas ludrcg rddepiazamas pcr ug kdstc amustc md kdgmared
ncg karrctd dg eagc, qud ds di antuai tctaiotaro
tctaiotarosec
sec logagnodrc.

 Aså
 As å ds ncec
nc ec ia prce
pr ceds
dsaa md vokdg
vok dgno
noaa ugov
ug ovdrs
drsai
ai sd fa
fast
star
armd
mdaa
gudvaedgtd jasta pardndr uga frcea md eai kustc, eodgtras
di mdsfarataeodgtc md ics Dstamcs scnoaids md mdrdnjc y ia
pdrvdrsoþg md ias
ias fasds eoseas
e oseas md ia prcpoa mdecnranoa
mdec nranoa edmoagtd
e dmoagtd
ia nrdanoþg ògona md rdaiomamds, vaioma md ias l
ias la
a h d gdws
gdw s y md su
sufnatdkcråa md iawlard.

Dstcs rdnurscs md vodbcs truncs ncg gudva tdngcickåa -qud

pctdgnoa
pctdgnoa su pdgdtranoþg y andidra su dlonanoa
dlonanoa nrdatova
nrdatova md rdaiom
rd aiomam
am--
gc scg ctra ncsa qud partd md ia iunja eugmoai antuai pcr di
mdsfarataeodgtc md ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs.

Pdrc ia iunja ncgtogòa, ics mdrdnjcs

mdr dnjcs gc ncg ncgndsocgds
ncgnd socgds kranocsas,
sogc qud sd cftodgdg pcr iunja, eunjas vdnds sd arragnag y
mdspuïs ds edgdstdr nuomarics. A gudvas tántonas md akrdsoþg
ncrrdspcgmd di dgtrdgaeodgtc dg gudvas tántonas md mdldgsa.
 \civa
 \c ivaec
ecss a iddr
id dr ai vod
v odbc
bc Vumc
Vu mcil
il vcg Bjdrogk.
Bjdr ogk.

Fudgcs Aords, buioc md 601?.

 Ogtrcmunnoþg
Iawlard2 bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona y 
gdciofdraiosec dg Aeïrona Iatoga
^oivoga E. Vceagc

 Ae
 A e ïron
ïr onaa Ia
Iatog
togaa ds jcy,
jc y, eás
eá s qud
qu d gugn
gu gna,
a, ug dspa
ds pano
nocc dg mosp
mo sput
uta.
a.
Partd md ia ncgliontovomam y md ias tdgsocgds pciåtonas fusnag
sdr moroeomas dg di naepc md ic buråmonc, dg di earnc md uga
’kudrra ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg―, qud prcedtd sdr md iarkc
aiodgtc, md trdedgmc oepantc dg ia pciåtona y ncg ogtdrdsds md
lcgmc cnuitcs a ia cpogoþg pòfiona. Di oepdanjedgt   a Moiea
Vcussdll y di pcstdrocr dgnarndiaeodgtc md Iuia ma ^oiva
dg Frasoi, aså ncec ia pdrsdnunoþg bumonoai a ia dxprdsomdgta
Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr y lugnocgarocs md su Kcfodrgc
dg Arkdgtoga y di dgnarndiaeodgtc mdi dxvondprdsomdgtd, Bcrkd
Kias -ogniuomc di nasc bumonoai afodrtc ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd
Valadi Ncrrda dg Dnuamcr- scg aikugcs md ics dbdepics eás
dvomdgtds md ia apdrtura y idkotoeanoþg md ug gudvc lrdgtd md
 fatai
 fa taiia2
ia2 di iawlard c
iawlard  c kudrra bumonoai ncg logds pciåtoncs.

Di iawlard 
iawlard   (c kudrra buråmona) pudmd sdr mdlogomc ncec di usc
ogmdfomc md jdrraeodgtas
jdrrae odgtas buråmonas
buråm onas para ia ia pdrsdnunoþg
pdrsdnu noþg pciåtona8
ia apionanoþg md ia ia idy ncec ug area para mdstruor m dstruor ai amvdrsaroc
pciåt
pciåtononcc pcr ia våa bumonoai.1
bum onoai.1 Ncgsomdragmc
Ncgsomdragmc di di dsndgaro
dsndgarocc
iatogcaedronagc dg ia òitoea mïnama, mcgmd sd ja dxandrfamc
ia tdgsoþg dgtrd Kcfodrgcs/aitdrgatovas pcsgdciofdraids y
Kcfodrgcs/aitdrgatovas md mdrdnja gdciofdrai, dstd prcndsc md
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaio
ioza
zano
noþþ g md ia pciå
pc iåto
tona
na ja tdg
td g omc
om c ug
u g lud
lu d rtd
rt d oepa
oe pant
ntc.
c. Cpdr
Cp draa
’mdsmd arrofa―, pcr edmoc md ug aparatc bumonoai qud sd ’didva―
pcr dgnoea mdi Pcmdr Idkosiatovc y mdi Dbdnutovc, Dbdnutovc, aepioagmc
aep ioagmc
di earkdg md eagocfra y pcmdr para ics budnds, dg mdtroedgtc
md ia pïrmoma dquoiofroc dgtrd pcmdrds.6Aså sd aiiaga di tdrrdgc
1 ’Andrna mdmd iawlard2 uga frdvd jostcroa
jostcroa mdi tïreogc y didi sotoc― . Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
iawlardfick.nce/afcut-iawlard-frodl-jostcry-tdre-agm-sotd (ncgsuitamc di 60 md cntufrd md
601;).
6 Poiar Mceogkc (600?), ’Noumamagåa, mdrdnjcs
mdrdnjc s y bustonoa dg Aeïrona
Ae ïrona Iatoga2
Iatoga2 noumamagozanoþg-
para uga burostcnranoa dg asndgsc, qud todgmd a rddepiazar (y
aeputar) ias ogstagnoas rdprdsdgtatovas y mdiofdratovas md ia
mdecnranoa, ctcrkagmc rci prctakþgonc
prctakþgonc a icsics trofugaids.> Dg
dstd earnc, sd jand dvomdgtd di mcfid rasdrc md ia idy, pudstc
qud aikugcs nascs sd prdsdgtag ncec eás dsnagmaicscs qud
ctrcs, dg vortum md ia ncyugtura d ogtdrdsds pciåtoncs dg pukga
(aidbágmcsd md ia ’oepar
’oe parnoaioma
noaiomam―
m― y di ’apciotonose
’apc iotonosec―
c― ncg di qud
qud
ogtdgta ascnoarsd ia apionanoþg md ia idy).

Dsta sdidntovomam md nascs, qud rdsuita lugmaedgtai dg ia

kudrra buråmona, rdquodrd md uga artonuianoþg ncg ics edmocs
md nceugonanoþg y rdmds scnoaids, qud cpdrag eagulanturagmc
ncgsdgsc dg ncgtra c a lavcr md mdtdreogamas pdrscgaiomamds,
krupcs c sdntcrds pciåtoncs.=Ia dioeoganoþg y mdsecraiozanoþg
mdi amvdrsaroc pciåtonc sd ncgnrdta dspdnoaiedgtd dg di piagc
md ia cpogoþg pòfiona,4dg ecedgtcs pciåtoncs ’niavd― (muragtd
naepañas didntcraids, pcr dbdepic). Ia mdsecraiozanoþg
crodgtama a dioeogarics md ia dsldra pciåtona lcreai, va mdsmd
di prcndsaeodgtc bumonoai y di iognjaeodgtc edmoátonc, jasta ia
nárndi y ia
ia ruoga dncgþeona (puds sd trata
trata md prcndscs buråmoncs
buråmonc s
dxtdgmomcs dg di todepc, md aitcs ncstds, qud mdfdg nufror ics
dx lugnocgarocs).<

Ncec sd vdrá a ic iarkc mdi iofrc, di iawlard  iawlard  gc cpdra

ògonaedgtd ncgtra uga ozquodrma prckrdsosta, go lud ’ogvdgtamc―
dxniusovaedgtd para cfstanuiozar ia pdreagdgnoa mdi prckrdsosec
dg di Kcfodrgc. ^og defarkc,
def arkc, ia nagtomam md nascs, di toeogk pciåtonc
toeogk pciåtonc
 y ia pdrsost
pdr sostdgn
dgnoa
oa md ia pdrsdnu
pdr sdnunoþ
noþgg pciåtona
pciå tona pcr ia våa bumo
bu mono
noai
ai md
iåmdrds c dxlugnocgarocs y lugnocgaråas mdi prckrdsosec pdreotd

> Vag Jorsnji (601>), ’]jd Bumonoaiozatocg

Bum onoaiozatocg cl Pciotons―. ]jd Cxlcrm Jagmfcch cl 
 Pciot
 Pc iotona
ona i ^nodg
^no dgnd.
nd.   Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.0xl0rmjagmf00hs.n0e/vodw/10.10?>/
cxlcrmjf/ ?;:c o ??<0==4<.cco.ccco/cxlcrmjf- ?;: c o ??< c ==4<-d-co >  (ncgsuitamc di 14 md
gcvodefrd md 601:).
= Dmwarm Jdreág y Gcae Njceshy (1?::), E (1?::), Eag agul
ulan
antur
turog
ogk
k ncg
n cgsdg
sdg t. ]jd pcioton
pcio tonai
ai dncgc
dnc gcey
ey c l 
tjd eass edmoa. Gdw
edmoa. Gdw _crh2 Pagtjdcg.
4 Naeoia
Naeoia \ciidgwdomdr y ^oivoga ^oivoga Vceagc (601;), ’ Ia w lard
la rd.. Ia bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona dg
 Aeïro
 Ae ïronana Iatoga
Iat oga―― . Ndiak
Nd iak.. Mospcg
Mos pcgofid
ofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.0rk/wp-n0gtdgt/upi0ams/601;/0>/
Iawlard].pml 
< Amdeás, dg ics nascs eás ncepidbcs, ncepid bcs, sd ja iidvamc di nasc a ncrtds ogtdrganocgaids (pcr
dbdepic, ia Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs), ic qud rdmcfia di ncstd mdi prcndsc.
utoiozar dstd ncgndptc para narantdrozar uga fataiia pciåtona md
iarkc aiodgtc
aiodgtc qud sd moroed dg tdrrdgc
tdrrdg c bumonoai.

^cfrd di ia w la r d

Dg 1???, dg uga cfra totuiama Tgrdstrontdm [arlard 

[arlard  (Kudrra
oioeotama), di eoiotar dstamcugomdgsd Njarids Mugiap prcpcgd
di tïreogc md iawlard 
iawlard  para mdlogor ug eïtcmc md kudrra
gc ncgvdgnocgai dg di qud ia idy ds usama ncec ug edmoc
para ncgsdkuor ug cfbdtovc eoiotar. Di ncgndptc amquodrd
trasndgmdgnoa ug par md añcs mdspuïs, dg di ncgtdxtc md kudrra
ncgtra di tdrrcrosec kicfai pcst ?/11, ogstaiagmc y aepioagmc
ia gcnoþg md kudrra ncec cpdranoþg buråmona.; Dsta proedra
mdlogonoþg md iawlard, 
iawlard,   pufionama dg uga rdvosta anamïeona
md mdrdnjc, ds ’gdkatova― puds sd nceprdgmd ncec ug ’eai
usc c afusc md ia idy―. Mdsmd ia pdrspdntova md Mugiap (ncec
rdprdsdgtagtd mdi dstafiosjedgt   eoiotar md DD. TT.), scg
ics ’dgdeokcs― md ia mdecnranoa, ics MM. JJ., dtn. ics qud
jandg ug eai usc c eagopuiag ia idy dg ncgtra md DD. TT.
(pcr dbdepic, movdrscs crkagosecs paidstogcs qud mdgugnoag
ics afuscs mdi Dstamc md Osradi). Añcs mdspuïs, sog defarkc,
di eosec Mugiap andptþ qud di iawlard 
iawlard  taefoïg pudmd sdr
utoiozamc para prcpþsotcs ’gcfids―, amvortodgmc qud DD. TT.
mdfdråa anumor ai iawlard 
iawlard   para dglrdgtarsd a sus dgdeokcs dg
kudrras asoeïtronas.:
asoeï tronas.: Jafoiota aså
aså uga iågda qud afcka pcr ia
gdndsomam md ogniuor di iawlard 
iawlard  ncec jdrraeodgta niavd para
karagtozar ia sdkuromam ganocgai md DD. TT.?

; Nraok Bcgds (601<), ’ Iawlard agm tjd buromolonatocg cl iatd ecmdrg war―. Prc
war―. Prckr krdss
dss og Jueag
Ju eag
Kdckrapjy, \ci.
Kdckrapjy,  \ci. =0, G° 6, pp. 661-6>? (ncgsuitamc di 60 md gcvodefrd 601:).
: Njarids Mugiap (600?), ’Iawlard2 A Mdnosovd Mdnosovd Didedgt cl 6ost-N dgtury Ncglionts3―. Bc
Ncglionts3―.  Bcogt 
ogt 
 Lcrn
 Lc rnïï Quartd
Qu artdriy,
riy,   G° 4=, pp. >=->?. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//snjciarsjop.iaw.muhd.dmu/lanuityS
snjciarsjop/>>=;/ (ncgsuitamc di 10 md sdptodefrd 601:).
? ]rdv cr Ickag
Ickag (601;), ’Ogtdrgatocgai Iaw agm tjd Tsd cl Iawlard2 Ag Arkue dgt lcr tjd
T.^. ]c Amcpt a Iawlard Mcntrogd―. Eastdr cl ^nodgnd og Mdldgsd agm ^tratdkon ^tumods,
Eosscuro, DD. TT. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//fdarwcrhs.eosscurostatd.dmu/tjdsds/>1=<
jttps2//fdarwcrhs.eosscurostatd.dmu/tjdsds/>1=<88 Crmd
Hottrod (6010), ’Iawlard agm T.^. Gatocgai ^dnuroty―,  Bc ur ga i c l Ogtdr
Og tdrga
gatoc
tocga
gaii Iaw
I aw ,  G° =>, G°
1. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//snjciar
jttps2//snjciariynceecgs.iaw.nasd.dmu/boi
iynceecgs.iaw.nasd.dmu/boi/vci=>/oss1/
/vci=>/oss1/6> 6>   (ncgsuitamc di 11
md gcvodefrd 601:).
Dg dstd iofrc, rdtceaecs ia gcnoþg gdkatova md iawlard,
pdrc mdsmd uga pdrspdntova nråtona qud alorea dxantaedgtd ic
ncgtraroc a ia pcstura md Mugiap2 di iawlard, ncec
iawlard, ncec afusc md ia
idy, eatdroaioza ia asoedtråa, ia ncicgoaiomam y ia mdpdgmdgnoa
ogsnrotas
ogsnrotas dg ias rdianocgds ogtdrganocg aids.10
aids.10 Aså ic mdlogd
mdlogd
]waoi (]jrom [crim Apprcnjds tc Ogtdrgatocgai Iaw), ug
ecvoeodgtc pciåtonc y scnoai mdrovamc md ia Ncgldrdgnoa md
Fagmugk qud mdgugnoa ias asoedtråas y ncicgoaiomam ogsnrotas
dg ia idy ogtdrganocgai, dg pdrbuonoc md ics paåsds pdrolïroncs.
Ics Dstamcs eás pcmdrcscs (ncec DD. TT.) utoiozag ai Mdrdnjc
para oepcgdr (pcr våas eás c edgcs vocidgtas) ug mdtdreogamc
crmdg qud ids rdsuita ncgvdgodgtd a sus ogtdrdsds (dncgþeoncs,
pciåtoncs, md sdkuromam ganocgai, dtn.).11 Mdsmd dsta pcstura, ics
sostdeas idkaids y aparatcs bumonoaids md paåsds ncgsomdramcs
’dgdeokcs― md ia iofdrtam, ia mdecnranoa, dtn., scg nataickamcs
ncec laiiomcs, ncrruptcs c qud gc rdògdg ics ’dstágmards md
idkaiomam ncrrdntcs― (sdkòg ics mdlogd DD. TT./Cnnomdgtd).16Dg
uga mogáeona qud rdprcmund dsta iþkona ai ogtdrocr md ics paåsds
pdrolïroncs, di iawlard 
iawlard   mdvodgd dg uga jdrraeodgta utoiozama
mdsmd di Dstamc, di Kcfodrgc c mdsmd eogcråas provoidkoamas qud
’mdsmd arrofa
a rrofa―1
―1>rdcrkagozag
>rdcrkagozag di dsndgaroc a lavcr
lavcr md ics ogtdrdsds
md ia rdm tragsg
trag sganoc
anocga
gaii md pcmdr.
pcm dr.11=

Mdsmd dsta pdrspdntova, di iawlard 

iawlard   lcrea partd md ug prcndsc
md bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona mcgmd, pcr dbdepic, di Kcfodrgc
md turgc para pdreagdndr dg di pcmdr, naefoa c prdsocga
10 Dmwarm ^aom (600=), Crodgtaiosec. 
Crodgtaiosec.   Eamrom2 MdFcisoiic8 Eahau Eutua (6000), ’[jat os
][AOI3―. A
][AOI3―.  Ae e drona
dr onagg ^cnod
^c nodty
ty c l Ogtdr
Ogt drga
gatoc
tocga
gaii Iaw
I aw,, \c i ?=, pp. >1->:. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2// jttps2//
 ww
 w w w .nae
.n ae from
fr omkd
kd.c.crk
rk/n
/ncr
crd/
d/ bcur
bc urga
ga is/p
is /prc
rcnd
nd dm ogks
og ks-c
-cl-
l-tj
tjd-
d-as
asoi-
oi-ag
ag guai
gu ai-e
-e dd tog k/ar
k/ arton
ton id/v
id /vvj
vj at-os
at -os--
twaoi/L<o:<MMA; D;NFL F40NN< oA6M;:> <N4L0 (ncgsuitamc (ncgsuitamc di 4 md monodefrd
monodefrd md 601:).
601:).
11 Lrdya Orago
Orago (601;), ’Iawlard, T^ eoiotary mosncursd, agm tjd ncicgoai ncicgoai agm tjd ncgstotutocg
cl iaw agm war―.  Durcp  Du rcpdag
dag Bcur
Bc urga
gaii c l Ogtdr
Ogt drgagatoc
tocga
gaii ^dnuro
^dn uroty,
ty,   pp. 1-61. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.naefromkd.crk/ncrd/bcurgais/durcpdag-bcurgai-cl-ogtdrgatocgai-sdnuroty/
artonid/iawlard-us-eoio
artonid/iawlard-us-eoiotary-mo tary-mosncursd-agm-tjd-ncicgoai
sncursd-agm-tjd-ncicgoai-ncgstot -ncgstotutocg-cl-
utocg-cl-iaw-agm-war/
iaw-agm-war/
F1:6=D6AAMA:NN6?<=04:4A:>DN6:F=M (ncgsuitamc di 6: md gcvodefrd md 601:)8 Bdag
Nce arcll y Bcjg Nce arcll (600<), (600<), Ia
 Iaw
w agm moscrm
mos crmdrdr og tjd pcs
p cstnc
tncicg
icgy.y.   Njonakc2 Tgovdrsoty cl
Njonakc Prdss.
16 L. Orago, cp. not.
1> P. Mceogkc,
Mce ogkc, cp. not.
1= F. Jaee (601=), ’Pcwdr agm tjd Kicfai Vuiogk Niass. [jc Vuids tjd [crim3 [crim 3 ]jd Dgm
cl Mdecnrany as [d Hgcw Ot―. Kicfai Vdsdarnj.  Vdsdarnj.   = md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
kicfairdsdarnj.na/pcwdr-agm-tjd-k
kicfairdsdarnj.na/pcwdr-agm-tjd-kicfai-r icfai-ruiogk-nias
uiogk-niass-wjc-ruids-t
s-wjc-ruids-tjd-wcrim/4>:4661
jd-wcrim/4>:4661 (ncgsuitamc
(ncgsuitamc
di 1> md sdptode frd md 601;).
para sagnocgar idyds qud ioeotdg ias pcsofoiomamds md qud sd
diobag mdtdreogamcs nagmomatcs (dspdnoaiedgtd dg ncgtdxtcs
didntcraids) c para arrdstar a iåmdrds md ia cpcsonoþg, dg kdgdrai
aidkagmc ’traonoþg― c ’ncrrupnoþg―.

 A su vdz,
vd z, ia utoi
ut oioz
ozan
anoþ
oþgg md ia idy
id y mdsm
md smdd arrof
ar rofaa prcp
pr cpon
onoa
oa uga
nrdnodgtd ’burostcnranoa― qud auedgta, jasta su mdlcreanoþg, di
ainagnd mdi aparatc bumonoai c md ics trofugaids dg ia pciåtona,
ogtdgtagmc
ogtdgtagmc rdscivdr
r dscivdr pcr ia våa
våa bumonoai
bum onoai ic qud mdfdråa sdr rdsuditc
pcr ia våa pciåtona2

^þic dg ia òitoea mïnama ias ncrtds ncgstotunocgaids dg 64

paåsds jag somc iiaeamas a mdtdreogar di luturc pciåtonc md
iåmdrds prceogdgtds pcr ia våa mdi oepdanjedgt  c pcr buonocs
md mdsnaiolonanoþg. Ias ncrtds aprcfarcg c mdsaprcfarcg ia
rdpdtonoþg md e agmatc md varocs p ciåtoncs,
ciåtoncs, a ia vdz qud iidvar
iidvar cg a
nafc ’buonocs pciåtoncs― ncgtra nagmomatcs prceogdgtds y iåmdrds
md ia cpcsonoþg qud jag somc oepcsofoiotamcs (idkaiedgtd) c
rdecvomcs md ia nce pdtdgnoa didntcrai pcr ug buram c pciotoz
pciotozamc.
amc.
 Di rdsuit
rdsuitam
amcc ds qudqud sd vodgd
vodgd kdgdragmc
kdgdragmc uga
uga prclugma
prclugma
tragsldrdgnoa md pcmdr md ias ogstotunocgds rdprdsdgtatovas a
ias ogstotunocgds bumonoaids, lcedgtagmc uga tragsonoþg janoa
ia burostcn
buro stcnran
ranoa.1
oa.14 
4 

Ia  bur
 bu r ostc
os tcnn r a n oa 
oa   ds ug ecmc md rdncrtar ia mdecnranoa
iofdrai prcndmoedgtai (aeputagmc di nagai rdprdsdgtatovc y
mdiofdratovc).1
mdiofdra tovc).1< < A su vdz,vdz, dg Aeïrona Iatoga ia bu ia  burr ostc
os tcnn r a n oa
asued ug rci prctakþgonc dg di rdtcrgc c ia pdreagdgnoa md
Kcfodrgcs md mdrdnja/ncgsdrvamcrds, sorvodgmc ncec ugc
md ics dgkragabds para ia (rd)jafoiotanoþg mdi gdciofdraiosec
 y ia agui
ag uian anoþ
oþgg /cf
/c f tura
tu rano
noþg
þg md sdnt
sd ntcr
crds
ds y iåmdr
iåm drds
ds qud
qu d pcst
pc stuiuiag
ag
prcydntcs aitdrgatovcs.
aitdrgatovcs.
14 V. Jorsnji,
Jorsnji, cp.
cp. nåå.8 Earnc Ldcio (601<), ’Bumonoai
’Bumonoaiozanoþg
ozanoþg md ia pciåtona
pciåtona y antovosec bumonoai2
uga aprcxoeanoþg a Aeïrona Iatoga―.  Vdvos  Vd vosta
ta Iatog
Ia togca
caed
edron
ronag
agaa md Mdrdn
Md rdnjc
jcss Juea
Ju eagcs
gcs,,   \ci.
6;, G° 1. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.rdvostas.
jttps2//www.rdvostas.uga.an.nr/ogmdx.pjp/mdr
uga.an.nr/ogmdx.pjp/mdrdnjcsjueagcs/artonid/
dnjcsjueagcs/artonid/
 vodw/
 vod w/:>
:>;>
;> (ncg
(n cgsui
suitam
tamcc di
d i = md earzc
ea rzc m d 601?).
601 ?). (^ufra
(^u frayam
yamcc gudstrc
gud strc).
).
1< Ds oepcrtagtd aniarar qud dsta bumonoaiozan
bumonoa iozanoþg
oþg md ia pciåtona pudmd sdr prcponoama taefoïg
mdsmd moldrdgtds sdntcrds md ia scnodmam novoi (’mdsmd afabc") ncgtra di Dstamc, kcfodrgc c krupcs
md pcmdr, kdgdraiedgtd ascnoama ai ickrc c karagtåa md mdtdreogamcs mdrdnjcs lugmaedgtaids dg
di earnc md mdecnranoas ncgstotunocgaids. P. Mceogkc, cp. not.
Crokdg mdi iaw lar d  y DD. TT. dg Aeïrona Iatoga

Ia idkotoeomam ctcrkama a ia bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona

deaga mdi ncgsdgsc scfrd ia ’ncrrupnoþg― ncec prcfidea
lugmaedgtai
lugmae dgtai mdmd Aeïrona
Aeïr ona Iatoga,1
Iatog a,1;; akdgma qud vodgd sodgmc
ogstaiama dg ia rdkoþg mdsmd ogonocs md ia mïnama md ics :c, dg di
earnc mdi abustd dstrunturai y ia ecmdrgozanoþg mdi Dstamc. Di
prcndsc md rdncrtd mdi Dstamc y md ia provatozanoþg md ic pòfionc
oepuisamcs pcr ias ogstotunocgds logagnodras ogtdrganocgaids
(ncec di Fagnc Ogtdraedronagc md Mdsarrciic - FOM) y ics
crkagosecs foiatdraids dstamcugomdgsds dg Aeïrona Iatoga
(ncec ia Akdgnoa md ics Dstamcs Tgomcs para di Mdsarrciic
Ogtdrganocgai - Tsaom), ogniuyþ ia rdlcrea buråmona1:ncec partd
md ia fataiia ncgtra ia ’ogdlonodgnoa mdi Dstamc―. Mdsmd aqudiics
añcs sd lud anuñagmc di rdiatc md ia ’ncrrupnoþg― ncec ug eai
prcpoc (ogdvotafid) md ic pòfionc y mdi Dstamc. Dsta ncrrupnoþg
mdfd sdr dxtorpama mdi Dstamc apdiagmc dgtcgnds a ias ’fudgas
prántonas― mdi sdntcr provamc (dlonodgnoa y tragspardgnoa) para
mdspiazar ia ’iþkona― md ic pòfionc, ascnoama ai mdrrcnjd y a ia
eaia kdstoþg md ’ics pciåtoncs― (iïasd2 eoiotagtds, lugnocgarocs
ncg traydntcroa dg partomcs pciåtoncs), apcstagmc a ia lcreanoþg
md tïngoncs (supudstaedgtd apciåtoncs). Dstd agtdndmdgtd
dxpiona, dg partd, di jdnjc md qud ia pdrsdnunoþg
pdrsdnu noþg bumonoa
bum onoaii sd jaya
jaya
dxandrfamc ncgtra lugnocgarocs md Kcfodrgcs qud prcponoarcg
ia ogtdrvdgnoþg mdi Dstamc dg eatdroa dncgþeona y scnoai a
lavcr md ias eaycråas, dgsagnjagmc ai Dstamc y rdvaicrozagmc
ic pòfionc.

Dstamcs Tgomcs todgd ug rci lugmaedgtai dg di prcndsc md

 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaio
ioza
zano
noþþ g md ia pciåt
pc iåton
onaa dg kdgd
kd gdra
raii y dg di prct
pr ctak
akcg
cgos
oseec
mdi iawlard dg
iawlard dg partonuiar, md lcrea mordnta d ogmordnta.

1; ^oivoga Vceag c (601;), ’³Ds ia ncrrupnoþg di prcfidea md Aeïrona Ia toga3―. Ndiak.

Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk
jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-ncrrupno
/ia-ncrrupnocg-prcfidea-aedrona-
cg-prcfidea-aedrona-iatoga-6/
iatoga-6/
1: Iuos Pásara (6016),
(6016 ), ’Ogtdrgatocgai suppcrt lcr bustond
buston d rdlcre
rdlcre og Iatog Aedrona2 wcrtjwjoid
cr wcrtjidss3―. [asjogktcg MN2 [ccmrcw [oiscg Ndgtdr, Iatog Aedronag Prckrae. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.woiscgndgtdr.crk/pufi
jttps2//www.woiscgndgtdr.crk/pufionatocg/ogtd
onatocg/ogtdeatocgai-suppcrt-
eatocgai-suppcrt-lcr-bust
lcr-bustond-rdlcr
ond-rdlcre-iatog-
e-iatog-
aedrona-wcrtjwjoid-cr-wcrtjidss (ncgsuitamc di 1= md cntufrd md 601;).
 ionanoþg md DD. TT. dg di iaw lar d m d ecmc mordntc
Oep ionanoþg

Dg proedr iukar, DD. TT. ds di prognopai asdscr dg ias rdlcreas

 burå
 bu råmo
mona
nass y ’e
’ e cmdr
cm drgo
gozazano
noþg
þg―― md ics apar
ap arat
atcs
cs idka
id kaid
ids,
s, a travï
tra vïss md ia
Tsaom.1?]agtc ics crkagosecs mdi Dstamc ncec ias lugmanocgds
 y CGKs
CG Ks md DD. TT. todg to dgdg
dg ug rci niavd
nia vd dg ics ic s prcn
pr cnds
dscs
cs md
 bust
 bu ston
onoa
oa trag
tr agso
sono
nocc gai
ga i dg A e ïron
ïr onaa Ia
Iatog
toga,
a, m dsta
ds tana
nagm
gmcc ics nasc
na scss md
paåsds ndgtrc
ndg trcae
aedrodronag
nagcs
cs y mdmd Ncice
Nc ice foa.6
foa .60
0. Mdsmd jand mïnamas
mïnam as
sd oepidedgtag moldrdgtds prckraeas md asostdgnoa idkai ncg
paåsds md ia rdkoþg ncg ics qud DD. TT. todgd tratamcs dg dstd
áefotc, qud pudmdg dbdrndr ug pdsc niavd dg ia pciåtona ogtdrga
md ug
ug paås, ncec
nce c ic eudst
eu dstrara di nasc
nas c mdi Iava Batc
Ba tc dg Fr
Fras
asoi.
oi.661 Tg
dbdepic, scg ics anudrmcs md nccpdranoþg dlonaz c ia ogniusoþg
md ia mdianoþg prdeoama (c ecmaiomam mdi ’arrdpdgtomc―) ncec
ogstruedgtc
ogstrue dgtc niavd para ics buon bu onoc
ocs.6
s.66

 Aså, ia rdds
rd dstr
trun
untu
tura
rano
noþg
þg md ics apar
ap arat
atcs
cs md bust
bu ston
onoa
oa y di ecmc
ecm c
dg qud sd iidva a nafc, sudidg ncognomor ncg ics paráedtrcs
dstamcugomdgsds. Ds sukdrdgtd qud dg eunjcs nascs, ias
ecmolonanocgds dg di áefotc buråmonc y idkai sdag prdsdgtamas
agtd autcromamds mdi Kcfodrgc y tjogh taghs  taghs  dstamcugomdgsds
para sdr dvaiu
dv aiuamamas
as.6
.6>

Ias rdlcreas buråmonas qud sd sokudg oepidedgtagmc dg

 Aeïr
 Ae ïron
onaa Ia
Iatog
toga,
a, dstá
ds tág
g dg f udga
ud ga e dmom
dm omaa arto
ar tonu
nuia
iama
mass a ics

1? Di nasc md Frasoi ds sog sog mumas di eás iiaeatovc, mcgmd di sostdea buråmon c sd ecmolonþ
ecmolonþ
rdtceagmc varocs aspdntcs mdi ecmdic dstamcugomdgsd, qud jag mdlogomc di nursc md ia nausa
Iava Batc. Tg dbdepic, ds di dvdgtc rdaiozamc pcr ia Lanuitam md Mdrdnjc md Nciuefoa scfrd di
Iava Batc2 ’Frazoi's Iava Batc ^nagmai agm tjd Tsd cl Aedronag ]ccis tc Frogk tjd Pdrpdtratcrs
tc Bustond―. Ndgtdr lcr tjd Amvagndedgt cg Pufion Ogtdkroty. Nciuefoa Iaw ^njcci. <-: ldfrdrc
601?. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.iaw.nciuefoa.dmu/pufion-ogtdkroty/ncgldrdgnds-agm-dvdgts/
Frazoi-Bustond (ncgsuitamc di 6= md earzc md 601?).
60 I. Pásara, cp. not.
61  Fraso
 Fr asoii md Latc
Lat c   (601?), ’Frazoioag ncurt usdm T^ McB tantons akaogst Iuia, bcueaiost says―.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.frasoimdlat0.n0e.fr/601?/06/  1>/frazoioag-ncurt-usdm-us-mcb-
tantons-akaogst-iuia-bcueaiost-says/ (ncgsuitamc di 60 md afroi md 601?).
66 Di Dstamc
Dstamc cftodgd prudfas md ecmc nudstocgafid ’nciafcragm c― ncg di cldgscr cldgsc r y mdsaloa di
prognopoc md ia ogcndgnoa ogmunodgmc a travïs md edmocs nudstocgafids a qud di anusamc mdvdid su
nuipafoiomam.
6> Tg dbdepic ds ds di md rdlcrea md nþmokc pdgai
pdgai dg
dg Arkdgtoga 2 ]ctai Gdws, 11
Gdws, 11 sdptodefrd md 601:,
’DD. TT. eora ncg dgtusoasec di prcydntc md rdlcrea mdi nþmokc pdgai arkdgtogc―. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//tctaigdws.nce.ar/ogmdx.pjp/ganocgaids/1?-pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-eora-ncg-dgtusoasec-
di-prcydntc-md-rdlcrea-mdi-ncmokc-pdgai-arkdgtogc (ncgsuitamc di : md earzc md 601?).
 prckraeas md asostdgnoa para di mdsarrciic y ia asdscråa y
napanotanoþg mdi Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa md DD. TT. Tg
dbdepic oepcrtagtd md ia prdsdgnoa md DD. TT. ds di ’Prcydntc
Pudgtds― (600?), edmoagtd di qud di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa
md DD. TT. asdscrþ a eodefrcs md ics aparatcs bumonoaids md
 Ae
 A e ïron
ïr onaa Ia
Iatog
togaa dg tïng
tï ngon
onas
as y e dnag
dn agos
osee cs ncgt
nc gtra
ra ia ncrr
nc rrup
upno
noþg
þg,,
tdrrcrosec y iavamc md mogdrc. ^d iidvþ a nafc dg Frasoi y ugc
md ics aiuegcs mdstanamcs lud di budz ^drkoc Ecrc, ugc md ics
eáxoecs rdspcgsafids md ia nausa mdi Iava Batc ncgtra Iuia ma
^oiva y di Partomc md ics ]raf] rafabam
abamcrd
crds.6
s.6=

Dg sdkugmc iukar, dg ug piagc edgcs vosofid (oidkai) ias

defabamas md DD. TT. dg moldrdgtds paåsds jag partonopamc dg
ics prcndscs md bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona, a travïs md sus
 våg
 vå g nuic
nu icss ncg sdnt
sd ntcr
crds
ds pciåt
pc iåton
oncs
cs y depr
de prds
dsar
aroa
oaid
ids,
s, y scfr
sc frdd tcmc,
tcm c,
pcr edmoc md ias rdianocgds ncg lugnocgarocs c dxlugnocgarocs
qud cpdrag ncec oglcreagtds y fosakra dgtrd ics ogtdrdsds
dstamcugomdgsds y ia pciåtona icnai. Aikugcs nafids loitramcs
pcr [ohoidahs, 
[ohoidahs,  aså ncec movdrscs tdstoecgocs eudstrag ia
pdrsostdgnoa
pdrsos tdgnoa md dsta prán
p rántona.6
tona.644

Dg tdrndr
tdrnd r iukar, DD. TT. sd arrcka di rci md ’Budz ogtdrga
ogtdr ganocgnocgai―,
ai―,
ncg ias prdrrckatovas y autcromam para antuar dg nuaiquodr
tdrrotcroc mdi piagdta pcr asugtcs md sdkuromam ganocgai (c
qud aldntd a ogtdrdsds pòfionc-provamcs md ia Ganoþg). Di ecmc
dg qud sd apiona ia  Lcr
 L crdo
dokg
kg Ncrr
Nc rrup
uptt Pr
Pran
anto
tond
ndss A n t   a govdi
ogtdrganocgai aså ic mdeudstra2 DD. TT. utoioza sus prcpoas
idyds md su prcpoc sostdea idkai para oepcgdr sus ogtdrdsds
a govdi eugmoai.6
eugm oai.6<
< Dg di nasc mdmd Aeïrona
Ae ïrona Iatoga, ds niarc a
6= [ohoIdahs 
[ohoIdahs   (600?) ’Frazoi2 Oiionot logagnd ncgldend usds tjd ’]― [crm, sunndssluiiy―.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//wohoidahs.crk/piusm/nafids/0?FVA^OIiA16:6Sa.jtei
jttps2//wohoidahs.crk/piusm/nafids/0?FVA^OIiA16:6Sa.jtei   (ncgsuitamc di 14
md dgdrc md 601;)8  Fras Fr asoi
oi [ord 
[ord   (601:) ’Iuia‟s mdldgnd2 Gdw dvomdgnd sjcws oiidkai nccpdratocg
 fdtwd
 fdt wddgdg Tgotdm
Tg otdm ^tatds
^ta tds & Iava Batc Ba tc ogvdst
ogv dstoka
okatc
tcrs―
rs―.. 1< md earzc.
ear zc. Mospcg
Mos pcgofid
ofid dg2 jttp2//www .
 frasoi
 fra soiww ord.n
ord .nce
ce /iu ias-m
ias -mdl
dldg
dgndnd-g
-gdw
dw -dvom
-d vomdg
dgnd
nd-sj
-sj cw s-oiid
s-o iidka
kai-n
i-ncc
ccpd
pdra
ratoc
toc g-fd
g- fdtw
twdd
ddg-
g-ug
ugotd
otdm-
m-sta
statd
tds-
s-
iava-batc-ogvdstokatcrs/ (ncgsuitamc di 1> md earzc md 601?).
64  Fraso
 Fr asoii [ord, cp. not.
not.-,
-, ]odepc
]ode pc arkdg
ark dgtog
togcc   (601?), ’Nþec lugnocga ia rdm md rdianocgds md
ia Defabama md DD. TT. dg ia Arkdgtoga―. 1; md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar. jttps2//www.todepcar.
nce.ar/gcta/ncec-lugnocga-ia-rdm-md-rdianocgds-md-ia-defabama-md-dd-uu-dg-ia-arkdgtoga
(ncgsuitamc di 64 md earzc md 601?).
6< Earndic Rdrc (601?) ’^drkoc Ecrc2 Ecrc2 oepdroaiost pawg cl tjd MCB―. 10 md bugoc. bugoc . Mospcgofid
Mospcgofid
dg2 jttp2//www.frasoiword.
jttp2//www.frasoiword.nce/sdrkoc-ecrc-
nce/sdrkoc-ecrc-oepdroaios
oepdroaiost-pawg-cl-tjd-mcb
t-pawg-cl-tjd-mcb//   (ncgsuitamc di 10 md
 bugo
 bu gocc md 601?).
601 ?).
 partor mdi ecmc dg qud sd apionþ para di nasc md Cmdfrdnjt. Dg
monodefrd md 601<, di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa md DD. TT.
dgbuonoþ a ia tragsganocgai frasoidña pcr ncrrupnoþg dg cfras
rdaiozamas
rdaiozamas dg tdrrotcroc
tdrrotcroc dstamcugomdgsd, dgtragmc dg ncgtantc y
pomodgmc
pomodgmc ia nciafcranoþg (oglcreanoþg) a ics aparatcs bumonoaids bumonoa ids
md ics paåsds md Aeïrona Iatoga mcgmd Cmdfrdnjt rdaiozþ cfras
md oglradstruntura. Dg dldntc, ia ogtdrvdgnoþg md DD. TT. dg di
nasc Iava Batc sd jand dvomdgtd dg ias ncgvdrsanocgds loitramas
pcr ]jd ogtdrndpt, qud
ogtdrndpt, qud mag nudgta md uga dvomdgtd nciafcranoþg
dgtrd eodefrcs niavd md ia bustonoa frasoidña (^ïrkoc Ecrc y
Mditag Maiiakgci) y lugnocgarocs dstamcugomdgsds (qud ogniusc
antuarcg
antuar cg låsonae
låson aedg
dgtd
td mdsmd Fr Frasoi
asoi).6
).6;; DD. TT. lud niavd
nia vd dg ia
nausa y ia mdeagma lud iagzama prdnosaedgtd a travïs md ia
 Lcrdo
 Lc rdokg
kg Ncrr
Nc rrupuptt Pr
Praa nton
nt onds
ds A n t .6:
.6:

Tg matc gc edgcr, ds qud dxpdrtcs dstamcugomdgsds amvodrtdg

scfrd di ainagnd md dsta idy, dg tagtc pcstuia uga ’nruzama
ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg― janoa ludra, pdreotodgmc sog defarkc
guedrcsåsoecs antcs md ncrrupnoþg dg tdrrotcroc dstamcugomdgsd
qud a su vdz sd prcydntag dg ug ’ecmc md jandr ias ncsas― dg
pciåtona dxtdrocr, narantdrozamc pcr prántonas ncrruptas qud sd
jag
jag gaturaioza
gatu raiozamc.6
mc.6?Ic
?Icss movdrscs antcs md ncrrupnoþg
ncrrup noþg prcponoamcs
prcpon oamcs
pcr di Kcfodrgc y ctras akdgnoas mdi Dstamc dstamcugomdgsd
arrcbag ug eagtc md mumas scfrd di rci qud DD. TT. sd arrcka a
så eosec para buzkar ics antcs md ncrrupnoþg dg nuaiquodr partd
mdi eugmc.

Oep ionanoþg md DD. TT. dg di iaw lar d md ecmc ogmordntc

Oepionanoþg

Di mosnursc md ia ncrrupnoþg ja somc di tdrrdgc lïrtoi dg di qud

prcioldrarcg ias nausas ncgtra lugnocgarocs md Kcfodrgc. Dg
6; Agmrd Farrcnai (601?), ’Akdgtds
’Akdgtds aedronagc s atuarae mdgtrc mc Frasoi
Frasoi ga Iava Batc―.
Bat c―. 1< md
 bug
 bu g oc.
oc . Mospcg
Mos pcgofid
ofid dg2 jttps2//www.nartanapotai.nce.fr/pciotona/akdgtds-aedronagcs-atuarae-
mdgtrc-mc-frasoi-ga-iava-batc/ (ncgsuitamc di 66 md bugoc md 601?).
6: ’Tgotdm ^tatds cl Ae drona v. Cmdfrdnjt ^.A.―, ^taglcrm Iaw ^njcci. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
lnpa.staglcrm.dmu/dglcrndedgt-antocg.jtei3om5<>4 (ncgsuitamc di 14 md earzc md 601?).
6? Eohd Hcjdidr (6014), ’]jd Tgncelcrtafid
Tgnce lcrtafid ]rutjs agm Mcufid ^tagmarms cl Frofdry
Dglcrndedgt―. Lc
Dglcrndedgt―. Lcrm rmja
jaee Iaw
I aw Vdvodw
Vdv odw,, \ci =, G° :6, pp. 464-4<1. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//or.iawgdt.
jttps2//or.iawgdt.
lcrmjae.dmu/mc/sdarnj/3q5autjcrSigaed%>A%66Hcdjidr%66%60AGM%60autjcrS
lgaed%>A% 66Eohd%66&start50&n0gtdxt5o4;
66Eohd%66&start50&n0gtdxt5o4;60?=&s0rt5matdSmdsn&l
60?=&s0rt5matdSmdsn&landt5andt5 (ncgsuitamc di 1=
md gcvodefrd md 601:).
ics òitoecs modz añcs, ics tjogh taghs dstamcugomdgsds
taghs dstamcugomdgsds bugtc ncg
ics prognopaids edmocs md prdgsa md dsd paås ncgtrofuydrcg a
ogstaiar ia ncrrupnoþg y ia ogsdkuromam ncec ics mcs prcfideas
prognopaids para Aeïrona Iatoga.

Dstd mosnursc amquoroþ narántdr md ’rdaiomam rdai― ai tdgdr

oepcrtagtd oepantc dg ia cpogoþg pòfiona, ncognomodgmc ncg
mosnurscs y prántonas prcecvomas pcr ia
ia mdrdnja y aikugcs sdntcrds
md ia ozquodrma iatogcaedronaga, qud atrofuydg di auedgtc md
ia ogsdkuromam y ia ncrrupnoþg a ias pciåtonas oepidedgtamas
pcr ics Kcfodrgcs prckrdsostas (amvortodgmc qud utoiozarcg a ics
sdntcrds pcpuiards para cftdgdr vctcs, sd dgroqudnodrcg y iudkc
ics afagmcgarcg a su sudrtd, dtn.). Dstcs sdntcrds, sudidg tdgdr
rdianocgds c vågnuics mordntcs ncg tjogh taghs, 
taghs,  lugmanocgds,
CGKs, crkagosecs ogtdrganocgaids, dtn., mdi Kcfodrgc y sdntcr
provamc md DD. TT. (pcr ia våa md ia logagnoanoþg) c ogmordntcs
(pcr ncepartor dvdgtcs, dspanocs ogstotunocgaids, pdrocmåstoncs,
anamïeoncs, dtn.).

Di Ogtdr Aedronag Moaickud, pcr dbdepic, vodgd janodgmc ug

sdkuoeodgtc pcredgcrozamc mdi Iava Batc. Amdeás md diafcrar
oglcredsyfrogma
oglcre dsyfrogmarmdniaranocgds
rmdniaranocgdsae aedmocsmd
dmocsmdprdgsa,
prdgsa, dxpusc
dxpusc lrdg
lrdgtd
td
ai Ncgkrdsc
Ncgkr dsc md DD. TT. ics jaiiazkc
ja iiazkcss md sus ogvdst
ogv dstokano
okanocgd
cgds,>
s,>0
0
ogniuydgmc uga sdrod md rdncedgmanocg
rdnce dgmanocgds ds ncg ug aitc
aitc pctdgnoai md
ogtdrvdgnoþg
ogtdrvdgn oþg dg asugtcs ogtdrgcs
og tdrgcs md ics paåsds2
paåsds2 utoiozar
u toiozar ia Lcr
ia Lcrdokg
dokg
Ncrruptocg
Ncrruptocg Prantonds A nt  ncec
 ncec jdrraeodgta md pcmdr fiagmc (ia
idy edmoagtd ia qud DD. TT. sd atrofuyd di iomdrazkc md ia iunja
ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg a govdi ogtdrganocgai, aòg nuagmc di Dstamc
gcrtdaedronagc eudstra sdroas ogncgsostdgnoas dg dsta iunja a
govdi ganocgai)8 qud ics defabamcrds asostag a ics buonocs niavd
(³quï sundmdråa nuagmc sd tratd md buonocs ncgtra lugnocgarocs
qud muragtd su kdstoþg eagtuvodrcg mostagnoa c rdianocgds
ncgtrcvdrsoaids ncg di Kcfodrgc md DD. TT.3)8 ncgtoguar
asostodgmc a pdrocmosec md ogvdstokanoþg y scnodmam novoi (dstc ds
ncepidbc nuagmc sd ncgcnd ia ogliudgnoa md lugmanocgds y CGKs
>0 Ogtdr-Aed ronag Moaickud (601?), ’Ncgkrdssocgai
’Ncgk rdssocgai ]dstoecgy2 Tgmdrstag mogk Cmdfrdnjt
- Idsscgs lcr Nce fatogk Ncrruptocg og tjd Ae dronas―. 6< md earzc. earzc. Mospcgofid
Mos pcgofid dg2
dg2 jttps2//
jttps2//
 www.t
 ww w.tjd
jdmo
moaic
aicku
kud.c
d.c rk/a
rk /aga
gaiys
iysos/
os/nc
ncgk
gkrds
rdssoc
socga
gai-t
i-tds
dstoe
toe cgy-
cg y-ug
ugmd
mdrs
rsta
tagm
gmogk
ogk-c
-cmd
mdfr
frdnj
dnjt-
t-ids
idssc
scgs
gs-lc
-lcr-
r-
ncefatogk-ncrruptocg-og-tjd-aedronas/ (ncgsuitamc di 6= md afroi md 601?).
 dg ia iunja agtoncrrupnoþg ascnoama a ogtdrdsds mdi sdntcr provamc
dstamcugomdgsd, ncec ia lugmanoþg Atias), ic eosec di apcyc a
pdrocmosec md ogvdstokanoþg, molånoiedgtd oeparnoai dg dstd topc
md nascs (ncgsomdragmc ia traydntcroa md nodrtcs crkagosecs md
prdgsa dg ia rdkoþg, ncec ia ^cnodmam Ogtdraedronaga md Prdgsa
 y sus vågn
vå gnui
uics
cs ncg lugm
lu gman
anocg
ocgds
ds md DD. TT.,
TT. , ncg uga pcstura
pcstu ra
niaraedgtd amvdrsa
amvdr sa a ics Kcfodrgcs
Kcfodrg cs pcsgdc
pc sgdciofdra
iofdraids).>
ids).>11

Cfbdtovcs mdi ia w la r d 2 ia dxpdrodg noa dg aikugcs paåsds

md ia rdkoþg

 A ncrtc
ncr tc piazc,
pia zc, ugc
ug c md ics cfbdt
cf bdtov
ovcs
cs mdi iawlard 
iawlard  ds ’jandr uga
ioepodza― md ia pciåtona. ]ras uga kudrra qud sd banta md iofrarsd
dg ncgtra md ’ia pciåtona y ics pciåtoncs dg kdgdrai―, sd pdrnofd
uga niara sdidntovomam md ics nascs, ncg nastokcs eás earnamcs
 y prcicg
prc icgkam
kamcs
cs para
par a lugn
lu gnocg
ocgar
arocs
ocs y dxlu
dx lugn
gnocg
ocgar
arocs
ocs md Kcfo
Kc fodrg
drgcs
cs
prckrdsostas.

Ia ioepodza todgd ctrc cfbdtovc u dldntc edgcs vosofid, qud ds

prclugmozar ias ncgmuntas agtopciåtonas, ds mdnor, ogndgtovar
di mostagnoaeodgtc md nuaiquodr topc md partonopanoþg pciåtona
pcr partd md ia noumamagåa, lcedgtar di provatosec novoi,
rdlcrzar ia provatozanoþg md ias ncgmuntas. Ia (rd) ogstauranoþg
c ncgsciomanoþg mdi gdciofdraiosec rdquodrd md aioedgtar c
lcedgtar ia mdspciotozanoþg md ia scnodmam, agniamc dg ug sdgtomc
nceòg mcgmd tcmcs ics pciåtoncs, di Dstamc y ic pòfionc ncgliuydg
dg uga dsporai md ncrrupnoþg qud, dg aparodgnoa, scic pcmråa sdr
rdsudita pcr ’tïngoncs― qud ogcnuidg dg di aparatc dstatai ias
’fudgas prántonas― mdi sdntcr provamc. Di iawlard ncfra
iawlard ncfra sdgtomc,
dgtcgnds, ncec
ncec jdrrae
j drraeodgta
odgta a lavcr md dstd prcndsc, cpdragmc
cpdra gmc dg
cnasocgds md ecmc vocidgtc y janodgmc usc md ia ludrza rdprdsova
para ’saivar― ai Dstamc md Mdrdnjc y a ia mdecnranoa.

Dg dstd dsndgaroc kdgdramc pcr di iawlard, 

iawlard,  sd jand eás soepid
d ogniusc sd pdrnofd ncec gdndsaroc y ncgvdgodgtd rdtcear (c
>1 Tg dbdepic ds di vågnuic dgtrd ia
ia ^cnodmam
^cnodmam Ogtdraedronaga md Prdgsa y ia
ia Lugmanoþg Godeag
Godeag
para di pdrocmosec ogmdpdgmodgtd md Jarvarm. \dr Lugmanoþg Godeag (10 gcvodefrd md 6011),
’Godeag bcue aiosts tc dxae ogd prdss lrddmce
lrddmce og IatogAedrona―. Mospcgofid
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//godeag.
jttp2//godeag .
jarvarm.dmu/gdws/6011/11/godeag-b0ueaiosts-t0-dxaeogd-prdss-lrddm0e-og-iatog-aedrona/
rdlcrzar, sdkòg sda di nasc) ia våa gdciofdrai. Di ’nacs ogeogdgtd―
(qud ds mcgmd di iawlard 
iawlard  amquodrd su eáxoea dxprdsoþg md
’kudrra― gc ncgvdgnocgai, ncec sd dxpcgmrá dg ugc md ics
napåtuics), kdgdra ia gdndsomam md uga bustonoa qud sd didvd pcr
dgnoea md ics mdeás aparatcs mdi Dstamc y qud sda napaz md
saivar ia mdecnranoa. Para diic, paramþbonaedgtd, pcr ug iamc, sd
dioeoga ai Dstamc2 sd rdnurrd a ug Dstamc md dxndpnoþg pcr edmoc
md jdrraeodgtas (supudstaedgtd) idkaids (aså mdlogomas pcr ug
aparatc bumonoai qud sd didvþ pcr dgnoea md ics mdeás pcmdrds),
qud dg ics jdnjcs ncgmundg a ia ceosoþg md ia idy a lavcr md ia
(rd)oepcsonoþg vocidgta mdi gdciofdraiosec>
gdciofdra iosec>66 (ia
(ia oepcsonoþg md
]dedr y di antuai Kcfodrgc md Fciscgarc dg Frasoi ogmonag dsta
mdrova).
mdrova). Dstd
Dstd crmdg ogtdgta ecstrarsd ncec idkai, ’gaturaiedg
’gatur aiedgtd―
td―
prdmospudstc a ia rdgmonoþg md nudgtas y a ia tragspardgnoa (ds
mdnor, ncgtraroc a prántonas ncrruptas), pcr sdkuor ia iþkona y di
’ecmc md jandr ias ncsas― (md lcrea ncrrdnta) mdi sdntcr provamc8
pcr dstar rdskuarmamc y morokomc pcr deprdsarocs mdvdgomcs dg
pciåtoncs (di Kcfodrgc md Eanro dg Arkdgtoga y di Kcfodrgc md
Idgåg Ecrdgc dg Dnuamcr, pardndg crodgtarsd dg dsta mordnnoþg).
Pcr ctrc iamc, pdrc ascnoamc a ic agtdrocr, dsta gdndsomam md
’rdtcrgc ai crmdg― jafoiota c idkotoea di rdtcrgc md sdntcrds md ias
Ludrzas Areama
Are amass a ia dsldra pciåtona lcreai. Dg di nasc md Frasoi, ds
dvomdgtd ncg ia iidkama md Baor Fciscgarc a ia prdsomdgnoa ganocgai
 y dg di rci
rc i qud asueod
asu eodrcg
rcg ics eoiotar
eoi otards
ds dg ia
i a lcre
lc reanoþ
anoþgg md cpogoþg
cpog oþg
pòfiona muragtd ia naepaña
naep aña prdsomdgnoai
prdsomdgnoa i (y didi dgnarndiaeodgtc md
Iuia ma ^oiva) a travïs md ias rdmds scnoaids.
Dstd rci pciåtonc qud vudivdg a asueor ias LL. AA., sd ascnoa a ug
’gdndsaroc― mosnopiogaeodgtc scnoai, agtd di ’nacs kdgdramc pcr ia
ncrrupnoþg― y qud pdrsostd dg di todepc para karagtozar di abustd
gdciofdrai
gdciof drai (våa rdprdsoþg).
rdprdsoþg ). Aså, dg di sdgc mdi iawlard dgncgtraecs
iawlard dgncgtraecs
ia mdspciotozanoþg md ia scnodmam sueama a uga nrdnodgtd y
prdcnupagtd sdnurotozanoþg md ia pciåtona dg aikugcs paåsds.
Oiustratovc ds qud di Kcfodrgc md Fciscgarc rdovogmona ncec ug
>6 Ldiopd E. ^ctdic (601:), ’Iawlard, tjos nroed naio bustond
bus tond ―, dg Narci Prcgdr dt ai., Nceedgtscg
a gctcrocusvdrdmont. ]jd ]roai clIuia. Fudgcs Aords2
Aords2 Niansc.
N iansc. Mospcgofid
M ospcgofid dg2
dg2 jttps2//www.niansc.
crk.ar/iofrdroa-iatogcaedronaga/iofrcSmdtaiid.pjp3omSiofrc5o>>:&crmdg5&pakdGueSrsS
iofrcs5c&tctaiVcwsS rsSiofrcs5o64< (ncgsuitamc
(ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md 601?).
 ickrc di Kcipd nåvonc eoiotar md 1?<= dg dsd paås, amvortodgmc ia
dsnasa vaicranoþg md ics mdrdnjcs, karagtåas y iofdrtamds eågoeas
md ug Dstamc md Mdrdnjc, a ia vdz qud eudstra ug dsndgaroc dg
di qud ds pcsofid pcsonocgarsd md dstd ecmc (augqud oepioqud
 vuigd
 vu igdrar
rar movdrs
mov drscs
cs anudrm
anu drmcs
cs ogtdrg
ogt drgano
anocg
cgaid
aidss scfrd mdrdnjc
mdr dnjcss
jueagcs, dtn.).

Di rci asueomc
asueom c pcr ias LL. AA. dg di iawlard taefoïg
iawlard taefoïg gcs rdnudrma
ia moedgsoþg kdcpciåtona mdi iawlard, 
iawlard,  qud trasnodgmd di áefotc
nastrdgsd.
nastrdgsd. Di dbdepic eás ncgniuydgtd ds ia kudrra ioframa iofram a ncgtra
 \dgdzud
 \dg dzudia.ia. Dg dstd ncgliontc,
ncglio ntc, di iawlard, 
iawlard,  di afusc md ia idy y ia
utoiozanoþg
utoiozanoþg md movdrscs ednagosecs idkaids (ogniuomas ias ias sagnocgds
dncgþeonas) sd suea a ias jdrraeodgtas md uga kudrra jåfroma
pdreagdgtd ncgtra di prcndsc md naefoc. Dg dstd dsndgaroc, di
ncgndptc md iawlard 
iawlard  amquodrd su eáxoea dxprdsoþg ncec ’uga
kudrra pcr ctrcs edmocs― para ickrar ug naefoc md rïkoedg, qud
prdsued md sdr ’edgcs vocidgtc― qud ia ognursoþg areama, pdrc
qud dg ics jdnjcs sd tramund dg prdsocgds dncgþeonas, pciåtonas,
mopiceátonas, edmoátonas qud kdgdrag ug dsndgaroc md nacs, qud
 bustolo
 bus tolonar
naråa
åa uga ogtdrvd
ogtd rvdgno
gnoþg
þg mdsmd
md smd ludra
ludr a (mopice
(mo piceáton
átona,
a, dncgþe
dnc gþeona,
ona,
pciåtona
pciåtona y eoiotar)
eoiotar) para ’pcgdr crmdg―.
crm dg―. Ias sagnocgds dncgþeonas,
ia prdsoþg mopiceátona, di ecmc md oepidedgtanoþg md ia ’ayuma
jueagotaroa― y ia cpdranoþg md ug kcfodrgc paraidic, ds pcsofid
dg di earnc idkai jafoiotamc para dstc, qud a su vdz rdquodrd md
ia ogjafoiotanoþg md ctrcs tratamcs y anudrmcs qud pcstuiag ia
oidkaiomam md taids prántonas. Dstc ma nudgta md uga niara asoedtråa
dg di ecmc dg qud sd apionag ias idyds dg di sostdea ogtdrganocgai
a ia vdz qud eudstra ias tdgsocgds dg uga kdcpciåtona kicfai dg
pidga tragslcreanoþg2 \dgdzudia pcgd a Aeïrona Iatoga dg di
ndgtrc md ias mosputas
mos putas dgtrd DD. TT., Njoga
Nj oga y Vusoa.>>
Vusoa.>>

Di cfbdtovc md oepuisar di crmdg gdciofdrai sd vosuaioza ncg eaycr

niaromam dg aqudiics nascs dg ics qud ia dstratdkoa buråmona ds
utoiozama ’a ia ogvdrsa―, para karagtozar ia pdreagdgnoa md
sdntcrds qud mdlodgmdg dstd ecmdic y cnupag ia dsldra pciåtona
>> Aragtxa ]oramc, ^oivoga
^oivoga Vceagc y ]aea ra Iabteag (601?), ’DD. TT., VusoaVusoa y ia Kudrra
‚Lråa‟ dg Aeïrona Iatoga y di Narofd―. Ndiak. < md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/
dduu-rusoa-kudrra-lroa-aedrona-iatoga-narofd/
lcreai. Dg dstcs nascs, di aparatc bumonoai sd didva pcr dgnoea
md ics mdeás pcmdrds y ias jdrraeodgtas idkaids sd eagopuiag
para karagtozar di statu quc, 
quc,  janodgmc eagnudrga ncg ia
prdgsa para soidgnoar nodrtcs nascs y dvotar ia dxpcsonoþg md
mdtdreogamas pdrscgaiomamds lrdgtd a ia cpogoþg pòfiona
(ncec ic eudstra di nasc md Ncicefoa dxpudstc dg dstd iofrc).

Pcr ctra partd, ia ’kudrra ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg― ioframa mdsmd

ics sdntcrds md pcmdr para moroeor tdgsocgds ogtdrgas y jandr
nodrta ioepodza dgtrd ias mdrdnjas, ncec ds di nasc md Pdrò,
ogmona ia tdgmdgnoa a uga bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona d
ogmumafidedgtd ia prdsdgnoa md uga burostcnranoa. Ds mdnor2
dg gcefrd mdi Dstamc y ia mdecnranoa, sd aeputa ai Dstamc
md Mdrdnjc y ics ncepcgdgtds rdprdsdgtatovcs y mdiofdratovcs
md ia mdecnranoa. ^og defarkc, ia moldrdgnoa ncg nascs ncec
di md Arkdgtoga, Frasoi c Dnuamcr, ds qud nuagmc ia mdrdnja
abustonoa a ia mdrdnja, gc sd mosputag prcydntcs c ecmdics
md paås agtakþgoncs, sogc qud, pcr di ncgtraroc, di cfbdtovc
ds mdecstrar qud di Dstamc gdciofdrai ’så ds dldntovc― dg ia
iunja ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg y, pcr ic tagtc, ds ncgvdgodgtd
eagtdgdr dstd statu quc,  quc,  ncg ia mdrdnja cnupagmc ia dsldra
pciåtona lcreai. Augqud dg di prcndsc sd rdncrtd ia mdecnranoa
iofdrai prcndmoedgtai qud dg aparodgnoa sd fusna mdldgmdr.
 Aså,
 As å, dg Pdrò
Pd rò dxost
dx ostdd ia p drsd
dr sdnu
nunonoþg
þg p c iåto
iå tonn a pcr
pc r ia våa
vå a bum
bu m onoa
on oaii
(aså ic ogmona tagtc di suonomoc mdi dxprdsomdgtd Aiag Karnåa
ncec di di pdmomc md md prosoþg para Hdohc Luboecro, ncec sd sd
dxpcgd dg dstd iofrc), pdrc dsta didvanoþg mdi aparatc bumonoai
pcr dgnoea md ics mdeás pcmdrds, sd jand eás fodg para
saivar ug crmdg gdciofdrai aedgazamc pcr uga ncrrupnoþg
ogtdstoga, qud gdndsota uga ioepodza para sdkuor cpdragmc.
Ia mdecnranoa pdruaga, scstdgoma prántonaedgtd pcr su
moedgsoþg prcndmoedgtai (a moldrdgnoa md ias mdecnranoas md
Kcfodrgcs prckrdsostas qud ctcrkarcg eaycr prctakcgosec d
oepcrtagnoa a ia sustagnoa) mdfd ’ecstrar― qud sokud sodgmc
 váio
 vá ioma
ma (’sd
(’s d roa
ro a ― ), jano
ja noaa di ogtd
og tdro
rocc r y scfr
sc frdd tcmc
tc mc jano
ja noaa di dxtd
dx tdroc
rocr.r.

Dg ncgnrdtc, ia sokuodgtd cfra prdtdgmd ecstrar di ecmc

dg qud vodgd cpdragmc di iawlard 
iawlard  dg moldrdgtds paåsds md
 Aeïro
 Ae ïronana Iatoga,
Iato ga, a part
pa rtor
or md nasc
na scss ncgn
nc gnrd
rdtc
tcss af
afcr
crma
mamc
mcss dg ics
moldrdgtds napåtuics qud mag nudgta md ia prdsdgnoa md tcmcs
c aikugcs md sus ncepcgdgtds2 pdrsdnunoþg pciåtona pcr ia våa
 bumon
 bum onoai
oai88 e agop
ag opui
uian
anoþ
oþgg mdi lugn
lu gnoc
ocga
gaee odgt
od gtcc mdi apar
ap arat
atcc bum
bu m onoa
on oaii
y su didvanoþg pcr dgnoea md ics mdeás pcmdrds prcponoagmc di
’afusc― md ia autcromam md ics budnds8 eagopuianoþg edmoátona
y md rdmds scnoaids para dsnagmaiozar aikugcs nascs y cnuitar
ctrcs8 di afusc md ia idy c eai usc mdi mdrdnjc para agoquoiar ia
dncgceåa md ug paås c para aosiaric mopiceátonae
mopice átonaedgtd.dgtd. Dg tcmcs
tcmcs
ics
ics nascs sd pdrnofd ia prdsdgnoa mdi Dstamc-sdnt
D stamc-sdntcr cr provamc md DD. DD.
TT., kdgdraiedgtd ascnoamc a ia nausa Cmdfrdnjt, pdrc taefoïg
ascnoamc a prckraeas md napanotanoþg, rdugocgds d ogtdrnaefoc
ncg lugmanocgds, vågnuics md ia defabama ncg ’oglcreagtds
niavd― dg prcndscs bumonoaids, dtn. A su vdz, ias moldrdgtds
dxpdrodgnoas eudstrag ug eaycr c edgcr ïxotc rdspdntc md ics
cfbdtovcs a ics
ics qud pardnd
pa rdnd ncgtrofuor
ncg trofuor di iawlard2 (rd)ogstauranoþg
(rd)ogstauranoþg
mdi gdciofdraiosec (qud sd tramund dg ia oepidedgtanoþg md
iogdaeodgtcs dncgþeoncs, pciåtoncs y scnoaids crodgtamcs a
ia iofdraiozanoþg mdi edrnamc, dtn.)8 ia mdspciotozanoþg md ia
scnodmam y mdi Dstamc (tdgmdgnoa a ia deprdsaroaiozanoþg y
’tdngolonanoþg― mdi aparatc dstatai)8 ia rdartonuianoþg mdi aparatc
rdprdsovc ai sdrvonoc md ug Dstamc gdciofdrai.

 A trav
tr avïs
ïs md dsta
dst a nce
nc e poia
po iano
noþg
þg,, di nce
nc e prce
pr ceos oscc mdi Ndgt
Nd gtrc
rc
Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak) ds ogtdgtar
nceugonar ai pòfionc dg kdgdrai, mdi ecmc eás sogtïtonc y
aedgc pcsofid -sog rdsokgar ia rokurcsomam y govdi md agáiosos-
ia mogáeona, cfbdtovcs d ogtdrdsds mdi iawlard,  iawlard,  qud sudidg sdr
cnuitamcs c soidgnoamcs tagtc pcr ia prdgsa jdkdeþgona ncec
pcr ics ’dxpdrtcs― qud ncgtrofuydg (mdiofdramaedgtd c gc) a ia
lafronanoþg md uga cpogoþg pòfiona earnamaedgtd agtopciåtona y
agto Dstamc. Dspdraecs,
D spdraecs, ncg dstc, ncgtrofuor
ncgtrofu or a ia fataiia nuiturai
 y pciå
p ciåton
tona,
a, apcr
ap crta
tagm
gmcc a ics omda
om daids
ids y prán
pr ánto
tona
nass md
m d ia deag
de agno
nopa
panoþ
noþg
g
 y autc
au tcmdmdtd
tdre
reogogan
anoþ
oþg
g md uga AeïrAe ïrononaa Ia
Iatog
togaa qud jcyjc y eás qud
gugna, dstá dg iunja nctomoaga y pdreagdgtd pcr su mokgomam.
Vdldrdgnoas

Farrcnai, Agmrd (601?), ’Akdgtds aedronagcs atuarae mdgtrc

mc Frasoi ga Iava Batc ― . 1< md bugoc. bug oc. Mospcgofid
Mospcg ofid dg2 jttps2//
 w w w .na
.n a r t a n a p ota
ot a i.n
i. n c e .f
.frr / p c iot
io t o n a / a k d g t d s - a e d r ona
on a g c s -
atuarae-mdgtrc-mc-frasoi-ga-iava-batc/ (ncgsuitamc di 66
md bugoc md 601?).
 Fra
 F raso
soii md Latc
La tc   (601?), ’Frazoioag ncurt usdm T^ McB tantons
akaogst Iuia, bcurgaiost says―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
 fra
 f raso
soim
imdd la
latc
tc.n
.ncc e .f
.fr/
r/60
601?
1?/0
/06/
6/ 1>/f
1> /fra
razo
zoio
ioag
ag-n
-ncu
curt
rt-u
-usd
sdmm -us-
-u s-
mcb-tantons-akaogst-iuia-bcurgaiost-says/ (ncgsuitamc di 60
md afroi md 601?).
 Fra
 F raso
soii [ord 
[ord   (601:), ’Iuia‟s mdldgnd2 Gdw dvomdgnd sjcws
oiidkai nccpdratocg fdtwddg Tgotdm ^tatds & Iava Batc
ogvdstokatcrs―. 1< earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
 f r a s o i w o r d . n c e / i u i a s - m d l d g n d - g d w - d v o m d g n d - s j c w s -
oiidkai-nccpdratocg-fdtwddg-ugotdm-statds-iava-batc-
ogvdstokatcrs/ (ncgsuitamc di 1> md earzc md 601?).
Ncearcll, Bdag y Ncearcll, Bcjg (600<),  Iaw
 Ia w agm
ag m mosc
mo scrm
rmdr
dr og
tjd pcstncicgy.
pcstncicgy .  Njonakc2 Tgodvrsoty cl Njonakc Prdss.
Mceogkc, Poiar (600?), ’Noumamagåa, mdrdnjcs y bustonoa dg
 Ae
 A e ïron
ïr onaa a IaIatog
togaa N ouma
ou mama
magg ozan
oz anoþ
oþgg -bum
-b umon
onoa
oaio
ioza
zano
noþþ g md ia
pciåtona―.  Vdv
 V dvos
osta
ta NOMC
NO MCF F m ‟A ldrs
ld rs Ogtd
Og tdrgrgaa nocg
no cga
a is,
is ,   G° :4-
:<, pp. >>-46.
Mugiap, Njarids (600?), ’Iawlard2 A Mdnosovd Didedgt cl 6ost-
Ndgtury
Ndgtur y Ncglionts3―,
Ncglionts3 ―, Bc
 Bcog
ogtt Lcrnï
Lcrn ï Quartdri
Quar tdriy,
y, G°
 G° 4=, pp. >=->?.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//snjciarsjop.
jttps2//snjciarsjop.iaw.muhd.dmu/lanui
iaw.muhd.dmu/lanuityS tyS
snjciarsjop/>>=;/ (ncgsuitamc di 10 md sdptodefrd md 601:).
Ldcio, Earnc (601<), ’Buonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona y antovosec
 bumo
 bu monoa
noai2
i2 uga aprcxo
apr cxoea
eanoþ
noþg
g a Aeïro
Ae ïrona
na Ia
Iatog
toga―
a―,,  Vdvosta
 Vdv osta
 Iatog
 Ia togca
caededron
ronag
aga
a md Mdrd
Md rdnj
njcs
cs Jueagc
Jue agcs,s,   \ci. 6;, G° 1.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.rdvostas.uga.an.nr/ogmdx.pjp/
mdrdnjcsjueagcs/artonid/vodw/:>;> (ncgsuitamc di = md
earzc
earz c md 601?).
J a e e , F. (601=), ’Pcwdr agm tjd Kicfai Vuiogk Niass. [jc
Vuids tjd [crim3 ]jd Dgm cl Mdecnrany as [d Hgcw
Ot― Kicfai Vdsdarnj―. = md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
 w w w .k i c f a i r d s d a r n j . n a / p c w d r - a g m - t j d - k i c f a i - r u i o g k -
niass-wjc-ruids-tjd-wcrim/4>:4661 (ncgsuitamc di 1> md
sdptodefrd md 601;).

Jdreág, Dmwarm y Njceshy, Gcae (1?::),  Ea  E a gula

gu lant
ntur
urog
ogkk
ncgsdgt. ]jd pciotonai dncgcey cl tjd eass edmoa. 
edmoa.   Gdw
 _crh
 _c rh22 Pa
Pagtj
gtjdc
dcg.
g.

Jorsnji, Vag (601>), ’]jd Bumonoaiozatocg cl Pciotons―. ]jd

Cxlcrm Jagmfcch cl Pciotonai ^nodgnd. 
^nodgnd.   Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.cxlcrmjagmfcchs.nce/vodw/10.10?>/
cxlcrmjf/?;:co??<c==4<.cco.ccco/cxlcrmjf-
?;:01??<0==4<-<-01> (ncgsuitamc di 14 md gcvodefrd md
601:).

Ogtdr-Aedronag Moaickud (601?), ’Ncgkrdssocgai ]dstoecgy2

Tgmdrstagmogk
Tgmdrstagmogk Cmdfrdnjt - Idsscgs Idsscgs lcr lcr Ncefatogk
Ncefatogk
Ncrruptocg og tjd Aedronas―. 6< md earzc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.tjdmoaickud.crk/agaiys
jttps2//www.tjdmoaickud.crk/agaiysos/ncgkrdsso os/ncgkrdssocgai- cgai-
t d s to
t o e c g y - u g m d r s ta
t a g m o g k - c m d f r d n j t -i
- i d s s c g s - lc
lc r -
ncefatogk-ncrruptocg-og-tjd-aedronas/ (ncgsuitamc di 6=
md afroi md 601?).

Orago, Lrdya (601;), ’Iawlard, T^ eoiotary mosncursd, agm tjd

ncicgoai agm tjd ncgstotutocg cl iaw agm war―.  Durc  Du rcpd pdagag
 Bcu
 B curgrga a i c l OgtdOg tdrg rgaa toc
to c g a i ^dnu
^d nuro roty
ty,,  pp. 1-61. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.naefromkd.crk/ncrd/bcurgais/durcpdag-
 bc
 b c u r g a i - c l - o g t d r g a t o c g a i - s d n u r o t y / a r t o n i d / i a w l a r d - u s -
eoiotary-mosncursd-agm-tjd-ncicgoai-ncgstotutocg-cl-iaw-
agm-war/Fo:6=D6AAM
agm-war/ Fo:6=D6AAM A:N N6?<=04:4A:>D N6 :F :F== M
(ncgsuitamc di 6: md gcvodefrd md 601:).

Bcgds, Nraok (601<), ’Iawlard agm tjd buromolonatocg cl iatd

ecmdra war―.  Prc
 P rck
k rdss
rd ss og J ueag
ue ag Kdck
Kd ckra
rapj
pjy,
y,   \ci =0, G°
6, pp. 661-6>? (ncgsuitamc di 60 md gcvodefrd md 601:).
Hottrod, Crmd (6010), ’Iawlard agm T.^. Gatocgai ^dnuroty―,
 Bcu
 Bc u rga
rg a i c l Ogtd
Og tdrg
rgaa tocg
toc g ai Iaw,
Ia w,   G° =>, G° 1. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//snjciariynceecgs.iaw.nasd.dmu/boi/vci=>/oss1/6>
(ncgsuitamc di 11 md gcvodefrd md 601:).

Hcjdidr, Eohd (6014), ’]jd Tgncelcrtafid ]rutjs agm Mcufid

^tagmarms c l Frofdry Dglcrndedgt―,
Dglcrnde dgt―, Lc
 Lcrm
rmja
jaee Iaw
Ia w Vdvo
Vd vodw
dw..
 \ci
 \ ci =, G° :6, pp.4
pp .464
64-4<
-4<1.
1. M ospcg
osp cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttps2//or.iawgdt.
jttps2//or.iawgdt .
lcrmjae.dmu/mc/sdarnj/3q5autjcrSigaed%>A%66Hcd-
jidr%66%60AGM%60autj0rSlgaed%>A%66Eohd%66&s-
tart50&n0gtdxt5o4;60?=&s0rt5matdSmdsn&landt5 (ncg
suitamc di 1= md gcvodefrd md 601:).

Ickag, ]rdvcr (601;), ’Ogtdrgatocgai

’Ogtdrg atocgai Iaw agm tjd Tsd cl Iawlar
Iawlard2 d2
 Ag
 A g A rkue
rk uedg dgtt lcr
lc r tjd
tj d T.^.
T.^ . ]c A mcp
mc p t a Ia
Iawla
wlard
rd Mcnt
Mc ntro
rogd
gd―― .
Eastdr clc l ^nodgnd og Mdldgsd agm ^tratdk
^ tratdkon
on ^tumods, Eosscur
E osscuro,o,
DD. TT. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//fdarwcrhs.eosscurostatd
jttps2//fdarwcrhs.eosscurostatd..
dmu/tjdsds/>1=<

Eutua, Eahau (6000), ’[jat os ][AOI3―,  Ae

 A e dron
dr onag
ag ^cnod
^c nodty
ty
cl Ogtdrgatocgai Iaw, 
Iaw,   \ci ?=, pp >1->:. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.naefromkd.crk/ncrd/bcurgais/prcnddmogks-
cl-tjd-asoi-agguai-eddtogk/artonid/wjat-os-twaoi/
L<1:<MMA;D;NFLF40NN<1A6M;:><N4L0 (ncgsuitamc di
4 md monodefrd md 601:)

Pásara, Iuos (6016), ’Ogtdrgatocgai suppcrt lcr bustond rdlcre

og Iatog Aedrona2 wcrtjwjoid cr wcrtjidss3―. [asjogktcg
MN2 [ccmrcw [oiscg Ndgtdr, Iatog Aedronag Prckrae.
Mospcg
Mos pcgofid2
ofid2 jttps
jt tps22//www. woiscgndg
woisc gndgtdr.crk
tdr.crk/pufiona
/pufionatocg
tocg /
ogtdrgatocgai-suppcrt-lcr-bustond-rdlcre-iatog-aedrona-
 wcr
 w crtj
tjww j oid-c
oid -cr-
r-ww crtj
cr tjid
idss
ss (n
(ncg
cgsu
suita
itamc
mc di 1= md cntu
cn tufr
frdd md
601;).

Vceagc, ^oivoga (601;), ’³Ds ia ncrrupnoþg di prcfidea md

 Aeïr
 Ae ïron
onaa Ia
Iatog
toga3
a3―.
―. Ndiak.
Ndiak . Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak .
crk/ia-ncrrupnocg-prcfidea-aedrona-iatoga-6/

^aom, Dmwarm (600=), Crodgtaiosec. 

Crodgtaiosec.  Eamrom2 MdFcisoiic.
^ctdic, Ldiopd E. (601:), ’Iawlard, tjos nroed naio bustond―, dg
Prcgdr, Narci dt ai. Nceedgtscg a gctcrocusudrdmont.
]jd ]roai cl Iuia. 
Iuia.  Fudgcs Aords2 Niansc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.niansc.crk.ar/iofrdroa-iatogcaedronaga/
iofrcSmdtaiid.pjp3omSiofrc5o>>:&crmdg5&pakdGueSrsS
iofrcs5c&tctaiVcwsSrsSiofrcs5o64< (ncgsuitamc di = md
ldfrdrc md 601?).
]jd Iawlard Prcbdnt, ’Afcut Iawlard2 A Frodl Jostcry cl
tjd ]dre agm tjd ^otd―. Mospcgofid dg2 j.ttps2//www.
iawlardfick.nce/afcut-iawlard-frodl-jostcry-tdre-agm-
sotd (ncgsuitamc di 60 md cntufrd md 601;).
]odepc arkdgtogc 
arkdgtogc   (601?), ’Nþec lugnocga ia rdm md rdianocgds
md ia Defabama md DD. TT. dg ia Arkdgtoga―. 1; md earzc.
jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/ncec-lugnocga-
ia-rdm-md-rdianocgds-md-ia-defabama-md-dd-uu-dg-ia-
arkdgtoga (ncgsuitamc di 64 md earzc md 601?).

]oramc, Aragtxa8 Vceagc, ^oivoga y Iabteag, ]aeara (601?),

’DD. TT., Vusoa y ia Kudrra ‚Lråa‟ dg Aeïrona Iatoga y di
Narofd―. Ndiak. < md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
ndiak.crk/dduu-rusoa-kudrra-lroa-aedrona-iatoga-narofd/
]ctai Gdws 
Gdws   (601:), ’DD. TT. eora ncg dgtusoasec di prcydntc
md rdlcrea mdi nþmokc pdgai arkdgtogc―. 11 md sdptodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//tctaigdws.nce.ar/ogmdx.pjp/
ganocgaids/o?-pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-eora-ncg-dgtusoasec-
di-prcydntc-md-rdl
di- prcydntc-md-rdlcre
cre a-mdi-ncmokc-pdgai-ar
a-mdi- ncmokc-pdgai-arkdgto
kdgtogc
gc
(ncgsuitamc di : md earzc md 601?).
’Tgotdm ^tatds cl Aedrona v. Cmdfrdnjt ^.A.― ^taglcrm
Iaw ^njcci. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//lnpa.staglcrm.dmu/
dglcrndedgt-antocg.jtei3om5<>4 (ncgsuitamc di 14 md
earzc md 601?).
 \ciid
 \c iidgw
gwdom
domdr
dr,, Nae
Na e oia y Vceagc
Vce agc,, ^oivoga
^oiv oga (601;)
(60 1;),, ’I
’Iaw
awlar
lardd c ia
Kudrra bumonoai dg Aeïrona Iatoga―. Ndiak. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.ndiak.0rk/wp-n0gtdgt/upi0ams/601;/0>/
Iawlard].pml 
 [oh
 [ ohoI
oIda
dahs
hs (600?
(60 0?), ), ’ Frazoi2
Frazo i2 Oiiono
Oii onott logag
log agnd
nd ncgld
nc gldrg
rgnd
nd usds
usd s tjd ’]―
’] ―
 [crm
 [ crm,, sunn
su nndd sslu
ss luii
iiy―
y―.. Mosp
Mo spcg
cgofi
ofidd dg2 jttps2//wohoidahs.crk/
piusm/nafids/0?FVA^OIOAo6:6Sa.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 14
md dgdrc md 601;).

Rdrc, Earndic (601?), ’^drkoc Ecrc2 oepdroaiost pawg cl

tjd MCB―. 10 md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
 fra
 f raso
soiw
iwor
ordd .nce
.n ce /sdr
/s drko
koc-
c-e
e crc-
cr c-oe
oepp d roai
ro aios
ost-
t-p
p awg-
aw g-cc l-tj
l- tjd-
d-mc
mcb/
b/
(ncgsuitamc di 10 md bugoc md 601?).
 O >?

Burostcnranoa y áefotcs md
apionanoþg dg di iawlard frasoidñc
 Ae
 A e åin
åi n a r ^aias
ai as Crcñc

Frasoi ds di dbdepic md iawlard  iawlard  eás niarc dg Aeïrona

Iatoga, puds ma nudgta md ia agoquoianoþg mdi amvdrsaroc
pciåtonc (iåmdrds y partomcs) pcr ia våa bumonoai. Tga
kudrra ioframa a travïs md ia eagopuianoþg mdi aparatc
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oai,i, ia og liu
li u d g n oa y p r d soþ
so þ g md D stam
st amcc s T g omcs
om cs (pcr
edmoc md prckraeas md asdscraeodgtc, nccpdranoþg
dg ia ogvdstokanoþg y ecgotcrdc md ia nausa Cmdfrdnjt
mdsmd di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa md DD. TT.) y ia
eagopuianoþg md ia cpogoþg pòfiona pcr partd md ia
prdgsa jdkdeþgona. Tga kudrra buråmona qud, ncec tcma
kudrra, oepiona uga mosputa pcr ogtdrdsds kdcpciåtoncs
dg budkc (rdsdrvas md jomrcnarfurcs, ogmustroas
dstratïkonas, dtn.).

Ogtrcmunnoþg

Ias pákogas sokuodgtds todgdg ncec ogtdrïs rdlcrzar ia omda

md qud di nasc frasoidñc ds ugc md ics dbdepics eás niarcs y
defideátoncs md iawlard iawlard  (di ecmc dg qud sd apiona ia kudrra
 burå
 bu råmo
mona
na,, ics prog
pr ogno
nopa
paid
idss antc
an tcrd
rdss y ias m ogáe
og áeon onas
as oepi
oe piona
onama
mas)
s)..
 Asoe
 As oeose
osec,c, ogtd
og tdrd
rdsa
sa m dtai
dt aiia
iarr ias
ia s part
pa rton
onuu iaro
ia rom
m amds
am ds fr
fras
asoi
oidñ
dñas
as
md iawlard 
iawlard  qud pdreotdg dsfczar di eapa ncgndptuai scfrd
di qud kora di tïreogc2 ia gcnoþg md burostcnranoa, ic rdldromc
a ics áefotcs md apionanoþg y ias ecmaiomamds md pugotovosec
pdgai qud pusc dg mosnusoþg. Para mar nursc a ics arkuedgtcs
sd prdsdgta, dg proedr iukar, uga mdsnropnoþg kdgïrona scfrd
ia ogvdstokanoþg bumonoai iiaeama ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―,
 ias mogáeonas y antcrds oepionamcs, aså ncec su oepantc dg
movdrscs áefotcs. Iudkc sd prdsdgtag ics pugtcs sdñaiamcs a
partor md mcs nornugstagnoas crkagozamcras md ia rdlidxoþg2 di
kcipd a Moiea Vcussdll y di ncgtdxtc (buråmonc) mdrovamc mdi
oepdanjedgt   y ’di nasc Iuia―, ncg tcmcs ics ncgmonocgagtds
qud airdmdmcr mdi eosec pudmdg dxtradrsd. Pcr dncgceåa md
dspanoc sd rdmunorág aikugas rdldrdgnoas jostþronas dspdnålonas
 y ludg
lu dgtd
tdss md ncgs
nc gsui
uita
ta,, para
pa ra m dsta
ds tana
narr ics
ic s aspd
as pdnt
ntcs
cs ncgn
nc gndp
dptu
tuai
aids
ds
qud ncepcgdg ia andpnoþg mdi iawlard para
iawlard para di nasc frasoidñc.

Ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―

]ras 4 añcs y eás md <c dtapas md ogvdstokanoþg, ia ’Cpdranoþg

Iava-Batc― tcmavåa gc ja ncgniuomc. Mdsmd qud ncedgzþ, di 1;
md earzc mdi 601=, crmdgagmc di nuepioeodgtc md 1; pdmomcs
md prosoþg
prosoþg dg ; Dstamcs
Dstamcs mdi paås,
paås, dsta ogvdstokanoþg bumonoai
bum onoai -
ia eás oepcrtagtd md ia jostcroa frasoidña- gc ja logaiozamc,
augqud ds dvomdgtd uga mdsandidranoþg dg ics òitoecs todepcs.
Di ápond md ias ogvdstokanocgds prcpoaedgtd cnurroþ muragtd
ics añcs 6014 y 601<, ncg eás md >0 lasds moldrdgtds, eodgtras
qud ia eaycråa md ics prcndscs ncgniuydrcg dg 601; y 601:, ncg
aprcxoeamaedgtd 6= sdgtdgnoas. _a scg eás md 6=0 ncgmdgas
para eás md 140 pdrscgas. ]aefoïg sd jag mdlogomc annocgds md
oeprcfomam ameogostratova ncgtra pdrscgas låsonas, deprdsas y
trds partomcs pciåtoncs2 Partomc Prckrdsosta (PP), Ecvoeodgtc
Mdecnrátonc Frasoidñc (EMF) y di Partomc ^cnoaiosta Frasoidñc
(P^F). ^d jag nuepiomc eás md eoids md pdmomcs md fòsqudma
 y aprd
ap rdj
j dgso
dg soþg
þg mura
mu ragt
gtdd tcmc
tc mcss dstc
ds tcss añcs
añ cs,, nodgt
nod gtcs
cs md pdmo
pd momc
mcss md
prosoþg, rdkostrágmcsd tcmavåa aikugas pdrscgas prþlukas.

Ias ogmakanocgds sd rdecgtag a buioc mdi 601> nuagmc ia pcionåa

md Nurotofa mdsnufroþ uga rdm md iavamc md mogdrc qud cpdrafa
mdsmd icnaids md ioepodza md autcs -mdgceogamcs (dg pcrtukïs)
’Iava-Batc―-. Mdsmd dgtcgnds, di Buzkamc Nroeogai G° 1> ncg
sdmd dg Nurotofa -napotai mdi Dstamc md Paragá- a narkc mdi
 bud
 bu d z ^drk
^d rkoc
oc Ecrc,
Ec rc, ncgn
nc gndg
dgtr
trþþ ias
ia s ogvd
og vdst
stok
okaa nocg
no cgds
ds y nce
nc e dgzþ
dg zþ
dxniusovaedgtd a antuar scfrd di asugtc8 jcy di Buzkamc dstá a
narkc md ia budza Kafrodia Jarmt.
Ias proedras ogvdstokanocgds rdvdiarcg qud deprdsas md
ncgstrunnoþg novoi pakafag eoiicgarocs scfcrgcs para
ambumonarsd ncgtratcs aeañamcs ncg ia pdtrcidra dstatai
Pdtrcfrás8 bustaedgtd lud di tdstoecgoc/’mdianoþg prdeoama―
mdi dxmordntcr md Afastdnoeodgtc md Pdtrcfrás, Pauic Vcfdrtc
Ncsta, di qud afroþ di naeogc ogonoai md ias pdsquosas. Mdsmd
dgtcgnds, ia ecmaiomam mdi ’arrdpdgtomc― sd ja usamc md lcrea
rdotdrama -y afusova- mdsgaturaiozagmc di narántdr ogonoai md ia
lokura, ic qud id ja vaiomc gc sþic ai budz ^drkoc Ecrc a tåtuic
pdrscgai sogc a ia ogvdstokanoþg dg kdgdrai, nudstocgaeodgtcs
md dgtomamds buråmonas y mdldgscras md ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs
tagtc md Frasoi ncec md ctrcs paåsds, d ogniusc crkagosecs
supraganocgaids.

Jasta di 601?, sdkòg dstumocs rdaiozamcs ai rdspdntc, sd dstoea

qud ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― ja tdgomc ug oepantc gdkatovc
scfrd ia dncgceåa mdi paås, md aprcxoeamaedgtd > %  mordntc
scfrd di PFO (pcrndgtabd qud auedgta so sd ncgsomdrag ics
dldntcs
dldntcs ogmordntcs).>
ogmordntcs ).>=
= ]aefoïg ja aldntamc di depidc, scfrd
tcmc dg rufrcs dg ics qud, pcr dbdepic, sd jafåa eagoldstamc
ug nrdnoeodgtc oepcrtagtd mdi eosec jasta di 601=, ncec
ia ogmustroa gavai. Eás aiiá md ia varodmam md ncgmdgamcs
-mordntovcs md ia pdtrcidra, deprdsarocs, pciåtoncs, y ctrcs
prcldsocgaids y noumamagcs dg kdgdrai- mcs md ics aspdntcs
eás ncgtrcvdrsoaids md ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― jag somc, pcr
ug iamc, ia asoedtråa md ics prcndscs bumonoaids -ncg aidvcsas
mosparomamds, pcr dbdepic, tagtc dg ias ncgmdgas ncec dg ia
lidxofoiomam para ia rdmunnoþg md ias pdgas- y, pcr di ctrc, ia
prceosnuomam bumonoai dgtrd quodgds mdfåag cnuparsd md ia
anusanoþg, ics losnaids, y di prcpoc
prcp oc budz
bu dz,>
,>44 ncg mdstaqud
mds taqud para di
rci qud tuvodrcg ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg jdkdeþgoncs.

>= NT] (601:), ’Cpdrakác Iava Batc nauscu prdbuåzcs foiocgárocsfoiocgá rocs ac
ac paås, moz dstumc― . ^otoc
^otoc
clonoaU Ndgtrai Tgona mcs ]rafaijamcrds. < md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.nut.crk.fr/gctonoas/cpdranac-iava-batc-nauscu-prdbuozcs-foiocgarocs-ac-paos-moz-
dstumc-f==l 
>4 Ai rdspdntc, ia movuikanoþg md movdrscs
movdrsc s topcs md nceugonanocg
nceu gonanocgdsds dgtrd dstas mcs partds
dxpudstas
dxpuds tas pcr di sotoc ]jd Ogtdrndpt  mdsmd bugoc md 601?,
601?, gc ja jdnjc eás qud ncglorear ic qud ya
dra uga narantdrozanoþg gåtoma para ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc‟ , dstc ds, ia ogdxostdgtd md oeparnoaioma
oeparnoaioma m
mdi budz y di mdsfcrmd md ncepdtdgnoas mdlogomas para ias partds mdi prcndsc bumonoai.
Tga ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― qud, taefoïg pcr ia ludrza md
dstd ancepañaeodgtc edmoátonc, ja rdsuitamc mdtdreogagtd
para ia mdrova ncgsdrvamcra y md mdrdnja pcr ia qud tragsota
antuaiedgtd Frasoi.

Dgnuamraeodgtc mdi prcfidea2 di iaw lar d  frasoidñc

^o fodg ya tdgåa su nornuianoþg dg áefotcs eás rdstrogkomcs,

md lcrea pòfiona y easova dg Frasoi ia gcnoþg md iawlard
lud prdsdgtama dg uga ncgldrdgnoa md prdgsa qud modrcg ics
afckamcs md Iuia di 10 md cntufrd md 601<. Tgcs edsds agtds,
di Dstamc Mdecnrátonc md Mdrdnjc dg Frasoi anafafa md sdr
oepantamc ncg ug oepdanjedgt   ncepidtaedgtd lraumuidgtc a
ia prdsomdgta
prdsomdgt a Moiea Vcussdll><y
Vcussdll><y ajcra
a jcra sdråa di todepc md avagnd
para ug cfbdtovc ncepidedgtaroc2 mdsartonuiar ia prdsdgnoa
pciåtona mdi Partomc mcs ]rafaijamcrds (P]) md ia dsndga pciåtona
 y, lugm
lu gmae
aedgt
dgtaie
aiedgt
dgtd,
d, mdfoi
md foiota
otarr a su prognop
pro gnopai
ai lokura
lokur a jostþron
jost þronaa
 y mcs vdnds
vdn ds eagm
ea gmat
ataro
arocc mdi paås2 Iuoz Oganoc
Oga noc ma ^oiva,
^oiv a, Iuia, sog
muma uga md ias pdrscgaiomamds pciåtonas eás oepcrtagtds md ia
jostcroa frasoidña. Di prcpoc ncgndptc md iawlard lud
iawlard lud dxpudstc
dxpuds tc dg
aqudiia cpcrtugomam pcr ics afckamcs md Iuia,>; ogsporamcs, tai
ncec diics eosec ic ameotodrcg, a partor md ias ncgvdrsanocgds
eagtdgomas ncg ics agtrcpþickcs md ia Tgovdrsomam md Jarvarm,
Bcjg y Bdag Ncearcll,>
Nce arcll,>: : rdldrdgtds scfrd ia tdeátona.

Mdsmd dgtcgnds, tcmc ja ncgloreamc

ncgloream c di jdnjc md qud ’di nasc Iuia
Iuia
ds, ogmosnutofidedgtd, ugc md ics eás rdidvagtds paramokeas
dg di eugmc md iawlard 
iawlard  ncg cfbdtovcs pciåtoncs―.>
pciåtoncs―.>? Pcr ias
ias
narantdråstonas md ics prcndscs bumonoaids dg su ncgtra, pcr di topc
md pdrsdnunoþg y dstokeatozanoþg edmoátona, pcr di pdreagdgtd

>< Bdssï ^cuza (601<), A

(601<),  A ramockralå
ramoc kralåa
a a mc kcipd
kc ipd..   ^ac Pauic2 Dmotcra Idya.
>; Dgroqud ^agtoakc Vcedrc (601:), ’Di iawlard2 kudrra buråmona ncgtra ia mdecn ranoa―,  Di 
 Moaro
 Mo aroc,
c,   61 md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dimoaroc.ds/trofugaafodrta/iawlard-kudrra-
 buromon
 buro mona-m
a-m de0n
de 0nran
ranoaS
oaS<S
<S:0
:0<0
<06?
6?=0
=0<.j
<.jte
tei.i.
>: Bdag Ncea rcll y Bcjg I. I. Nce arcll (600<),  Iaw  Ia w ag m Moscr
Mo scrmd
mdrr og tjd Pcstnc
Pcs tncicg
icgy.
y.   Gdw
Njonakc2 Tgovdrsoty cl Njonakc Prdss.
>? Nrostoagc Ragog Eartogs y \aidsha ]doxdora Rdgog Eartogs (601:), ’C qud qud já de nceue
nceue
dgtrd c nasc Iuia d as mosputas kdcpciåtonas mcs DTA―. Partomc mcs ]rafaijamcrds, 1: md
monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pt.crk.fr/c-qud-ja-drg-nceue-dgtrd-c-nasc-iuia-d-as-
mosputas-kdcpciotonas-mcs-dua/
jcstokaeodgtc a sus mdrdnjcs, sd trata md ug nasc bumonoai tag
sogkuiar ncec afydntc. Dg dsd
dsd sdgtomc, qudma niarc qud gc sd trata
tag sþic md ’ug usc pdrvdrsc mdi mdrdnjc―, sotuanoþg qud pcmråa
afarnar nornugstagnoas oglogotas md mostcrsocgds/pdrsdnunocgds/
arfotrarodmamds prcpoas md nuaiquodr crmdg dstatai mospudstc a
eagtdgdr mdtdreogamc statu quc quc  md provoidkocs, pcr dbdepic, a
lavcr md ias niasds mceogagtds. Ncg Iuia jay ug ecvoeodgtc md
ctra gaturaidza y md aiiå ia utoiozanoþg md ia gcnoþg md iawlard2
sd trata md uga arrdedtoma ncg narántdr md ’kudrra buråmona―
dg di usc y ia vdrsatoiomam md ias ludrzas qud ncgliuydrcg dg ia
nornugstagnoa.

Mdspuïs md trds eagmatcs ncgsdnutovcs mdi Partomc mcs

]rafaijamcrds
]rafaijamcrds(P])-60
(P])-600606 -60 1=-, aikcogïmot
aikcogïmotcparai
cparaiamdecnran
amdecnranoa oa
 frasoi
 fra soidñ
dña,
a, ds ogmum
ogm umaf
afid
id qud nodr
no drtc
tcss dgtra
dg trae
e amcs
am cs ogsto
og stotu
tunoc
nocga
gaids
ids,,
pciåtoncs, dncgþeoncs, mopiceátoncs, y md ctrcs þrmdgds md
ia moaiïntona scnoai, sd jafåag ecmolonamc, rdcrkagozagmc ics
tïreogcs md ia ’lcreanoþg dncgþeonc
dncgþ eonc-scnoai―
-scnoai― mdi paås
paås.. ^odgmc ug
tagtc diástoncs ncg ias
ias natdkcråas - y sog ia ogtdgnoþg md ncicnar di
pugtc md mdfatd dg dsta moedgsoþg- pudmd alorearsd qud so fodg
gc sd tratþ md ug gudvc ’ficqud jostþronc― så ogkrdsþ ug gudvc
’ficqud scnoai― a ias dstrunturas buråmonc-pciåtonas frasoidñas,
prdlokuragmc ctra crodgtanoþg y procromamds para tdeas niavd
ncec di pdtrþidc, ias pciåtonas scnoaids c ias ecmaiomamds md ics
dquoiofrocs ldmdratovcs, dgtrd tagtas ctras nudstocgds. Md aiiå
taefoïg ia ogtdgsomam qud nama vdz eás asueåag ias mosputas
prdsomdgnoaids dg ia qud di P] sd ofa oepcgodgmc8 ncec ia mdi
601=, pugtc fosakra md ics ancgtdnoeodgtcs qud sd sundmodrcg
dg ics edsds sokuodgtds2 para depdzar, ias oepukganocgds a
ics rdsuitamcs pcr partd md ia ncaionoþg mdrrctama8 iudkc, ics
sundsovcs pdmomcs md buonoc pciåtonc ncgtra Moiea Vcussdll8 ia
sdmonoþg prdsupudstaroa dg ia qud sd ncicnþ di Ncgkrdsc muragtd
tcmc di 60148 di lrcgtai ’cpcsonocgosec― qud id prcpusodrcg
ias prognopaids Náearas deprdsaroaids ai Kcfodrgc8 dtn.
Nornugstagnoas qud ludrcg kagagmc tdrrdgc kranoas a ug
naefoc dg ia ateþsldra scnoai oepuisama pcr ia ’ndgtraiomam―
qud amquoroþ prckrdsovaedgtd ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― ncec
ogstagnoa
ogstagnoa mdlogotcroa md ia tdepcraiomam
tde pcraiomam pciåtona.
pciåtona.
Md ia pciåtona a ia kdcpciåtona

Di mdspiodkud mdi iawlard 

iawlard  dg Frasoi, mcgmd ia idy ds utoiozama
ncec ug edmoc para ainagzar ug cfbdtovc (md narántdr eoiotar8
ug eïtcmc md ’kudrra gc ncgvdgnocgai―), trastcnþ pcr ncepidtc
di pagcraea mdecnrátonc qud, gc sog dsludrzc, jafåa ickramc
dstafoiozarsd mdsmd ics añcs :c dg amdiagtd. A partor md ia
’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― qudmaråa niarc qud ias idyds (y partd
md ia buromonomam mdi Dstamc) pasarcg a sdr utoiozamas ncec
didedgtcs para ia rdsciunoþg md mosputas ogtdrgas y dxtdrgas
(kdcpciåtonas), y/c dg ia ncognomdgnoa md aefas moedgsocgds,
dstc ds, voafoiozagmc ia ncgkrudgnoa dgtrd sdntcrds pciåtoncs
icnaids d ogtdrdsds dxtragbdrcs8 para di nasc, scfrd tcmc
dstamcugomdgsds.=
dstamcugomdgsds.=0 Aquå di eïtcmc
eïtcmc bumonoai apardnd ncecncec
sustotunoþg ncgtdepcrágda mdi tramonocgai usc eoiotar md ia
ludrza.

Ncec joic garratovc md ia akdgma scnoai, di iawlard  iawlard  ogkrdsa

a travïs md ia nudstoþg md ia ncrrupnoþg, ncec di lantcr
 bust
 bu stol
olon
onam
amcc r mdi mdsf
md sfcr
crmd
md burå
bu råm
m onc
on c (dg sogtc
sog tcgå
gåaa ncg ctrc
ct rcss nascs
nas cs
iatogcaedronagcs)2 dsd ds di árda md rdscgagnoa (edmoátona y
nuiturai) md ia prcpoa ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―. Di cfbdtovc md
lcgmc2 mdscrkagozar aikugcs didedgtcs mospudstcs muragtd ics
16 añcs md Kcfodrgcs pdtostas, ncec di earnc rdkuiatcroc mdi
pdtrþidc dg akuas prclugmas, ia ncepdtotovomam md Defradr, ia
dxpagsoþg md ias deprdsas euitofrasoidñas (gc sþic mdgtrc md
ia rdkoþg iatogcaedronaga), ics prcydntcs gunidards dg eatdroa
md sdkuromam kdcdstratïkona, ia prcecnoþg md ics rdkocgaiosecs
supraganocgaids (md ics Frons a ia Tgasur), di prctakcgosec
 fras
 fr asoid
oidññ c dg ics
ic s prdn
pr dnoc
ocss md prcm
pr cmununno
noþg
þg y nce
nc e drnoc
dr noc eugm
eu gmoaioai md
prctdåga agoeai, kragcs y ctras eatdroas proeas, dgtrd eunjcs
ctrcs aspdntcs. Dg dsd nrund md ogtdrdsds (pciåtoncs) ogtdrgcs y
(kdcpciåtoncs)
(kdcpciåtoncs) dxtdrgcs, tcmcs dstcs ickrcs ickrcs qudmarcg mospudstcs
md tai
tai lcrea qud sd ncgvortodrcg
ncgvortodr cg dg cfbdtovcs md ia ’kudrra ncgtra
ia ncrrupnoþg―, aòg sog prudfas go ectovcs md pdsquosa. Ia

=0 Dg dsd sdgtomc, ds dicnudgtd di vorabd dg eatdroa md pciåtona dxtdrocr rdaiozamc pcr di Kcfodrgc
md E. ]dedr y ia prclugmozanoþg md dsta mdlogonoþg dg ic qud va mdi Kcfodrg c md B. Fciscgarc.
ncognomdgnoa tdepcrai dgtrd ia ncgloreanoþg mdi gudvc eïtcmc
(md ’kudrra buråmona―) y ias gdndsomamds ogtdrgas y dxtdrgas ds ic
qud mdba aòg eás dvomdgtd ia utoiozanoþg mdi iawlard  iawlard  dg Frasoi.
Dg ias tragsnropnocgds md ics moáickcs dgtrd di dgtcgnds budz
^drkoc
^drkoc Ecrc
Ecrc y ics losnaids
losnaids -rdv
-r dvdia
diamc
mcss pcr di
di sotoc ]jd Ogtdrndpt-
sd rdpotd uga ncgstagtd2 ia oepcrtagnoa md qud ia anusanoþg (ics
losnaids) gc mdbd
mdbd md tdgdr
tdg dr ug toeogk dg
toeogk dg sus scionotumds8
scionotumds8 ug toeogk
eás ogedmoatc, para gc pdrmdr ia ’gcvdiozanoþg― (y dg dsc di
ancpid ncg ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg lud lugmaedgtai) ncg
qud sd crkagozþ ia prcpoa ogvdstokanoþg Iava-Batc, y ug toeogk
eás edmoatc, para gc pdrmdr di ’dstamc md cpogoþg― noumamagc
ncgstruomc muragtd añcs dg rdianoþg ncg ia dstokeatozanoþg y
pdrsdnunoþg ncg tcmc ic qud tuvodra qud vdr ncg di Partomc mcs
]rafa
]ra faij
ijam
amcr
crds.
ds.==1

Ia ’ncrrupnoþg― ya gc ncec ug mraea vognuiamc a ia

omocsognrasoa md ia niasd pciåtona c dg rdldrdgnoa a nodrta pa uta md
ncepcrtaeodgtc narantdråstonaedgtd frasoidña,
fr asoidña, tai ncec jafråa
somc ug afcrmabd tramonocgai scfrd ia nudstoþg. Ia ’ncrrupnoþg―
ncec prdtdxtc md ics naefocs dg di topc md antuanoþg bumonoai,
ncg ug pugtc md apcyc ogniusc dxtdrgc a ias rdaiomamds icnaids
mcgmd ancgtdndg ics jdnjcs8 y ds aiiå mcgmd tcea ludrza ia
ncgdxoþg kdcpciåtona edgnocgama. Ia ’ncrrupnoþg― sd crokoga
dg Frasoi pdrc aldnta ics ogtdrdsds md ics noumamagcs md tcmas
partds mdi eugmc, dg partonuiar, dstamcugomdgsds8 aiiå ds qud
apardnd di prdtdxtc para qud sd ncgdntdg ics Mdpartaedgtcs
md Bustonoa md ug paås y ctrc, ncg di mdseamrd scfdragc y ia
ogbdrdgnoa mordnta qud dstc ja sokgolonamc. Tga dstratdkoa,
amdeás, euy cgdrcsa ncgtra aikugas dstataids frasoidñas, qud
ja rdsuitamc dg uga nagtomam md mdeagmas pcr partd md ics
annocgostas dstamcugomdgsds nuya suea supdra, para di nasc
md Pdtrcfrás, ics 10 eoi eoiicgds md rdaids. Okuai qud para
Defradr, nuya pdrsdnunoþg pcr partd mdi Mdpartaedgtc md
Bustonoa dstamcugomdgsd tdreogþ ncg anudrmcs loreamcs ncg

=1 ]jd Ogtdrndpt  (601?),
 (601?), ’Idoa cs moáickcs md ^drkoc Ecrc d Mditag Maiiakgci qud de fasarae a
rdpcrtakde mc Ogtdr ndpt―. ]jd Ogtdrndpt, F
Ogtdrndpt, Frasoi
rasoi (16 md bugoc).
bugoc) . Mospcgofid
M ospcgofid dg2 jttps2//tjdogtdrndpt .
nce/60o?/c</o6/njat-sdrkoc-ecrc-mditag-maiiakgci-iavabatc/
dsd þrkagc pcr di nuai gc sþic mdfåa jafdr mdtdreogamcs pakcs
rdkuiards sogc taefoïg ug ecgotcrdc ogtdrgc md ia ncepañåa
(para logaiozar, mcs añcs mdspuïs, ncg di agugnoc md su vdgta a
ia deprdsa gcrtdaedronaga Fcdogk).

 Ai
 A i rdsp
rd spdndntc
tc,, Narc
Na rcii Pr
Prcg
cgdr
dr - u g a md ias ia s lug
lu g mamc
ma mcra
rass md ia
 Asc
 A scno
noaa noþg
no þg FrFras
asoid
oidña
ña md Buro
Bu rost
stas
as y rdldr
rd ldrdg
dgtd
td dg di paåspa ås dg
eatdroa md iawlard- ja
iawlard-  ja ogsostomc dg dsta andpnoþg mdi tïreogc2
di iawlard 
iawlard  ncec ug ednagosec ’ndgtrai dg ia ncefoganoþg
md edmocs y eïtcmcs md ncefatd buråmonc para jandr pcsofids
ics piagcs kdcdstratïkoncs md mosputa dncgþeona y pciåtona,
 vaio
 va ioïg
ïgmcmcsdsd md ia prcm
pr cmun
unno
noþg
þg md ogds
og dsta
taff oiom
oi omam
am qud scia
sc iae
e dgtd
dg td di
oepianafid
oepia nafid ncefan cefatdtd a ia ncrrupnoþg ds napaz md prcm unor―.= unor ―.=6

Ia rdncglokuranoþg mdi aparatc bumonoai  y ics edmocs

Dg tïreogcs eás kdgïroncs, di iawlard ncec

iawlard ncec ’kudrra buråmona―
ds uga mdsvoanoþg autcrotaroa mdi mdrdnjc. Ncec ic ameotdg
 varo
 va rocs
cs dstu
ds tumo
mocs
cscs
cs scfrd
scf rd di tdea,
tde a, sd trat
tr ataa md uga
ug a e dtae
dt aecr
crlc
lcso
soss
mdi pugotovosec pdgai qud trad ncgsdnudgnoas para tcma ia
arquotdntura gcreatova mdi Dstamc. Tg jdnjc qud, para di
nasc frasoidñc, lud rdlcrzamc pcr ia sdnudgnoa md mdkramanoþg
pciåtonc-ogstotunocgai qud ncedgzþ ncg di oepdanjedgt  a
Moiea Vcussdl
Vc ussdlll y ia ogstaianoþg mdi Kcfodrgc ]dedr8 y qud
nuieogaråa dg ia didnnoþg (y di Kcfodrgc) md Baor Fciscgarc,
ncg dsa ncgtramonnoþg dxprdsova, dg ics tïreogcs md nuitura
 burå
 bu råmo
monc
nc-m
-mde
decc nrát
nr áton
ona,
a, qud supc
su pcgd
gd ia iidka
iid kam
m a md ^drk
^d rkoc
oc Ecrc
Ec rc
ai Eogostdroc md Bustonoa. Gc sþic pcr ia lcrea dg qud iidkþ ai
narkc -gdkc
-g dkcnoa
noagm
gmcc pòfionaedgtd
pòfionaedg td su
su ogncrpcranoþg ai (prþx
(prþxoec)
oec)
Kcfodrgc, sodgmc ïi aòg ug budz dg lugnocgds- sogc taefoïg
pcr di topc md ncgstrunnoþg qud ïi eosec y ics edmocs md
nceugonanoþg jdkdeþgoncs prcecvodrcg md su prcpoa lokura,
a ia eagdra md ug jïrcd ganocgai, bustolonagmc ics dxndscs (md

=6 Frdgc ]armdiio
]armd iio (601:), ’Dgtrdvosta
’Dgtrdv osta a Narci Prcgdr―,
Prcg dr―, dg Narta Napotai, 
Napotai,  1; md monodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.nartanapotai.nce.fr/bust
jttps2//www.nartanapotai.nce.fr/bustona/narci-prcgdr-
ona/narci-prcgdr-rdiatcroc-
rdiatcroc-dgtrdkud-gc-
dgtrdkud-gc-
 vatona
 vat onagc
gc-e
-ecst
cstra-
ra-iaw
iawlar
lard-g
d-g c-pao
c- paos/
s/
ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―) y ias eás gctcroas mdsvoanocgds a ias
karagtåas mdi mdfom
m dfomcc prcn
p rcndsc
dsc.=
.=>

^odeprd ds oepcrtagtd sufrayar qud ias ’mdrovas buråmonas―

mdi iawlard 
iawlard   dg Frasoi jag tdgomc ug ncepidedgtc dstratïkonc
para pcmdr asdgtarsd dg di áefotc md ia cpogoþg pòfiona, para
ia nrdanoþg md dsd aefodgtd lavcrafid qud pdreota gdutraiozar
nuaiquodr nråtona u cfsdrvanoþg qud sd id jonodra2 ics edmocs
md nceugonanoþg jdkdeþgoncs. Dstc jand ai ncgndptc (mdi
iawlard)
iawlard) uga rdldrdgnoa prcpoaedgtd mdi ^okic ZZO -ncg ias
raeolonanocgds md antuanoþg qud todgdg jcy ics edmocs- y ncg
uga ’alogomam didntova― para ias ganocgds pdrolïronas ncec
Frasoi, mcgmd ia ncgndgtranoþg (provama) edmoátona ds uga
md ias eás gctafids mdi eugmc. Aså ds ncec ^drkoc Ecrc dg
pcnc edgcs md trds añcs sd ncgvortoþ dg ugc md ics pdrscgabds
pòfioncs eás rdncgcnomcs
rdncgc nomcs mdi paås, nuya rdianoþg ncg ics edmocs
md nceugonanoþg pasþ a sdr ug lantcr niavd md ics prcndscs
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aids
ds22 la
laiic
iics,
s, p rudf
ru dfas
as,, aumo
au mocscs,, pdmo
pd momc
mcss md tdst
td stoe
oecc goc
go c s, dtn.,
dtn .,
tcmc
tcmc lud
lud dgtrdkamc
dg trdkamc a ics edmocs md nce ugonan ug onanoþg8
oþg8 y dg iaia eaycråa
e aycråa
md ics nascs, sog mdbar qud ia mdldgsa pumodra vdr ics autcs md
ias nausas prdvoaedgtd. ]ai ncec ic tdreogarcg ncgloreagmc
ias tragsnropnocgds pufionamas dg di sotoc ]jd Ogtdrndpt   mdsmd
 bug
 bu g oc md 601?,
601? , ics
ic s antc
an tcss bu
b u m onoa
on oaid
idss md ia ’C
’Cpdpdra
rano
noþþ g I ava
av a -B
-Baa tc―
tc ―
ludrcg dxjofomcs, ecmolonamcs, rdncrtamcs d ogtdrprdtamcs
pcr ics edmocs, mdslokuragmc di tráeotd y ics todepcs md ics
dxpdmodgtds. Gc sd tratþ md uga gcreai ’pufionotanoþg― md uga
ogvdstokanoþg bumonoai2 lud ia fagaiozanoþg md ias oglcreanocgds
md uga nausa (’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―), su gcvdiozanoþg
garratova md anudrmc ncg di lcreatc mospudstc, para mdbar
dg ug sdkugmc piagc (c fodg okgcrar) ias arfotrarodmamds md
ia tïngona buråmona, ia mcsoedtråa para ia lobanoþg md pdgas, ia
 voci
 vo cian
anoþ
oþgg md icsic s p rogn
ro gnop
opoc
ocss mdi
md i bus
bu s tc p rcnd
rc ndsc
sc (scf
(s cfrdrd tcmc
tc mc di mdi
md ogcndgnoa), di usc md prudfas oiånotas, dtn.

=> Narci Prcgdr (601:), ’C Iawlard gdrciofdrai d cr sanrolonoc md Iuia―,  ^u i6o.
i6 o.   1 md ldfrdrc
mdi60i:. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.sui61.n0e.fr/0pogoa0pufiona/601:/06/0-iawlard-
gdciofdrai-d-c-sanrolonoc-md-iuia-pcr-narci-prcgdr/
 vdba
D ^ P D N OA
OA I A K T A 6 0 P A K OG
OG A ^
W1 U  SSSS  O ¸ ' * ³ 6I £ * Å =* e

C mcidorc Aifdrtc
 _cus
 _cu s s d l. na ox a mc
dsqudea md ncrrupnác
ga Pdtrcfrás, rdvdicu
á Pcionåa Ldmdrai d
ac Eogostdroc
Eogostdroc Pòfionc,
ga tdrna-ldora
passa ma, qud Iuia Iuia
d Moiea Vcussdll
togjae ncgjdnoedgtc
mas tdgdfrcsas
tragsanþds ga dstatai

DID^
• ^ AFOAE
OAE
MD ]TMC

Ludgtd2 Vdvosta \dba, Frasoi,

\dba, Frasoi, 6? md cntufrd md 601=

Nuagmc sd alorea qud di iawlard frasoidñc

iawlard frasoidñc ds ugc md ics nascs
eás defideátoncs
defide átoncs md dstd
dstd ldgþedgc ncgtdepcrágdc
ncgtde pcrágdc gc ds sþic
sþic
pcr dstd ncgtugmdgtd ancepañaeodgtc edmoátonc sogc taefoïg
pcrqud ds ug nasc mcgmd sd rdkostra ncg eaycr niaromam nodrta
’crkagonomam ogstotunocgai― md ia bustonoa, ug ’nceprceosc―
md antuanoþg dg ics moldrdgtds govdids mdi Pcmdr Bumonoai2 ia
arfotrarodmam d oeparnoaiomam
oe parnoaiomam (dg ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc―) gcgc
sþic sd dvomdgnoþ dg ias
ias ogvdstokanocgds
ogvdstokanoc gds y sdgtdgnoas md proedra
ogstagnoa ncg sdmd dg di buzkamc md ^drkoc Ecrc dg Nurotofa.
 Prdlokurþ ics ]rofugaids rdvoscrds, ia antuanoþg mdi ]rofugai
^updrocr md Bustonoa (^]B) y md ia prcpoa Ncrtd ^uprdea, mcgmd
 varocs
 var ocs e ogos
og ostr
trcs
cs sd ncg
nc g vort
vo rtod
odrc
rcg
g dg ’jce
’j cefr
frds
ds md E c rc―
rc ― a ia jcra
j cra
md rdlrdgmar antuanocgds c tratar rdnurscs dxtracrmogarocs8
ncec ic dsnrofoþ di eosec Ecrc dg ug moáickc md 601< ncg
di losnai Mditag Maiiakgci, a prcpþsotc md Iuoz Lux, dgtcgnds
eogostrc md ia Ncrtd ^uprdea, mdnomomaedgtd ’agtoiuiosta―2 ’og
Lux
Lux wd trust―
tru st―..== Ncec
Nce c so sd sd ogvortodra
ogv ortodragg ias bdrarq
bdra rquå
uåas
as mdi Pcmdr
Bumonoai2 ias proedras ogstagnoas rdcrkagozagmc md afabc janoa
arrofa a ias ogstagnoas supdrocrds.

Md aiiå ia oepcrtagnoa md qud di iawlard 

iawlard  dstï ogtdrgaiozamc
(ncec eïtcmc, dg nuepioeodgtc md sus cfbdtovcs) mdsmd ics
proedrcs pascs2 ics clonoaids y nceosarocs pcionoaids qud jandg
ias avdrokuanocgds y deprdgmdg ias proedras ogvdstokanocgds8
ics losnaids8 ics pdrotcs bumonoaids8 ics ogvdstokamcrds
clonoaids. ]cmcs mdfdg dstar dg uga eosea sogtcgåa. Md aiiå
taefoïg ia oepcrtagnoa md ncgsomdrar ics moldrdgtds topcs md
’amcntrogae
’amcntrogaeodgtc
odgtc bumo
bu monoa
noai―
i― qud fudga
fudg a partd md dstcs ogtdkragtds
ogtdkrag tds
rdnofodrcg muragtd añcs, dg eunjcs nascs, ncg rdnurscs y
ickåstonas prcvostcs mdsmd di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa md
DD. TT. Prcponoagmc ug topc md antuanoþg qud supcgåa uga
’mdsvoanoþg autcrotaroa― mdi mdrdnjc8 ncec ic rdsueoþ di losnai
Mditag Maiiakgci ai ecedgtc md dxpcgdr ics arkuedgtcs md ia
mdgugnoa a Iuia
Iuia22 ’Gc tdgdecs prudfas, tdgde cs ncgvonnocg
ncgv onnocgds―.
ds―.

Ds qud ugc md ics cfbdtovcs prognopaids mdi iawlard frasoidñc

iawlard frasoidñc
ja somc sodeprd Iuia ma ^oiva. Lud tai ia parnoaiomam md
^drkoc Ecrc lrdgtd a ïi qud, nuagmc tcmavåa sd dgncgtrafa ai
lrdgtd md ias ogvdstokanocgds, augqud md iondgnoa y dstagmc md
 vana
 va nano
nocg
cgds
ds dg Pcrt
Pc rtu
u ka
kai,i, ug m ceog
ce ogkc
kc md bug
bu g oc md 601:
60 1: iiae
ii aeþþ a
ia Tgomam Bumonoai md Nurotofa para prcjofor a ics akdgtds md
ia Pcionåa Ldmdrai qud nuepiodrag ncg ia crmdg md iofdranoþg
a lavcr md Iuia deotoma pcr ug budz sufrckagtd mdi ]rofugai
Vdkocgai Ldmdrai G° =, mcgmd traeotafa su pdmomc md rdvosoþg
md ia nausa. ^og atrofunocgds, aòg fabc ecedgtc md dbdnunoþg,

==  Bcrg
 Bc rg ai KK G   (601?), ’#\azaBatc2 ’Og Lux wd trust―, moz ^drkoc Ecrc de gcva edgsakde―.
16 md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//bcrgaikkg.nce.fr/gctonoa/o
jttps2//bcrgaikkg.nce.fr/gctonoa/og-lux-wd-trust-moz-sdrko
g-lux-wd-trust-moz-sdrkoc-ecrc/
c-ecrc/
 okgcrþ pcr ncepidtc di rïkoedg md ncepdtdgnoa y ia bdrarquåa
a ia qud mdfdråa dstar subdtc. Dsd dposcmoc, ugc eás, mdecstrþ
ias ncgdxocgds ogedmoatas mdi iawlard2 
iawlard2  ncec eudstra md
dsa ’crkagonomam bumonoai―, ctrcs budnds, pcr ias mumas md qud
gc ludra andptama ia crmdg a ia mostagnoa md Ecrc, taefoïg
prdsdgtarcg prcjofonocgds a ia crmdg md iofdranoþg md Iuia.
 _, md gudv
gu dvc,
c, ics
ic s e dmoc
dm ocss md nce
nc e ugon
ug onan
anoþ
oþg
g sd mosp
mo spus
usod
odrc
rcgg
rápomaedgtd a dgtrdvostar a ics pcionåas dgnarkamcs y totuiar
qud fabc gogkuga nornugstagnoa Iuia saimråa md ia prosoþg.

Tg narántdr ncidntovc qud taefoïg lud ogvciunragmc a ia Ncrtd

^uprdea -^uprdec ]rofugai Ldmdrai- dxtrdeamaedgtd
soidgnocsa
soidgnoc sa dg di prcndsc
prcn dsc md oepdnjedgt  a  a Moiea Vcussd
V cussdll
ll (sodgmc
qud id tcnþ prdsomor ics tráeotds dg di di ^dgamc), y qud gugna pusc p usc
lrdgcs a ia pdrsdnunoþg pciåtona arfotraroa md ia qud dra cfbdtc
Iuia, naydgmc dg autc-ncgtramonnocgds pdreagdgtds -ncec
ncg rdspdntc a ia pufionotanoþg md ias dsnunjas oidkaids- c ncg
moianocgds ogdxpionafids md burosprumdgnoa -ncec ias rdldromas
a ias Annocgds md Ncgstotunocgaiomam scfrd ia prdsugnoþg
md ogcndgnoa y ias ncgmdgas md sdkugma ogstagnoa, qud fodg
pcmråag jafdr pdreotomc a Iuia pdreagdndr dg iofdrtam jasta
qud ludra ’ncsa buzkam buzk ama―
a― (di prcndsc mdi ’]ropidx md Kuarubá―)
Kua rubá―) y,
pcr ic tagtc, ncepdtor
nce pdtor dg ias didnnocgds pr dsomdgnoaids md 601:. 601:.
Pdrc ia procromam dra eagtdgdr a Iuia ludra md ia ncepdtdgnoa
pciåtona8 dsc dxpionaråa qud, uga vdz pasama aqudiia didnnoþg, sd
idvagtaråag ias rdstronnocgds a mar dgtrdvostas y su ncgmonoþg
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaii mdlog
md logoto
otova
va pard
pa rdnod
nodra
ra jafd
ja fdrr ka
kaga
gamc
mc nodr
no drtc
tc cxåk
cx åkdg
dgc.
c.

Burostcnranoa2 ias diotds

diotds bumonoaid
bum onoaid s frasoidñas

Di nasc frasoidñc eudstra niaraedgtd qud di iawlard  iawlard   ds uga

prántona buråmonc-
buråm onc-pc
pciåtona.=
iåtona.=44 Ia bustonoa
buston oa sd didva
didva pcr scfrd ics
mdeás pcmdrds mdi Dstamc para pcgdr dg annoþg ia dstratdkoa
md mdsprdstokoar a mdtdreogamas ludrzas pciåtonas, ogjafoiotar
didntcraiedgtd
didntcraie dgtd a nodrtcs iåmdrds y/c ognomor dg ia rdcrkagozanoþg
md ics dquoiofrocs
dquoiofrocs kdcpciåtoncs
kdcpciåtoncs dxostdgtds - y ics trds
trds ecvoeodgtcs
pudmdg or dg para
pa raidi
idic-
c-.. Para diic
diic ds gdndsaroc ncgtar ncg akdgtds
=4 Crmd L. Hottrod (601<), Iaw
(601<), Iawlard
lard22 Ia w as
a s a wdapcg
wda pcg c l war. Dgkiagm2
war.  Dgkiagm2 Cxlcrm Tgovdrsoty Prdss.
 (rdnurscs) qud pudmag iidvar amdiagtd ia tarda. Tg gudvc
aparatc bumonoai qud sustotuya, ncec tdgmdgnoa, di narántdr
rdprdsdgtanocgai md ia mdecnranoa, para mdbaric mdtdreogamc
pcr ug nudrpc gc mdiofdratovc go didkomc edmoagtd ias urgas.

Dg dsd sdgtomc, gc ds ug aspdntc sdnugmaroc ia lcreanoþg md

aqudiics cpdramcrds buråmoncs8 jay pcr ic edgcs mcs nudstocgds
qud edrdndg sdr sufrayamas. Pcr ug iamc, ja qudmamc eás
qud niarc qud ias ’nccpdranocgds― bumonoaids y md oglcreanoþg
dgtrd Frasoi y DD. TT., eás ogtdgsas a partor md 601>, jag
rdsuitamc dg ug didedgtc niavd para ia dstafoiozanoþg mdi
iawlard dg
iawlard dg di paås2 ’Ia naepaña ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg dg Frasoi
lud asdscrama pcr di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa md ics Dstamcs
Tgomcs. Pcr ogtdredmoanoþg md ncgvdgocs ncg di Pcmdr Bumonoai
 y di
d i E ogos
og ostd
tdro
rocc P òfio
òf ionc
nc f raso
ra soid
idññ cs,
cs , di M dpar
dp arta
taee dgtc
dg tc md Bust
Bu ston
onoa
oa
md Dstamcs Tgomcs clrdnd nurscs para dgtrdgar a ics budnds y
prcectcrds qud partonoparcg md ia mdgceogama ’Cpdranoþg
Iava-Batc―
Iava-B atc―.= .=< Gc sd trata md ug jáfotc prdtï p rdtïrotc
rotc go mdtdgomc
mdtdg omc dg
di pasamc rdnodgtd8 tcmc ic ncgtraroc2 dg ic qud va mdi Kcfodrgc
md Fciscgarc dstas antovomamds jag prcsdkuomc, eás aòg ncg
^drkoc Ecrc ai lrdgtd mdi Eogostdroc md Bustonoa.

Pdrc jufc eás dg di naeogc2 ’jay ogmonocs md qud ia Cpdranoþg

Iava-Batc sd gutroþ md oglcreanocgds prcvostas pcr þrkagcs
md dspocgabd dstamcugomdgsds―.=; ^o fodg dg Frasoi gc jufc ug
prckraea ncec ia ia ’Dsnudia Vcmrokc Iara Fcg F cgoiia―
oiia― dg Ncicefoa,
logagnoama mdsmd ia Tsaom, ia euitopionanoþg md sdeogarocs,
ncgldrdgnoas, rdugocgds (ndrramas c pòfionas) dgtrd ics
Mdpartaedgtcs md Bustonoa md DD. TT. y Frasoi lud ecimdagmc,
ncec
ncec sd sdñaiþ,
sdñaiþ, ia ’lcreanoþg
’lcrea noþg bum
bu m onoai
ono ai―― dg ug sdgtomc ogdquåvcnc2
rdmdlogor ia antuanoþg bumonoai md gaturaidza ncgtogdgtai   -ncg
di oepdroc md ia idy dsnrota- janoa ecmaiomamds mdi  prdn  pr dndd m d g td
 bu m onoa
on oai i   - ’nceecg
’nceecg iaw―- prcpoaedgtd
prcpoaedgtd dstam dstamcugomd
cugomdgsd.
gsd. Tg Tg
naefoc qud sd ancpia a ctrc, ogniusc ogonoamc muragtd ics
Kcfodrgcs mdi Partomc mcs ]rafaijamcrds (P]), md pauiatoga
=< Areagmc
Areagm c Fcotc
Fcotc (601:), ’Di Kcipd md Dstamc dg Frasoi―,
Frasoi―, Ar
 Arku
kue
e dgtcs
dg tcs.. Dstum
Ds tumocs
ocs nråton
nr åtoncs
cs m d ia
scnodmam, G°
scnodmam, G° :<, TAE, dgdrc-afroi, Noumam md Eïxonc, pp.:?.
=; Areagmc
Areagm c Fcotc
Fcotc (601<), ’Iava Batc, niassd eïmoa d furcnranoa
furcnra noa md Dstamc―, Pc
Dstamc―, Pcrt rtai
ai \dredijc.
\dred ijc.
1< md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.vdredijc.crk.
jttp2//www.vdredijc.crk.fr/gctono
fr/gctonoa/6::6;6-1
a/6::6;6-1
 sustotunoþg md ics sostdeas pdgaids ogquosotovcs c eoxtcs pcr
ug sostdea pdgai anusatcroc -taefoïg a oeakdg y sdedbagza
md ics Dstamcs Tgomcs- ncg di rdsuitagtd depcmdraeodgtc,
pcr dbdepic, md ias losnaiåas ganocgaids8 magmc nrïmotc a
pdrscgabds parþmoncs ncec di edgnocgamc Maiiakgci. _ ds aiiå,
prdnosaedgtd, qud ias ogstrunnocgds d ’ogmontedgts― sd tcrgag
 vci
 v ciu
u f ids
id s a cfbd
cf bdto
tovc
vcss prdm
pr dmdl
dlog
ogom
omcs
cs ncg
nc g most
mo stag
agno
noaa a ias
ia s rdai
rd aiom
omam
amds
ds
md ias nausas, y ias prdsocgds dxtdrgas.

Jay, asoeosec, ug aspdntc scnociþkonc qud gc mdfd mdbarsd

md iamc y qud todgd qud vdr ncg ia pcsonoþg scnoai qud pasag
a cnupar dstcs sdrvomcrds bumonoaids frasoidñcs, ajcra
amsnroptcs a uga ecmaiomam md antuanoþg qud ncgsomdrag
aòg eás idkåtoea ncec ednágona bumonoai y qud rdludrza su
autcrrdldrdgnoaiomam ncec ncgbugtc qud sd cnupa md ’saivar
a ia Ganoþg― -jafoma nudgta md ia nudstoþg md ia ncrrupnoþg
edgnocgama agtdrocredgtd-. Tga  bur  bu r ost
os t c n r a n oa 
oa   qud sd
pdrnofd ncec aosiama mdi rdstc md ia noumamagåa, ogniusc mdi
rdstc md ia piagtoiia dstatai, nuyc prdstokoc pdrscgai rdnofd di
ancepañaeodgtc md ics prognopaids edmocs md nceugonanoþg
 y, ctra
ct rass vdnd
vd nds,
s, ias rdnc
rd nce
e pdgs
pd gsas
as soe
so e f þion
þi onas
as (y md ctrc ct rc topc)
top c) md
dspanocs anamïeoncs c ogstotunocgds ogtdrganocgaids. Dg dsd
sdgtomc, gc rdsuita dxakdrama ia aloreanoþg md Areagmc Fcotc
md qud ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc lugnocga ncec uga dspdnod md
partomc
partom c md ia aita niasd edmoa―
edm oa―88 lrannoþg
lrannoþ g md niasd qud, dg dg sogtcgåa
ncg ia furkudsåa rdgtåstona frasoidña ancpiama a ics ogtdrdsds
dxtragbdrcs, ncepusc ia ’ludrza scnoai― qud depubþ pcr ia
mdstotunoþg md Moiea Vcussdll y ia iidkama md Baor Fciscgarc a
ia prdsomdgnoa.

Edtaecrlcsos mdi pugotovosec pdgai  y ics áefotcs md

apionanoþg

Di nasc mdi iawlard 

iawlard   frasoidñc taefoïg ja pdreotomc tdgdr uga
eaycr ncgsnodgnoa scfrd di ldgþedgc8 vaika ncec rdldrdgnoa,
dg rdianoþg ncg ’di nasc Iuia― ias vciueogcsas ncgtrofunocgds
ncgtrofunocg ds md
Narci Prcgdr, Kosdid Nottamogc, Kosdid Voncfce y Bcac Vonarmc
 Mcrgdiids.=:A
Mcrgdiids.=:Aiiå iiå jay ug eatdroai oeprd
oe prdsnog
snogmofid
mofid para nuaiqu
nu aiquodr
odr
dstumoc
dstumoc sostdeátonc md ias raeolonanocgds
rae olonanocgds qud supcgd di iawlard
gc sþic dg Frasoi, sogc taefoïg para ctrcs nascs md Aeïrona
Iatoga. Jay eunjas ogmonanocgds y mosnusocgds antuaids scfrd
aspdntcs niavd qud buråmonaedgtd scg euy dicnudgtds md
ias aitdranocgds dg nursc. Gònidcs ndgtraids md ics sostdeas
pdgaids mdfdg vcivdr a sdr mosnutomcs lrdgtd a ia rdsokgolonanoþg
sdeágtona y prántona cnurroma a prcpþsotc md ias lokuras mdi
’iavamc md mogdrc―, ’sdidntovomam pdgai―, ’dbdnunoþg prcvoscroa
md ia pdga―, ’mdrdnjc pdgai mdi dgdeokc―, ’budz gaturai―,
’Dstamc md dxndpnoþg―, ’mceogoc mdi jdnjc―, ’mcsoedtråa md
ia pdga― c ’nroeogaiozanoþg md ia aepioa mdldgsa―, dtn.8 dg
dsd sdgtomc, di Frasoi md ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― ja somc ug
 vdrm
 vd rmam
amdr
drcc iaf
ia f crat
cr atcr
croc
oc..

Ds qud scfrd di prcndsc pdgai rdiatovc ai ’]ropidx md Kuarubá―

ncgtra Iuia pudmdg dxtradrsd uga krag varodmam md ’mdrovas
 burå
 bu råm
m ona
on a s― - s o tu a n o þ g qud taeta e f oïg
oï g vaid
va id para
pa ra ia ogvd
og vdst
stok
okan
anoþ
oþg g
 y ncgm
nc gmdgdgaa (md 601? 60 1?)) vogn
vo gnuu iam
ia m a ncg
nc g di ’soto
’s otocc md A tof
to f a oa―-
oa ―- , =?
nudstoþg qud pdreotd pugtuar ias narantdråstonas cpdratovas
mdi iawlard 
iawlard  frasoidñc. Fabc ia anusanoþg md ncrrupnoþg y
iavamc md mogdrc -md ug ogeudfid qud gugna lud rdkostramc
a su gcefrd, ncec taepcnc di md Atofaoa- sd vdrolonarcg2 a)
dg ic dg ic qud rdspdnta a ia ogstrunnoþg, euy pcnas prudfas
sufstagtovas y sd rdnckodrcg prudfas oiånotas8 f) jufc dg
 varoc
 var ocss nasc
na scss ncgm
nc gmun unnonocg
cgdsds lcrz
lc rzam
amas as a m dnia
dn iara
rarr y tdst
td stoe
oecg cgococss
prdstamcs fabc ecmaiomamds ncdrnotovas8 n) fudga partd md ics
ogmonocs (md pdsquosa) vogodrcg md ’arrdpdgtomcs― qud iidvafag
 varoc
 var ocss edsd
ed sdss md rdni rd niususoþ
oþg,g, aikc
ai kc ncgt
nc gtra
raro
rocc a nuai
nu aiqu
quod
odrr k arag
ar agtåatåa
md mdrdnjcs pdrscgaids8 m) jufc varocs antcs buråmoncs dg ics
qud qudmþ md eagolodstc di tratc moldrdgnoai qud jufc para ncg
Iuia, aitdragmc di prognopoc md oscgceåa dg su mdrdnjc a uga
iofrd y aepioa mdldgsa8 d) gctcroa y aidvcsa lud ia vuigdranoþg
=: Narci Prcgdr dt ai.  ai.  (601;), Ncedgtarocs a urga sdgtdgla agugnoama2 c Prcndssc Iuia.
Fauru2 Prcbdtc Dmotcroai Praxos8 Narci Prcgdr, Kosdid Nottamogc, Kosdid Voncfce y Bcac Vonarmc
Mcrgdiids (601:), Ncedgtarocs a ue ancrmac agugnoamc2 c Prcndssc Iuia gc ]VL=.  ]VL=.   ^ac Pauic2
Cutras Dxprdsscds.
=? Vcmcilc Fcrkds (601?), ’Iuia ï ncgm dgamc pdia sdkugma vdz ga Iava Iava Batc, akcra gc nasc
mc sotoc md Atofaoa―.  Di
 D i Paos
Pa os   (Frasoi), < md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//frasoi.dipaos.nce/
 frasoi/
 fra soi/ 60o?/0
60o? /06/0
6/0 </p0
</ p0ioto
iotona/
na/ 14=?=;
14= ?=;?>
?>?<S
?<S:?:
:?::10
:10.jt
.jtei
ei
 arfotraroa mdi prognopoc md ia pufionomam md ics antcs bumonoaids,
 fusn
 fu snag
agmc
mc mdnc
md ncg
g stru
st ruor
or y dsto
ds toke
keat
atoz
ozar
ar ai anu
a nusa
samc
mc y a su dsp
d span
anoc
oc md
pdrtdgdgnoa pciåtona8 l) ia suspdgsoþg mdi prognopoc md ogcndgnoa,
ncg ia prdsoþg edmoátona y nceugonanocgai ogndgtovama pcr
ics losnaids y di budz
bud z md ia nausa
na usa,4
,40
0 ncec qudmþ dvomdgn
dv omdgnoamc
oamc dg
ias tragsnropnocgds md ]jd Ogtdrndpta 
Ogtdrndpta  k) ia rdianoþg prceosnua
dgtrd ia partd anusatcroa y ia partd dgnarkama mdi buzkaeodgtc,
ncg prudfas niaras md qud di budz ^drkoc Ecrc crkagozafa y
mdtdreogafa ia tarda md ics prcpocs losnaids.

Ds dvomdgtd qud dstas ’mdrovas buråmonas― frasoidñas earnag

uga oglidxoþg, dg uga traydntcroa sokgama pcr uga sdrod md
’sustotunocgds
’sustotu nocgds buråm
bu råmona
onas―
s―.4
.41 ^cg ecmolonanocgds
e cmolonanocgds prclugmas,
gama supdrlonoaids, qud ncicnag dg dgtrdmonjc ias gcnocgds
eoseas md prctdnnoþg y karagtåas lugmaedgtaids md ug Dstamc
md Mdrdnjc, rdmdlogdg ics ncgtcrgcs md ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs
d ogtdrrckag scfrd ias pcsofoiomamds md ncgsciomanoþg md ics
prcpocs rdkåedgds mdecnrá
mde cnrátoncs.4
toncs.466

Ncgniusoþg2 iaw lar d  y ³mdecnranoa3

Di iawlard frasoidñc
iawlard frasoidñc pdreotd ogmakar ia gaturaidza mdi ncgndptc
quozás ncec gogkòg ctrc nasc. Proedrc, pcrqud ds di nasc eás
niarc dg
dg di
di nuai pardnodra
pardnodra jafdr uga dstruntura cpdratova -n ce c
sd mobc,
mobc, uga ’crkagonomam―-
’crkag onomam―- mdi sostdea Bumonoai ogvciunrama
ogvciunrama dg
ia ’kudrra burå
bu råmo
mona
na―2
―2 ias moldrdgtds ogstagnoas
ogstag noas dg ias qud sd movomd
di Pcmdr Bumonoai (proedras ogstagnoas/trofugaids rdvoscrds/
ncrtds ncgstotunocgaids), ias losnaiåas, ia Pcionåa Ldmdrai y ctrcs
crkagosecs pòfioncs vognuiamcs. Dg sdkugmc iukar, pcrqud
para qud ias ’mdrovas buråmonas― pumodrag asueor sus mdstogcs
lud gdndsaroc ug ancepañaeodgtc edmoátonc y nceugonanocgai
qud, dg di nasc frasoidñc, ds aitaedgtd ecgcpciozamc dg ugcs
pcncs sdrvomcrds qud, amdeás, jag ncognomomc dg ncepcrtarsd,
40 Ae oinar ^aias Crcñc (601:), ’ Ia iofdrtam md Iuia y di crmdg scnoai―. Ndiak. 4 md afroi. afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-iofdrtam-md-iuia-y-di-crmdg-scnoai/
41 Bcsdp
Bcsd p Pcgt \omai
\om ai (601:), ’³Ncefatd
’³Nc efatd a ia ncrrupnoþg
ncrrup noþg c naefoc pciåtonc3 Ia ncgstrunnoþg
pciåtonc-bumonoai ncgtra di Partomc md ics ]rafabamcrds dg Frasoi―, dg  VOP^,
 VOP ^, \ci.
 \ci. 1;, G° 6, pp. 14=.
46 Narci Prcgdr,
Prcgdr, Kosdid Nottamogc, Kosdid Voncfce
Voncfce y Bcac Vonarmc Mcrgdiids (601:), Ncedgtarocs
a ue ancrmac agugnoamc2 c Prcndssc Iuia gc ]VL=. ^ac
]VL=. ^ac Pauic2 Cu tras Dxprdsscds. pp. 661.
scfrd tcmc dg ics òitoecs añcs, afodrtaedgtd ncgtrarocs a
ics Kcfodrgcs mdi Partomc mcs ]rafabamcrds y gc jag tdgomc
gogkòg rdparc dg dstokeatozar y pdrsdkuor a sus prognopaids
lokur
lokuras
as y iomdraz
iomd razkc
kcs.4
s.4>> Dg tdrndr
tdrnd r iukar,
iukar, pcrqud
pcrqu d di ’naefoc md
rïkoedg― (dg ug sdgtomc aepioc) gc sþic sd voc dldntovozamc
ncg di kcipd pariaedgtaroc a Moiea Vcussdll -y di Kcfodrgc
]dedr- sogc qud, amdeás, kagþ ug fargoz didntcrai ncg ia
iidkama md Baor Fciscgarc ai narkc md prdsomdgtd. Dg di traydntc,
uga ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― qud ds oepcsofid gc cfsdrvar dg
rdianoþg ncg di ’mdseagtdiaeodgtc md ics sdntcrds dncgþeoncs
ganocgaids, di oepantc dg di mdsdepidc mordntc d ogmordntc, ia
oeakdg orrdvdrsofidedgtd maegolonama md gudstras deprdsas
ganocgaids
ganocga ids y dsta
ds tatai
taids
ds―.4
―.4=

Jay ug jdnjc qud, amdeás, ja vuditc ai nasc frasoidñc

paramokeátonc para su dstumoc2 di gcefraeodgtc md ^drkoc
Ecrc ncec eogostrc md Bustonoa y ^dkuromam Pòfiona mdi gudvc
Kcfodrgc qud ncedgzþ dg dgdrc md 601?. Defidea md laita
md oeparnoaiomam, di budz sd dxtraioeotþ dg ics afuscs mdsmd di
ogonoc eosec md ia ’Cpdranoþg Iava-Batc― (aikugcs md ics nuaids
jag somc aquå rdearnamcs) ncgsciomagmc su pasabd a ia pciåtona
dg ia naepaña didntcrai md 601: dg ia qud, tcmavåa ncec budz
 y md lcrea
lcr ea af
afod
odrt
rtae
aedg
dgtd
td p arno
ar noai
ai,, mdno
md nomo
moþþ movu
mo vuik
ikar
ar ug aumo
au mocc md
ug nciafcramcr/arrdpdgtomc -Agtcgnoc Paicnno- ncg di log md
pdrbumonar ia nagmomatura md Ldrgagmc Jammam. ^u luturc ncec
eogostrc mdi Kcfodrgc Fciscgarc ds nodrtaedgtd ognodrtc8 ias
 vciu
 vc iue
e ogcs
og csas
as dvom
dv omdg
dgno
noas
as e cstr
cs tram
amasas pcr
pc r ]jd Ogtdrndpt  tuvodrcg
  tuvodrcg
dldntc mordntc scfrd su pcpuiaromam, qud ya gc sdrá ia eosea.
]cmc dg di ncgtdxtc md ug eagmatc, di md Baor Fciscgarc, qud
prdsdgta movdrsas molonuitamds md kcfdrgafoiomam.

4> Vcmrokc md AiedomaAiedom a (601;), =  ^cef

 ^c efra
ra mc Pcmdr.
Pcm dr. Cs Fast
Fa stomc
omc rds ma Nrosd
Nro sd qud Mdrruf
Mdr rufcu
cu
 Moie
 Mo ieaa Vcussd
Vcu ssdl.
l. ^ac
 ^ac Pauic2 Nasa ma Paiafra.
4= Frdgc ]armdiio (601:), ’Dgtrdvosta a Narci Prcgdr―,
Prcgd r―, Narta Napotai. 
Napotai.  1; md monodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.nartanapota
jttps2//www.nartanapotai.nce.fr/busto
i.nce.fr/bustona/narci-prcgdr-rdi
na/narci-prcgdr-rdiatcroc-dgtrd
atcroc-dgtrdkud-gc-
kud-gc-
 vatona
 vat onagc
gc-e
-ecs
cstra
tra-ia
-iawla
wlard-
rd-gc
gc-p
-paos
aos//
Vdldrdgnoas

Fcotc, Areagmc (601<), ’Iava Batc, niassd eïmoa d furcnranoa

md Dstamc―.  Pcrt
 Pc rtai
ai \dred
\dr edijc.
ijc. 1<
 1< md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.vdredijc.crk.fr/gctonoa/6::6;6-1

(601:), ’Di
------------ ’ Di Kcipd md Dstamc
Dstam c dg Frasoi―
Fra soi―,, dg Ar
dg Arku
kue
e dgtc
dg tcs.
s.
 Dst
 D stum
umoc
ocss nråto
nr åtonc
ncss md ia scnod
sc nodma
mam,
m,   G° :<, TAE, dgdrc-afroi
601:, Noumam md Eïxonc, pp.:?.

Fcrkds, Vcmcilc (601?), ’Iuia ï ncgmdgamc pdia sdkugma vdz

ga Iava Batc, akcra gc nasc mc sotoc md Atofaoa―, dg Di
dg  Di Paos
(Frasoi). < md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//frasoi.dipaos.
jttps2//frasoi.dipaos .
nce/frasoi/60o?/c6/c</pciotona/o4=?=;?>?<S:?::oc.
jtei

Nottamogc, Kosdid8 Voncfce, Kosdid y Mcrgdiids, Bcac Vonarmc

(601:), Ncedgtarocs a ue ancrmac agugnoamc2 c Prcndssc
 Iuia
 Iu ia gc ]VL=. 
]VL=.   ^ac Pauic2 Cutras Dxprdsscds. pp. 661.
Ncearcll, Bdag y Ncearcll, Bcjg I. (600<),  Iaw agm
ag m Moscrm
Mo scrmdr
dr
og tjd Pcstncicgy. Gdw Njonakc2
Njonakc2 Tgovdrsoty cl Njonakc Prdss.
Prdss.
NT] (601:), ’Cpdrakác Iava Batc nauscu prdbuåzcs foiocgárocs
ac paås, moz dstumc―. Ndgtrai Tgona mcs ]rafaijamcrds. <
md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.nut.crk.fr/
gctonoas/cpdranac-iava-batc-nauscu-prdbuozcs-foiocgarocs-
ac-paos-moz-dstumc-f==l 
 Bcr
 B crg
g a i K K G   (601?), ’#\azaBatc2 ’Og Lux wd trust―, moz ^drkoc
Ecrc de gcva edgsakde―. 16 md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//bcrgaikkg.nce.fr/gctonoa/og-lux-wd-trust-moz-
sdrkoc-ecrc/
Hottrod, Crmd L. (601<),  Iaw
 Ia w lard
la rd22 Iaw
Ia w as a w dapc
da pcg
g c l war.
Dgkiagm2 Cxlcrm Tgovdrsoty Prdss.
Pcgt \omai, Bcsdp (601:), ’³Ncefatd a ia ncrrupnoþg c naefoc
pciåtonc3 Ia ncgstrunnoþg pciåtonc-bumonoai ncgtra di Partomc
md ics ]rafabamcrds dg Frasoi―, dg VOP
dg VOP^,
^, _ci.
 _ci. 1;, G° 6, pp. 14=.
Prcgdr, Narci (601:), ’C Iawlard gdrciofdrai d cr sanrolonoc
md Iuia―, dg  ^u  ^ u i6o.
i6 o.   1 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 ww
 w w w .su
.s u i61
i6 1 .n0
.n 0 e .f
.frr / 0 p ogoa
og oa0
0 p u f ion
io n a / 6 0 1 : / 0 6 / 0 -ia
-i a w la
lard
rd--
gdciofdrai-d-c-sanrolonoc-md-iuia-pcr-narci-prcgdr/
prcgdr, Narci dt ai. 
ai.  (601;), Ncedgtarocs a urga sdgtdgqa
agugnoama2 c Prcndssc Iuia. Fauru2
Iuia. Fauru2 Prcbdtc Dmotcroai Praxos.
Vcmrokc, Aiedoma md (601;), Á
(601;),  Á ^cef
^c efra
ra mc Pcmdr.
Pcm dr. Cs Fasto
Fa stomc
mcrd
rdss
ma Nrosd qud Mdrrufcu Moiea Vcussdl. 
Vcussdl.  ^ac Pauic2 Nasa ma
Paiafra.
Vcedrc, Dgroqud ^agtoakc (601:), ’Di iawlard2 kudrra buråmona
ncgtra ia mdecnranoa―.  Di
 D i Moaroc.
Moa roc.   61 md akcstc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.dimoaroc.ds/trofugaafodrta/iawlard-
kudrra-buromona
kudrra-buromona mde0nranoaS<S:0<06?=0<.jtei.
mde0nranoaS<S:0<06?=0<.jtei.
^aias Crcñc, Aeoinar (601:), ’Ia iofdrtam md Iuia y di crmdg
scnoai―. Ndiak. 4 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.
jttps2//www.ndiak.
crk/ia-iofdrtam-md-iuia-y-di-crmdg-scnoai/
^cuza
^cuza,, Bdssï (601<
(601 < ), A ramock
ra mockral
ralåa
åa a mc kcipd
kci pd.. ^ac Pauic2 Dmotcra
Idya.
]armdiio, Frdgc (601:), ’Dgtrdvosta a Narci Prcgdr―, dg Narta
Napotai. 
Napotai.  1; md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
nartanapotai.nce.fr/bustona/narci-prcgdr-rdiatcroc-
dgtrdkud-gc-vatonagc-ecstra-iawlard-gc-paos/
]jd Ogtdrndpt  (601?),
  (601?), ’Idoa cs moáickcs md ^drkoc Ecrc d Mditag
Maiiakgci qud defasarae a rdpcrtakde mc Ogtdrndpt―.
]jd Ogtdrndpt, 
Ogtdrndpt,  Frasoi. 16 md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2jttps2//
tjdogtdrndpt.nce/601?/0</16/njat-sdrko0-e0r0-mditag-
maiiakgci-iavab
maiiakgc i-iavab atc/
atc/
Ragog Eartogs, Nrostoagc y Ragog Eartogs, \aidsha (601:), ’C qud
já de nceue dgtrd c nasc Iuia d as mosputas kdcpciåtonas
mcs DTA―. Partomc mcs ]rafaijamcrds. 1: md monodefrd.
Mospcgof
Mosp cgofid
id d g 2jttps2 // www.
 ww w.pt.
pt.crk
crk.f
.fr/c
r/c-q
-qud
ud-ja
-ja-d
-de-
e-nc
nceu
eue-
e-
dgtrd-c-nasc-iuia-d-as-mosputas-kdcpciotonas-mcs-dua/
 O 4?

Di iawlard dg Arkdgtoga2
mcfid rasdrc, sjcw y eañas
Naeoia \ciidgwdomdr

Di iawlard 
iawlard  dg Arkdgtoga sd mdstana pcr oa nccptanoþg,
eagopuianoþg y rdancecmaeodgtc md podzas mdi sostdea
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaii dg p d rbuo
rb uono
nocc md a ikug
ik ug cs a ntc
nt c rds
rd s y sdnt
sd ntcc rds
rd s
pciåtoncs, ncg di cfbdtovc md dxpuisarics md ia dsldra
pciåtona lcreai. Mdstana di toeogk 
toeogk   pciåtonc md ics nascs
tratamcs bugtc ncg ia antuanoþg sostdeátona md ia prdgsa
jdkdeþgona para eagulanturar ncgsdgtoeodgtc dg
ncgtra md ics (supudstcs) "nuipafids" y "nroeogaids"
mdsokgamcs pcr ics ]rofugaids.

Gc dxostdg prdndmdgtds dg ia jostcroa arkdgtoga scfrd ia

eakgotum md ia defdstoma mdi frazc bumonoai y edmoátonc mdi
pcmdr pciåtonc ncgtra dxlugnocgarocs. Aså ncec dg ctras
iatotumds mdi ncgtogdgtd agaiozamas dg dstd iofrc, di prcpþsotc
md dsta gudva ecmaiomam md kudrra ds mdfoiotar ia naiomam
mdecnrátona d ogstaiar ia vdrsoþg eás nruma mdi gdciofdraiosec
md uga vdz pcr tcmas, quotagmc mdlogotovaedgtd md ia voma
pciåtona a quodgds jag dgnargamc, muragtd ics òitoecs añcs, ug
ecvoeodgtc pcpuiar napaz md mdsaloar ics rdscrtds mdi pcmdr
dncgþeonc, pdrc scfrd tcmc logagnodrc y eoiotar jdkdeþgonc,
tagtc dg di piagc icnai ncec ncgtogdgtai.

Ia dxeagmataroa Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr, fudga partd

md sus lugnocgarocs d ogniusc laeoioards y aiidkamcs, jag somc
ogvciunramcs y pdrsdkuomcs pcr
pc r ia bustonoa. Dg ia
ia eaycråa
e aycråa md ics
 nascs, ias karagtåas prcndsaids jag froiiamc pcr su ausdgnoa.
]aefoïg jag mdsapardnomc ias napanomamds ogstotunocgaids
para tratar ncg ia eosea sdvdromam ias nausas qud ogvciunrag
ai prdsomdgtd Eauronoc Eanro, su laeoioa, lugnocgarocs y
dxlugnocgarocs y deprdsarocs aeokcs. Ic eosec cnurrd
ncg ia krag prdgsa, a ia qud Eanro mctþ md ug dgcred pcmdr
ecgcpþionc, napaz md ogliuor sustagnoaiedgtd dg ia pdrndpnoþg
 y di dsta
ds tamc
mc md ágoe
ág oecc p c iåto
iå tonc
nc md ia nou
no u mam
ma m agåa
ag åa.. Gc sd trata
tra ta
tag sþic md uga bustonoa parnoai qud sd ncgdnta ncg di sostdea
pciåtonc y edmoátonc, y rdnofd sus prdsocgds, ncec pcmråa jafdr
somc dg ctrcs nascs md ia jostcroa ganocgai rdnodgtd ncec ias
prdsomdgnoas md Narics Edgde. Ajcra ia bustonoa ds mospudsta
ncg cfbdtovcs pciåtoncs niarcs, crkagozamcrds md ia dsndga
pciåtona.

Nascs defideátoncs  y ia mcfid vara bum onoai  y

edmoátona

Pcr di ecedgtc, Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr dstá

ogvciunrama dg sdos nausas bumonoaids md pdsc (y ctras
ogvdstokanocgds mdrovamas8 taefoïg aikugas edgcrds ncec
ia mdi fastþg prdsomdgnoai md Jïntcr Náepcra qud todgd
ia dxprdsomdgta), tcmas diias rdpartomas dgtrd ics buzkamcs
ldmdraids md Niaumoc Fcgamoc y Buioág Drnciogo. Monjas
nausas ogvciunrag, amdeás, a laeoioards y dxlugnocgarocs
md su Kcfodrgc. Pcr su partd, Eauronoc Eanro nudgta ncg ug
gòedrc soeoiar md nausas afodrtas, tai ncec sd cfsdrva dg ia
tafia G° o.
 ]afia 1
Nausas Bumonoaids md
Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz y Eauronoc Eanro

Ias nausas H  Ias nausas E

Ncrrdc
Ncrrdc Arkdgtogc2 ia Bu stonoa
Mþiar
Mþiar lutu
luturc2
rc2 pcr ia vd gta
gt a lutura
lu tura md ogvdstoka ia autcncgmcganoþg md ia
mþiards
mþiards a ug prdnoc dstafidnom c pcr di mduma qud ia
ia lae oioa Eanro tdgåa ncg
Kcfodrgc. di Dstamc arkdgtogc.

Ede crágmue ncg OrágOrág22 pcr ug

anudrmc susnrotc pcr di Kcfodrgc
Kcfodrgc y Nausa Cmdfrdnjt2
Cmdfrdnjt2 sd og vdstokþ di
aprcfam
aprcfamcc dg di Ncg krdsc para di pakc md scfcrgcs a ia de prdsa
dsniardnoeodgtc
dsniardnoeodgtc md rdspcgsafids mdimdi  fra
 f raso
soid
idñ
ñ a para
pa ra kag
ka g ar ug a ion
i onot
otan
anoþ
oþgg.
atdgtamc a ia AEOA.
AEOA.

Ics "fciscs"
"fciscs" md Eonjdtto2
Eonjdtto2 sd ogvdstokþ
Cfra pòfiona2 sd ogvdstoka di crokdg md ics
ics lcgmcs gc mdniaramc s
dgroqudnoeodgtc
dgroqudnoeodgtc oiånotc y rdndpnoþg ncgtdgomcs dg fciscs mdgtrc
mdgtrc md ia
md scfcrgcs. nasa md ia vondprdsomdgta.

Pagae á Papdrs2 sd ogvdstok þ a Eanro

Jctdsur2 deprdsa md prcpodmam md ia pcr su partonopanoþg
partonopanoþg dg nu dgtas
laeoioa Hornjgdr qud ds ogvdstokama cllsjcrd gc
cllsjcrd  gc mdniaramas y dvasoþg
pcr iavamc md mogdrc. oepcsotova.

 Apc
 A pcrt
rtag
agtd
tdss trunj
tru njcs
cs22 sd og v d stok
st ok a ia
Ics ^aunds2 oge cfoioaroa
cfoioaroa prcpodmam oidkaiomam md ics lcgmcs apcrtamcs
md ia laeoioa Hornjgdr ogvdstokama para
para ias òitoeas naep añas
pcr iavamc md mogdrc. prdsomdgnoai y idkosiatova
idkosiatova mdi
Kcfodrgc.

Nausa Nuamdrgcs2
Nuamdrgcs2 sd og vdstoka di Nausa Nuamdrgcs2 sd ogvdstoka di
rdnofc md ncoea s pcr partd mdi
mdi pakc md ncoe as pcr partd md
dgtcgnds Kcfodrgc. aiidkamcs a Eanro.

Ias nausas H 

 A ncgt
nc gtog
ogua
uann oþg,
oþ g, sd mdsn
md snro
rofo
forá
rágg fr
frdv
dvdd e dgtd
dg td ias
ia s naus
na usas,
as,
ncgsomdragmc qud ia prdgsa jdkdeþgona ja rdpdtomc nodrtcs
aspdntcs md ias eoseas ncec ’eagtras―, pdrc qud pcnc sd
mdmona a dxpionar ncg mdtdgoeodgtc ics nascs.
 Mþi
 M þiar
ar Luturc2 
Luturc2  Ldrgágmdz dstá prcndsama dg dsta nausa pcr
’ameogostranoþg oglodi dg pdrbuonoc md ia ameogostranoþg pòfiona―.
Di Kcfodrgc vdgmoþ movosas a 10,< pdscs a pakar a sdos edsds,
 ya ncg ug gudvc
gud vc prdsomd
prd somdgtd
gtd.. Eunjc
Eu njcss dgtrar
dg trarcg
cg a ia cpdranoþ
cpdr anoþg,
g,
ogniuomcs eodefrcs mdi luturc Kcfodrgc md Eanro, y ncfrarcg di
mþiar a 14 pdscs, ncg uga kagagnoa mdi =0 %.  Para Fcgamoc, di
Kcfodrgc md Nrostoga cnasocgþ cgdrcsas pïrmomas ai Dstamc md
lcrea ncgsnodgtd. Ai okuai qud dg ctras nausas pardnomas para
ctrcs iomdrazkcs iatogcaedronagcs, ia nurocsomam dstá dg di jdnjc
md qud sd dstá prcndsagmc
prcndsagm c a Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz
Ldrgágm dz md Hornjgdr
Horn jgdr pcr di
di
dbdrnonoc md uga ncepdtdgnoa ameogostratova mdi Pcmdr Dbdnutovc.
 Ede
 E decr
crágágmu
muee ncg Orág2 Fcgamoc
Orág2 Fcgamoc anusa a Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr
 y a partd
par td md su ka
kafog
fogdtd
dtd md dgnu
dg nufro
frorr di atdgtamc
atdg tamc a ia AEOA,
AE OA, tras
rdafror ia nausa
nausa -y
- y a ncg Eanro
Eanro dg di pcm
pc m dr-
dr - qud
qud jafåa
jafåa somc ndrram
ndrramaa
tras di suonomoc mdi losnai Aifdrtc Goseag. Ia Ncrtd ^uprdea md
Bustonoa rdnodgtdedgtd ncgvaiomþ ia prosoþg prdvdgtova scfrd ia
dxprdsomdgta
dxprdsom dgta montama
monta ma dg 601; pcr Niaumoc
Niau moc Fcgamoc.44
Fcgamoc.44
Cfra pòfiona2 
pòfiona2  sd anusa a ia dxprdsomdgta y a partd md sus
lugnocgarocs, ncec Buioc md \omc, md pdrtdgdgndr a uga
’crkagozanoþg oiånota mdstogama a apcmdrarsd oidkåtoeaedgtd y
md lcrea mdiofdrama md ics lcgmcs asokgamcs a ia cfra pòfiona
 voai
 vo ai dg ^agta
^ag ta N ruz―
ru z―.. Drn
D rncio
ciogo
go ia prcn
pr cndsþ
dsþ y dstaf
dst afid
idno
noþþ ug defar
de farkc
kc
md <<< eoiicgds md mþiards, nolra ncrrdspcgmodgtd ai vciuedg
md lcgmcs ogvdstokamcs. Ds dg dsta nausa mcgmd taefoïg dstá
oepionamc Iázarc Fádz, dxnabdrc md fagnc, qud lugmþ ia deprdsa
pcr ia qud supudstaedgtd
supudstae dgtd sd mdsvoafag ics lcgmcs. Di buonoc buon oc crai
dstá dg nursc.
 Jctdsur2
 Jctdsu r2 sd
 sd trata md uga nausa ogonoama dg 601>, agtds md qud NLH
anafara su eagmatc. A raåz md gctas diafcramas pcr pdrocmostas
mdi moaroc Ia
moaroc Ia Gan
G anoþ
oþg
g dg 601> y dg 601= pcr pdrocmostas md Niaråg,
di budz Fcgamoc ncedgzþ ias ogvdstokanocgds pcr di supudstc
papdi qud di jctdi, prcpodmam md ia dxeagmataroa, tdgmråa dg ias
44 ]didsur (601?), ’Ncrtd ^uprdea md Arkdgtoga ncgvaioma prosoþg prdvdgtova
prdvdgtova
md NLH―, ]didsurtv.gdt. ; md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.tdidsurtv.gdt/
gdws/arkdgtoga-ncrtd-suprdea-ncgvaioma-prosocg-prdvdgtova-nlh-601?0>0;-006=.
jtei3lfniom5iwAV6f:d;0ErMw;H\P=lE_NcCu_hcNRAJOHFNau_tjqkBlopE6RIKw:Bt6pPc
(ncgsuitamc di 1 md afroi md 601?).
annocgds md iavamc md mogdrc md Iázarc Fádz. Iudkc tceþ di nasc
di budz Drnciogo, quodg prcndsþ a Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr y a sus
mcs jobcs pcr iavamc md antovcs y ascnoanoþg oiånota.
 Ics ^a
^ a u nds2
nd s2 ia ogecfoioaroa md Nrostoga y sus jobcs ds ogvdstokama
pcr iavamc md mogdrc. Dg 601: Fcgamoc ics prcndsþ pcr sdr ’bdlds
md uga fagma crkagozama para ia ‚mdvciunoþg c rdtcrgc‟ qud
‚sd janåa edmoagtd ncgtratcs md aiquoidr md prcpodmam md dsta
deprdsa‟―. Ia anusanoþg lud pcr ascnoanoþg oiånota y iavamc, ncg
ug defarkc md 1>0 eoiicgds md pdscs para ia dxeagmataroa y su
jobc Eáxoec, y md 100 eoiicgds para su joba Licrdgnoa. Dg dsta
nausa qudmarcg prcndsamcs pcr dgroqudnoeodgtc oiånotc y iavamc
md mogdrc ics deprdsarocs Nrostþfai Iþpdz y Iázarc Fádz. Iudkc
Fcgamoc sd mdniarþ ogncepdtdgtd, qudmagmc dg eagcs mdi budz
Drnciogo.4<

Nausa nuamdrgcs2 
nuamdrgcs2   sd trata md ia òitoea nausa qud ogvciunra a
NLH. A partor md ias lctcncpoas md : nuamdrgcs qud aug gc sd jag
ncgcnomc, qud dstafag dg prcpodmam mdi njcldr mdi lugnocgaroc
hornjgdrosta Csnar Ndgtdgc, sd ogonoþ uga nausa qud iidva jasta di
ecedgtc 1= mdtdgomcs,
mdtdgomc s, =1 oepu
oe putam
tamcs
csyy 1> arrdpdgtomcs,
arrdpd gtomcs, dgtrd
dg trd diics
diics
aikugcs md ics eaycrds deprdsarocs mdi paås, qud jag ameotomc
jafdr pakamc scfcrgcs a aitcs lugnocgarocs hornjgdrostas. Ia
dxeagmataroa lud prcndsama pcr Fcgamoc, pasagmc ia nausa a
eagcs md ics naearostas Idcpcimc Frukioa y Pafic Fdrtuzzo, md ia
Náeara Ldmdrai md Apdianocgds, aefcs gceframcs pcr Eauronoc
Eanro
Eanro sog pasar
pasa r pcr ia autcroza
au tcrozanoþg
noþg mdi ^dgamc
^d gamc.4
.4;;
Ias nausas E2 di prdsomdgtd, laeoioards y/c aiidkamcs

Dg di nasc mdi antuai prdsomdgtd Eauronoc Eanro, sd jand

gdndsaroc, augqud frdvdedgtd mdsnrofor nama nausa, puds di
soidgnoc scfrd ias eoseas ncgstotuyd uga md ias jdrraeodgtas

4< L. Vovas
Vovas Ecioga y E. Ndgtdgdra (601:), ’Ias nausas bumonoaids
bumonoa ids ncgtra Nrostoga Hornjgdr―.
 Di Paås.
Paå s.   1? md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//dipaos.n0e/ogtdrgano0gai/601:/0:/1;/
arkdgtoga/14>=46=;=<S;6?<==.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1 md afroi md 601?).
4; Eagudi ]arroncgd
]arronc gd (601:), ’Quoïgds scg ics budnds qud rdvosarág ics
ics prcndsaeodgtcs
prcndsae odgtcs md ia
ia
nausa 'Nuamdrgcs md ia ncrrupnoþg‟". Njdqudamc.nce.   61 md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
njdqudamc.nce/di-dxpionamcr/quodgds-scg-ics-b
njdqudamc.nce/di-dxpionamcr/quo dgds-scg-ics-budnds-qud-r
udnds-qud-rdvosarag-ics
dvosarag-ics-prcndsaeodgtcs-m
-prcndsaeodgtcs-md-ia-
d-ia-
nausa-nuamdecs-md-ia-ncrrupnocg/ (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).
niavd mdi iawlard y
iawlard y md ia eagulanturanoþg md ncgsdgtoeodgtc dg
ia cpogoþg pòfiona a lavcr mdi eagmataroc y su nårnuic.
Nausa nuamdrgcs2 
nuamdrgcs2  ugc md ics arrdpdgtomcs md ia nausa,
Niaumoc Tfdrto, dxmordntcr mdi Þrkagc md Ncgtrci md ias
Ncgndsocgds \oaids (Cncwo), mdniarþ qud tcmcs ics edsds rdnofåa
uga suea md mogdrc prcvdgodgtd md Lragnc y Koaglragnc Eanro
(pamrd laiidnomc y jdreagc mdi prdsomdgtd, rdspdntovaedgtd). Dsd
mogdrc, -sdkòg Tfdrto- dra dgtrdkamc a Gïstcr Hornjgdr y ai
dxeogostrc md Piagolonanoþg, Buioc Md \omc, a travïs md su su deprdsa
 Autc
 Au tcpopost
stas
as mdi ^ci. Aef
A efcscs depr
de prdsa
dsaroc
rocss dstág
dstá g fabc
f abc ogmaka
ogm akatcr
tcroa8
oa8 di
 bud
 bu d z qud iidva
iidv a ia nausa
nau sa ds Niaumo
Nia umocc Fcgamåc.
Fcgam åc.

Nausa Ncrrdc Arkdgtogc2 ncec

Arkdgtogc2  ncec Prdsomdgtd,
Prd somdgtd, Eanro sd
sd autcncgmcgþ
autcnc gmcgþ
uga mduma qud su laeoioa tdgåa ncg di Dstamc mdsmd 6001.
Pcstdrocredgtd ia losnai md ia Náeara Ganocgai md Apdianocgds dg
ic Ncedrnoai, Kafrodia Fcquåg, pomoþ rdnjazar monjc anudrmc. Di
prcnuramcr mdi ]dscrc, taefoïg dg ncgtra mdi anudrmc, tuvc qud
rdgugnoar. A partor md uga mdgugnoa dg di Buzkamc md Arodi Iobc,
Eanro y ctrcs lugnocgarocs qudmarcg ogvdstokamcs.
ogvdstokamcs.

Nausa Cmdfrdnjt 2 di totuiar md ia Akdgnoa Ldmdrai md Ogtdiokdgnoa,

Kustavc Arrofas, apardn
a pardnoþ
oþ dg ia ’nausa Iava Ba
Batc―
tc― (ia ogvdstokanoþg
dg Frasoi ncedgzama pcr di budz ^drkoc Ecrc) sdñaiamc md jafdr
rdnofomc <00 eoi mþiards pcr partd md ia ncgstruntcra Cmdfrdnjt.
Ics pakcs jafråag cnurromc
cn urromc dg 601>, dg ia ïpcna qud sd gdkcnoafa
ia cfra md sctdrraeodgtc mdi trdg ^areodgtc. Fcgamåc montþ ia
laita md eïrotc md Arrofas.

 Ics
 Ic s fciscs
fcisc s md E onj
on j dtto 
dt to 2 sd ia mdgugnoþ pcr supudstc iavamc md
antovcs dg pidga naepaña a ia vondprdsomdgnoa, nuagmc id ludrcg
rcfamcs md su nasa fciscs ncg mogdrcm ogdrc qud gc supc bustolonar. Iudkc
lud prcndsama pcr di losnai Kuoiidrec Earobuag, y logaiedgtd lud
scfrdsdåma
scfr dsdåma pcr Arodi
Ar odi Iobc.
Iobc. Gugna sd ncgcnoþ
nc gcnoþ di crokdg md ics lcgmcs.

 Pag
 P agae
aeáá Papdrs2
Pap drs2   ia ogvdstokanoþg tuvc su crokdg dg ics
dgtraeamcs md scnodmamds cblsjcrd, 
cblsjcrd,   diafcramcs pcr di dstumoc
Ecssanh Lcgsdna, ncg sdmd dg Pagaeá. Eanro apardnåa ncec
eodefrc md Lidk ]ramogk y iudkc apardnoþ ctra scnodmam,
Hakdeusja, pcr ic qud lud mdgugnoamc pcr iavamc md mogdrc.
Dg akcstc md 601; ia nausa lud ndrrama pcr laita md eïrotc pcr
ics budnds Eartåg Orurzug y Dmuarmc Laraj, ncgtoguagmc ncg
di pardndr mdi budz ldmdrai ^dfastoág Nasagdiic. ^og defarkc,
pcr crmdg md Nasagdiic, Eanro sokud ogvdstokamc pcr prdsugta
dvasoþg oepc
oe pcsot
sotov
ova.4
a.4:
:
 Apcrt
 Ap crtag
agtds
tds trunjcs2 sd trata md uga nausa dg ia qud sd ogvdstokag
orrdkuiaromamds dg ics apcrtds para ias naepañas prdsomdgnoai
md 6014 y idkosiatova md 601; md Naefodecs. Prdsugtaedgtd sd
utoiozþ a lugnocgarocs pòfioncs y fdgdlonoarocs md piagds scnoaids
para dgnufror ics apcrtds oidkaids md deprdsas ncgtratostas mdi
kcfodrgc md ia noumam md Fudgcs Aords. Monja nausa ogonoaiedgtd
dstuvc dg eagcs mdi budz Nasagdiic y iudkc lud apartamc pcr
Eartåg Orurzug para ramonar ia ogvdstokanoþg dg di buzkamc
dgnafdzamc pcr
pc r Iuos Vcmråk
V cmråkudz.4
udz.4?
?

Ia (ausdgnoa) md oeparnoaiomam  y ias ncgdxocgds ncg ia

ncrpcranoþg
ncrpcranoþg edmoátona
e dmoátona

Di trataeodgtc bumonoai y edmoátonc md ia sotuanoþg prcndsai md

ics oepionamcs dg ias ’nausas H― y ias ’nausas E―, mosta eunjc
md sdr soeoiar, y gc pcrqud ia kravdmam md ics mdiotcs qud ias
naratuiag sdag moldrdgtds2 sd trata md ug afcrmabd iiaeatova
 y cpcr
cp crtu
tuga
gaed
edgt
gtdd mdsok
md sokua
uaii pcr
pc r partd
par td md nodrt
no drtcs
cs buzk
bu zkam
amcs
cs,,
 budn
 bu dnds
ds y edmoc
ed mocss md nce
nc e ugon
ug onano
anoþg
þg scfrd
scf rd ias lokura
lok urass pciåt
pc iåtona
onass y
deprdsaroaids oepionamas dg nama nasc. ]cmc di lavcr md dstas
ncrpcranocgds edmoátonas dstá prdmospudstc janoa ias lokuras
ndrnagas ai Kcfodrgc md Eanro. Jay qud rdncrmar di aitc
kramc md ncgndgtranoþg edmoátona qud rokd dg ia Arkdgtoga,
uga nudstoþg qud quosc sdr dgedgmama muragtd ics Kcfodrgcs
hornjgdrostas pdrc qud, uga vdz qud Eanro asueoþ di Kcfodrgc,
lud
lud bumonoaiedgtd
bumonoaie dgtd mdtdgoma.
mdtdgoma.
4:  Fok Fagk
Fag k Gdw
G dw s (601:), ’Cbc ncg Ncecmcrc Py2 ias sdos nausas bumonoaids qud prdcnupag ai
Kcfodrgc md Eanro―. 11 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.fokfagkgdws.dce/Cbc-ncg-
Ncecm crc-Py-ias-sdos-nausas-
crc-Py-ias-sdos-nausas-bumonoai
bumonoaids-qud-prdcnupag-ai-
ds-qud-prdcnupag-ai-Kcfodrgc-md-Eanro-t
Kcfodrgc-md-Eanro-t60o:o6oo
60o:o6ooccc6.
ccc6.
jtei (ncgsuitamc di 14 md monodefrd md 601:).
4? Nagmdia Ogo Ogo (601?), ’Apartag ai budz
bu dz Nasagdiic md ia nausa md ics ’apcrtagtds trunjc s―.  Ia
 Ganoþ
 Ga noþg.
g.   4 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.iaganocg.nce.ar
jttps2//www.iaganocg.nce.ar/pcioto
/pciotona/apartag-ai
na/apartag-ai-budz-
-budz-
nasagdiic-nausa-apcrtagtds-trunjcs-gom66o;>:6
nasagdiic-nausa-apcrtagtds-tr unjcs-gom66o;>:6 (ncgsuitamc di 6 md e arzc md 601?).
Ludgtd2 Vdvosta G c t o n o a s ,  Arkdgtoga, 6: md eayc md 601<

NiarågZ
\ B A T Z 1 1 1 / 1  SS
 SSSS

^pct ;R. Nayþ pcr vcivdr

a rcfar
vcivdr
rcfa r ai farroc
Dårdymdivaiidgatc
£hcBcoooi>iooH.Nåot!cþ\ovds AoGamni&mtmbmå!3
DI NA^C MD IA^ CLL^JCVD DG PAVAO^C^ PO^NAID^
Naso 4 eoiicgds
Pagaeá Papdrs2
Papdrs2 gc jaiiag md njoncs
sog niasds,
prudfas qud vognuidg
vognuidg a y aedgazag
ncg eás parcs
Eanro
Eanro ncg iavamc md
md mogdrc
mogdrc o Dg ia Noumamsd1 E*cro<
å ececordrac.
*cro<tau¸¸
ecordrac. pdrc «1
8 taepcnc
taepcncpumcwtc
t au¸¸AJO-
pumc wtcrr to ju¸ib|¸
¸ib|¸
AJO-

 b i un oc ou å mcae ¸ m« jcy y g wluru

i/boiEaFbugåglnogwqoHBaTgom*!* taECEÙdtE‟.mt
.mt
¡ooåcotounå&o roo
oougdtdrahodeoåbrob8 o DgTPgea&.oaabeeocaamvu
o t8¸rcr.9¡o¸(\Nlt got tgl lc *BpTg
' "• ‚F.IåOktdsTpP
kugcQTPoWrgmavoauFålao uga gtc¸

Ludgtd2 Moaroc N i a r å g ,  Arkdgtoga, < md earzc md 601;

 Tgc md ics dbdepics eás gctcrocs dg nuagtc a ia ’mcfid vara
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
ai―― lud
lu d ia pcst
pc stur
uraa md ia Bust
Bu ston
onoa
oa agtd
ag td ics dstam
dst amcs
cs md saium
sa ium
md Jïntcr ]oedreag -mdtdgomc pcr ia nausa ’edecrágmue
ncg Orág―- y md md Lragnc Eanro -p c r ia nausa
nausa md
md ics nuamdrg
nuam drgcs-.
cs-.
 A nceodg
nce odgzcszcs md dgdrc
dg drc md 601?
601 ? di bud
bu d z Fcga
Fc gamoc
moc autc
au tcro
rozþ
zþ ia
suspdgsoþg md ia mdniaranoþg ogmakatcroa mdi rdnodgtdedgtd
laiidnomc deprdsaroc ’pcr razcgds md saium―8 di nudrpc eïmonc
jafåa
jafåa montaeogamc prdvoaedgtd
pr dvoaedgtd qud Eanro gc tdgåa ia napanomam
md dbdrndr su mdrdnjc a ia mdldgsa y mdniarar. Ncgtraroaedgtd, a
Jïntcr ]oedreag Fcgamoc ic jozc or a mdniarar dg ug dstamc md
saium
saium tdre
tdreogai.<
ogai.<00 ]oedreag,
]oedre ag, mamc ia kravdmam
kravdma m md su sotuanoþg,
jafåa
jafåa scionotamc
scionotam c or a mdniarar dg sdptodefrd
sdptodef rd md 601;. Dsa pdtonoþg
id lud mdgdkama y Fcgamoc ic notþ dg cntufrd, dg pidga naepaña
didntcrai para ias idkosiatovas, diumodgmc tcma rdncedgmanoþg
eïmona.
Ctrc dbdepic rdidvagtd ds di mdi trataeodgtc edmoátonc rdspdntc
md mcs oepcrtagtds nausas afodrtas muragtd 601:2 uga md diias
ds ia md ics ’apcrtagtds trunjcs―, mdstapama di 1: md bugoc md
601:, qud ogvciunrafa mordntaedgtd a ia kcfdrgamcra md ia
prcvognoa
prcvognoa md Fudgcs Aords,
Aords, Earåa Dukdgoa \omai, y a idkosiamcrds
idkosiamcrd s
md Naefodecs, ncec Dstdfag Fuiironj y Kranodia Cnaña. Di
euitoedmocs Niaråg, 
Niaråg,  ancstueframc a ia dspdntanuiarozanoþg md
ics
ics totuiards
totuiards qud ediiag pciåtonaedgtd
pciåtonae dgtd a su amvdrsaroc pciåtonc, sd
rdloroþ a ia mdgugnoa ug eds mdspuïs y md ecmc euy supdrlonoai,
ncec pudmd vdrsd dg ia oeakdg.

Dg ia ctra nausa bumonoai md pdsc, ia mdgceogama ’nausa md ics

nuamdrgcs―, jufc uga krag moldrdgnoa dgtrd nþec ncedgzþ
ia ncfdrtura md ia gcta, y di ecmc dg qud iudkc sd moiuyþ. Ai
prognopoc, nuagmc sþic apardnåag ogvciunramcs lugnocgarocs y
deprdsarocs mdi Kcfodrgc agtdrocr, sd id moc eáxoea ncfdrtura2
a edmoamcs md 601:, apdgas ncgcnoma ia gctonoa, Niaråg sd
rdldråa ai nasc dg sus gctas ncec
nce c partd md ia ’Ncrrup
’N crrupnoþg
noþg H―.<1
<0  Di
 D i Mdsta
Md sta pd [df (601?),
[df (601?), ’Fcgamoc id suspdgmoþ ia ogmakatcroa a Lragnc Eanro pcr prcfideas
md saium―. = md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dimdstapdwdf.nce/ics-nuamdecs-mdi-njcldr/
 fcga
 fc gamo
moc-
c-id-
id-su
susp
spdg
dgmo
moc-
c-ia-
ia-og
ogma
maka
katc
tcroa
roa -lrag
-lr agnc
nc-e
-e anro-
an ro-ra
razc
zcgd
gds-
s-sa
saiu
ium-
m-g4
g4=o
=o;o
;o (ncgs
(nc gsuit
uitam
amcc di ; md
dgdrc md 601?).
<1 Niaråg 
Niaråg  (601:), ’Ia oglcreanoþg eás oepantagtd md ics nuamdrgcs md ias ncoeas―. 6 md
akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pcioton
jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pciotona/rdvdianocgds-o
a/rdvdianocgds-oepantagtds-nuamdrgcs-
epantagtds-nuamdrgcs-
ncoeasScS^1zq<ukJ Z.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 6> md akcstc md 601:).
]odepc mdspuïs, tagtc di pamrd ncec di proec md Eauronoc
Eanro, Agkdic Nainatdrra, apardnodrcg oepionamcs dg di nasc.
Ia Bustonoa y ics edmocs antuarcg sciånotaedgtd ncg ics gudvcs
ogvciunramcs, ai pugtc md qud gama pasþ nuagmc di proec
mdi proedr eagmataroc rdncgcnoþ dg sus mdniaranocgds dg ics
trofugaids qud ïi jafåa crmdgamc pakar ncoeas. Gugna lud
mdtdgomc, ia prdgsa clonoaiosta sþic mdstanþ qud ics mdstogatarocs
md ics pakcs jafåag somc lugnocgarocs H, y sd id montþ ia laita md
eïrotc.

Di s j c w  edmoáton c  y ics soidgnocs

 e dmoátonc

Napåtuic apartd edrdnd ia dspdntanuiarozanoþg md nodrtcs

cpdratovcs edmoátonc-bumonoaids dg ia fòsqudma mdi ’mogdrc H―,
dg paraidic ncg ia dmotcroaiozanoþg
dmotcroaiozanoþg (eunjas vdnds ncepidtaedgtd
ncep idtaedgtd
mdsabustama a ias
ias oeákdgds) rdaiozama,
rdaiozama, mdsatagmc ug dxcrfotagtd
 vciu
 vc iue
e dg (pdr
(p droc
ocmo
most
stas
as ncgs
nc gsak
akra
ramc
mcss ogso
og sost
ståa
åag
g dg di jdnj
jd njcc md
qud ’sd rcfarcg ug POF―, ancepañagmc ias aloreanocgds ncg
matcs y tïngoncs md euy mumcsa prdparanoþg) dg rdianoþg ncg ic
qud jafåag somc ics ’jdnjc md ncrrupnoþg―. Mcs md ics sundscs
gctonocscs eás dstromdgtds ludrcg di md ias fþvdmas y di mdi
mogdrc dgtdrramc dg uga dstagnoa patakþgona, a ics nuaids ics
moarocs clonoaiostas mdstogarcg nodgtcs md gctas y ias ]\s jcras y
jcras md sjcw -para
sjcw  -para dgncgtrar afsciutaedgtd gama-.

 A ecmc
ec mc md dbdedb dep
p ic md nþe
nþ e c lugn
lu gnoc
ocga
ga ia dgtd
dg tdgt
gtdd e dmoát
dm oátonc
onc--
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oai,i, dg di prck
pr ckra
raee a ’ Ia N c rgos
rg osa―
a―,, ncgm
nc gmun
unom
omcc pcr
pc r di
pdrocmosta uitraclonoaiosta, Iuos Eabui, sd movuikþ ug vomdc md
uga fþvdma (vanåa) dg ia ogecfoioaroa
oge cfoioaroa mdi jobc md
md ia dxeagmataroa
dxeagma taroa
qud supudstaedgtd jafråa sdrvomc para kuarmar mogdrc eai
j af
afomomcc .<6

Monjc vomdc ofa a sdr apcrtamc ncec prudfa pcr moputamcs

alogds ai Kcfodrgc y qudmþ dg gama. Di sdkugmc lud uga pudsta

<6 Niaråg 
Niaråg   (601:), ’Vdvdiag qud ics Hornjgdr ncgstruydrcg uga fþvdma dg su ogecfoioaroa―.
1? md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pcio
jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pciotona/rdvdiag-
tona/rdvdiag-hornjgdr-ncgst
hornjgdr-ncgstruydrcg-
ruydrcg-
 fcvd
 fc vdma
ma-og
-ogec
ec foioar
foi oaroaS
oaS cSJB
cS JB <Qav
<Q avPO
PO;.j
;.jte
teii (ncgsu
(nc gsuitam
itamcc di 1 md sdptod
sdp todef
efrd
rd md 601:).
601: ).
dg dsndga mdi Losnai Earobuág dg uga dstagnoa md Iázarc Fádz
mcgm
mcgmdd fusnafa, ncg dxnavamcras y náe aras pcr mcquodr, mogdrc
mogdrc
dgtdrramc. ^dkòg di losnai, sd mdnomoþ a jandr ia cpdranoþg dg
monjc sotoc pcrqud mdsmd ug jdionþptdrc jafåag vostc ’todrra
rdecvoma― y ’ecgtånuics md podmra― qud id jafåag iiaeamc
ia atdgnoþg. ]aepcnc dgncgtrarcg gama. Aefcs cpdratovcs
sd fasarcg dg ias mdniaranocgds mdi ’arrdpdgtomc― Idcgarmc
Laroña,<
Laroña,<> nuyc papdi
pap di dg di
di nasc M‟Aidssoc, qud edgnocg
e dgnocgarde
ardecs
cs
a ncgtoguanoþg, eudstra niaraedgtd ias prclugmomamds y ics
ainagnds md ia ealoa dxtcrsova qud sufyand a ia kudrra bumonoai
dg Arkdg
Ark dgtog
toga.
a.<
<=

Md ia dspdntanuiarozanoþg ai dspocgabd2 di nasc

M‟Aidssoc

 A pdsa
pd sarr md tcmc
tc mc,, ia naus
na usaa md ’ics
’ic s nuam
nu amdr
drgg c s― pard
pa rdno
noþþ agdn
ag dnmþ
mþton
tonaa
agtd uga mdgugnoa, cnurroma a nceodgzcs md 601?, qud pusc dg
dvomdgnoa di aiareagtd lugnocgaeodgtc md ia dgtdgtd pciåtonc-
edmoátonc-bumonoai2 di ’M‟Aidssockatd―, tai vdz di prognopai nasc
tdstokc md iawlard ark
iawlard  arkdgtog
dgtogc.<
c.<44 ^d trata
trata md ug nasc qud pdreotd
rdncgstruor md lcrea eás niara ias ncgdxocgds qud supcgd di
iawlard dg
iawlard dg di paås, y nceprdgmdr ia ncepidbomam md didedgtcs
(ogtdrgcs y dxtdrgcs) qud sd ncgdntag dg lugnoþg md dstafidndr
uga ’kudrra buråmona― ncgtra mdtdreogamcs cfbdtovcs pciåtoncs.

Ias ogvdstokanocgds sd ogonoarcg a raåz md ia mdgugnoa md ug

deprdsaroc akrcpdnuaroc, Pdmrc Dtnjdfdst, quodg sdñaiþ qud di
afckamc Earndic M‟Aidssoc ic dxtcrsocgþ para gc sdr ogvdstokamc
dg ia ’nausa md ics nuamdrgcs―. Ïstd rdsuitþ sdr prdsugtaedgtd
scnoc mdi losnai qud iidva ia nausa, Narics ^tcrgdiio, quodg, a su

<> ^clåa Narae y Vaòi Hciieagg (601?), ’ Ics sodtd eaois qud

eaois qud kuogarcg a L aroña―. Pák
aroña―.  Pákoga
oga 16.10
16 .10
md afroi. M ospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/1:<6>>-ics-so
jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/1:<6>>-ics-sodtd-eaois-qud-kuocgarcg-a-
dtd-eaois-qud-kuocgarcg-a-
laroña (ncgsuitamc di 14 md afroi md 601?).
<= Oroga
Oroga Jausdr (601<),
(601<), ’Ncec dg ia fòsqudma mdimdi tdscrc― . Pákog
 Pá kogaa 16. 6:
16. 6: md afroi. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.n
jttps2//www.pakoga16.n0e.ar/moaro0/di
0e.ar/moaro0/dipaos/1-6
paos/1-6?:0>0-601<-0=-6:.jtei
?:0>0-601<-0=-6:.jtei
(ncgsuitamc di 6 md ldfrdrc md 601?).
<4 Vonarmc Vakdgm crldr (601?), ’Tg nasc tdstokc md Iawlard―
Iawla rd―.. Moaroc
 Moa roc ]odep
]od epcc Arkd
Ar kdgt
gtog
ogc.
c. >
 > md
earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/ug-nasc-tds
jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/ug-nasc-tdstokc-md-iawl
tokc-md-iawlard3lfni
ard3lfniom5O
om5O
 wA Vc ;[ ;yle
;y leG[
G[ \:M[
\: M[ Fue
Fu e qyxBV
qy xBV P:?F
P: ?Fak_
ak_ uwZO
uw ZOoV
oVjs
jsj<
j<;h
;hBry
Bry;ic
;icToE
ToE r;e M-vJ
M- vJkk (ncgsu
(nc gsuitam
itamcc
di : md earzc md 601?).
 vdz,
 vd z, jafr
ja fråa
åa p dmom
dm omcc e dmoc
dm oc e oiiþg
oii þg md mþia
mþ iard
rdss para
pa ra m dbar
db ar ludra
lud ra
md ia ogvdstokanoþg ai deprdsaroc. Di ecmus cpdragmo   dra,
supudstaedgtd, pakar, sotuarsd fabc ia lokura mdi ’arrdpdgtomc―
-ncec dg di nasc md Laroña- y mdniarar ncgtra lugnocgarocs
mdi Kcfodrgc agtdrocr8 ia ctra cpnoþg dra sdr mdtdgomc sog
pcsofoiomam md loagza.

Di budz md ia nausa md dsta ogvdstokanoþg -Aidbc Vaecs Pamoiia,

rápomaedgtd ncgvdrtomc dg cfbdtc md ludrtds nudstocgaeodgtcs
pcr partd mdi clonoaiosec y md ctrcs eodefrcs mdi ’eugmc
 bu m onoa
on oai―
i―-- mont
mo ntae
aeog
ogþþ qud M A ids
id s s oc y ^tc
^t c rgdi
rg diio
io lcre
lc reaf
afag
ag partd
par td
md uga crkagozanoþg mdmonama ai dspocgabd oidkai, dxtcrsoþg,
ncannoþg, y qud rdncidntþ oglcreanoþg md eagdra oidkai, para
iudkc sdr molugmoma a travïs md pdrocmostas clonoaiostas -ncec
Magodi ^agtcrc y Iuos Eabui-. Ctras lokuras alogds ai eanrosec
qud jag surkomc ncec vognuiamas a ias cpdranocgds md
ogtdiokdgnoa, edmoátonas y bumonoaids dg dsta ogvdstokanoþg scg
ias moputamas Diosa Narroþ y Pauia Ciovdttc. Diic, niaraedgtd,
pcgd dg nudstoþg ia oeparnoaiomam y vaiomdz md ia nausa ’md
ics nuamdrgcs―, dg ia qud ^tcrgdiio antòa ncec losnai y qud ya
ja somc mdniaramc dg rdfdimåa pcr di budz pcr gc prdsdgtarsd
a ias ogmakatcroas. Ia dstratdkoa mdi clonoaiosec, qud prdtdgmd
qud gc sd ionòd ia ’nausa md ics nuamdrgcs―, md ia qud jay sþic
lctcncpoas pcrqud ics crokogaids ’sd pdrmodrcg―, ds nudstocgar
ia omcgdomam mdi budz Vaecs Pamoiia, mdspdkar a ^tcrgdiio md
M‟Aidssoc y atrofuor a ’prdscs H― ia eagocfra md ’pdrsdnunoþg―
md ^tc
^ tcrgrgdii
diio.<
o.<<
<

Eagdbc md ics crkagosecs md ncgtrci  y ncgtrci md ia

 bu s t on oa

Eauronoc Eanro iidkþ a ia prdsomdgnoa y ncedgzþ a ecimdar

ics crkagosecs md ia bustonoa md anudrmc ncg sus ogtdrdsds.
^o fodg ds nodrtc qud mdtdreogamas crodgtanocgds jag somc

<<  Oglc
 Og lcfa
fadd   (601?), ’Mdgugnoag qud prdscs H arearcg ia cpdranoþg ncgtra di losnai ^tcrgdiio―-
11 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ogl0fad.n0e/p0iotona/601?/06/11/mdgugnoag-qud-
prdscs-h-arearcg-ia-cpdranocg-ncgtra-di-losnai
prdscs-h-arearcg-ia-cpdranocg-ncgtr a-di-losnai-stcediio/
-stcediio/ (ncgsuitamc
(ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).
oepidedgtamas pcr tcmcs ics kcfodrgcs, ia ndidromam y di
mumcsc rdpufionagosec md ia antuai kdstoþg -fagmdra md su
prcpoa naepaña didntcrai- ya mafag nudgta md ic qud vdgmråa
mdspuïs.

Di proedr dspanoc md ogtdrvdgnoþg lud ia Ncrtd ^uprdea md

Bustonoa md ia Ganoþg. Antuaiedgtd dstá ncglcreama pcr nognc
eakostramcs, mcs md diics gceframcs pcr mdnrdtc nognc måas
mdspuïs md qud Eauronoc Eanro asueodra ia prdsomdgnoa. ^o
 fodg dxost
dx oståa
åa uga
ug a gcre
gc reat
atova
ova mdsmd
md smd 600>
600 > qud rdki
rd kiae
aedgdgta
tafa
fa
ia pctdstam md ug prdsomdgtd para gcefrar a ics budnds md ia
Ncrtd, ia annoþg md Eanro ogonoaiedgtd scrtdþ di rdquosotc mdi
avai mdi ^dgamc y di prcndmoeodgtc pòfionc md partonopanoþg
 y ncgtr
nc gtrci
ci md ia noum
no umam
amag
agåa.
åa. Ics mcs nark
na rkcs
cs vana
va nagt
gtds
ds mdsmd
md smd ias
rdgugnoas md Narics Layt y md D. Vaòi Rallarcgo, ics gudvcs
eodefrcs
eodefrcs mdsokgamcs
mdsokg amcs pcr Eanro ludrcg Narics Vcsdghr Vcs dghragtz<
agtz<;;
(ajcra prdsomdgtd md ia Ncrtd), md pdrloi deprdsaroai y ramonai, y
Magodi Vcs
V csat
atto.
to.<<:

]aefoïg mdsmd di eosec ecedgtc md ia asugnoþg mdi narkc,

Eanro ncedgzþ ia prdsoþg janoa Aidbagmra Kois Narfþ, nafdza
md ia Prcnuramuråa Kdgdrai md ia Ganoþg muragtd di Kcfodrgc
agtdrocr, para qud rdgugnoara, y ncgsokuoþ su aidbaeodgtc mdi
narkc
narkc dg monodefrd md 601;.
601;. Tga md ias
ias prognopaids
progn opaids razcgds md ia
gdndsomam md su saioma lud qud Kois Narfþ ofa a sdr ia rdndptcra
md partd md ia oglcreanoþg qud iidkaråa md Frasoi scfrd ia
’nausa Iava Batc―, qud ncgtodgd ics gdkcnocs md Cmdfrdnjt. Di
Kcfodrg
Kcfodrgcc fusnafa oepdmor qud dsa oglcreanoþg
oglcreanoþg ludsd eagdbama
e agdbama
pcr ia lugnocgaråa. Ogniusc fusnþ kdgdrar ug anudrmc dg
paraidic ncg Cmdfrdnjt para anndmdr a ia oglcreanoþg y jasta
mdspiazþ ai prcnuramcr mdi ]dscrc, Narics Faifåg -quodg loreþ
uga aumotcroa niavd scfrd di Ncrrdc Arkdgtogc qud gc lavcrdnåa
<; Vcsdghragtz, nce c rdntcr md ia Tgovdrsomam
Tgovd rsomam md ^ag Agmrïs,
Agm rïs, apcyþ ia nrdanoþg mdimdi ’Ndgtrc
md Dstumocs Agtoncrrupnoþg―, y prcickþ di dgsayc Ncsa buzkama lraumuidgta   md Ldmdronc
Ecrkdgstde, qud mdlodgmd ia lokura md ia ncsa buzkama årrota,
årrota, lokura buråmona
buråmona qud pcmråa apionarsd
apionarsd
para rdafror nascs md ncrrupnoþg qud ludrcg ndrramcs.
<: Vcsatto
Vcsatto lud eogostrc md Bustonoa md Gïstcr Hornjgdr
Hornjgdr y dstá omdgtolonamc
omdgtolonamc ncg di
di pdrcgosec gc
hornjgdrosta
hornjgdrosta mdsmd dgtcgnds. Tgc md ics kragmds n ascs qud tdgmrá qud mdlogor
mdlogor di eáxoec t rofugai
rofugai
dg 601? ds di iåeotd a ia prosoþg prdvdgtova dg ics nascs md ncrrupnoþg, mcntroga dstafidnoma pcr di
 budz
 bu dz Orurzug
Oru rzug dg 601:.
601 :.
a ics lugnocgarocs mdi Kcfodrgc-, y mdsokgþ dg su rddepiazc a
ug jcefrd iokamc
iok amc ai krupc Niaråg, Fdrgarmc
Fdrga rmc ^aravoa
^a ravoa Lråas.<
L råas.<?
?

Dmuarmc Nasai lud mdsokgamc ncec prcnuramcr prcnu ramcr kdgdrai ogtdrogc
ogtdrogc..
Nasai, amdeás md mdsokgar dg oepcrtagtds narkcs a lokuras
aioamas ai PVC, mdnomoþ di apartaeodgtc md Buag Pdmrc Rcgo, md
ia Losnaiåa gòedrc : md Ncecmcrc Py, qud oepuisafa ia nausa
pdgai qud ogvciunra a ia laeoioa Eanro dg ia nausa mdi Ncrrdc
 Arkd
 Ar kdg
g tog
to g c. Di arkue
ark uedg
dgtc
tc lud
l ud ia oidk
oi dkot
otoe
oeom
omam
am md ia mds
m dsok
okga
gano
noþg
þg md
Rcgo dg monja losnaiåa, pcr partd md Kois Narfþ. Dg rddepiazc md
Rcgo lud mdsokgamc ug ’aeokc― mdi Kcfodrgc, Kdrarmc Pciionota.

Di Kcfodrgc
Kcfod rgc taefoïg
tae foïg jozc ic prcpoc dg ia Náeara md Nasanoþg, di
eáxoec trofugai pdgai. ^d id scionotþ ia rdgugnoa a Pdmrc Mavom,
md :; añcs. Dsta vanagtd lud nufodrta pcr Narics Eajoquds -
 voa
 vo a tras
tr asia
iamm c mdsmd
md smd di Ncgs
Nc gsdbdbcc md ia E a k ostr
os traa tur
tu r a - dxe
dx e ogost
og ostrc
rc
md Earåa Dukdgoa \omai. ]aefoïg ds pamrd md Buag Eajoquds,
rdprdsdgtagtd mdi Dbdnutovc dg di Ncgsdbc md ia Eakostratura,
 y md Okga
Ok gano
nocc E ajoq
aj oqud
uds,
s, losnai
los nai qud
qu d traf
tr afab
abaa dg nau na u sas
sa s ncgtra
ncg tra
Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz.

Ia Náeara Ldmdrai md Apdianocgds pcrtdña taefoïg tuvc ug

korc lavcrafid a ics ogtdrdsds md Naefodecs y sus aioamcs. ^d
trata md ug trofugai dstratïkonc pcrqud ds ia ogstagnoa dg ia
qud sd rdvosag ias rdsciunocgds md ics mcnd buzkamcs ldmdraids
md Ncecmcrc Py, qud ogstruydg ias nausas scfrd ncrrupnoþg
mdi pcmdr pciåtonc ganocgai, mdi Kcfodrgc antuai y md kdstocgds
agtdrocrds. ]ras ia rdgugnoa md varocs eodefrcs
eode frcs md ia Náeara -
aikugcs
aikug cs md diics pcr prdsocgds
prdsocgd s tras laiiar dg ncgtra md ic fusnamc
pcr Naefodecs dg nausas md ia ’ncrrupnoþg H―-, ia Náeara
qudmþ ncglcreama
ncglcreama pcr Eartåg
Eartåg Orurzòg -oe- oepu
puiscr
iscr md ia mcntro
mcntroga
ga
qud pdreotoþ ics dgnarndiaeodgtcs prdvdgtovcs md lugnocgarocs
ncg di arkuedgtc md qud ncgsdrvafag su pcmdr para para ogliudgnoar
tdstokcs y dgtcrpdndr ia ogvdstokanoþg y mospcgåa md rdnurscs
dncgþeoncs para marsd a ia luka-, Idcpcimc Frukioa, Earoagc
Iicrdgs -aefcs antuaiedgtd a narkc md ia nausa md ia ’ruta mdi
<? ]odepc Arkdgtogc 
Arkdgtogc   (601;), ’10 niavds para dgtdgmdr ia pdrsdnunoþg scfrd Kois Narfþ―.
16 md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar
jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/10-niavds-par
/gcta/10-niavds-para-dgtdgmdr-ia-
a-dgtdgmdr-ia-
 mogd
mogdrc
rc H―- y Pafic Fdrtuzzo
Fdrtuzzo -agtdrocre
-agtdr ocre dgtd
dg td budz
budz dg ias nausas
nausas
qud
qud ogvciunrag a ics dxlug nocgarocs hornjgdrostas
hornjg drostas Buioc Md \omc
 y Aeam
Ae amcc F c u m c u - .

Di trofugai eás ncgcnomc pcr ia noumamagåa -pcr ia ncgstagtd

dspdntnuiarozanoþg edmoátona md su iafcr-, Ncecmcrc Py,
taefoïg jand md karagtd md ics ogtdrdsds md Naefodecs. Ia
totuiaromam md ics buzkamcs y ia iiaeatova mostrofunoþg md ias
nausas scg uga podza lugmaedgtai mdi iawlard 
iawlard  a ia arkdgtoga.
Di edgnocgamc trofugai todgd 16 buzkamcs, augqud ias nausas
qud aldntag a ia ameogostranoþg pòfiona scg ias eás mdsokuaids
(d orrdkuiaredgtd) asokgamas, partonuiaredgtd aquïiias qud
ogvciunrag ncrrupnoþg dstatai. Pcr dbdepic, dgtrd 601> y 601;
di buzkamc md Fcgamoc rdnofoþ ’pcr scrtdc― 44 nausas, eodgtras
qud di buzkamc md ^drvogo md Nufråa sþic ?.;0
Dg nuagtc a ics crkagosecs md ncgtrci, sog mumas lud ia Clonoga
 Agt
 A gton
oncr
crru
rupn
pnoþ
oþg
g (CA)
(CA ) ia ogst
og stot
otun
unoþ
oþgg qud
qu d lud
lu d nccp
nc cpta
tama
ma ncg
nc g eás
orrdkuiaromamds. Nafd rdncrmar qud ia nudstocgama mdsokganoþg
md Iaura Aicgsc ncec totuiar md ia CA lud rdsudita pcr mdnrdtc
ai pcnc todepc md asueor Eanro. Ncec di mdnrdtc md nrdanoþg
md ia CA dstafidnåa qud ugc md ics rdquosotcs para asueor su
totuiaromam dra sdr afckamc/a y jafdr dbdrnomc dsa prcldsoþg
muragtd ai edgcs sdos añcs, di Kcfodrgc ecmolonþ dsa niáusuia
 y dsta
ds tafi
fidn
dnoþ
oþ pcr
pc r Mdnrd
Md nrdtc
tc 66
66</</14
14 qud di lug
lu g nocg
no cgar
aroc
oc a narkc
na rkc
’mdfdrá
mdfdrá pcsddr tåtuic ug ovdrsotaroc,
ovdrsotaroc, sþioma lcreanoþg anamïeona,
agtdndmdgtds prcldsocgaids naiolonamcs dg mdrdnjc, nodgnoas
scnoaids
scnoaids c dncgceåa y uga rdncgcnoma traydntcroa mdecnrátona y
rdpufionaga―. Aså, Aicgsc, iondgnoama dg Nodgnoas Pciåtonas, pumc
asueor di narkc md monja clonoga md ncgtrci kufdrgaedgtai.
Nasuaiedgtd, di gcefrd md Eauronoc Eanro gc apardnd dg ia
piagoiia md lugnocgarocs fabc cfsdrvanoþg md ia CA dg nascs md
ncgliontc md ogtdrïs. ]ai vdz di nasc eás defideátonc ds di qud
ogvciunra a ia laeoioa Eanro ncg di Ncrrdc Arkdgtogc, y md ïi sd
;0 Eagudi ]arroncgd (601;), ’Bustonoa ldmdrai pcrtdña2 ias nausas gc sd mostrofuydg md eagdra
okuaiotaroa dgtrd ics budn
bu dnds―.
ds―. Njdqudamc. 1:
Njdqudamc.  1: md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//njdqudamc.nce/
di-dxpionamcr/bustonoa-ldmdrai-pcrtdga-ias-nausas-gc-sd-mostrofuydg-md-eagdra-okuaiotaroa-
dgtrd-ics-budnds/ (ncgsuitamc di 66 md earzc md 601?).
mdsprdgmdg ia nausa pcr ia ia qud todgd ia mduma ncg di Dstamc -
autcncgmcgama ncec sd ncedgtafa,
ncedgtafa, våa Mdnrd
M dnrdtc
tc prdsomdg
prdsom dgnoai-,
noai-,
ia nausa pdgai dg ia qud sd ogvdstoka ai prdsomdgtd y ctrcs, dg
eagcs mdi budz Arodi Iobc, y ia mdeagma md ics Eanro ai Dstamc
md uga ogmdegozanoþg md 6.><4 eoiicgds md pdscs pcr ia quota
md ia ncgndsoþg mdi Ncrrdc.;1 ]aefoïg dstá ia nausa Avoagna,
dg ia qud sd agaioza ia antuanoþg md Narics Eartåg Ncfas,
dxmordntcr kdgdrai md Ickåstona md ia Prdsomdgnoa. Ncfas lud
kdrdgtd
kdrdg td md Ean
E an A or Bdt, ia
ia iogda aïrda md ics Eanro. Eanro
E anro y Ncfas
ludrcg mdgugnoamcs bugtc a ctrcs lugnocgarocs y deprdsarocs
(ogniuomc Lragnc Eanro) pcr ics mdiotcs md ascnoanoþg oiånota,
gdkcnoanocgds ogncepatofids ncg di dbdrnonoc md ia lugnoþg
pòfiona, mdlraumanoþg
mdlraum anoþg ncgtra
ncg tra ia ameogostranoþg pòfiona
p òfiona y trálo
trálonc
nc
md ogliudgnoas. ^og defarkc,
de farkc, ia CA sþic ja antuamc ncgtra Ncfas.

Gudvcs earncs idkaids ( e a m d o g T ^ A 3 )   ncgtra di

dgdeokc pciåtonc

Jafiar md iawlard 
iawlard  ds taefoïg dstafidndr ias ncgdxocgds
kdcpciåtonas qud ogtdrvodgdg dg ias utoiozanocgds buråmonas. Dstc
taefoïg pardnodra antuaiozarsd dg di nasc arkdgtogc, scfrd
tcmc a partor mdi nasc M'Aidssoc, dg di qud sus vågnuics ncg
ia MDA y ctrcs crkagosecs md DD. TT. aòg gc jag qudmamc
mdfomaedgtd dxpionamcs. ^cfrd tcmc di vognuic md M'Aidssoc
ncg di defabamcr gcrtdaedronagc, Dmwarm Pramc, quodg dg
 varo
 va roas
as c pcrt
pc rtug
ugom
omam
amds
ds sd ja e cstr
cs tram
amcc e uy nce
nc e pdg
pd g dtra
dt ram
m c dg
ncgtrofuor ncg di edbcraeodgtc mdi sostdea bumonoai arkdgtogc8
ncec ic mdniarþ dg su ecedgtc dg di Ncgkrdsc md su paås2 ’eo
ogtdgnoþg ds ncgtoguar trafabagmc ncg ics afckamcs y budnds
md ia Arkdgtoga para edbcrar di sostdea bumonoai y lcrtaidndr ia
ncgloagza md ia kdgtd dg di sostdea bumonoai―.;6^o ia aparonoþg md
M'Aidssoc afroþ uga rdogtdrprdtanoþg mdi ecmus cpdragmo  md
ics losnaids y budnds, taefoïg rdsuita oeprdsnogmofid ncgtoguar
;1 Aro Iobaiam (601;), ’³Quoïg ogvdstoka ics ncgliontcs md ogtdrïs md Eanro3  Gud
 G udstr
stras
as \cnds. 64
md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.gudstrasvcnds.nce.ar/ogvdstokanocgds/quodg-ogvdstoka-ics-
ncgliontcs-ogtdrds-eanro/ (ncgsuitamc di : md ldfrdrc md 601?).
;6 ^afroga Vctj (601?), ’Pomdg qud di defabam cr Pramc vaya ai Ncgkrdsc a dxpionar di vågnuic md
M‟Aidssoc ncg DD. TT.―. G
TT.―.  Gud
udstr
stras
as \cnds.
\cnd s. 11
 11 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www . gudstras vcnds,
ogmakagmc ias ncgdxocgds -qud nama vdz scg eás dvomdgtds-
ncg ics ogtdrdsds gcrtdaedronagcs.
Ia nceosoþg ncepudsta pcr mcnd budnds y burostas qud rdnofoþ
di dgnarkc md Eanro para rdlcrear di Nþmokc Pdgai tuvc eás
dgtusoasec dg prdsdgtar dg DD. TT., ncec partd md uga
’naepaña md nceugonanoþg―, di prcydntc md rdlcrea;>qud dg di
prcpoc paås. Aså, dg sdptodefrd md 601: di budz ldmdrai Earoagc
Fcrogshy, naearosta md Nasanoþg y prdsomdgtd md ia Nceosoþg
md Vdlcrea mdi Nþmokc Pdgai, prdsdgtþ di prcydntc agtd di
Mdpartaedgtc md Dstamc, di Mdpartaedgtc md Bustonoa y agtd
ug krupc md dxpdrtcs dg di tdea dg ug dgnudgtrc crkagozamc
pcr di [oiscg Ndgtdr, ]jd Ogtdkroty Lcrue d  Ogtd  Og tdrr Aedr
Ae drona
onagg
 Moaickud.
 Moaic kud. Augqud
 Augqud sd afcrmag ctras prcfideátonas, dstd prcydntc
pcgd dspdnoai ïglasos dg ia ncrrupnoþg, qud ogniuyd gc scic a
ias pdrscgas låsonas, sogc taefoïg a ias deprdsas y taefoïg di
scfcrgc dgtrd provamcs. Di prcydntc dstafidnd qud sd auedgtd
ia pdga md ncjdnjc y md trálonc md ogliudgnoas ai prdsomdgtd, vond,
sdgamcrd
sdgamcrds,
s, moputamcs, bdld md kafogdtd y eogostrcs, y taefoïg
tae foïg qud
di mdnceosc md ics fodgds sd va a prcmunor mdsmd di ogonoc eosec
mdi prcndsc pdgai, sog gdndsomam md tdgdr qud dspdrar jasta ia
ncgniusoþg.

Ctra gcvdmam idkosiatova md 601: lud ia ncgcnoma ncec ’Mcntroga

Orurzug―, qud rdkuia (c mdsrdkuia) ias prosocgds prdvdgtovas dg
nasc md ncrrupnoþg. ^o fodg ia Ncrtd ^uprdea mdfdrá mdnomor ia
 vaiomd
 vai omdzz md ia nudst
nu dstocg
ocgam
amaa mcntrog
mcn troga,
a, ya lud
lu d pudst
pu dstaa dg vokdg
vok dgnoa
noa
pcr di budz Fcgamåc ai dxlugnocgaroc hornjgdrosta Buioc md \omc
a logaids md 601;. Pcr ia eosea dstág c dstuvodrcg mdtdgomcs
 Aeam
 Ae amcc Fcumcu,
Fcum cu, Narics
Nar ics Rago
Ra gogg
ggoo y di rdnod
rd nodgt
gtde
dedg
dgtd
td laiidn
lai idnomc
omc
Jïntcr
Jïntcr ]oedrea
]oed reag.;
g.;=Para
=Para Orurzug, nuaiquodra
nuaiqu odra qud jaya tdgomc ug
aitc pudstc dg ug Kcfodrgc eagtodgd vågnuics y rdianocgds qud,

;> ]ctai
]ctai Gdw s (601:), ’DD. TT. eora ncg dgtusoasec di prcydntc md rdlcrea mdi nþmokc pdgai
arkdgtogc―. ZO md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//tctaigdws.nce.ar/ogmdx.pjp/ganocgaids/1?-
pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-eora-ncg-dgtusoasec-di-prcydnt
pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-eora-ncg-dgt usoasec-di-prcydntc-md-rdlcrea-mdi
c-md-rdlcrea-mdi-ncmokc-pdgai-a
-ncmokc-pdgai-arkdgtogc
rkdgtogc
(ncgsuitamc di 14 md dgdrc md 601?).
;=  Vdaip
 Vd aipcio
ciotoh
toh (601:),
 (601:), ’Naearosta qud jafoiotþ ias prosocgds prdvdgtovas dg di dgtcrgc md NLH
sd rdugoþ ncg ug cpdramcr md Eanro―. 1 md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//rdaipciotoh.nce.ar/
gcta/>40>:/naearosta-qud-jafoiotc-ias-prosocgds-prdvdgtovas-dg-di-dgtcec-md-nlh-sd-rdugoc-
ncg-ug-cpdramcr-md-eanro/ (ncgsuitamc di 6= md dgdrc md 601?).
 dvdgtuaiedgtd, id pdreotoråag cfstruor nausas d ogvdstokanocgds.
 _ dsd ds di arku
ar kued
edgtc
gtc ncg di qud busto
bu stolon
lonaa ias
ia s prosoc
pro socgd
gdss prdv
pr dvdgt
dgtova
ovass
para dxlugnocgarocs, aug sog tdgdr ndrtdza md ug pdiokrc md luka
c dvomdgnoas md ia cfstrunnoþg bumonoai. Ia eosea gc lud apionama
pcr Nasanoþg Pdgai a ia lugnocgaråa eanrosta Aåma Ayaia,
prcndsama pcr ascnoanoþg oiånota, gdkcnoanocgds ogncepatofids
ncg ia lugnoþg
lug noþg pòfiona y lraumd, dgtrd ctrcs mdiotcs.;4Ic
mdiotcs.;4Ic eosec ja
ancgtdnomc ncg ctrcs pciåtoncs y deprdsarocs iokamcs ai Kcfodrgc.
Dg di eosec sdgtomc sd dgearna di Mdnrdtc md Gdndsomam y
Trkdgnoa (MGT) loreamc pcr Eanro di 61 md dgdrc2 ia dxtognoþg
md mceogoc, qud pdreotd ncglosnar fodgds prcndmdgtds md ’ia
ncrrupnoþg―, aug agtds md qud dxosta uga ncgmdga lored scfrd
ics mdiotcs qud sd id oeputag a ia pdrscga anusama.;<Di Mdnrdtc
gc sþic ogvodrtd ia narka md ia prudfa, sogc qud dstafidnd ia
rdtrcantovomam a ics prcndscs ogonoamcs 14 añcs atrás.
Dg nuaiquodr nasc, y ai tratarsd md ug añc didntcrai, di sjcw
edmoátonc dg tcrgc md Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz md Hornjgdr ja
somc ogtdgsc, sdeagai, aså ncec ics pdmomcs md prdsdgtanoþg y
tdstoecgocs qud id scg scionotamcs,;; rdlcrzagmc di rdiatc md ia
ncrrupnoþg hornjgdrosta y ia ’gcfid iafcr bustonodra
bus tonodra―― mdi Kcfodrgc
Kcfodrgc
md ia aioagza Naefodecs.

 A e cmc
cm c md ncgniu
ncg niuso
soþg
þg22 ias ncgs
nc gsdn
dnud
udgn
gnoa
oas
s dncgþ
dnc gþeo
eona
nas
s
mdi iaw lar d dg Arkdgtoga
Arkdgtoga

Tga sdrod md didedgtcs pdreotdg pdgsar qud ia dstratdkoa mdi

iawlard 
iawlard   dg Arkdgtoga dstá crodgtama a ncgsciomar gc scic ug
mdtdreogamc didgnc kcfdrgagtd c uga nodrta diotd mdnoscroa,
;4  Pciåto
 Pci åtona
na Arkd
Ar kdgt
gtogoga
a   (601:), ’Mcfid vara bumonoai2 aguiarcg di pdmomc md prosoþg prdvdgtova
para uga moputama md Naefode cs―. 6;md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 dg2 jttps2//www.pciotonarkdgtoga
jttps2//www.pciotonarkdgtoga..
nce/gc tas/601:16/6;:4=-mcfid-vara-bumo
tas/601:16/6;:4=-mcfid-vara-bumonoai- noai-aguiarcg-di-pdmomc-
aguiarcg-di-pdmomc-md-proso
md-prosocg-prdvdgtova-
cg-prdvdgtova-
ncgtra-uga-moputama-md-naefodecs.jtei (ncgsuitamc di < md earzc md 601?).
;<  ^p utgo
ut gohh Gdw
G dw s  (601?), ’Kcfodrgc arkdgtogc prceuika pciïeonc mdnrdtc qud ncglosna fodgds
md anusamcs md ncrrupnoþg―. 66 md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//eugmc.sputgohgdws.nce/
aedrona-iatoga/60i?0o66oc:=?o?i>?-idy-ncgtra-ncrrupnocg-dg-arkdgtoga/ (ncgsuitamc di 6< md
afroi md 601?).
;; Gïstcr Dspþsotc
Dspþsotc (601?),
(601?), ’Dg naepaña didntcrai
didntcrai,, Ncecmcrc Py va pcr NLH ―. Mo
―.  Moaro
arocc ]odepc
]ode pc
 Ark
 A rkdg
dg tog c. 
c.   10 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/dg-naepaga-
didntcrai-ncecmcrc-py-
didntcrai-ncecmcrc-py- lh3lfniom5O
lh3lfniom5OwAV6;di=FAOqmRd
wAV6;di=FAOqmRdtÅ=Rkb
tÅ=RkbJGL=MmBMnANcglEVOAf
JGL=MmBMnANcglEVOAf
 taefoïg uga mdtdreogama crodgtanoþg omdciþkona gdciofdrai. ^o
 fodg ds
d s di nasc md Frasoi
Fra soi di eás dvomd
dv omdgt
gtdd dg dstd sdgtomc
sdg tomc,, dg tagtc
tag tc
ics antovcs mdi Dstamc jag somc rdeatamcs c dstág dg prcndsc md
diic a nausa md ia ogvdstokanoþg Iava Batc, dg di paås eás austrai
dxostdg -sdkòg ias ogvdstokanocgds prdioeogards- tagtc ug
ncgtufdrgoc crodgtamc a ia rdnaumanoþg md mogdrc våa dxtcrsoþg
a deprdsarocs, tdstoecgocs lcrzamcs para ias nausas bumonoaids
ncgtra ’ics H―, aså ncec uga puisoþg md dgtrdka md antovcs
pòfioncs a deprdsarocs aioamcs. Dg nama paås di iawlard  iawlard  asued
ecmaiomamds moldrdgtds8 dg tcmcs ics nascs, cfbdtovcs pciåtoncs y
rdmdlogonocgds
rdmdlogonocgds dncgþeonas.
d ncgþeonas.

Ncec sd edgnocgþ agtdrocredgtd, ia puisoþg md partd mdi

aparatc bumonoai
bumon oai para sanar rïmotc md ics prdsugtcs ogvciunramcs
ds edrotcroa2 dg di nasc md ics sdñaiamcs dg ia ’nausa md ics
nuamdrgcs―, md dgtrd ics 60 dxlugnocgarocs y deprdsarocs
oepionamcs, 1= qudmarcg rápomaedgtd prcndsamcs dg naiomam
md ’arrdpdgtomcs―. ^þic > md diics sokuodrcg prdscs2 \åntcr
Eagzagards, dxncgtamcr md ia laeoioa Hornjgdr8 Bcsï Iþpdz,
dxsdnrdtaroc md Cfras Pòfionas mdi hornjgdrosec8 y di (ògonc)
deprdsaroc, Kdrarmc Ldrrdyra, quodg rdnjazþ ia cldrta md ia
lokura mdi arrdpdgtomc pcr, sdkòg mobc, gc tdgdr mdiotc para
rdncgcndr. ^og defarkc, Niaumoc Fcgamoc, sodeprd sd ja
ecstramc mospudstc a ogonoar y rdogonoar nuagmc sda gdndsaroc
aikòg ’saivatabd― md ia ’nausa md ics nuamdrgcs― y ayumar ai
Dbdnutovc a scrtdar
scrtda r aså ug molånoi añc didntc
did ntcra
rai.;
i.;:
: Di budz,
bud z, qud
pcr prcfideas md saium dg ics òitoecs todepcs ja saiomc y
dgtramc md sus iafcrds y md ia dsndga pciåtona-edmoátona ug
par md vdnds, a nama rdkrdsc sodeprd sd apugta uga gudva
pcsofoiomam anusatcroa ncgtra NLH8 dg dsd sdgtomc, gc pudmd
sdr ug ’todeposta― eás jáfoi.

Ctra ncgsdnudgnoa dncgþeona mdi iawlard 

iawlard  arkdgtogc ds
di rdnaefoc md eagcs c fdgdlonocs dstataids rdspdntc md
deprdsas pòfionas. Dg dstd sdgtomc, mdstana ia vdgta a prdnocs
;:  Ia Pciåtona
Pciå tona Cgiog
Cg iogdd   (601?), ’Fcgamoc agaioza uga cldgsova ncgtra ics deprdsarocs para
rdvovor ia nausa md ics nuamdrgcs―. 64 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.iapciotonacgiogd
jttps2//www.iapciotonacgiogd..
nce/gcta/11:><=-fcgamoc-agaioza-uga-cldgsova-ncgtra-ics-deprdsarocs-para-rdvovor-ia-nausa-
md-ics-nuamdecs/ (ncgsuitamc di 6: md earzc md 601?).
 orroscrocs md mcs jomrcdiïntronas a lavcr mdi ’aeokc mdi aiea―
md Eanro, Gonciás Naputc. Pcr di jdnjc, mdgugnoamc pcr ia
cpcsonoþg, dstág sodgmc ogvdstokamcs di prcpoc Naputc, Eanro,
 y di dxe
dx e ogos
og ostr
trcc md Dgdr
Dg drkå
kåa,
a, B csï
cs ï A rag
ra g k u rdg
rd g , dgtr
dg trdd ctrc
ct rcs.
s. ^og
defarkc, tcmcs ics crkagosecs dstataids qud mdfdråag antuar
dg ncgncrmagnoa ncg di trafabc ogvdstokatovc mdi budz Magodi
Valdnas y mdi losnai Kdrarmc Pciionota froiiag pcr su ausdgnoa2; ausdg noa2;??
ia ndidromam md ctras ogvdstokanocgds ja somc ogvdrsaedgtd
prcpcrnocgai a ic cfsdrvamc dg dstd nasc. Ai okuai qud ia
arfotrarod
arfotrarodmam
mam gctcroa - d ogtdrdsa
ogtdr dsama ma-- a prcpþsot
prcpþsotcc md ia puba puba qud
qud
eagtuvc
ea gtuvc di Kcfodrgc
Kcfodrg c ncg di krupc deprdsaroc
de prdsaroc ]dnjogt. Muragtd
di ’allaord md ics nuamdrgcs―, a narkc md Fcgamoc, Pacic Vcnna
-bdld md ia ncrpcranoþg- lud prcndsamc pcr ncoeas a logaids md
gcvodefrd md 601: y tuvc, taefoïg, ug pdmomc md mdtdgnoþg dg
monode
monod e frd.:0
frd.:0 Ds qud dg paraidic a ia ’nausa md ics nuamd nu amdrgc
rgcs―
s―
sd dstafa mosputagmc, dgtrd di Kcfodrgc y di krupc ]dnjogt,
uga puba pcr ia rdmunnoþg md sufsomocs para ia dxtrannoþg
md jomrcnar
jomrc narfur
furcscs dg di yanoe
ya noeodgt
odgtcc md \ana
\a na E udrta.:
udr ta.:11 ³Nþec
sd rdscivoþ di asugtc3 ]dnjogt sd nceprcedtoþ a ogvdrtor y ia
Náeara
Náe ara Ldmdrai
L dmdrai montþ laita md eïrotc para Pacic Vcnna.: Vc nna.:6 Tg
iawlard 
iawlard   rdcrkagozamcr md ics lantcrds dncgþeoncs mdi paås, dg
sogtcgåa ncg ics cfbdtovcs pciåtoncs qud oepuisa.

;? Eokudi Bcrqudra
Bcrqud ra (601?), ’Tga provatozanoþg
provatozanoþ g a prdnoc voi―,  Moar
 Mo aroc
oc Pákog
Pá koga
a 16. 
16.  16 md
ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/1;==<:-uga-provatozanocg-a-prdnoc-
 voi3lfn
 voi3 lfniom
iom5Ow
5Ow AV6yH
AV 6yHfip
fip^zS
^zSlhi lhi4aE
4aE \qps
\q ps>K
>KBq
Bq]d
]dZF
ZF;;
;;mT
mTzE
zEiMQ
iMQ I]Rw
I] RwIZ
IZB=
B=rZ
rZcP
cP4A
4A<t<t]m
]mee
eeQ Q
(ncgsuitamc di 4 md earzc md 601?).
:0  Áe fotc fo tc (601:),
 (601:), ’Nuamdrgcs2 pomdg mdtdgdr ai deprdsaroc Pacic Vcnna y a ug dxlugnocgaroc
H―. 4 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.aefotc.nce/nuamdecs-pomdg-mdtdgdr-ai-
deprdsaroc-pacic-rcnna-y-ug-dxlugnocgaroc-h-g400>44> (ncgsuitamc di 1: md monodefrd md
601:).
:1  Pdrloi 
 Pdr loi   (601?), ’Gudvc rcugm dgtrd Pacic Vcnna y di Kcfodrgc2 ia fataiia pcr ics sufsomocs
md \ana Eudrta―. 1 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pdrloi.nce/gctonoas/pciotona/kcfodec-
rdspcgmoc-a-tdnpdtrci-qu
rdspcgmoc-a-td npdtrci-qud-gc-ncg d-gc-ncgndmdra-e
ndmdra-e as-sufsomocs.p jtei (ncgsuitamc di : md afroi md 601?).
601?).
:6  Di Ák cra cr a mokota
mok otai i   (601?), ’Nausa nuamdrgcs2 rdvïs para Fcgamoc, Eanro jozc zalar a
Pacic Vcnna para qud ogvodrta dg \ana Eudrta―. 14 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//diakcra.
Vdldrdgnoas

 Áefot
 Áe fotcc  (601:), ’Nuamdrgcs2 pomdg mdtdgdr ai deprdsaroc Pacic
Vcnna y a ug dxlugnocgaroc H―. 4 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.aefotc.nce/nuamdrgcs-pomdg-mdtdgdr-ai-
deprdsaroc-pacic-rcnna-y-ug-dxlugnocgaroc-h-g400>44>
(ncgsuitamc di 1: md monodefrd md 601:).

 Fok Fagk
Fa gk G dwsdw s  (601:), ’Cbc ncg Ncecmcrc Py2 ias sdos nausas
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aids
ds qud prdc
pr dcnu
nupa
pag
g ai Kcfo
Kc fodr
drgc
gc md E anro
an ro―― . 11 md
monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.fokfagkgdws.nce/
Cbc-ncg-Ncecmcrc-Py-ias-sdos-nausas-bumonoaids-qud-
prd0nupag-ai-K0fodrg0-md-Eanro-t601:16110006.jtei
(ncgsuitamc di 14 md monodefrd md 601:).

Narae, ^clåa y Hciieagg, Vaòi (601?), ’Ics sodtd eaois eaois  qud

kuogarcg a Laroña―.  Páko
 Pá koga
ga 16. 
16.  10 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/1:<6>>-ics-sodtd-eaois-
qud-kuocgarcg-a-laroga (ncgsuitamc di 14 md afroi md 601?).

Ndgtdgdra, E. y Vovas Ecioga, L. (601:), ’Ias nausas bumonoaids

ncgtra Nrostoga Hornjgdr―. D
Hornjgdr―.  Dii Paås.
Pa ås. 1?
 1? md akcstc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//dipaos.n0e/ogtdrgano0gai/601:/0:/1;/
arkdgtoga/o4>=46=;=<S;6?þ==.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1 md
afroi md 601?).

Niaråg (601:),
Niaråg (601:), ’Ia oglcreanoþg eás oepantagtd
oep antagtd md ics nuamdrgcs
md ias ncoeas―. 6 md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
niarog.nce/pciotona/rdvdianocgds-oepantagtds-nuamdrgcs-
ncoeasScS^1zq<ukJZ.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 6> md akcstc
md 601:).

(601:), ’Vdvdiag qud ics Hornjgdr ncgstruydrcg

------------

uga fþvdma dg su ogecfoioaroa―. 1? md akcstc. Mospcgofid

dg2 jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pciotona/rdvdi
jttps2//www.niarog.nce/pciotona/rdvdiag-hornjgdr-
ag-hornjgdr-
ncgstruydrcg-fcvdma-ogecfoioaroaSCSJB<QavPO;.jtei
(ncgsuitamc di 1 md sdptodefrd md 601:).
]odepc Arkdgtogc 
Arkdgtogc   (601;), ’10 niavds para dgtdgmdr ia
pdrsdnunoþg scfrd Kois Narfþ―. 16 md buioc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/oc-niavds-para-
dgtdgmdr-ia-pdrsdnunocg-scfrd-kois-narfc (ncgsuitamc di
14 md afroi md 601?).

 DiÁ
 D iÁ k c r a m okot
ok otai 
ai  (601?),
  (601?), ’Nausa nuamdrgcs2 rdvïs para Fcgamoc,
Eanro jozc zalar a Pacic Vcnna para qud ogvodrta dg \ana
Eudrta―. 14 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//diakcra.
jttps2//diakcra .
mokotai/6 0o?/c=/eanro-ogmuitc-rcnna-vana-eudrta/
(ncgsuitamc di 1: md afroi md 601?).

 Di
 D i M d sta
st a p d [df (601?),
[df (601?), ’Fcgamoc id suspdgmoþ ia ogmakatcroa a
LragncE anropcrprcfideasm
anropcrprcf ideasmdsaium―.=mddgdrc.
dsaium―.=mddgdrc. Mospcgo
Mospcgofi
fidd
dg2 jttps2//www.dimdstapdwdf.nce/ics-nuamdrgcs-mdi-
njcldr/fcgamoc-id-suspdgmoc-ia-ogmakatcroa-lragnc-
eanro-razcgds-saium-g4=o;o (ncgsuitamc di ; md dgdrc md
601?).

Dspþsotc, Gïstcr (601?), ’Dg naepaña didntcrai, Ncecmcrc Py

 va pcr
pc r N L H ― . ]odepc
]odepc Arkdgtogc.
Arkdgtogc .   10 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.todepcar.nce.ar/gcta/dg-naepaga-
didntcrai-ncecmcrc-py-va-pcr-nlh3lfniom5OwAV6;di=FAO
qmRdtÅ=RkbJGL=MmBMnANcglEVOAfGx[C\c<=vwho\if
NE4G0 (ncgsuitamc di 1 md earzc md 601?).

Liausdr,
Liausdr, Oroga (601<), ’Ncec
’Nce c dg ia fòsqudm
fòsq udmaa mdi tdscrc
tdsc rc―.
―. P
 Pák
ákog
oga
a
16. 6:
16. 6: md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce .
ar/moarÅ0/dipaos/o-6?:0>0-60o<-0=-6:.jtei (ncgsuitamc
di 6 md ldfrdrc md 601?).

Ogo,
Ogo, Nagmdia
Nag mdia (601?), ’Apartag ’Apa rtag ai budz bu dz Nasagdiic
Nasa gdiic md ia ia nausa md ics ics
’apcrtagtds trunjcs―.  Ia G anoþ an oþg.g.   4 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//ww
jttps2//www.iaganocg.
w.iaganocg.nce.ar/pcioto
nce.ar/pciotona/apartag-ai-
na/apartag-ai-
 bu
 b u d z - n a s a g d i i c - n a u s a - a p c r t a g t d s - t r u n j c s - g o m 6 6 o ; > : 6
(ncgsuitamc di 6 md earzc md 601?).
Oglcfad (601?), ’Mdgugnoag qud prdscs H arearcg ia cpdranoþg
ncgtra di losnai ^tcrgdiio―. 11 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.ogl0fad.n0e/p0iotona/601?/06/11/
mdgugnoag-qud-prdscs-h-arearcg-ia-cpdranocg-ncgtra-di-
losnai-stcrgdiio/ (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).

Bcrqudra Eokudi (601?), ’Tga provatozanoþg

pr ovatozanoþg a prdnoc
prdnoc voi―,
voi ―, M
 Moa
oaro
rocc
 Pák
 Pá k oga
og a 16. 
16.  16 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
pakoga16.nce.ar/1;==<:-uga-provatozanocg-a-prdnoc-voi3
lfnio
lfniom5OwAV.6yHfi
m5OwAV.6yHfip^zlhi
p^zlhi4aE\qps>KBq]dZF
4aE\qps>KBq]dZF ;;mTzEiM
QI]RwIZB=rZcP4A<t]meeQ (ncgsuitamc di 4 md earzc
md 601?).

 Ia Pciåto
Pc iåtona
na Cgiogd
Cg iogd   (601?), ’Fcgamoc agaioza uga cldgsova ncgtra
ics deprdsarocs para rdvovor ia nausa md ics nuamdrgcs―. 64
md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.iapciotonacgiogd
jttps2//www.iapciotonacgiogd..
nce/gcta/11:><=-fcgamoc-agaioza-uga-cldgsova-ncgtra-
ics-deprdsarocs-para-rdvovor-ia-nausa-md-ics-nuamdrgcs/
(ncgsuitamc di 6: md earzc md 601?).

Iobaiam, Aro (601;), ’³Quoïg ogvdstoka ics ncgliontcs md ogtdrïs

md Eanro3  Gud
 G udst
stra
rass \cnds. 
\cnds.   64 md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.gudstrasvcnds.nce.ar/ogvdstokanocgds/quodg-
ogvdstoka-ics-ncgliontcs-ogtdrds-eanro/ (ncgsuitamc di : md
ldfrdrc md 601?).

 Pdrloi 
 Pdr loi   (601?), ’Gudvc rcugm dgtrd Pacic Vcnna y di Kcfodrgc2
ia fataiia pcr ics sufsomocs md \ana Eudrta―. 1 md afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pdrloi.nce/gctonoas/pciotona/
kcfodrgc-rdspcgmoc-a-tdnpdtrci-qud-gc-ncgndmdra-eas-
sufsomocs.pjtei (ncgsuitamc di : md afroi md 601?).

 Pciåto
 Pc iåtona
na Arkd
Ar kdgt
gtog
oga
a  (601:), ’ Mcfid
Mcfid vara bumonoai2 aguiarcg di pdmomc
md prosoþg prdvdgtova para uga moputama md Naefodecs―. 6;
md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pciotonarkdgtoga
jttps2//www.pciotonarkdgtoga..
nce/gctas/601:16/6;:4=-mcfid-vara-bumonoai-aguiarcg-
di-pdmomc-md-prosocg-prdvdgtova-ncgtra-uga-moputama-md-
naefodecs.jtei (ncgsuitamc di < md earzc md 601?).
Vakdgmcrldr, Vonarmc (601?), ’Tg nasc tdstokc md Iawlard―.
]odepc Arkdgtogc. 
Arkdgtogc.   > md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 ww
 w w w .tod
.t ode
e p c a r.n
r. n c e .ar
.a r / g c ta/
ta / u g - nas
na s c -td
-t d s tok
to k c - m d - iaw
ia w la
lard
rd33 l 
 fni
 f niom
om55 Ow A V 0 ; w ; yle
yl e G [ \ : M [ F u e q y x B V P : ? F a k _ u w Z O
oVjsj<;hBry;icToEr;eM-vJk (ncgsuitamc di : md earzc
md 601?).

 Vd
 V d a ipc
ip c ioto
io tohh   (601:), ’Naearosta qud jafoiotþ ias prosocgds
prdvdgtovas dg di dgtcrgc md NLH sd rdugoþ ncg ug
cpdramcr md Eanro―. 1 md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
rdaipciotoh.nce.ar/gcta/>40>:/naearosta-qud-jafoiotc-
ias-prosocgds-prdvdgtovas-dg-di-dgtcrgc-md-nlh-sd-
rdugoc-ncg-ug-cpdramcr-md-eanro/ (ncgsuitamc di 6= md
dgdrc md 601?).

Vctj, ^afroga (601?), ’Pomdg qud di defabamcr Pramc vaya ai

Ncgkrdsc a dxpionar di vågnuic md M‟Aidssoc ncg DD. TT.―.
 Gu
 G u d stra
st rass \cnds
\c nds..  11 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
gudstrasvcnds.nce.ar/dgtdgmodgmc-ias-gctono
gudstrasvcnds.nce.ar/dgtdgmodgmc-ias- gctonoas/pomdg-
as/pomdg-
qud-di-defabamcr-pramc-vaya-ai-ncgkrdsc-a-dxpionar-
di-vognuic-md-maidssoc-ncg-dd-uu/ (ncgsuitamc di 1< md
earzc md 601?).

 ^p
 ^ p u tgoh
tg oh Gd
G d w s  (601?), ’Kcfodrgc arkdgtogc prceuika
prce uika pciïeonc
mdnrdtc qud ncglosna fodgds md anusamcs md ncrrupnoþg―.
66 md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//eugmc.sputgohgdws
jttps2//eugmc.sputgohgdws..
nce/aedrona-iatoga/601?016610:=?1?1>?-idy-ncgtra-
ncrrupnocg-dg-arkdgtoga/ (ncgsuitamc di 6< md afroi md
601?).

]arroncgd, Eagudi (601;), ’Bustonoa ldmdrai pcrtdña2 ias nausas

gc sd mostrofuydg md eagdra okuaiotaroa dgtrd ics budnds―.
Njdqudamc. 
Njdqudamc.  1: md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
njdqudamc.nce/di-dxpionamcr/bustonoa-ldmdrai-pcrtdga-
ias-nausas-gc-sd-mostrofuydg-md-eagdra-okuaiotaroa-
dgtrd-ics-budnds/ (ncgsuitamc di 66 md earzc md 601?).
]arroncgd, Eagudi (601:), ’Quoïgds scg ics budnds qud
rdvosarág ics prcndsaeodgtcs md ia nausa ‚Nuamdrgcs md
ia ncrrupnoþg‟―. Njdqudamc. 
Njdqudamc.  61 md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//njdqudamc.nce/di-dxpionamcr/quodgds-scg-
ics-budnds-qud-rdvosarag-ics-prcndsaeodgtcs-md-ia-nausa-
nuamdrgcs-md-ia-ncrrupnocg/ (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md
601?).

]didsur (601?), ’Ncrtd ^uprdea md Arkdgtoga ncgvaioma prosoþg

prdvdgtova md NLH―. ; md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 www.t
 ww w.tdi
dids
dsur
urtv
tv.g
.gdt
dt/g
/gdw
dws/
s/ar
arkd
kdgt
gtog
oga-
a-nc
ncrt
rtd-
d-su
supr
prde
dea-
a-nc
ncgv
gvai
aio-
o-
ma-proso0g-prdvdgtova-nlh-60o?0>0;-006=.jtei3lfniom5i-
 wAV
 w AV6f
6f:d
:d;0;0EE rM
rMw w ;H\
;H \ P=
P=lE
lE_N
_NcC
cCu_u_hc
hcNR
NRAJAJOHOHF
F Nau_
Na u_tj
tjq-
q-
kBlopE6RIKw:Bt6pPc (ncgsuitamc di 1 md afroi md 601?).

]ctai
]ctai Gdws
Gdw s   (601:), ’DD. TT. eora ncg dgtusoasec di prcydntc
md rdlcrea mdi nþmokc pdgai arkdgtogc―. 11 md sdptodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//tctaigdws.nce.ar/ogmdx.pjp/
ganocgaids/
ganocgaids/ 1?-pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-e
1?-pciotona/6?:?0-dduu-e ora-ncg-dgtusoasec-
di-prcydntc-md-rdlcrea-mdi-ncmokc-pdgai-arkdgtogc
(ncgsuitamc di 14 md dgdrc md 601?).
 Iawlard
dg Dnuamcr2
Dnuamcr2
ia våa "Idgog" ai gdciofdraiosec
 Ava
 Av a Kþed
Kþ edzz Ma
Maza
za y
Bavodr
Bavod r Naimdrþg
Naimdrþg Nastoiic
Nastoiic

Di ia w la r d   dg Dnuamcr ds ug ncepcgdgtd niavd mdi korc

janoa di gdciofdraiosec oepuisamc pcr di Kcfodrgc
md Idgog Ecrdgc y mdsarrciiamc a partor md varoas
narantdråstonas qud id scg ncgsustagnoaids2 a) di rdiatc
md ia ncrrupnoþg ncec dbd md pdrsdnunoþg pciåtona pcr
ia våa bumonoai y mdsidkotoeanoþg mdi prcndsc md naefoc
muragtd di ncrrdåsec, ncec dsndgaroc gdndsaroc para
iidvar a nafc rdlcreas qud aguidg ia våa prckrdsosta8 f)
ia partonopanoþg antova md ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg
dg ia ncgstrunnoþg md ug oeakogaroc agtoncrrdåsta y
prdbuzkagmc ncec ncrrupta su kdstoþg, y n) a partor md ia
ncrrupnoþg ncec rdiatc a i i o g n i u s o v d ,   ia jafoiotanoþg md
ia eagopuianoþg mdi aparatc bumonoai, dstafidnodgmc ug
mcfid
mcfid rasdrc md ia idy idy y ia prcecn
prc ecnoþg
oþg md ug andrnaeodgtc
andrnaeodg tc
ncg Dstamcs Tgomcs.
Tgomcs.

Di 6 md afroi md 601;, Idgog Fcitaord Ecrdgc, lud didkomc

prdsomdgtd md ia Vdpòfiona md Dnuamcr, apcyamc pcr di
dxprdsomdgtd Valadi Ncrrda y di Partomc Aioagza Paås. Kagþ
ias didnnocgds ganocgaids ncg di 41,1< %  md vctcs a su lavcr,
dg ug faiictakd 
faiictakd  euy rdñomc ncg di nagmomatc mdrdnjosta,
Kuoiidrec Iassc, quodg rdnckoþ di =:,:= %  md ics sulr
su lrak
akoc
ocs.
s.::>
Di papdi mdtdreogagtd mdi dgtcgnds prdsomdgtd Ncrrda dg di
:> Amroaga
Amroag a Gcfca (601;), ’Di Pidgc mdi NGD prcniae þ a Idgog Ecrdg c prdsomdgtd
didntc md Dnuamcr―.  Di Ncedr Nc edrnoc.noc.   1: md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//wdf.arnjovd.crk/
 w d f / 6 c 1; 0 = 1 ? 1 < 0 = 6 4 / j ttp
tt p 2/ /  www .dincedrdoc.nce/
.dincedrdoc.nce/ a muaiomam/rdnudgtc-vctcs-n
muaiomam/rdnudgtc-vctcs-nrdc-
rdc-
rdsuitamc, pcr su rdspaimc a ia nagmomatura md su partomc y a
lavcr md Ecrdgc, aukurafa uga ncgtoguomam md ics prognopaids
iognaeodgtcs
iognae odgtcs pciåto
p ciåtoncs
ncs y dncgþeoncs
dncgþe oncs md sus modz añcs md kdsto
kdstoþg
þg
(600;-601;).

Ia sundsoþg ncg ncgtoguomam, sog defarkc, gc cnurroþ. Ecrdgc

tceþ di ruefc ncgtraroc dg movdrsas eatdroas md kcfodrgc y
md ia pciåtona, ncgmunodgmc di rdkrdsc ai gdciofdraiosec. A dstc
sd suea ia utoiozanoþg mdi pcmdr pciåtonc, edmoátonc y bumonoai
para mdstotuor y dgnarndiar arfotraroaedgtd a su ncepañdrc
md lþreuia, Bcrkd Kias, amdeás md pdrsdkuor bumonoaiedgtd ai
dxprdsomdgtd Ncrrda y a fudga partd md ics lugnocgarocs qud
tuvc dg su kdstoþg.

Gamod pumc prdvdr di ncepcrtaeodgtc md Ecrdgc y su

oepionanoþg dg di ncefatd ai prckrdsosec ncrrdåsta dg su
paås8 edgcs aòg ia rapomdz y prclugmomam md dstd korc. Pdrc, a
moldrdgnoa mdi nasc frasoidñc c arkdgtogc, Idgog Ecrdgc utoiozþ
di napotai pciåtonc mdi prcndsc ncgcnomc ncec ’Vdvciunoþg
Noumamaga― para jandrsd ncg di apcyc md ias eaycråas dg ias
urgas, para iudkc vcivdrsd dg ncgtra md ics pcmdrds qud ic
iidvarcg ai Kcfodrgc.

 A eás
eá s md mcs añcs
añ cs md ogon
og onoa
oamc
mc di e agma
ag matc
tc md E crdg
cr dgc,
c, tcmc
tc mcss
ics ncepcgdgtds prdsdgtds dg di iawlard  iawlard  rdkocgai jag surkomc
md ecmc euy dvomdgtd dg Dnuamcr. Ia logaiomam2 oepdmor di
rdkrdsc md Ncrrda, quotarid tcmc mdrdnjc pciåtonc y scnavar
di rdspaimc noumamagc mdecstramc dg ias òitoeas didnnocgds
e ugonopa
ug onopaids.:
ids.:= Ia ncyugtura
ncyug tura pciåtona
pc iåtona antuai, dg ia qud mdstana
mdstana
ia pcsofoiomam md qud di iåmdr md ia mdrdnja, Baoed Gdfct, pudma
ainagzar ia prdsomdgnoa dg iasias prþxoeas didnnocgds, ds prudfa md
uga apionanoþg dlonaz mdi iaw
ia w lard
la rd.:
.:4 

:= Idtonoa
Idtonoa Guñdz (601:), ’Jay eás md 60 dxlugnocgarocs md Valadi Valadi Ncrrda ogvdstokamcs dg
Dnuamcr―.  A i gavoc.
gavo c.   1< md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//aigavoc.nce/gctonoa/1=><1/antuaiomam/
jay-eas-md-60-dxlug nocgarocs-md-raladi-ncrrda-ogvdstokamcs-dg-dnuamcr.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1;
md dgdrc md 601?).
:4  Dnua
 Dn uamc
mcrr oge dmoatc
dmoa tc (601:),
 (601:), ’\ddmuråa md nasc Bcrkd Kias ncgniuyd2 buonoc lud ecvomc ncg
ogsþiota rapomdz, vocianocg ds buråmonas
buråm onas y dstuvc pci otozamc― . > md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
prdiumoc md ia kudrra bumonoai

Di prdsomdgtd Idgog Ecrdgc, mdsmd di ogonoc md su eagmatc,

mdsarrciiþ ug ncgbugtc md annocgds para mdsearnarsd md su
agtdndscr y dxncepañdrc md partomc, Valadi Ncrrda. Dg ias
proedras dgtrdvostas ncgndmomas ncec prdsomdgtd, ya asdkurafa
dstar ’dspdiuzgamc, pcr ia ncrrupnoþg kaicpagtd, prognopaiedgtd
dg di òitoec pdråcmc mdi Kcfodrgc agtdrocr―, apugtagmc, sog
eatonds, ncgtra Valadi Ncrrda, a quodg anusþ md jandr ’ia vosta
kcrma― dg varoas cnasocgds, ’pdgsagmc gc dg di paås, sogc dg ia
prþxoea
prþxoe a didnn
did nnoþ
oþg―
g―.:
.:<

Md lcrea prckrdsova, dsd mosnursc agtoncrrdåsta ogstaiamc

ncgbugtaedgtd ncg di md ia iunja ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg lud
afcgagmc di tdrrdgc md ia cpogoþg pòfiona para uga pcstdrocr
-y euy rápoma- pdrsdnunoþg bumonoai dg ncgtra md Ncrrda y
sus ncpartomarocs. Ecrdgc, apcyamc pcr di Pcmdr Bumonoai y
pcr movdrscs partomcs md mdrdnjas -sus rovaids dg ia didnnoþg-,
lanoiotþ di mdspiodkud md uga sclostonama areazþg buråmona para
ogonoar nausas bumonoaids y ickrar, aså, ncgmdgas dg ncgtra md sus
pctdgnoaids amvdrsarocs pciåtoncs. Ics eoiotagtds
eoiotag tds md Aioagza
Aioa gza Paås y
dxlugnocgarocs mdi Kcfodrgc qud pdreagdnåag aòg dg ogstagnoas
niavd y drag vostcs ncec ncgtoguamcrds mdi prcydntc ncrrdåsta,
ludrcg pudstcs dg ia eora.

Di nasc eás defideátonc, qud ncgstotuyþ di ogonoc md ia kudrra

 bumono
 bum onoai,
ai, lud ia sdpa
sd paran
ranoþ
oþg
g mdi narkc
nar kc y dioeo
dio eoga
ganoþ
noþg
g md ludrc
lu drcss ai
 vondp
 von dprds
rdsomd
omdgtd
gtd md ia Vdpòfi
Vd pòfiona,
ona, Bcrk
Bc rkdd Kias, quodg
quo dg sd dgnudg
dgn udgtratra
dg prosoþg mdsmd di = md cntufrd md 601;, ncgmdgamc dg proedra
ogstagnoa a sdos añcs md nárndi.
nárndi. A Kias sd ic ncgmdgþ
ncgmdg þ pcr
pc r ia supudsta
rdndpnoþg md 1>,4 eoiicgds md mþiards a ecmc md scfcrgcs pcr
partd md Cmdfrdnjt para ambumonar ncgtratcs md cfra nuagmc dra
eogostrc md ^dntcrds Dstratïkoncs, dgtrd 6010 y 6016, muragtd di
Kcfodrgc md Ncrrda. Ia eosea sdgtdgnoa md < añcs md nárndi sd
mospusc para su tåc, Vonarmc Vovdra, y ctrcs trds oeputamcs.
:< ]jaioa Licrds (601;)
(601;),, ’Idgåg Ecrdgc2 Dstcy dspdiuzgamc pcr ia ncrrupnoþg
ncrrupnoþg kaicpagtd
kaicpagtd dg di
kcfodrgc md Ncrrda―.  AF N .  1= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.afn.ds/ogtdrganocgai/
afno-idgog-ecrdgc-dstcy-dspdiuzgamc-ncr
afno-idgog-ecrdgc-dstcy-dspdiuzgamc-ncrrupnocg-kaicpagtd-
rupnocg-kaicpagtd-kcfodrgc-ncrr da-6 0 o ;o 6 o =066= S
kcfodrgc-ncrrda-
gctonoa.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1; md dgdrc md 601?).
Niavds md ia dstratdkoa pciåtonc-bumonoai

Ias dspamas qud iomdrarcg ia cldgsova ncgtra di idkamc md

ia Vdvciunoþg Noumamaga y sus prognopaids dxpcgdgtds
ludrcg, prognopaiedgtd, ics edmocs easovcs y ncgndgtramcs
md nceugonanoþg y di aparatc bumonoai. Gogkuga md dstas
ogstotunocgds nuepioþ su mdfoma lugnoþg, sogc qud ludrcg
pudstas ai sdrvonoc md pcm drcscs ogtdrdsds icnaids y lcrágdcs
lcrágd cs qud
 fusn
 fu snag
ag ia oepi
oe pide
dedg
dgta
tano
noþg
þg mdi g dciof
dc iofdr
drai
aios
osee c sog nce
nc e pdtdg
pd tdgnoa
noa
omdciþkona, tagtc dg Dnuamcr ncec dg ctras iatotumds md
^uraeïrona.

o.- Ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg c ia artoiidråa mdi iawlard dg

 Dnu
 D nuaa mcr
mc r

’_c quodrc mdnor qud nuagmc ugc dxniaea dxniae a qud ug ogmovomuc ncec
Ncrrda ds ug ug jobc md puta, dvomdgtde
dv omdgtdedgtd
dgtd gc sd rdlodrd
rdlodrd a su sdñcra
sdñcra
eamrd. _ yc nrdc qud jobc md puta para ïi sd qudma ncrtc (...) dsd
ds ug lasnosta, ncfarmd, nagaiia―, dxprdsþ di pdrocmosta Narics
 \d
 \ d r a .:;
.:; Ia agtd
ag tdro
rocc r ds uga
ug a dxpr
dx prds
dsoþ
oþg
g rdpr
rd prds
dsdg
dgta
tatov
tovaa mdi papdi
pap di
qud bukarcg -y budkag- ics edmocs easovcs md nceugonanoþg
dg Dnuamcr, ug edgsabd narkamc md cmoc qud mosta eunjc md
rdspdtar ics nþmokcs ïtoncs mdi pdrocmosec.
pdrocmosec.

Ias deprdsas provamas y krupcs

Ias krupc s logagnodrcs,
logagnodrcs, prcpodtarocs
prc podtarocs md ics
ics
kragmds edmocs dnuatcroagcs, dgncgtrarcg dg Valadi Ncrrda
ug dgdeokc a vdgndr. ^u narántdr ludrtd y mordntc gc lud fodg
rdnofomc dg ugcs edmocs md nceugonanoþg ancstueframcs a
pciåtoncs mþnoids, mospudstcs a ndmdr agtd sus prdsocgds para
rdnofor pautas pufionotaroas dstataids md lcrea provoidkoama y,
pcr supudstc, scstdgdr pciåtonas lavcrafids scic a ics pcmdrds
ncgndgtramcs, dg eunjcs nascs annocgostas c mudñcs md moarocs
c deprdsas md nceugonanoþg. Anusarcg ai dxprdsomdgtd Ncrrda

:; Max ]csnag c (601;), ’Di eotc eotc md ia ogmdpdgmdgnoa md ics edmocs dg Dnuamcr2
Dnuamcr2 kudrra
kudrra
sunoa ncgtra di prdsomdgtd Valadi Ncrrda y pcsonocgaeodgtc a lavcr mdi nagmomatc md ia fagna―.
 Vd fdioþ
fd ioþg.
g.   >0 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//rdfdiocg.crk/mcns/66<6>?.pml   (ncgsuitamc di 1;
md dgdrc md 601?). Narics \dra (6014) ’Jmp― para Ncrrda sd qudma ncrtc2 ]ropa Eosjquo. 
Eosjquo.   4 md
 md autcrotaroc y montamcr, pcr di oepuisc mamc pcr ïstd a ia Idy
Crkágona md md Nceugonanoþg,
Nceugon anoþg, crmdgama
crmdgam a dg didi artånuic tragsotcroc
tragsotc roc =
md ia Ncgstotunoþg md Ecgtdnrosto (600?), ratolonama dg ncgsuita
pcpuiar dg 6011 y iudkc aprcfama pcr ia Asaefida Ganocgai dg
601>, tras añcs md ficqudc d ogtdgsas rdsostdgnoas md ia mdrdnja
 y ics
ic s pcmd
pc mdrd
rdss dncg
dn cgþe
þeon
oncs
cs y e dmoát
dm oátonc
oncs.
s.

Ia edgnocgama idy prcecvåa ia tragspardgnoa dg di eagdbc

md ia oglcreanoþg, dra ncgtraroa a ia prcioldranoþg md gctonoas
laisas (lahd gdws)
gdws) scfrd jdnjcs md ia voma ganocgai, di nuomamc
dg di trataeodgtc md gctonoas qud ogvciunrdg a goñcs, goñas
 y amci
am cids
dsnd
ndgtgtds
ds,, c ug tratc
tra tc dspd
ds pdno
noai
ai dg di nasc
na sc md ics
ic s prcn
pr cnds
dscs
cs
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aids
ds22 ’Dg tcmcs
tcm cs ics nascs
nas cs dg qud
qu d ics edm
e dmococss md nce
nc e ugon
ug onan
anoþ
oþg
g
afcrmdg di trataeodgtc md jdnjcs scedtomcs a ogvdstokanoþg c
prcndsaeodgtc bumonoai, dstág cfiokamcs a pufionar, dg okuaimam
md ncgmonocgds, ias vdrsocgds y arkuedgtcs md ias partds
ogvciunramas―.::
ogvciunramas―.:: Ia idy prcjofåa di iognjaeodgtc edmoátonc, ia
ndgsura prdvoa, dxokåa ia rdntolonanoþg y ctcrkafa di mdrdnjc
a krupcs scnoaids a tdgdr dspanocs md nceugonanoþg para
eagoldstar su cpogocgds c mdsnarkcs. A pdmomc md Ecrdgc, ia
 Asae
 As aefi fida
da e cmolo
cm olonþ
nþ ia Idy jas
j asta
ta quota
qu otari
ridd tcmc
tc mc su dspå
ds pårot
rotuu ogonoa
ogo noai.i.

Para ics ecgcpciocs md ia oglcreanoþg, dra uga ’Idy Ecrmaza―,

augqud ludra tcmc ic ncgtraroc. Tga md ias prcedsas md ia
mdrdnja dg ia naepaña didntcrai mdi 601<-601; lud mdrckar dsa
idy, uga ncgndsoþg qud di prdsomdgtd Ecrdgc ids ctcrkþ ncg
ia ecmolonanoþg md ias nudstocgds sustagnoaids md ics avagnds
qud ncgtdgåa dg eatdroa md mdrdnjcs, tai y ncec cnurroþ dg
 Arkd
 Ar kdgt
gtog
ogaa ncg
nc g ia iidka
iid kama
ma mdi
md i prds
pr dsom
omdg
dgtd
td E auro
au rono
nocc Eanro.
Ea nro.

Dstd
Dstd traslcgmc dxpiona ia vdgkagza qud ics edmocs ncgndgtramcs
mdsatarcg
mdsatarcg dg ncgtra md md Ncrrda,:? a quodg
quodg jag ncgstruomc
edmoátonaedgtd ncec di bdld md uga ascnoanoþg oiånota md ia
ncrrupnoþg dnuatcroaga qud saqudþ ai paås dg di mdndgoc md
:: Idy Crkágona md Nceugonanoþg
Nceu gonanoþg mdi Dnuamcr
Dnuamc r (601>). Pufionama di 64 md bug oc md 601>.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.arn0tdi.k0f.dn/wp-n0gtdgt/upi0ams/m0wgi0ams/601>/0;/idyS
crkagonaSnceugonanocg.pml (ncgsuitama di 1: md earzc md 601:).
:? Valadi Ncrrda, (601:), ’]cma ia prdgsa iidva ug añc, måa tras måa,
måa, ogsuitágmce d―. Di moaroc.ds.
moaroc.ds.
64 md bugoc, nagai md _cu]ufd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/watnj3v5B:bCZ?^S
g^k (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md 601?).
kcfodrgc, ncg ic qud fusnag fcrrar md ia edecroa noumamaga ia
tragslcreanoþg y di mdsarrciic ancgtdnomcs.

 Amd
 A mdee ás md ia m dfoio
df oioma
mamm bur
bu r åmon
åm onaa md ias
ia s naus
na usas
as ncg
nc g tra
tr a ics
ncrrdåstas y di prcpoc Valadi Ncrrda, ics edmocs jonodrcg tcmc
su trafabc para ia ncgmdga scnoai agtonopama.
a gtonopama. Dsta cpdranoþg gc
scic sd mdsarrciiþ a travïs md ics edmocs dnuatcroagcs, sogc qud
dg ias tapas md moarocs y dg ias dmotcroaids md ias tragsganocga ids
md ia nceugonanoþg, apardndg rdnurrdgtds
rdnu rrdgtds edgnocgds
e dgnocgds a ics nascs
nascs
md Ncrrda y Kias, ncg ug dstoic dstokeatozagtd qud mdba dgtrdvdr
uga ogtdgnoþg md cpogoþg y ug buonoc a procro2  procro2  ’Náiiatd Ncrrda,
ncrruptc
ncrr uptc d ognce
ogn cepdtd
pdtdgtd
gtd―?
―?0c di ’Partomc md Ncrrda
N crrda dg baqud
baq ud pcr
ncrr
nc rrup
upnoþ
noþg―?
g―?11 scg uga eudstra
eu dstra md diic.

Ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg deprdsaroaids tcearcg partomc

dg ia ncgtodgma didntcrai md 601; pcr Kuoiidrec Iassc, y iudkc
sd dgnuamrarcg para dstrunturar di rdiatc md ia ’mïnama md
ncrrupnoþg―. Zavodr Iassc, pdrocmosta dg ug edmoc pòfionc,
rdgugnoþ dg cntufrd md 601: sdñaiagmc ia kravd sotuanoþg md
ndgsura y md mostcrsoþg md ia vdrmam. Dg su narta md moeosoþg sd
pudmd iddr, dgtrd ctras nudstocgds,
nudstoc gds, qud2
qud2 ’Diics
’ Diics Xrdloroïgmcsd a ics
mordntovcs md edmocs
e dmocs pòfioncs, dg dspdnoai a Agmrïs
Agm rïs Eonjdi
E onjdidgaU
dgaU
sd edtodrcg dg ug iafdrogtc, prcmuntc md su pdrvdrsa vosoþg md
ics edmocs pòfioncs. Ds qud ya prántonaedgtd gc ics gdndsotag2
Dnuavosa, ]didaeazcgas, Di Ncedrnoc, Di Tgovdrsc, ics
ancrazamcs, dstág ncg diics y naiiag―.?
na iiag―.?66 Tga ncgtugmdgtd
ncgtugmdg td narta
narta
qud mdsnrofd ic qud dstá cnurrodgmc.

Dg dsd eosec naeogc md ndgsura (iudkc md mar earnja atrás

ncg dsa idy md mdecnratozanoþg y rdspcgsafoiomam md edmocs
nceugonanocgaids) y agtd di avagnd mdi ncrrdåsec dg ias
?0 Jdidga Fruzuai (601:), ’Náiiatd Valadi Ncrrda, ncrrup tc oepdgotdgtd
oep dgotdgtd―.
―. Ogl
 Oglcf
cfad.
ad. 66
 66 md afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ogl0fad.n0e/aedrona/0pogo0g/601:/0=/66/naiiatd-raladi-n0rrda-
ncrruptc-oepdgotdgtd/ (ncgsuitamc di 66 md monodefrd md 601:).
?1 Idþg Jdrgágmdz (601;), ’Partomc md Ncrrda dg baqud baq ud pcr ia ncrrupnoþg.  Di
 D i gudvc
gud vc jdraim.
jdraim .
6< md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.digudvcjdraim.nce/gctonoa
jttps2//www.digudvcjdraim.nce/gctonoas/eugmc/aedrona-ia
s/eugmc/aedrona-iatoga/ toga/
artonid16?06>>?=.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 66 md monodefrd md 601:).
?6 Zavodr
Zavo dr Iassc (601:), ’Zav
’Zavodr
odr Iassc mdba ics edmocs pòfioncs
pòfionc s ncg luieog agtd narta ncgtra sus
mordntovcs―. Ncgloreamc.gdt. 6> md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//n0gloream0.gdt/601:/10/6>/
didnnocgds rdkocgaids md earzc 601?, Idgåg Ecrdgc crmdgþ
di nodrrd md varocs edmocs md nceugonanoþg moscgagtds2 ]\
^atdiotai, Ponjognja Tgovdrsai, Dnuamcr Ogedmoatc, y Vuta
Hråt
Hr åton
ona.
a.?
?>

6.- Vdcrkagozanoþg mdi aparatc bumonoai 

Di Kcfodrgc mdi prdsomdgtd Ecrdgc mdnomoþ ndgtrar su rdiatc dg

ia kudrra ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg para ’ioepoar ia pdsama jdrdgnoa―
jdrd gnoa―
mdi ncrrdåsec. ]ai rdiatc, ncec edgnocgaecs, scic apugtþ a
mdstruor ia oeakdg mdi dxprdsomdgtd Ncrrda y a ogjafoiotaric
ncec nagmomatc dg luturas didnnocgds. Di Pcmdr Dbdnutovc y di
Bumonoai sd sufodrcg ai cidabd edmoátonc y pciåtonc, nrdamc dg
ctrcs paåsds md ia rdkoþg a partor md ias nausas pdgaids afodrtas
a partor mdi dstaiiomc mdi ’Nasc Cmdfrdnj
Cmd frdnjt―,
t―, para
para afror
afr or ug buonoc
d ogliokor uga ncgmdga ogedmoata ncgtra di dxvondprdsomdgtd
Bcrkd
Bc rkd Kia
K ias.
s.??=

Ia ncgmdga a Kias -a logaids md 601;- y ia ruptura pciåtona

mdi Kcfodrgc ncg Valadi Ncrrda, ncgstotuydrcg di prþickc md
uga sdkuomoiia md edmomas y annocgds pciåtonas rdcrodgtagmc
di ruefc dncgþeonc y pciåtonc janoa di pasamc gdciofdrai,
 fiog
 fi ogma
magm
gmc,
c, asoe
as oeose
osec,
c, ias
ia s p csof
cs ofoi
oiom
omam
amdd s md ug lutu
lu turc
rc rdkr
rd krds
dscc
mdi prckrdsosec.

Ncg Kias prdsc y Ncrrda sdgtdgnoamc edmoátonaedgtd, di

Kcfodrgc mdnomoþ oepuisar ug rdldrïgmue y uga ncgsuita
pcpuiar, vocidgtagmc ics rdquosotcs idkaids para ecmolonar
ia Ncgstotunoþg Ganocgai. Dsd prcndsc didntcrai, qud pudmd
nataickarsd ncec mdstotuydgtd, sd rdaiozþ dg ldfrdrc md 601:.
Para nuepior su prcpþsotc, Ecrdgc sueþ tcmas ias ogonoatovas
md ia mdrdnja dg ics pugtcs md ia ncgsuita y di rdldrïgmue,

?> Noumamagc mdi Nceòg Nce òg (601?), ’Kcfodrgc

’Kcfodr gc Md Idgog Ecrdgc
Ecrdg c Nodrra Edmocs
Edmocs md Nceugonanoþg
Nceu gonanoþg
dg Dnuamcr dg edgcs md 1 eds―. 6> md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/
 wa tnj3
tn j3 v5y0
v5 y0 0;b4
0; b4>r
>r[[ oT (ncgsuit
(ncg suitamc
amc di 16 md
m d eay
e aycc md
m d 601?).
601?) .
?= Vonarmc KragmdKragm d (601;), ’Ncgmdgag
’Ncgmdgag a < añcs md prosoþg a Bcrkd Kias, vondprdsomdg td md
Dnuamcr, pcr di 'nasc Cmdfrdnjt'―.  Di  D i eugmc.
eug mc.   1= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
dieugm0.ds/ogtdrgano0gai/601;/16/1=/4a>1f=6>d4lmda?=<m:f=4a<.jtei (Ncgsuitamc di >0 md
dgdrc md 601:).
ncec ia prcjofonoþg md ia rddidnnoþg y ia mdstotunoþg mdi pcmdr
noumamagc ncec dbd ndgtrai,
ndgtrai, cftdgodgmc ug rdsuitamc lavcrafid
lavcrafid
para di gudvc ficqud
ficq ud md Kcfodrgc
Kcf odrgc mdrdn
m drdnjosta
josta.?
.?4

Ncg ias ecmolonanocgds ncgstotunocgaids, Ecrdgc rddepiazþ

a ics ncgsdbdrcs y ncgsdbdras mdi Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg
Noumamaga y Ncgtrci ^cnoai (Npnns) pcr ug krupc md pdrscgas
iokamas a ics partomcs c sdntcrds md pcmdr ncgtrarocs a Valadi
Ncrrda.?
Ncr rda.?< < Ds prdnosc ogmonar
og monar qud di Npnns
N pnns ds uga md ias kragmds
oggcvanocgds dg ia Ncgstotunoþg md Ecgtdnrosto, ai rdprdsdgtar
uga gudva ogstotunoþg
ogstotun oþg md partonopanoþg
par tonopanoþg mordnta y mdnosova md md
ia noumamagåa, ya qud ds di dgnarkamc md gcefrar a ias mdeás
dgtomamds qud vdiag pcr ia tragspardgnoa y di ncgtrci scnoai. Di
Npnns todgd dgtrd sus ncepdtdgnoas ia sdidnnoþg, mdsokganoþg
 y m dsto
ds totu
tuno
noþþ g md autc
au tcro
roma
mamm ds,
ds , ncec2
nce c2 ia P rcnu
rc nura
ramm u råa
rå a Kdgd
Kd gdra
raii
mdi Dstamc, md ias supdrogtdgmdgnoas, Mdldgscråa mdi Pudfic,
Mdldgscråa Pòfiona, Losnaiåa Kdgdrai mdi Dstamc, Ncgtraicråa
Kdgdrai mdi Dstamc, a ias autcromamds mdi Ncgsdbc Ganocgai
Didntcrai, ]rofugai Ncgtdgnocsc Didntcrai y Ncgsdbc md ia
Bumo
Bu mona
natur
tura.?
a.?;;

^u prognopai trafabc lud, jasta di rdldrïgmue md 601:, ia iunja

noumamaga ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg. ^cg mdstanamas ias annocgds
md ncgtrci scnoai ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg qud ncgcnoþ y mdrovþ a
ctras autcromamds. ^d rdkostrarcg, jasta di añc 601<, eás md
14: prcndscs md ncrrupnoþg mdvdiamcs pcr di Npnns, dg uga
antuanoþg
antuan oþg sog mostognoþg omdciþkona c pciåtona.?
pciåtona .?:

?4 Bavodr Naimdrþg Nastoiic (601:), ’Ia rdvciunoþg noumamaga

noumamag a dg mosputa―.
mospu ta―. Ndiak. 66
Ndiak. 66 md dgdrc
md 601:. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/i
jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-rdvciunocg-no
a-rdvciunocg-noumamaga-mosputa/
umamaga-mosputa/
?< Dnuavosa (601:), ’Ecrdgc
’E crdgc dgvoará tdrga para ncglcrear
ncglcr ear gudvc Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg
Noumamaga―. 1= md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dnuavosa.nce/artonuic/gctonoas/
pciotona/><606<-ecrdgc-dgvoara-tdrga-ncglcrear-gudvc-ncgsdbc-partonopanocg (ncgsuitamc di
6= md ldfrdrc md 601:).
?; Npnns (601=), Eatroz md Ncepdtdg
Nce pdtdgnoas
noas mdi Npnns,
Npnns, ogniuomas dg ia Idy Crkágona mdi Ncgsdbc
md Partonopanoþg Noumamaga y Ncgstrci ^cnoai. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.npnns.kcf.dn/wp-
ncgtdgt/upicams/60o?/co/eatroz-md-ncepdtdgnoas-npnnsSenSo4Sc:S60o:-para-ia-pak-wdf.
pml (ncgsuitamc di 6; md ldfrdrc md 601?).
?:  Di
 D i Tgovdrs
Tgo vdrscc (601<), ’Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg Noumamaga dvanòa nascs md ncrrupnoþg mdsmd
 ^og defarkc, taids rdsuitamcs gc vaiodrcg para di Kcfodrgc,
quodg
quodg iudkc mdi rdldrïgmue
rdldrïg mue mdstotuyþ
m dstotuyþ a ics
ics ogtdkragtd
ogtdkr agtdss mdi Npnns
Npnns
 y gcef
gc efrþ
rþ sog ncgn
nc gnur
ursc
sc md cpcs
cp cson
onoþ
oþg
g y e ïrotc
ïr otc ug gudv
gu dvcc ncgs
nc gsdb
dbcc
dg naiomam md ’ogtdrogc―, lokura ogdxostdgtd dg di crmdgaeodgtc
ogstotunocgai md Dnuamcr. Di Npnns-tragsotcroc, ickrþ ia naptura
md ia ncgmunnoþg mdi Pcmdr Bumonoai. Iudkc md ia mdstotunoþg
mdi losnai Narics Fana pcr ia Asaefida Ganocgai, aefodgtama
pcr ias mdgugnoas mdi Npnns, di krupc tragsotcroc gceframc pcr
Ecrdgc mdstotuyþ ai prdsomdgtd mdi Ncgsdbc md ia Bumonatura,
Kustavc Baihj, y a ctrcs nuatrc ncgsdbdrcs vcnaids." Dstcs
jdnjcs
jdnjcs pdreotodrcg
pdr eotodrcg a ia
ia ncaionoþg agtoncrrdåsta tce ar di ncgtrci
ncgtrci
md mcs ogstagnoas bumonoaids
bumonoaid s lugmaedgtaids.

Ia purka ncgtoguþ ncg ia dvaiuanoþg md ctrcs lugnocgarocs qud

mdpdgmdg md ia mdsokganoþg mdi Npnns, ic qud ncgstotuyd uga
prdsoþg janoa ia ogstotunocgaiomam para cfiokaric a dgnuamrarsd
dg su tctaiomam a ias gudvas mordntronds md Ecrdgc. Dg sågtdsos,
sd trata md ug prcndsc mdstotuydgtd crodgtamc a sotoar ias
autcromamds gceframas ncg idkaiomam muragtd di eagmatc mdi
agtdrocr Npnns
Npnns pcr ncgsomdrar
ncgsomd rar qud drag partd mdi ncrrdåsec8 uga
lcrea md pdrsdnunoþg a lugnocgarocs didkomcs pcr ncgnurscs md
cpcsonoþg y eïrotc, vocidgtagmc sus mdrdnjcs y mdfoiotagmc ia
lugnoþg pòfiona dg kdgdrai.

Di nasc tdstokc mdi iaw lar d dg Dnuamcr2 Valadi Ncrrda

Dg eayc md 601:, ia bugta mordntova md ia Asaefida Ganocgai

(AG)
(AG) mdbþ mumas scfrd su oeparnoaioma
oepa rnoaiomam
m dg di usc
usc mdi rdkiaedgtc
mdi Pcmdr Idkosiatovc, ai mdniararsd ogncepdtdgtd para mdlogor di
ludrc prdsomdgnoai dg di iiaeamc ’Nasc Faima―, prcndsc ncg di
qud prdtdgmdg dgnarndiar
dgna rndiar ai dxprdsomdg
dxpr dsomdgtd
td Ncrrd
Nc rrda.1
a.10
00

?? Earoc Aidxos
Aidx os Kþgzaids
Kþgz aids (601:), ’Di Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg tragsotcroc jozc jozc cnjc
mdstotunocgds dg 100 måas―.  Di Nce drnoc.
drn oc.   1? md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dincedrnoc.
jttps2//www.dincedrnoc.
nce/antuaiomam/npnns-mdstotunocgds-autcromamds-bumonatura-mdldgscroa.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 6;
md ldfrdrc md 601?).
100 Bavodr
Bavo dr Naimdrþg Nastoiic (601:), ’Di iofrdtc ‚Iawlard‟
‚Ia wlard‟ ncgtra Ncrrda―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.   10 md buioc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/iofrdt
jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/iofrdtc-iawlard-ncgtra-ral
c-iawlard-ncgtra-raladi-ncrrda/
adi-ncrrda/
 Di Nasc Faima
Ldrgagmc Faima ds ug pciåtonc dnuatcroagc qud jafåa
eoiotamc dg Aioagza Paås, di partomc lugmamc pcr Ncrrda,
y qud antuaiedgtd pdrtdgdnd ai Partomc ^cnodmam
Patroþtona
Patroþton a (P^P), md
md iågda
iågd a agtoncrrdåsta.
agtoncrrdåsta.
Di nasc sd rdecgta ai añc 6010 , nuagmc di dgtcgnds
asaefidåsta Faima lud anusamc pcr di dxameogostramcr
md ^dkurcs ^unrd, Þsnar Jdrrdra, pcr mdiotcs md ogburoa
gc naiuegocsa kravd pcr ugas mdniaranocgds jdnjas
dg 600:   dg ia tdidvosoþg pòfiona. Nuagmc ia Bustonoa
dnuatcroaga montþ ia ncgmdga -mcs añcs md prosoþg-,
Faima sd dgncgtrafa vovodgmc dg Ncicefoa, md lcrea
orrdkuiar.
Dg 6016, Faima sulroþ ug ogtdgtc md sdnudstrc dg Fckctá
y, ugcs añcs mdspuïs, anusþ a Valadi Ncrrda md sdr di
omdþickc y rdspcgsafid mdi eosec. A nceodgzcs md
601:, y a pdsar md qud di nasc jafåa prdsnrotc, ia Losnaiåa
dnuatcroaga ic rdafroþ y Ncrrda, qud ya gc dra prdsomdgtd
y rdsomåa dg Fïikona, lud ncgeogamc a rdkrdsar a su paås.

Ias fagnamas agtoncrrdostas md ia Asaefida Ganocgai modrcg

ncec ug jdnjc ia ogdxostdgnoa mdi ludrc prdsomdgnoai, sog qud
jaya somc mosnutomc y mdnomomc pcr eaycråas nuaiolonamas, ncec
ic dxokd
dxok d ia Idy.1
Id y.10
01 Tga mdnos
md nosoþg
oþg dspdra
dsp drama
ma pcr
pc r di Pcmdr
Pcm dr Bumonoai
Bum onoai
para prcndmdr a dgnarndiar ai dxprdsomdgtd.

Ia Losnaiåa, fabc ia mordnnoþg mdi afckamc

afckam c Paui Pïrdz, gceframc
pcr di Npnns ogtdrogc (rdncrmdecs qud sd trata md ug krupc
mdsokgamc
mdsokgam c md lcrea orrdkuia
orr dkuiarr d oidkai pcr Idgog Ecrdgc), avagzþ
dg uga md ias nausas bumonoaids ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd Valadi
Ncrrda, scionotagmc edmoma md asdkuraeodgtc y mdtdgnoþg,
aprcfama ncg pcstdrocromam pcr ia budza mdi nasc Magodiia
N a e a n j c . Mdsmd dsd ecedgtc, Ncrrda ds ncgsomdramc prþlukc
md i a  bus
 bu s ton
to n oa dnu
dn u atcr
at croa
oaga
ga puds
pu dstc
tc qud rdso
rd somd
md dg F ïikon
ïik onaa mdsmd
md smd
e u n j c agtds md ogonoama ia pdrsdnunoþg. Di Kcfodrgc ogtdgtþ,
s o g ïxotc, qud Ogtdrpci ic mdtuvodra, ya qud di crkagosec
n c g s o m d r þ ia scionotum ncec uga vocianoþg a ics mdrdnjcs mdi
dxprdsomdgtd.

Ludgtd I a cr a,  Dnuamcr,
J cr 6< md sdptodefrd md 601:
 Ia pdrsdnunoþg ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd gc g c tdreoga ncg di prcndsc
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaii fas
f asam
amcc dg di hal
h alho
hoag
agcc ’Nasc
’N asc F aim
ai m a―.
a― . Dg ak
akcs
cstc
tc md 601:,
di Pcmdr Bumonoai ogonoþ ctra nausa ncgtra Valadi Ncrrda pcr di
prdsugtc
prdsu gtc mdiotc md afusc afu sc md autcrom
au tcromam
am.1
.10
06 Md lcrea
lcre a soeuitágda
soeu itágda
ai ogonoc md dsta nausa, ia Ncgtraicråa anusþ ai dxprdsomdgtd
md rdspcgsafoiomam pdgai dg di pakc md ugcs Ndrtolonamcs md
]dsc
]d scrdr
rdråa.1
åa.10
0> Tg asugtc
asug tc tïngonc qud sdntcrds
sdntc rds anamïeonc
anam ïeoncss jag
jag
ickramc mdecsm decstrar
trar ncec laisc.
laisc. Ia dgtomam md ncgtrci gc idyþ md
lcrea ncrrdnta ics matcs eanrcdncgþeoncs y eatdeátoncs md
dscs pakcs md ]dscrdråa, qud gc scic gc pdrbumonarcg ai Dstamc,
sogc qud ic fdgdlonoarcg sog pdrbumonar a tdrndrcs, ncec nce c ogmonag
aikugc
aiku gcss dstumocs
dstu mocs ugo
u govd
vdrs
rsota
otaroc
rocs.1
s.10
0=

Ia apdrtura md nausas y di pdmomc md mdtdgnoþg ogtdrganocgai

mdi dxprdsomdgtd scg di rdsuitamc md ia dvomdgtd ecmolonanoþg
md ia dstruntura bumonoai a partor mdi rdldrïgmue, uga sotuanoþg
niavd para mdtdreogar ia dxostdgnoa md iawlard.  iawlard.  Ncg dsas
annocgds sd eagtodgd ai vondprdsomdgtd Bcrkd Kias mdtdgomc y
a Valadi Ncrrda ogjafoiotamc para pcstuiarsd a ia rddidnnoþg y
dglrdgtagmc
dglrdgtagm c trdnd nausas bumonoaids,
bumonoaids , uga ncg crmdg md mdtdgnoþg,
mdtdgnoþg,
 y sog di rdnc
rd ncgc
gcno
noe
e odgt
od gtcc md su ludr
lu drcc ncec
nc ec d xprd
xp rdss omdg
om dgtd
td.1
.10
04

Mcfid rasdrc md ia idy 

Ias nausas bumonoaids morokomas ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd Ncrrda

 y aiku
ai kugc
gcss md ics
ic s dxlu
dx lug
g nocg
no cgar
aroc
ocss eás ndrn
nd rnag
agcs
cs a su omda
om daro
rocc md
Kcfodrgc, scg prcecnocgamas dg ia prdgsa y arkuedgtamas
agtd ia cpogoþg ncec ia icafid ogtdgnoþg md ’iunjar ncgtra ia
106  Di ]diïkra
]diï kralc
lc   (601:), ’Valadi Ncrrda sdrá ogvdstokamc dg nasc ‚Kcgzáidz y ctrcs‟―. 6= md
sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/bumonoai/16/raladi-ncrrda-
nasckcgzaidzyctrcs-dnuamcr-lyfdna (ncgsuitamc di ; md earsc md 601?).
10>  Gcm
 G cmai 
ai   (601:), ’Ncrrda y dxlugnocgarocs dglrdgtag ogvdstokanocgds pcr eaivdrsanoþg md
lcgmcs―. 1< md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.gcmai.ae/601:/0:/ncr
jttps2//www.gcmai.ae/601:/0:/ncrrda-y-dxl rda-y-dxlugnocgarocs-
ugnocgarocs-
dglrdgtag-ogvdstokanocgds-pcr-eaivdrsanocg-md-lcgmcs-pufioncs/ (ncgsuitamc di ; md earzc md
601?).
10= Kcgzaic Bcgás Bcgá s Pardmds Vdyds
Vdyds y Harciygd
Harciygd Gohcid ^aitcs ^ágnjdz (601:), ’Ia mduma pòfiona
pòfiona
dg Dnuamcr2 ³sd nuepioþ ia rdkia losnai3―.  Vdvos
 Vd vosta
ta Hoiiha
Hoi ihaga
ga ^cnoa
^c noaids,
ids,   \ci. 6, G° >, pp. 61?-66:,
cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//hoiihaga.unanud.dmu.dn/ogmdx.pjp/hoiihagaSscnoai/artonid/
 vodw/
 vo dw/>=
>=6/=
6/==0
=0
104 Bavodr Naimdrþg Nastoiic
Nastoiic y Fárfara Dstdr (601?), ’Ics ludrcs pariaedgtarocs dg
 ncrrupnoþg―. ^og defarkc, ogguedrafids jdnjcs ogmonag qud
di dsludrzc ’agtoncrrupnoþg― gc ds uga pciåtona kufdrgaedgtai
apionama md okuai eagdra para tcmcs. Ds uga pciåtona sdidntova y
 vonoam
 von oamaa pcr ia ectova
ec tovanoþ
noþgg md pdrsd
pd rsdnu
nunoþ
noþg
g y prcs
pr csnro
nropn
pnoþ
oþgg pciåtona.
pciåto na.

Dbdepic md diic ds qud varocs mcnuedgtcs rdvdiamcs pcr

[ohoidahs 
[ohoidahs  eudstrag nþec ia laeoioa md Ecrdgc jafråa
ognurromc dg mdiotcs md ncrrupnoþg, pdrburoc y iavamc md antovcs,
utoiozagmc varoas deprdsas dxtragbdras cllsjcrd 
cllsjcrd  ufonamas dg
movdrscs paraåscs losnaids, ncgcnomc ncec di nasc OGA Papdrs.
^dkòg dsa oglcreanoþg, uga deprdsa, ncgstotuoma dg 6016 pcr
Dmwog Ecrdgc -jdreagc mdi prdsomdgtd-, jafråa rdnofomc
ogbustolonamaedgtd 1: eoiicgds md mþiards md ug ncgtratosta
dnuatcroagc dg razþg md ug prcydntc pòfionc dbdnutamc muragtd di
eagmatc md Idgog Ecrdgc ncec vondprdsomdgtd. ^d trata md uga
sotuanoþg qud, pcr su pardnomc ncg
nc g di jdnjc pcr di qud sd ncgmdgþ
a Kias, dxpcgd di mcfid rasdrc md ia antuanoþg bumonoai. Dg dstd
òitoec nasc, ia Losnaiåa arkuedgtþ ncec ’prudfa―ncgtra Bcrkd
Kias ia ncgsagkuogomam mdi vondprdsomdgtd ncg su tåc, Vonarmc
Vovdra, quodg ai pardndr dra su scnoc dg uga nudgta cllsjcrd.

Ics prcndscs bumonoaids ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg gc ncgtdepiag,

go dstág morokomcs ncgtra di dxainaimd md Quotc, Eauronoc
Vcmas, scfrd quodg pdsag anusanocgds md rdnofor scfcrgcs
md Cmdfrdnjt pcr
p cr ia ncgtratanoþg mdi Edtrc quotdñ
q uotdñc.1
c.10
0< Ctra
Ctra
nausa bumonoai soeoiar a ia qud ogvciunra a Bcrkd Kias pdrc
qud, dg dstd nasc, gc ja edrdnomc ia atdgnoþg md ia bustonoa go
md ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg8 antotum rdnurrdgtd nuagmc sd
trata md iåmdrds pciåtoncs md ia mdrdnja. ]aepcnc apugtag a
ogvdstokar a deprdsarocs mudñcs md lcrtugas dg paraåscs losnaids
(dvamodgmc oepudstcs y cnuitagmc prcndmdgnoa md ics lcgmcs)
ncec di dxnagmomatc prdsomdgnoai y logagnosta Kuoiidrec Iassc,
quodg todgd
todgd ug iarkc prcgtuaroc
prcg tuaroc dg dsa eatdroa. Para
Para 601< Iassc
Iassc
tdgåa =? deprdsas cllsjcrd, 
cllsjcrd,  mcgmd pcmråa tdgdr partd md su
lcrtuga, mdrovama md gdkcnocs iånotcs mdi Fagnc md Kuayaquoi,
10< ]didsur
]dids ur (601;), ’Iassc y Vcmas2 apdiiomcs mdi
mdi dsnágma ic md Cmdfrdnjt dg Dnuamcr―.
Dnuam cr―. 1< md
earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.tdidsurtv.gdt/tdids>urakdgma/Iassc-y-Vcmas-apdOiomcs-mdi-
dsnagmai0-0mdfrdnjt-dg-Dnuam0r-601;0>x<-00>=.jtei (ncgsuitamc dg cntufrd md 601:).
pdrc taefoïg, ncec ogsogòag aikugas ludgtds pdrocmåstonas,
mdrovamas
mdrov amas md antovomam
ant ovomamds
ds md ncrr
n crrup
upnoþg
noþg.1
.10
0;

Ia bustonoa dnuatcroaga taepcnc amdiagta ogvdstokanoþg dg

ncgtra md tcmcs ics ogvciunramcs dg di dsnágmaic ncgcnomc ncec
’ics Pagaeá Papdrs―. Ics mcnuedgtcs mdi fuldtd md afckamcs
Ecssanh Lcgsdna rdvdiarcg ics gcefrds md eás md eoi :00
ncepañåas dnuatcroagas, ?6: mordntovcs y >64 ogtdredmoarocs,
dgtrd quodgds sd mdstanag ics gcefrds mdi antuai vondprdsomdgtd,
Cttc ^cggdg
^cg gdgjcizg
jcizgdr,
dr, c md Eauronoc
Eau ronoc Vcmas y Kuoiidrec
Kuoiidr ec Ia
Iassc
ssc.1
.10
0:
Dstcs pciåtoncs y lugnocgarocs todgdg nudgtas cllsjcrd 
cllsjcrd  ncg
eoiicgaroas sueas md mogdrc md ias nuaids gc ds pcsofid safdr su
prcndmdgnoa, y dsnapag a ias idyds losnaids mdi Dnuamcr ncg tctai
oep
oe pugomam
om am.1
.10
0?

Ias idyds dnuatcroagas ncgtra di iavamc md antovcs y ia tdgdgnoa

md deprdsas cllsjcrd 
cllsjcrd  sd dgmurdnodrcg muragtd ia prdsomdgnoa
md Valadi Ncrrda. Augqud ncg eunja rdsostdgnoa md ia mdrdnja
 y md ics depr
de prdsa
dsarocs
rocs cllsjcrd 
cllsjcrd  dnuatcroagcs, di dxprdsomdgtd
ickrþ prcecvdr uga idy para pdrsdkuor ics napotaids lukamcs y
lraumuidgtcs
lraum uidgtcs sotuamcs
sotuam cs dg nudgtas dg didi dxtragbdrc. Dg uga ncgsuita
pcpuiar, dg ldfrdrc md 601;, di 44,4 % md ia noumamagåa eagmatc
uga idy qud prcjåfd a lugnocgarocs pòfioncs tdgdr nudgtas dg
paraåscs
para åscs losnaids.1
losna ids.1110 Ia mdrdnja dnuatcroaga, jcy ncpartånopd
ncp artånopd mdi
Kcfodrgc md Idgog Ecrdgc, sd cpusc md eagdra ldrvodgtd a tai
prcjofonoþg pcr su ogtdrïs dg ncgtar ncg lanoiomamds para dvamor
narkas oepcsotovas.111
10; Nygtjoa Karnåa (601;), ’Iassc di eakgatd Cllsjcrd―. Cllsjcrd ―. Pákog
 Pákogaa 16.14
16 .14 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/64::?-iassc-di-eakgatd-md-ias-cllsjcrd  (ncgsuitamc di 60 md earzc
md 601?).
10: Earndic Bustc (601?), ’Atrannoþg ’Atrannoþ g Latai―.
Lata i―. Pák
 Pákoga
oga 16 .1< md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 www.
 ww w.pa
pakokoga
ga1616.nc
.nce.
e.ar ar/1:
/1:16
16::
::-a
-atra
trann
nnocg
ocg -la
-latai
tai (ncgsuitamc
 (ncgsuitamc di 60 md earzc md 601?).
10? Nygtjoa Karnåa (601;), (601;), ’Iassc dg Baqud pcr gdkcnocs dg Pagaeá―. Pák
Pagaeá―. Pákogaoga 16.61
16 .61 md earzc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce.ar/6;06?-iassc-dg-baqud-pcr-ics-gdkcnocs-dg-
pagaea (ncgsuitamc di 66 md earzc md 601?).
110  Di D i ]diïk
]d iïkral
ralcc   (601;), ’Prcydntc md idy scfrd paraåscs losnaids piagtda ias prcjofonocgds y
sagnocgds―. 1= md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas
jttps2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/pcioton
/pciotona/>/
a/>/
prdsomdgtd-ncrrda-dgvoa-a-ia-asaefida-rdlcrea-idkai-scfrd-paraoscs-losnai
prdsomdgtd-ncrrda-dgvoa-a-i a-asaefida-rdlcrea-idkai-scfrd-paraoscs-losnaids ds (vcgsuitamc di 1 md
afroi md 601?).
111  Oglcf
 Og lcfad
ad   (601;), ’Dnuamcr2 trougla di ^å dg di rdldrïgmue para prcjofor paraåscs losnaids
a ics lugnocgarocs―. 61 md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2jttps2//www.oglcfad.nce/aedrona/aedrona-
dg2 jttps2//www.oglcfad.nce/aedrona/aedrona-
 ^cic ncg di naefoc md ncrrdianoþg md ludrzas cnurromc dg ias
didnnocgds prcvognoaids mdi pasamc 6= md earzc - y dg ias qud qud
di prdsomdgtd Ecrdgc tuvc ug murc rdvïs-, ia prdgsa sd cnupþ
md pcsonocgar di dsnágmaic md rdndpnoþg oidkai md rdnurscs
mdi eagmataroc. ^dkòg ias mdgugnoas, ia cllsjcrd  cllsjcrd  pagaedña,
OGA Ogvdstedgt Ncrp, vognuiafa a varocs pdrscgabds2 ugc
scefråc, Ncgtc Patoñc, icffosta  icffosta   dnuatcroagc y sufncgtratosta
mdi Dstamc, ai qud sd id jafråa pakamc uga oepcrtagtd suea
md mogdrc para aecfiar ia rdsomdgnoa pdrscgai md Ecrdgc dg
Kogdfra (^uoza),
(^ uoza), eodgtras
e odgtras cnupafa
cnup afa ug narkc dg ia CGT C GT.1 .1116 Ia
mdgugnoa taefoïg ogniuyd a Dmwog Ecrdgc, ia dspcsa y ctrcs
laeoioards mdi prdsomdgtd, pcr sdr ics mudñcs md ia deprdsa
OGA, y md ics napotaids qud dstág mdpcsotamcs dg nudgtas md
 varo
 va rocs
cs para
pa raås
åscs
cs losna
los naids
ids.. Monj
Mo njaa naus
na usaa vodg
vo dgdd sodg
so dgmc
mc cnui
cn uita
tama
ma
 y f conc
co nctd
tdaa ma pcr
pc r ias
ia s mord
mo rdnt
ntov
ovaa s md ia A sae
sa e f ida
id a G anoc
an ocga
gaii y ia
eogostra mdi Ogtdrocr, sdkòg sd ncgcnoþ dg ugcs aumocs mcgmd
dsta lugnocgaråa dxprdsafa ug apardgtd anudrmc pciåtonc para
oepdmor ia ogvdstokanoþg md ics prdsugtcs antcs md ncrrupnoþg
dg qud dstá ogvciunramc Idgog Ecrdgc.11>

 Aså,
 As å, e odgt
od gtra
rass sd ncgm
nc gmdg
dgaf
afaa a Kias,
Ki as, ics
ic s dep
de p rdsa
rd saro
rocs
cs qud -
sdkòg di Mdpartaedgtc md Dstamc md ics DD. TT.- frogmarcg
 fud
 f udga
ga partd
pa rtd md ia oglc
og lcre
rean
anoþ
oþg
g , gc jag
ja g somc
so mc p rcnd
rc ndsa
samc
mcss pcr
pc r
ia Bustonoa dnuatcroaga. ^cic sd pdrsokud a quodgds scg ug
cfstánuic pciåtonc2 Bcsï N., ^oecds P., Vonarmc \. y Eauronoc
K. -dxlugnocgarocs md Cmdfrdnjt md quodgds ia Losnaiåa md
ics DD.TT. gc frogma di gcefrd ncepidtc- gc jag rdnofomc
gogkuga edmoma nautdiar. Diic sd mdfd a qud ia Losnaiåa Kdgdrai
md Dnuamcr loreþ ug anudrmc md ’nccpdranoþg dlonaz― ncg ics
DD.TT., qud ja sdrvomc ncec ludgtd md oglcreanoþg para
rdnafar didedgtcs ogvdstokatovcs, y ai aeparc mdi artånuic =?=
mdi Nþmokc Crkágonc Ogtdkrai Pdgai (NCOP), qud sdñaia qud ias

116  Di ugovd

ug ovdrsc
rsc   (601:), ’Cllsjcrd pakþ pcr eudfids dgvoamcs a Idgog―. 6; md gcvodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.diugovdrs0.n0e/g0tonoas/601:/11/6;/g0ta/;0;0;4=/0llsj0rd-
pakc-eudfids-dgvoamcs-nasa-idgog (ncgsuitamc di 1 md afroi md 601?).
11>  Gcm
 G cmai 
ai   (601?), ’Di pcmdr bumonoai andpta ogvdstokar a Idgog Ecrdgc pcr supudstas nudgtas
Cllsjcrd. 60 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2jttps2//www.gcmai.ae/60i?/0>/dnuamcr-di-pcmdr-
dg2 jttps2//www.gcmai.ae/60i?/0>/dnuamcr-di-pcmdr-
 bumon
 bu monoai-
oai-and
and pta-og
pta -ogvd
vdstok
stokar-
ar-a-i
a-idg
dgog-
og-ec
ec rdg c-p cs-su
cs -su pudst
pu dstas-
as-nu
nudg
dgtas
tas-c
-clls
llsjc
jcrd/
rd/ (ncgs
(nc gsuit
uitamc
amc di 6 md
afroi md 601?).
edmomas nautdiards mdfdg sdr amdnuamas para karagtozar di
’ïxotc md ias ogvdstokanocgds―.11=

Ia bustonoa dnuatcroaga dgncgtrþ eïrotcs dg ics monjcs md

trds dxlugnocgarocs md ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña, a quodgds
gugna pumc ogtdrrckar (pcr ia gdkatova md DD. TT.) y quodgds
gugna dgtrdkarcg prudfas mcnuedgtamas md sus ncgldsocgds y
sdñaiaeodgtcs. Jcy sd safd, kranoas a ug pdrotabd ogtdrganocgai,
qud dg ia fasd md matcs mcgmd sd sostdeatozafag ics pakcs md ics
scfcrgcs md Cmdfrdnjt -di sostdea Mrcusys-, gc sd dgnudgtra
di gcefrd md Bcrkd Kias, ncognomodgmc ncg sus aloreanocgds dg
di bu
b u o n o c .11
.114

Ics
Ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg taepcnc
tae pcnc dxpionag
dx pionag c ncgtdepiag
ncgtde piag qud
muragtd di proedr Kcfodrgc md Ncrrda sd prcmubc
prcmu bc ia dxpuisoþg md
ia deprdsa Cmdfrdnjt mdi Dnuamcr pcr ug pdrocmc md mcs añcs
-dgtrd 600: y 6010- a dxokdgnoa mdi prcpoc Pcmdr Dbdnutovc.
Ïstd jafåa tceamc ia mdnosoþg a partor md ics dsnágmaics md
ncrrupnoþg ya ncgcnomcs dg dsd ecedgtc y pcr gc nuepior ncg
ics dstágmards dg ia ncgstrunnoþg md ia rdprdsa jomrcdiïntrona
md ^ag Lragnosnc. Ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg taepcnc
edgnocgag qud diics eosecs nrotonarcg ia edmoma md dxpuisoþg
md ia deprdsa frasoidña pcr ncgsomdraria ’autcrotaroa―.11<

Jasta ajcra gc sd ncgcndg mdtdgnocgds pcr ias nudgtas dg

paraåscs losnaids, go pcr ias vognuianocgds ncg ia deprdsa
Cmdfrdnjt md lugnocgarocs mdi saiodgtd Kcfodrgc md ia noumam
md Quotc, dg nafdza md Eauronoc Vcmas, augqud sd dgnudgtra
edgnocgamc dg ics ncgtratcs mdi Edtrc md ia napotai y md ctras
cfras md oglradstruntura ncgtratamas pcr dsas ameogostranocgds
kdstocgamas pcr ia mdrdnja dnuatcroaga.

11= ^oivoga Vceagc (601;), ’³Ds ia ncrrupnoþg ug prcfidea dg Aeïrona Iatoga3― . Ndiak. ? Ndiak.  ? md
sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2jttp2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-ncrrupnocg-prcfidea-aedrona-iatoga-6/
dg2 jttp2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-ncrrupnocg-prcfidea-aedrona-iatoga-6/
(ncgsuitamc di 66 md monodefrd md 601:).
114 Bcrkd Rafaia (601?),  Dnua  Dn uavo
vosa
sa..  6? md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/
 wat
 w atnj
nj3t
3toe
oedS
dSnc
ncgt
gtog
ogud
ud55 6o4&
6o 4& v5?o
v5 ?ojs
js<P<Pmcmc ]_ k (ncg
(n cgsu
suita
itamc
mc di = md afroi
afr oi md 601?)
60 1?)..
11<  Dnu
 D nuam
amcr
cr oge
og e dmoat
dm oatcc  (601<). ’Prdsomdgtd Ncrrda rdnudrma qud dxpuisoþg md Cmdfrdnjt,
dg 600:, lud para mdldgmdr ogtdrdsds mdi paås―. 6= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .
Di toeogk pciåtonc  y DD. TT. dg Dnuamcr

Ia kudrra bumonoai dg di Dnuamcr sd ogonoþ ncg ia sotuanoþg

partonuiar md ogbdrdgnoa md ics DD. TT. dg edmoc md ia naepaña
didntcrai prdsomdgnoai a logaids md 601<. Ia nausa qud ia
Bustonoa gcrtdaedronaga todgd afodrta pcr di nasc Cmdfrdnjt,
pcr ncepdtdgnoa mdsidai, ja dstamc ndgtrama dg ncgsdkuor
di ’arrdpdgtoeodgtc― md ics lugnocgarocs md ia ncgstruntcra
 fras
 fr asoid
oidña
ña nce
nc e c area
are a para
par a dgic
dg icma
marr a ics pciåt
pc iåtonc
oncs.
s. Pcr
Pc r dbdep
dbd epic,ic,
ia nausa ncgtra di vondprdsomdgtd didkomc dg dscs nceonocs,
Bcrkd Kias, surkd a partor md ug edgsabd mdi Mdpartaedgtc md
Bustonoa dstamcugomdgsd dg di qud amvodrtdg scfrd di pakc md
>>,< eoiicgds md mþiards md Cmdfrdnjt a lugnocgarocs ncrruptcs
dgtrd 600; y 601<,11;ncognomdgtd ncg ia naepaña didntcrai qud
tragsnurråa dg monodefrd md 601<, ic qud apugtafa a lavcrdndr
ics ogtdrdsds md ia lcreuia Kuoiidrec
Kuoiidre c Iassc y Agmrïs
Agmr ïs PáPádz.1
dz.111:

Ics morokdgtds md ia mdrdnja edgnocgamcs dg ogguedrafids

nafids mdvdiamcs
mdvdiamc s pcr [ohoid [ ohoidahs
ahs,1
,111? ics rdncgcnd
rdncg cnd ncec ics eás
ndrnagcs d oglcreagtds provoidkoamcs a lavcr md ics ogtdrdsds md
ics Dstamcs
Dstamc s Tgom
T gomcs cs,1
,1660 aikc qud, pcr supudstc,
supud stc, gc ds eatdroa
eatdr oa md
ogvdstokanoþg pdrocmåstona. Di rdtorc mdi asoic pciåtonc a Buioág
 Assa
 As sagk
gkdd -rd
-r d n iae
ia e a m c jand
ja nd añcs
añc s pcr DD. T T .- y su dgtr dg trdk
dkaa a
ia pcionåa frotágona, qud ogkrdsþ a ia defabama md Dnuamcr dg
Icgmrds para arrdstarid, ds ia rdspudsta md Idgog Ecrdgc ai
 fiog
 fi ogma
mabd
bd md su part
pa rton
onop
opananoþ
oþg
g dg ia depr
de prdsdsaa cllsjcrd OGA-papdrs.
cllsjcrd OGA-papdrs.
Ecrdgc, asoeosec, gc pdrmcgþ a Assagkd di jdnjc md jafdr
pufionamc edgsabds
edgsa bds mopiceátoncs
mopice átoncs mcgmd sd dvomdgnoa
dvomdgn oa su ndrnagåa
11;  Ia Ga noþ g   (601;), ’Ncrtd Ncgstotunocgai md Dnuamcr andpta buonoc pciåtonc
ncgtra vondprdsomdgtd pcr Cmdfrdnjt―. 61 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
ganocg.nce/di-eugmc/pciotona/ncrtd-ncgstotunocgai-md-dnuamcr-andpta-buonoc/
B6K;DOQ\T4K^MNRKE==>GIFBMD/^tcry/ (ncgsuitamc di 60 md monodefrd md 601:).
11:  DL
 D L D - \osta
\o sta zc (601<),
zc  (601<), ’Pádz agaioza or a DD. TT. pcr oglcreanoþg md nasc Cmdf rdnjt―. 6;
md monodefrd. Mospcg ofid dg2 jttp2//www.vostazc.nce/sdnnocg/paos-pciotona-ganocgai/pciotona-
ganocgai/padz-agaioza-or-dduu-pcr-oglcreanocg-md-nasc (ncgsuitamc di 16 md dgdrc md 601?).
11? [ohoidahs (601:),
[ohoidahs (601:), ’Nafids dgtrd ia defabama md DD. TT. dg Quotc y di Mdpartaedgtc md
Dstamc md dsd paås―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//wohoidahs.0rk/piusm/nafids/0;QTO]C;<:Sa.jtei
(ncgsuitamc di 1 md bugoc md 601:).
160  Di D i ]diïk
]d iïkra
ralc
lc   (601;), ’Ogvdstokanoþg rdvdia prdsugtc vågnuic md Pádz ncg ^taglcrm―.
Pufionamc di 6: md earzc Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/pciotona/6/
ogvdstokanocg-rdvdia-prdsugtc-vognuic-md-padz-ncg-staglcrm (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).
ncg ics DD.TT., qud sdråa ia razþg md su annoþg agtoncrrdåsta, aså
ncec ia pufionanoþg md ics iiaeamcs OGA-papdrs.

Ds gctcroa ia sdidntovomam md ics edmocs dg su ataqud a Ncrrda.

^o fodg dg ias didnnocgds prdsomdgnoaids qud iidvarcg a Ecrdgc
ai paianoc md Narcgmdidt, tras kagar dg di faiictakd ai
faiictakd ai fagqudrc
Kuoiidrec
Kuoiidre c Iassc, ia prdgsa sd cnupþ md buka
bu karr ug
ug papdi
pap di ndgtrai dg
ia naepaña
nae paña md pciarozanoþg para
pa ra oepdmor
oepd mor di
di trouglc mdi nagmomatc
nagmomatc
md Aioagza Paås, iudkc mdi rápomc korc gdciofdrai ia prdgsa sd
aiogdþ ncg Ecrdgc dg ia nruzama pciåtona md prcsnropnoþg md
Ncrrda y mdi ncrrdåsec.

Iudkc, dg ia naepaña pcr di rdldrïgmue ncgstotunocgai,

mcgmd sd oepomoþ ia lokura md rddidnnoþg, sd pudmd aprdnoar ncg
niaromam di oepu
oepuisc
isc md
md ias nausas bumonoaids
bum onoaids ncg ug
ug mdtdreogamc
toeogk 
toeogk  pciåtonc. Dg dsa rdlcrea, Idgog Ecrdgc, vaioïgmcsd
mdi apcyc md ia mdrdnja y md ics edmocs, fusnþ ncgvdgndr ai
didntcramc md ias fcgmamds md iaia Ncgsuita
N cgsuita Pcpuiar
Pcp uiar y mdi naefoc
ncgstotunocgai. Pdrc ic nodrtc ds qud lud uga ncgsuita pcpuiar
qud vociþ gue drcsas idyds.
idyds.

Para anaiiar ias nråtonas scfrd ia laita

laita md tragspardgnoa
tragspardg noa y idkaiomam
md ia ncgsuita, aså ncec para rdlcrzar su papdi md ’nruzamc―
ncgtra uga ncrrupnoþg dxniusovaedgtd ncrrdåsta, Ecrdgc jozc
ug usc rdnurrdgtd md ia ncgmdga dxprïs ncgtra Bcrkd Kias y,
amdeás, sd rdlictarcg nausas ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd Ncrrda.
Lud muragtd ia naepaña mdi rdldrïgmue nuagmc depdzarcg
a pcsonocgar dg ics edmocs di ’Nasc Faima―, qud logaiedgtd
sd ncgvortoþ dg ug dspdntanuiar ecgtabd md pdiånuia pcionoai
c md sclostonamc dspocgabd. Ncec dxpionaecs agtdrocredgtd,
dg rdaiomam lud uga sotuanoþg aosiama kdgdrama dg tdrrotcroc
ncicefoagc dg di añc 6016.

Ic eosec sundmoþ muragtd di iaedgtafid dposcmoc md sdnudstrc

 y a sdso
sd soga
gatc
tc md trds
tr ds p droc
dr ocmo
most
stas
as mdi moar
mo aroc
oc  Di
 D i Nced
Nc edrn
rnoc
oc
(Dnuamcr), a eagcs md ug krupc garnctralonagtd ncicefoagc,
cnurromc di 6< md earzc md 601:. Dg dsd ecedgtc, nuagmc ics
rdlidntcrds apugtafag scfrd Ecrdgc a raåz md sus mdsandrtamas
mdnosocgds y ncedgtarocs dg di eagdbc md ia sotuanoþg, vcndrcs
kufdrgaedgtaids, bumonoaids y ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg
depdzarcg a pcgdr lcnc dg gudvcs prcndscs bumonoaids
bumonoaid s y losnaids
losnaids
ncgtra Ncrrda, ncec di ogonoamc pcr ia Ncgtraicråa Kdgdrai pcr
di supudstc drrcr tïngonc dg di eagdbc md fcgcs mdi ]dscrc.

 Aso,
 Aso , para
par a oepd
oe pdmo
morr qud ia scno
sc nodm
dmam
am rdnia
rd niae
e ara
ar a d xpio
xp iona
nano
nocg
cgds
ds ai
Kcfodrgc pcr ias rdspcgsafoiomamds md Ecrdgc dg di eagdbc
md ia nrosos md rdjdgds, ics cpdramcrds pciåtonc-edmoátoncs
utoiozarcg md vudita di nasc Faima, dg lcreatc md aearoiiosec
nceugonanocgai, ncg ia easova tragseosoþg dg prckraeas
gctonocscs, md ncedmoa y md cpogoþg, ncg Faima ncec
prctakcgosta.

Md ia eosea eagdra, iudkc md ia mdrrcta md Ecrdgc dg ias

didnnocgds rdkocgaids md earzc md 601?, ia bustonoa dnuatcroaga
afroþ uga nausa ncgtra di dxnagnoiidr
dxnag noiidr Vonarmc Patoñc, dxpomodgmc
md ogedmoatc uga crmdg md naptura. Ai dxlugnocgaroc sd id anusa
md ogstokanoþg ogmdfoma, pcr ia akotanoþg pciåtona md ïstd dg
rdugocgds ogtdrgas md su ecvoeodgtc pciåtonc, aikc ogïmotc dg
ug Dstamc md Mdrdnjc.

 Ain
 A inag
agnd
nds
s p c iåton c s  y dstrunturaids
iåt onc dstrunturaids md ia kudrra bum onoai

Di prcndsc md bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona y pdrsdnunoþg md

lugnocgarocs mdi Kcfodrgc md Valadi Ncrrda ja kdgdramc ug
tdrrdgc lïrtoi para di ’naefoc― janoa di gdciofdraiosec.

Ecrdgc rdtcrgþ a ics frazcs mdi Lcgmc Ecgdtaroc Ogtdrganocgai

(LEO) dg 601;, y di paås pdrmoþ su scfdragåa logagnodra ncg di
prïstae
prï staecc md =.600
=.60 0 eoiic
e oiicgds
gds rdno
r dnofom
fomcc md dsa dgtom
dg tomam
am dg 601
6 01?.1
?.1661
Mdsmd di
di proedr ecedgtc
ece dgtc mdi Kcfodrgc
Kcfodrg c md Idgog, ïstd eagoldstþ
su ogtdrïs dg utoiozar ia ayuma mdi LEO, ic nuai ncgstotuyþ ug
edgsabd mdnosovc janoa ia mdrdnja y uga agtdsaia mdi vorabd a ia
sotuanoþg antuai mdi ruefc dncgþeonc mdi paås. Di prdsomdgtd

161 Aeoinar
Ae oinar Nafrai
Nafra i y Njrostoag
Njrostoag Pogc (601?), ’Anudrmc ncg LEO2
LEO2 ³iogda md nrïmotc c tratamc
ogtdrganocgai3―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.   60 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/anudrmc-ncg-leo-
iogda-nrdmotc-c-tratamc-ogtdrganocgai/ (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?)-
dgtrdkþ di eagdbc mdi mogdrc didntrþgonc a ia fagna provama,
dg ncgtravåa md ias kagagnoas kdgdramas pcr di Fagnc Ndgtrai
mdi Dnuamcr dg dsd rufrc. Mdsvoágmcsd md ia rdncedgmanoþg md
ia Asaefida Ganocgai y md ia Idy md Vdantovanoþg Dncgþeona,
iofdrþ di ogkrdsc easovc md oepcrtanocgds, ic nuai kdgdrþ uga
moseogunoþg sokgolonatova mdi supdrávot ncedrnoai dg 601;, ai
auedgtar dg 61 % ias oepcrtanocgds, qud depdzarcg a mdfoiotar
ia prcmunnoþg ganocgai.

 Asoe
 As oeose
osec,c, dg ia Ncgs
Nc gsui
uita
ta Pcpu
Pc puiaiarr y V dldr
dl drïg
ïgmu
muee , ickr
ic krþþ mar
earnja atrás a ia Idy md Piusvaiåa, qud oepdmåa ia dspdnuianoþg
md ias todrras
tod rras dg zcgas urf
u rfag
agas
as,1
,1666 fabc
fab c di prdtdxt
prdt dxtcc md ia iunja
ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg. Ncg ia kudrra bumonoai qud prdtdgmd
dgnarndiar ai dxprdsomdgtd Valadi Ncrrda, di Kcfodrgc
dnuatcroagc mdeudstra ia urkdgnoa (naso mdsdspdranoþg) para
oepdmor qud di dxeagmataroc rdkrdsd a ia antovomam pciåtona dg
di paås, aikc qud jasta ajcra jag ncgsdkuomc ncg ia crmdg md
mdtdgnoþg dg su ncgtra.

Para diic dstág apdiagmc a uga kudrra bumonoai sog nuartdi, ncg
ia ncepiandgnoa y ayuma md ia mdrdnja dnuatcroaga y ncg uga
niara ogbdrdgnoa md ics DD.TT., ncec qudmþ mdecstramc dg ia
 voso
 vo sota
ta mdi vond
vo ndp p rdso
rd som
m dgtd
dg td md dsd paås,
pa ås, Eohd
Eoh d Pdgnd,
Pdg nd, tras
tr as ia qud sd
rdantovþ ia ayuma eoiotar ncg prdsdgnoa md trcpas dg tdrrotcroc
dnuatcroagc.1
dnuatc roagc.166> Dsta mdnosoþg ds uga uga dxprdsoþg eás md ia
pcsonoþg md Ecrdgc md ufonarsd ncec partd md ia rdkdgdranoþg
gdciofdrai suraedronaga, aioama sog losuras a ics ogtdrdsds mdi
p aås
aå s mdi Gc
G c r td.1
td .166=

Dg sågtdsos, dg Dnuamcr sd ja ioframc uga kudrra buråmona

para ainagzar ics sokuodgtds cfbdtovcs2 mdsidkotoear ia kdstoþg
kufdrgaedgtai md Ncrrda, oepdmor su rdtcrgc a ia pciåtona,

166 Gonciás Ciova (601;), ’Dnuamcr. ³Di ³Di rdkrdsc md uga dncgceåa
dncgceåa tutdiama3―.
tutdiam a3―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.   61 md
monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ndiak.crk/dnu
jttp2//www.ndiak.crk/dnuamcr-rdkrdsc-
amcr-rdkrdsc-uga-dncgceoa-tut
uga-dncgceoa-tutdiama/
diama/
(ncgsuitamc di 1 md
md bugoc md 601:).
16> Bavodr
Bavod r Naimdrþg Nastoiic y Aragtxa
Arag txa ]oramc (601:), ’Idgog Ecrdgc eora janoa di gcrtd―.
gcrtd― .
Ndiak. 6= md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.cr
jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/idgog-ecrdgc-eora-janoa-
k/idgog-ecrdgc-eora-janoa-di-gcrtd/
di-gcrtd/
16= Ndiak -
Ndiak - Tgomam Mdfatds Dncgþeoncs (601:), ’Piag dncgþeonc dg Dnuamcr. Gdciofdraiosec
 anafar ncg su oeakdg pòfiona, apiazar -c tratar md oepdmor-
uga
uga nrosos md md kcfdrgafoiomam -p rdvosofrdv osofid,
id, iudkc md ics rdsuitamcs
md ias didnnocgds md kcfodrgcs sdnnocgaids y mdi pcmdrcsc p cmdrcsc Npnns,
Npnns,
mdsarrciiamas dg earzc md 601?, dg ias qud ias ludrzas pciåtonas
aioamas a Ncrrda ncgsokuodrcg mcs Kcfdrganocgds y eòitopids
 Ain
 A in a im åa s - 164y rdst
rd stau
aura
rarr di vod
v odbc
bc crmdg
crm dg gdci
gd ciof
ofdr
drai
ai,, tag
ta g narc
na rc a ias
ia s
ïiotds dnuatcroagas y a ias md ia pctdgnoa mceogagtd.

164 Vdmannoþg Pciåtona (601?).  Di

 D i mdfa
md fatd
td para
pa ra ioeota
ioe otarr ai Npnns
Npn ns tcea
tce a lc re a.   > md afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dincedrnoc.nce/an
jttps2//www.dincedrnoc.nce/antuaiomam/n
tuaiomam/npnns-lugn
pnns-lugnocgds-ncgsdbd
ocgds-ncgsdbdrcs-asaefida-
rcs-asaefida-
ganocgai.jtei (ncgsuitamc di = md afroi md 601?).
Vdldrdgnoas

Fruzuai, Jdidga (601:), ’Náiiatd Valadi Ncrrda, ncrruptc

oepdgotdgtd―.  Oglc Og lcfa
fad.
d.   66 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 ww
 w w w .ogl0
.og l0ff ad.n
ad .n00 e /a
/aee dron
dr onaa /0p
/0 p ogo0
og o0g
g /6
/600 1:/0
1: /0== /6
/666 /n
/nai
aiia
iatd
td--
raladi-ncrrda-ncrruptc-oepdgotdgtd/ (ncgsuitamc di 66 md
monodefrd md 601:).

Nafrai, Aeoinar y Pogc, Njrostoag (601?), ’Anudrmc ncg

LEO2 ³iogda md nrïmotc c tratamc ogtdrganocgai3―. Ndiak.
60 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/
anudrmc-ncg-le o-iogda-nrdmot
o-iogda-nrdmotc-c-trat
c-c-tratamc-ogtdrganocgai/
amc-ogtdrganocgai/
(ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).

Naimdrþg Nastoiic, Bavodr (601:), ’Di iofrdtc ‚Iawlard‟ ncgtra

Ncrrda―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  10 md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
ndiak.crk/iofrdtc-i
ndiak.crk/iofrdtc-iawlard-ncgtra-rala
awlard-ncgtra-raladi-ncrrda/
di-ncrrda/

(601:), ’Ia rdvciunoþg noumamaga

------------ noumamag a dg mospu ta―. Ndiak.
66 md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ia-
rdvciunocg-noumamaga-mosputa/

Naimdrþg Nastoiic, Bavodr y Dstdr, Fárfara (601?), ’Ics

ludrcs pariaedgtarocs dg Iatogcaeïrona―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  6= md
dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ludrcs-
pariaedgtarocs-prdsomdgnoaids-iatogcaedrona/

Naimdrþg Nastoiic, Bavodr y ]oramc, Aragtxa (601:), ’Idgog

Ecrdgc eora janoa di gcrtd―.
gcr td―. Ndiak. 6= md bugoc.
bug oc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/idgog-ecrdgc-eora-janoa-di-
gcrtd/

Ndiak - 
-  Tgomam Mdfatds Dncgþeoncs (601:), ’Piag dncgþeonc
dg Dnuamcr. Gdciofdraiosec dg pdqudñas mcsos―. = md afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/piag-dncgceonc-dg-
dnuamcr-gdciofdraiosec-dg-pdqudgas-mc
dnuamcr-gdc iofdraiosec-dg-pdqudgas-mcsos/
sos/ (ncgsuitamc di
di
66 md monodefrd md 601:).
Noumamagc mdi Nceòg 
Nceòg   (601?), ’Kcfodrgc Md Idgog Ecrdgc
Nodrra Edmocs md Nceugonanoþg dg Dnuamcr dg edgcs md
1 eds. 6> md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.
jttps2//www.ycutufd .
nce/watnj3v5y00;b4>r[oT (ncgsuitamc di 16 md eayc md
601?).

Ncrrda, Valadi (601:), ’]cma ia prdgsa iidva ug añc, måa tras

måa, ogsuitágmced―.  Di  D i moaroc
moa roc.ds
.ds..  64 md bugoc, nagai md
 _cu]
 _c u]uf
ufd.
d. Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/
 wat
 w atnj
nj3v
3v5
5 B:
B:bC
bCZZ ?^S
?^ S g^k
g^ k (n
(ncg
cgsusuit
itam
amcc di = md ldfr
ld frdr
drcc md
601?).

Npnns (601=), Eatroz md Ncepdtdgnoas mdi Npnns, ogniuomas dg

ia Idy Crkágona mdi Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg Noumamaga y
Ncgstrci ^cnoai. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.npnns.kcf.dn/
 wp
 w p - n c g t d g t / u p ic a m s / 6 0 1 ? / c o/e
o/ e a t r oz-
oz - m d - n c e p d t d g n oas
oa s -
npnnsSenSo4Sc:S601:-para-ia-pak-wdf.pml (ncgsuitamc
di 6; md ldfrdrc md 601?).

 Mdu
 M duts
tsnj
njdd [diid
[d iid   (601:), ’Pariaedgtc afrd nafoma para
 vogn
 vo gnuu iar
ia r a Ncrr
Nc rrda
da dg sdn sd n u d strc
st rc―― . 14 md bugo bu goc.c. Mosp
Mo spcg cgofiofidd
dg2 jttps2//www.mw.nce/ds/dnuamcr-pariaedgtc-afrd-
 v%
 v % N > % A M a - p a r a - v o g n u i a r - a - n c r r d a - d g - s d n u d s t r c - m d -
cpcsotcr/a-==6>>461 (ncgsuitamc di ; md earzc md 601?).

 Dnu
 D nua
a mcr
mc r ogeog e dmoa
dm oatc
tc   (601<), ’Prdsomdgtd Ncrrda rdnudrma
qud dxpuisoþg md Cmdfrdnjt, dg 600:, lud para
mdldgmdr ogtdrdsds mdi paås―. 6= md monodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.dnuamcrogedmoatc.nce/
o g m d x . p j p 3 e c m u i d 5 G c t on
on o a s & l u g n 5 g d w s S u s d r S
 vod
 v odww & om5
om 5 6 : o: : o>6
o> 6 ; o (n
(ncg
cgsu
suit
itam
amcc di 66 md mono mo node
defrfrdd md
601:).
------------   (601:), ’\ddmuråa md nasc Bcrkd Kias
ncgniuyd2 buonoc lud ecvomc ncg ogsþiota rapomdz,
 voci
 vo cian
anococgg ds burå
bu råmm ona
on a s y dstu
ds tuvc
vc p c ioto
io toza
zamc
mc―― . > md dgdrc
dg drc..
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.dnuamcrogedmoatc.nce/
o g m d x . p j p 3 e c m u id i d 5 G c t on
on o a s & l u g n 5 g d w s S u s d r S
 vod
 v odw
w & om5
om 5 6 : o::
o: : > > = o? (n(ncg
cgsu
suit
itam
amcc di 1> md dgdrdg drcc md 601?).
601? ).
 Dnu
 D nua
a vosa
vo sa   (601:), ’Ecrdgc dgvoará tdrga para ncglcrear
gudvc Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg Noumamaga―. 1= md
ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dnuavosa.nce/
artonuic/gctonoas/pciotona/><606<-ecrdgc-dgvoara-tdrga-
ncglcrear-gudvc-ncgsdbc-partonopanocg (ncgsuitamc di 6=
md ldfrdrc md 601:).

 DL
 D L D - \ost
\ ostazc
azc (601<),
 (601<), ’Pádz agaioza or a DD. TT.
TT. pcr oglcreanoþg
oglcrea noþg
md nasc Cmdfrdnjt―. 6; md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.vostazc.nce/sdnnocg/paos-pciotona-ganocgai/
pciotona-ganocgai/padz-agaioza-or-dduu-pcr-oglcreanocg-
md-nasc (ncgsuitamc di 16 md dgdrc md 601?).

 Di
 D i ] diïk
di ïkra
ralc
lc   (601;), ’Ogvdstokanoþg rdvdia prdsugtc vågnuic
md Pádz ncg ^taglcrm―. 6: md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/pciotona/6/
ogvdstokanocg-rdvdia-prdsugtc-vognuic-md-padz-ncg-
staglcrm (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md 601?).

(601;), ’Prcydntc md idy scfrd paraåscs losnaids

------------

piagtda ias prcjofonocgds y sagnocgds―. 1= md earzc.

Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditdidkralc.
jttps2//www.ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/
nce.dn/gctonoas/
pciotona/>/prdsomdgtd-ncrrda-dgvoa-a-ia-asaefida-
rdlcrea-idkai-scfrd-paraoscs-losnaids (ncgsuitamc di 1 md
afroi md 601?).

(601:), ’Valadi Ncrrda sdrá ogvdstokamc dg nasc

------------

‚Kcgzáidz y ctrcs‟―. 6= md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2

jttps2//www . ditdidkralc.nce.dn/gctonoas/bumonoai/16/
raladi-ncrrda-nasckcgzaidzyctrcs-dnuamcr-lyfdna
(ncgsuitamc di ; md earsc md 601?).

 Di
 D i Tgovdr
Tg ovdrsc
sc   (601<), ’Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg Noumamaga
dvanòa nascs md ncrrupnoþg mdsmd 600?―. ? md
monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.diugovdrsc.nce/
gctonoas/601</16/0?/gcta/4?==:64/npn-dvanua-nascs-
ncrrupnocg-600? (ncgsuitamc di 60 md ldfrdrc md 601?).
 (601:), ’Cllsjcrd pakþ pcr eudfids dgvoamcs a
------------

Idgog―. 6; md gcvodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .

diugovdrs0.n0e/g0tonoas/601:/11/6;/g0ta/;0;0;4=/
cllsjcrd-pakc-eudfids-dgvoamcs-nasa-idgog (ncgsuitamc
di 1 md afroi md 601?).

Licrds, ]jaioa (601;), ’Idgog Ecrdgc2 Dstcy dspdiuzgamc

pcr ia ncrrupnoþg kaicpagtd dg di Kcfodrgc md Ncrrda―.
 AFN
 A FN..  1= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.afn.
jttp2//www.afn.
ds/ogtdrganocgai/afno-idgog-ecrdgc-dstcy-dspdiuzgamc-
ncrrupnocg-kaicpagtd-kcfo
ncrrupnocg-kaicpagtd-kcfodrgc-ncrr
drgc-ncrrda-60o;o
da-60o;o6o=066=S
6o=066=S
gctonoa.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1; md dgdrc md 601?).

Karnåa, Nygtjoa (601;), ’Iassc di eakgatd C llsjcrd―.

llsjcrd― . Pák
 Pá k oga
og a 16.
14 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce
jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce..
ar/64::?-iassc-di-eakgatd-md-ias-cllsjcrd (ncgsuitamc
(ncgsuitamc di
60 md earzc md 601?).

(601;), ’Iassc dg Baqud pcr gdkcnocs dg Pagaeá―.

------------

 Páko
 Pá koga
ga 16. 
16.   61 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
pakoga16.n0e.ar/6;06?-iass0-dg-
pakoga16.n0e.ar/6;06?-iass0-dg-baqud-p0r-i
baqud-p0r-i0s-gdk0no0s-
0s-gdk0no0s-
dg-pagaea (ncgsuitamc di 66 md earzc md 601?).

Kþgzaids, Earoc Aidxos (601:), ’Di Ncgsdbc md Partonopanoþg

tragsotcroc jozc cnjc mdstotunocgds dg 100 måas―.  Di 
Ncedrnoc. 
Ncedrnoc.  1? md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
dincedrnoc.nce/antuaiomam/npnns-mdstotunocgds-
autcromamds-bumonatura-mdldgscroa.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 6;
md ldfrdrc md 601?).

Kragmd, Vonarmc (601;), ’Ncgmdgag a < añcs md

prosoþg a Bcrkd Kias, vondprdsomdgtd md Dnuamcr,
pcr di 'nasc Cmdfrdnjt'―.  Di  D i e ugmc
ug mc..  1= md
monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dieugmc.ds/
Ågtdrgano0gai/60o;/o6/o=/4a>of=6>d4lmda?=<m:f=4a<.
jtei (ncgsuitamc di >0 md dgdrc md 601:).
Jdrgágmdz, Idþg (601;), ’Partomc md Ncrrda dg baqud pcr ia
ncrrupnoþg.  Di
 D i gudv
gu dvcc jdra
jd raim.
im.   6< md dgdrc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.digudvcjdraim.nce/gctonoas/eugmc/
aedrona-iatoga/artonido6?06>>?=.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 66
md monodefrd md 601:).

 Oglcf
 Og lcfad
ad   (601;), ’Dnuamcr2 trougla di ^å dg di rdldrïgmue para
prcjofor paraåscs losnaids a ics lugnocgarocs―. 61 md ldfrdrc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.oglcfad.nce/aedrona/aedrona-
iatoga/60o;/c6/6o/dnuamcr-trougla-di-so-dg-di-rdldrdgmue-
para-prcjofor-paraoscs-losnaids-a-ics-lugnocgarocs/
(ncgsuitamc di 66 md monodefrd md 601:).

Bustc, Earndic (601?), ’Atrannoþg Latai―.  Pák

 P ákog
ogaa 16. 
16.  1< md
earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce
jttps2//www.pakoga16.nce..
ar/1:16::-atrannocg-latai (ncgsuitamc di 60 md earzc md
601?).

 Ia
 I a G a noþg
no þg   (601;), ’Ncrtd Ncgstotunocgai md Dnuamcr andpta
 buon
 bu onococ p ciåt
ci åton
oncc ncgt
nc gtra
ra v ondp
on dprd
rdso
som
m dgtd
dg td pcr
pc r C m dfrd
df rdnj
njt―t―.. 61
md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ganocg.nce/di-
eugmc/pciotona/ncrtd-ncgstotunocgai-md-dnuamcr-andpta-
 bu
 b u o n o c / B 6 K ; D O Q \ T 4 K ^ M N R K E = = > G I F B M D / s t c r y /
(ncgsuitamc di 60 md monodefrd md 601:).

Iassc, Zavodr (601:), ’Zavodr Iassc mdba ics edmocs pòfioncs

ncg luieogagtd narta ncgtra sus mordntovcs―. Ncgloreamc,
gdt. 
gdt.  6> md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//ncgloreamc.
jttps2//ncgloreamc.
gdt/601:/10/6>/xavodr-iassc-mdba-ics-edmocs-pufioncs-
ncg-luieogagtd-narta-ncgtra-sus-mordntovcs/ (ncgsuitamc
di 66 md monodefrd md 601:).

Idy Crkágona md Nceugonanoþg mdi Dnuamcr (601>). 64 md

 bug
 bu g oc.
oc . Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttp2//www.arnctdi.kcf.dn/wp-
ncgtdgt/upicams/mcwgicams/60o>/c;/idyScrkagonaS
nceugonanocg.pml (ncgsuitama di 1: md earzc md 601:).
Gcfca, Amroaga (601;), ’Di Pidgc mdi NGD prcniaeþ a Idgog
Ecrdgc prdsomdgtd didntc md Dnuamcr―.  Di  D i Nced
Nc edrno
rnoc.
c.
1: md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//wdf.arnjovd.crk/
 w d f / 6 0 1 ; 0 = 1 ? 1 < 0 = 6 4 / jttp2//www . dince drnoc.nce /
antuaiomam/rdnudgtc-vctcs-nrdc-aioagzapaos-rdsuitamcs.
jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1> md dgdrc md 601?).

 Gc
 G c m a i   (601:), ’Ncrrda y dxlugnocgarocs dglrdgtag
ogvdstokanocgds pcr eaivdrsanoþg md lcgmcs―. 1< md
akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.g0mai.ae/601:/0:/
ncrrda-y-dxlugnocgarocs-dglrdgtag-ogvdstokanocgds-pcr-
eaivdrsanocg-md-lcgmcs-pufioncs/ (ncgsuitamc di ; md
earzc md 601?).

(601?), ’Di pcmdr bumonoai andpta ogvdstokar a Idgog

------------

Ecrdgc pcr supudstas nudgtas Cllsjcrd. 60 md earzc.

Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.g0mai.ae/601?/0>/dnuam0r-
di-pcmdr-bumonoai-andpta-ogvdstokar-a-idgog-ecrdgc-pcs-
supudstas-nudgtas-cllsjcrd/ (ncgsuitamc di 6 md afroi md
601?).

Guñdz, Idtonoa (601:), ’Jay eás md 60 dxlugnocgarocs md

Valadi Ncrrda ogvdstokamcs dg Dnuamcr―.  Ai  A i gavoc,
gav oc,   1< md
 buio
 bu ioc.
c. Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttps2//aigavoc.nce/gctonoa/1=><1/
antuaiomam/jay-eas-md-60-dxlugnocgarocs-md-raladi-
ncrrda-ogvdstokamcs-dg-dnuamcr.jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1; md
dgdrc md 601?).

Ciova, Gonciás (601;), ’Dnuamcr. ³Di rdkrdsc md uga dncgceåa

tutdiama3―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  61 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
 ww
 w w w .nd
.n d iak
ia k .crk
.c rk/d
/dnu
nuaa m c r-rd
r- rdkk rdsc
rd sc-u
-ugg a -dn
-d n c g c e oa-t
oa -tu
u tdia
td iam
ma/
(ncgsuitamc di 1 md bugoc md 601:).

Pardmds Vdyds, Kcgzaic Bcgás y ^aitcs ^ágnjdz, Harciygd

Gohcid (601:), ’Ia mduma pòfiona dg Dnuamcr2 ³sd nuepioþ
ia rdkia losnai3―.  Vdvo
 Vd vost
staa Hoiih
Ho iihag
agaa ^cnoa
^c noaid
ids,
s, \ci.
 \ci. 6, G° >, pp.
61?-66:, cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//hoiihaga.unanud .
dmu.dn/ogmdx.pjp/hoiihagaSs0noai/artonid/vodw/>=6/==0
Vceagc, ^oivoga (601;), ’³Ds ia ncrrupnoþg ug prcfidea dg
 Ae
 A e ïron
ïr onaa I a tog
to g a3―
a3 ― . Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  ? md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid
d g 2 jttp2//ww w . ndiak.crk/i
ndi ak.crk/ia-ncrrupnocg
a-ncrrupnocg -prcfide a-
aedrona-iatoga-6/
aedr ona-iatoga-6/ (ncgsuitamc
(ncgsu itamc di 66
66 md monodefrd md 601:)
601:)..

]didsur 
]didsur   (601;), ’Iassc y Vcmas2 apdiiomcs mdi dsnágmaic
md Cmdfrdnjt dg Dnuamcr―. 1< md earzc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.tdidsurtv.gdt/tdids>urakdgma/Iassc-
 y - V c m a s - a p d i i o m c s - m d i - d s n a g m a i c - C m d f r d n j t - d g -
Dnuam0r-601;0>1<-00>=.jtei (ncgsuitamc dg cntufrd md
601:).

]csnagc, Max (601;), ’Di eotc md ia ogmdpdgmdgnoa md ics

edmocs dg Dnuamcr2 kudrra sunoa ncgtra di prdsomdgtd
Valadi Ncrrda y pcsonocgaeodgtc a lavcr mdi nagmomatc md
ia fagna―.  Vdfd
 Vd fdioþ
ioþg.
g.   >0 md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
rdfdiocg.crk/mcns/66<6>?.pml (ncgsuitamc di 1; md dgdrc
md 601?). Narics \dra (6014).

]ropa Eosjquo   (6014), ’‚Jmp‟ para Ncrrda sd qudma ncrtc―. 4

md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/
 wa
 w a tnj
tn j 3v5
3v 5 hcG
hc G iue
iu e K d tck
tc k (n
(ncg
cgsu
suita
itam
m c di 1; md dgdr
dg drcc md
601?).

[ohoidahs 
[ohoidahs  (601:), ’Nafids dgtrd ia defabama md DD. TT. dg
Quotc y di Mdpartaedgtc md Dstamc md dsd paås―. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//wohoidahs.crk/piusm/nafids/0;QTO]0;<:Sa
jttps2//wohoidahs.crk/piusm/nafids/0;QTO]0;<:Sa..
jtei (ncgsuitamc di 1 md bugoc md 601:).

Rafaia, Bcrkd (601?), Mordnnoþg md sågtdsos y agáiosos

ogtdrganocgai,  Dnu
 D nuaa v osa.
os a.   6? md dgdrc. Mospcgofid
dg 2 j ttp s2//
// w
 ww w w .yc
.y c u tuf
tu f d .nce/wa
nce /watnj3toe
tnj3toedS
dS
ncgtogud56o4&v5?Åjs<Pmc]_k (ncgsuitamc di = md afroi
md 601?).
 Pdrò ³kudrra buråmona c eïtcmc md
mosnopiogaeodgtc md ias ïiotds qud
asporag ai ncgtrci mdi Dstamc3
Fárfara Dstdr

Di nasc pdruagc sd mostagnoa md ics nascs md ia w la r d a

govdi rdkocgai,
rdkocgai, puds gc dstá dg budkc ug prcydntc prcydntc md paås
dg ia mosputa pciåtona ioframa dg ics trofugaids. ]aepcnc
sd pdrnofd ug rci mordntc md DD. TT. dg dstd prcndsc. Gc
cfstagtd, kuarma soeoiotumds ncg ctras dxpdrodgnoas,
prognopaiedgtd dg ic rdldromc a ia burostcnranoa
(didvanoþg mdi Pcmdr Bumonoai pcr dgnoea md ics mdeás
pcmdrds, para pcgdr "crmdg")8 dg di prctakcgosec md ics
edmocs dg ia vosofoiozanoþg md mdtdreogama oglcreanoþg
y dg ias tdgmdgnoas ai iognjaeodgtc md mdtdreogamcs
lugnocgarocs c dxlugnocgarocs, ncec di nasc md Hdohc
Luboecro, mcgmd taefoïg bukarcg ug rci didedgtai ias
rdmds scnoaids. Pcr òitoec, ctrc aspdntc dg nceòg ncg
dxpdrodgnoas md ia w la r d   dg ia rdkoþg ds di rdsuitamc
kdgdramc pcr ia bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona y di
dgnuefraeodgtc md ia iunja ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg ncec
ia "krag fataiia"2 uga nråtona ldrcz ai Dstamc, a ia pciåtona
y ics pciåtoncs, eodgtras di sdntcr provamc qudma dg
ug sdkugmc piagc. ^d ncgscioma aså di sdgtomc nceòg
gdciofdrai, di nuai rdquodrd md uga eaycråa apciåtona
y apátona qud gc partonopd, asdkuragmc di tdrrdgc iofrd
para di i a o s s d r t a o r d md ics gdkcnocs dstataids.

Ia Ncgstotunoþg pdruaga ds nceògedgtd ncgsomdrama ia md

eaycr crodgtanoþg gdciofdrai dg ia rdkoþg y sd asued qud
di agmaeoabd ncgstotunocgai ja rdnofomc krag ogliudgnoa mdi
Ncgsdgsc md [asjogktcg. Quozás pcr diic, mdsmd di luboecrosec
dg ics añcs ?0 jasta ia antuaiomam, di ecmdic dncgþeonc gc ja
 prdsdgtamc losuras y ic qud så ja oepicsocgamc ds di sostdea
pciåtonc. Mdsmd di log md ia montamura dg 6000, a dxndpnoþg mdi
Kcfodrgc tragsonocgai md \aidgtåg Pagoakua (66 md gcvodefrd
md 6000 ai 6: md buioc md 6001), tcmcs ics eagmatarocs jag somc
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaio
ioza
zamc
mcs.
s.

Ncec sd prdsdgta a ncgtoguanoþg, di nasc md Pdrò todgd

oepcrtagtds partonuiaromamds
p artonuiaromamds qud scg lugmaedgtaids y mdfdg sdr
tdgomas dg nudgta, a ia vdz qud eagtodgd aikugas ncgtoguomamds
sokgolonatovas ncg nascs md iawlard dxpdroedgtamcs
iawlard dxpdroedgtamcs dg ia rdkoþg.

Dg Pdrò,
Pdrò, a moldrdgnoa md Arkdgtoga,
Arkdg toga, Frasoi c Dnuamcr, ia avagzama
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaii gc sd ncrr
nc rrds
dspp cgmo
cg moþþ ncg
nc g di rdtc
rd tcrg
rgcc mdi gdci
gd ciof
ofdr
drai
aios
ose
ec
lrdgtd a ug prcydntc aitdrgatovc sdgnoiiaedgtd pcrqud gugna
jufc tai prcydntc aitdrgatovc, ugc md ics prognopaids cfbdtovcs
mdi iawlard 
iawlard   (dg dstd nasc, ausdgtd). Ic eosec pudmd mdnorsd
mdi rci md DD. TT., dvomdgtd dg ics nascs md iawlard  iawlard   dg Frasoi,
Dnuamcr d ogniusc Arkdgtoga y qud dg Pdrò, sd vognuia eás fodg
ai prcndsc md rdlcrea buråmona
buråm ona (y gc
gc sd pdrnofd uga ogtdrvdgnoþg
mordnta dg ics prcndscs antuaids).

^og defarkc, Pdrò lud di eaycr rdndptcr md lcgmcs mdi Fagnc

Eugmoai para ia rdlcrea burburåmon
åmonaa dgtrd 1??6
1??6 y 6011 y di sdkugmc
eaycr rdndptcr md prïstaecs mdi Fagnc Ogtdraedronagc md
Mdsarrciic para di eosec prcpþsotc dgtrd 1??> y 6011, sueagmc
dg tctai ugcs
u gcs >=4 eoiicgds
eoiic gds md mþiar
mþ iards.
ds.116< Dg kdgdrai,
kdgdrai , sd trata
tra ta md
rdlcreas qud sd modrcg dg di earnc md ia ’ecmdrgozanoþg mdi
Dstamc― para ancecmarsd mdi edbcr ecmc pcsofid a ias rdkias y
gdndso
gd ndsomam
mamds
ds mdi edr
e drnam
namc.1
c.166; Dstcs matcs gc scg edgc
e dgcrds
rds a ia iuz
md ia mdrova antuai janoa uga bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona, pdrc
gc pudmdg sdr ncgsomdramcs ncec uga ogtdrvdgnoþg mordnta md
DD. TT. dg di prcndsc (a moldrdgnoa md ic qud sundmd dg Frasoi,
pcr dbdepic).

16< Iuos Pásara (6016), ’Ogtdrgatocgai suppcrt lcr bustond bust ond rdlcre
rdlcre og
og Iatog
Iatog Aedrona2
Aedr ona2 wcrtjw joid
cr wcrtjidss3―. Ia
wcrtjidss3―.  Iatog
tog Ae drona
dr onag
g Prck
Pr ckrae
rae . [asjogktcg2 [ ccmrcw [ oiscg Ndgtdr, Ndgtdr, p. >.
16; \agoga ^oecgd (6004), ’Mdsarrciic, gdciofdraiosec y rdlcreas bumon oaids dg Iatogcaeïrona.
Tg dstumoc scfrd A rkdgtoga y Pdrò―. Og
Pdrò―. Oglc
lcre
re d log
 lo g a i mdi
m di ncgnur
ncgn ursc2
sc2 AIN
A INA,
A, prcn
pr cnds
dscs
cs md mce
m ceoga
oganoþ
noþg
gy
aitdrgatovas md ogtdkranoþg rdkocgai. Prckraea
rdkocgai.  Prckraea Vdkocgai md Fdnas Niansc, pp. 6=-64. Mospcgofid
 Gc cfstagtd, di nasc md Pdrò eagtodgd oepcrtagtds soeoiotumds
ncg ctras dxpdrodgnoas md iawlard,  iawlard,  ia prognopai ds ia ludrtd
tdgmdgnoa
tdgmdg noa janoa
ja noa ia buros
bu rostc
tcnra
nranoa
noa21
2166: di depatd dgtrd di Dbdnutovc
Dbd nutovc
 y di Ncgk
Nc gkrdrdscsc gc ickic k rþ zagb
za gbar
arsd
sd dg ia p ciåtci åton
onaa sogc
sog c e dmoa
dm oagt
gtdd ia
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aioz
ozaa noþ
no þ g , ctcr
ct crka
kagm
gmcc a ics
ic s ]rof
]r ofug
ugaiaidsds ug rci proe
pr oecr
crmo
moai
ai
para mosputar di pcmdr ncgnrdtc y ioeotar a ics partomcs qud
cstdgtafag jasta dgtcgnds eaycr pcmdr dg di Pariaedgtc2 di
luboecrosec
luboecrose c y di partomc aprosta. A su vdz, y euy soe oiar ai nasc nasc
 fras
 fr asoid
oidñc
ñc,, dsta
ds ta didv
di dvan
anoþ
oþg
g mdi Pcmd
Pc mdrr BumBu m onoa
on oaii pcr
pc r dgno
dg noe
e a md ics
mdeás pcmdrds, ds ncgndfoma ncec ug ’gdndsaroc― ’gdndsaroc ― rdsarnoeodgtc
scnoai (jdnjc mdsmd arrofa).

Dg nuagtc ai rci md ics edmocs, ai okuai qud dg ctrcs nascs md

iawlard, ja
iawlard, ja somc niavd, tagtc dg ia molusoþg md vomdcs c loitranocgds
loitranocgds
(pufionamas prcfafidedgtd ogtdgnocgaiedgtd) ncec ncg ug
antovc pdrocmosec md ogvdstokanoþg dg di qud mdstana Kustavc
Kcrroto y di dquopc md OMI Vdpcrtdrcs, Nïsar Joimdfragmt, dgtrd
ctrcs. A dstc sd sueag edmocs qud cpdrarcg dg sdgtomc ogvdrsc,
mdmonágmcsd a mdsprdstokoar (md ecmc pcnc sdroc) a ics budnds y
losnaids mdi Iava Batc ncec a pdrocmostas, pdrc qud gc ickrarcg
mdsartonuiar di rdiatc md ia ncrrupnoþg ncec prognopai prcfidea
md Pdrò. Ias rdmds scnoaids taefoïg tuvodrcg ug rci dstdiar,
dspdnoaiedgtd muragtd ia mdtdgnoþg md Hdohc Luboecro, a travïs
mdi usc md ededs y movdrsas pufionanocgds dg su ncgtra.

Pcr òitoec, uga iågda md ncgtoguomam ncg ctrcs nascs, ds di

rdsuitamc md ia bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona, ias ncgsdnudgnoas
dg di dsndgaroc pciåtonc2 sd dgnuefra ia iunja ncgtra ia
ncrrupnoþg ncec loglog òitoec y dg ia fataiia sd mdfoiotag
md foiotag tcmas ias
ogstotunocgds mdi Dstamc, ogniuomcs ics ]rofugaids. Di Dstamc sd
rdvdia ncec ogstotunoþg putrdlanta dg så eosea, eodgtras qud
nodrtcs pciåtoncs scg nataickamcs pcr ia prdgsa ncec ncrruptcs,
ug eai qud ds gdndsaroc ncrtar md nuabc para di rdvdrmdndr md
16: Vag Jorsnji (601>),
(601>), ’]jd Bumonoaiozatocg
Bumonoaiozatocg cl Pciotons―. ]jd Cxlcrm Jagmfcch cl
PciåtonaU ^nodgnd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.0xl0rmjagmf00hs.n0e/vodw/10.10?>/
cxlcrmjf/?;:co??<0==4<.cco.ccco/cxlcrmjf-?;:co??<0==4<-d-co> (ncgsuitamc di 14 md
gcvodefrd md 601:). Earnc Ldcio (601<),’Bumonoaiozanoþg
(601<),’Bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona
pciåtona y antovosec bumonoai2 uga
aprcxoeanoþg a Aeïrona Iatoga―. Vd
Iatoga―. Vdvo
vosta
sta Iatog
Ia togca
caed
edron
ronag
agaa md Mdrd
Md rdnj
njcs
cs J ue agcs
ag cs,, \ci. 6 ; G° 1.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.rdvostas.uga.an.nr/ogmdx.pjp/mdrdnjcsjueagcs/artonid/vodw/:>;>
(ncgsuitamc di = md earzc md 601?).
ias ogstotunocgds. Di sdntcr provamc (nasc Cmdfrdnjt) qudma
dg ug sdkugmc piagc, naso ’oepciutc― so sd ic ncepara ncg
ia pcmrdmuefrd md ics pcmdrds dstataids. Dstd dsndgaroc y ia
scspdnja ncgscioma di sdgtomc nceòg gdciofdrai, di nuai rdquodrd
md uga eaycråa apciåtona y apátona qud gc partonopd y mdbd di
tdrrdgc iofrd para di iaossdr
iaossdr laor d  md ics gdkcnocs dstataids.

Ia Vdpòfion
Vdpòfiona
a
DGNTD^]A GANOCGAI MD NLH PVD\OA A IC^ HDOHC\OMDC^

Edmoc
Edmoc paås pomd
pomd
qud sd vayag tcmcs
tcmcs
^ ^ ^ r
ncwcq ud a dtdn
dtdnlicgds.
licgds.
® ^ 4’ © ^ Ï I I
60 61. ............... e c i

& e e **$ w h w e r cc
cc ss
ss aw
aw h w o cs * *¡
*¡ 4 P *w
*w . w h - w n å å å 9

- 'Vdkrdsc a Pdrc para pcgdred a mHpcsano

mHpcsanoþgþg ca paln.
paln. rdspdtar**3
rdspdtar**3 10 q x  eagma ia
hNngståtun oCrl. mobc dg su nudgta md ][ttt
][tttdr
dr.. Earoaga Buraria
Buraria ncec
ncec prdsåmded md ia Vdpòfiona

Aprcfanoþg ’Ia kudrra ds

mdi Ncgkrdsc
Ncgkrdsc  pcr di pcmdr,
mdr,
nada
nada 11%
11% gc ncgtra ia
&s(c ia :d%*7
« . &s(c d%*7<g nåd NaiarrdE. 1
ncrrupnoþg" 
cdsaprccanwg Fdkaa :6%. ia
eas aita dg Bcs«togtcs atcs. ¸‗

A så lud ia defcsnama
defc snama md Hdihc
2««.Itåsr dsa md*luboecr
Hd ihc a Hdgbo
Hdgbo
luboecr Osec taettïg crmdgþ a Eaeag! krafa ra Hu cyg sw

Ludgtd2 I a V dpòfio na,  Pdrò, 66 md earzc md 601:

Ics noeodgtcs mdi dsnágmaic md ia ncgstrunnoþg

Ia jostcroa mdi Iava Batc pdruagc nceodgza di 61 md monodefrd

md 601<, nuagmc uga ncrtd md Gudva _crh movuikþ qud ia
ncgstruntcra frasoidña Cmdfrdnjt jafåa rdncgcnomc di pakc dg
Pdrò md
md scfcrgcs
scfc rgcs pcrpc r 6? eoiicgds
eoiicg ds md mþiards dgtrd 6004 y 601=.
Di prctakcgosta, Bcrkd ^oeþds Farata, dxmordntcr dbdnutovc md ia
deprdsa dg Pdrò y ugc md md ics ;; mordntovcs
mordntovc s md iaia ncgstruntc
ncg struntcra
ra qud
sd anckoþ ai rïkoedg md mdianoþg prdeoama dg Frasoi rdaiozagmc
ug anudrmc ncg di Eogostdroc Pòfionc pdruagc, pcr di nuai sd
nceprcedtoþ a apcrtar oglcreanoþg a ia Bustonoa. Md anudrmc
a ias mdniaranocgds md Farata ia ncgstruntcra jafråa pakamc
scfcrgcs eoiicgarocs
e oiicgarocs para anndmdr a ias ionotanocgds
ionotanocgds md ai edgcs
edgcs
mcs prcydntcs. Di proedrc dra ia ncgstrunnoþg md ics traecs 6
 y > md ia narr
na rrdt
dtdr
draa Ogtd
Og tdrc
rcnd
ndág
ágon
onaa ^ur
^u r dgtr
dg trdd 6004
600 4 y 600:,
600 :, dstc
dst c
muragtd mcs prdsomdgnoas2 Aidbagmrc ]cidmc (6001-600<) y di
òitoec eagmatc md Aiag Karnåa (600<-6011). Di sdkugmc -ncg
ncoeas qud asnodgmdg a ics cnjc eoiicgds md mþiards-, lud ia
cfra md ics traecs 1 y 6 md ia iågda 1 mdi Edtrc md Ioea, mdsmd
600? a 601=, ic qud ogvciunrþ a lugnocgarocs md ics Kcfodrgcs
md Karnåa y Ciiagta Jòeaia (6011-601<).

Di >0 md monodefrd md 601;,  OMI  OM I V d p crtd

cr tdrc
rcs,
s,116? uga ugomam md
ogvdstokanoþg pdrocmåstona
pdr ocmåstona mdgtrc mdi Ogstotutc md Mdldgsa M dldgsa Idkai,
Idkai,
crkagozanoþg gc kufdrgaedgtai vognuiama a ia mdldgsa md ics
mdrdnjcs jueagcs y ia kcfdrgafoiomam mdecnrátona y morokoma
pcr Kustavc
K ustavc K crroto
cr roto,1
,1>>0pufionþ
puf ionþ ia tragsnrop
trag snropnoþg
noþg mdi ogtdrrc
og tdrrckatcr
katcroc
oc
jdnjc pcr losnaids pdruagcs a Earndic Cmdfrdnjt, mdtdgomc
dg Frasoi, quodg aloreafa2 ’ncg ndrtdza apcyaecs a tcmcs. A
]cidmc, a Aiag Karnåa, a Jòeaia y a Hdohc― dg rdldrdgnoa a ics
apcrtds para sus rdspdntovas naepañas didntcraids.

 A raåz
ra åz md dsta
ds tass ogvd
og vdst
stok
okan
anoc
ocg
g ds nce
nc e dgza
dg zarc
rcgg ias m dtdg
dt dgno
nocg
cgds
ds dg
dgdrc md 601;. Ia proedra naptura mdi nasc Cmdfrdnjt crmdgama
16? Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//omi-rdpcrtdrcs.pd/apcyaecs-a-tcmcs/
1>0 Kustavc Kcrroto ds ug rdncgcnomc pdrocmosta y dsnrotcr pdruagc, eodefrc mdi Ncgscrnoc
Ogtdrganocgai para Pdrocmosec md Ogvdstokanoþg. Dg 1??6, muragtd di autckcipd md Dstamc
md Aifdrtc Luboecro, lud sdnudstramc pcr eodefrcs mdi dbïrnotc pdruagc. Modnosodtd añcs eás
tarmd Aifdrtc Luboecro lud jaiiamc nuipafid md avaiar su sdnudstrc.
 pcr di Eogostdroc Pòfionc sdråa ia md Dmwog Iuyc Farrodgtcs,
dxprdsomdgtd mdi Nceotï md Ionotanoþg md ics traecs o y 6 mdi
Edtrc md Ioea, y dxlugnocgaroc mdi sdkugmc Kcfodrgc md Aiag
Karnåa. ]aefoïg lud dxpdmoma uga crmdg md naptura ncgtra
Bcrkd Nufa Jomaikc, vondeogostrc md Nceugonanocgds md Karnåa,
qud para dgtcgnds ya sd jafåa earnjamc a Dstamcs Tgomcs.
 Aefc
 Ae fcss dxlu
dx lug
g nocg
no cgar
aroc
ocss ncgt
nc gtaf
afag
ag ncg uga
ug a vast
va staa tray
tr aydn
dntc
tcro
roaa dg
di áefotc pòfionc dg ia qud lrdnudgtdedgtd jafåag ncognomomc2
ncec ia eugonopaiomam md Ioea muragtd di proedr pdråcmc md
Iuos Nastañdma Icssoc y nuagmc Dgroqud Ncrgdbc, taefoïg mdi
 APV
 A PVA,
A, di part
pa rtom
omcc md Karnå
Ka rnåa,
a, sd mdsd
md sde
e pdñþ
pd ñþ ncec
nce c e ogos
og ostrc
trc md
]ragspcrtds y Nceugonanocgds mdi dgtcgnds prdsomdgtd, sodgmc
Nufa vondeogostrc md Nceugonanocgds y Iuyc prdsomdgtd mdi
Nceotï md Ionotanoþg mdi Edtrc. ]agtc Ncrgdbc ncec Karnåa
rdprcfarcg ics jdnjcs.

Tg eds mdspuïs lud aiiagama ia nasa md

md ]cidmc, dxprdsomdg
dxpr dsomdgtd
td pcr
Pdrò Pcsofid y proedr prdsomdgtd ncgstotunocgai ncg pcstdromam
ai luboecratc. Di budz, Vonjarm Ncgndpnoþg Narjuagnjc, crmdgþ
su prosoþg prdvdgtova pcr 1: edsds, sog defarkc, ]cidmc ai
okuai qud Nufas jafåa juomc mdi paås ncg mdstogc a ics Dstamcs
Tgomcs, dg mcgmd ncgtogòa prþlukc. ^cfrd su pdrscga taefoïg
pdsa uga crmdg md dxtramonoþg y naptura ogtdrganocgai.

Dg buioc iidkaråa di turgc md Ciiagta Jòeaia y ia dxproedra

maea y sundscra ai lrdgtd mdi Partomc Ganocgaiosta Pdruagc,
Gamogd Jdrdmoa. Mcs måas mdspuïs md qud di losnai ic pomodra,
di budz Narjuagnjc montþ 1: edsds md prosoþg prdvdgtova. Dg
tag scic sodtd edsds ics òitoecs trds Kcfodrgcs mdecnrátoncs sd
 vodr
 vo drcc g depa
de papa
pamc
mcss dg ia ncrru
nc rrupn
pnoþg
oþg..

Ics rdquosotcs a dvaiuar para montar uga prosoþg prdvdgtova

scg trds2 1) qud dxostag sulonodgtds ogmonocs y prudfas scfrd ia
supudsta nceosoþg md mdiotcs, 6) qud ia prckgcsos md ia pdga
sda supdrocr a = añcs, ds mdnor qud ics mdiotcs pcr ics nuaids
ognroeogag a ics ogvdstokamcs nceprdgmag uga pdga eaycr a
dsd pdrocmc, y >) qud dxosta cfstrunnoþg u cfstanuiozanoþg md ia
 antovomam prcfatcroa md partd md ics ogvciunramcs, ds mdnor qud
 fusq
 fu squd
udg
g dgtc
dg tcrp
rpdn
dndr
dr ia ogvd
og vdst
stok
okan
anoþ
oþg
g y/c
y/ c qud dxos
dx osta
ta di pdiok
pd iokrc
rc md
luka.

Ias nudstocgamas prosocgds prdvdgtovas gc jufodrag somc

pcsofids sog uga idkosianoþg dspdnålona (artånuic 6<: mdi Nþmokc
Prcndsai Pdgai). Md anudrmc ai agáiosos mdi afckamc pdgaiosta
dspdnoaiozamc dg mdrdnjc deprdsaroai, Lrdmmy Vcbas Iþpdz
(601
(6 016)
6),1
,1>>1 di prc
p rcnd
ndmo
moe
e odgtc
odg tc md nciafcranoþg dlonaz   sd nrdþ
edmoagtd
edm oagtd IdyI dy G ° 6;.>;: mdi 60 md monodefrd
monodef rd mdi 6000 y su log
log lud
lud
cftdgdr oglcreanoþg para buzkar a ics eodefrcs mdi luboecratc
(1??0 a 6000). ^og defarkc, ncec lcrea buråmona mdsmd 1?:; sd
depidafa fabc di gcefrd md ’arrdpdgtoeodg
’arrdpdg toeodgtc―.
tc―. Dsta
Dsta ecmaiomam
lud dspdnoaiedgtd utoiozama ncgtra di mdgceogamc ’tdrrcrosec―,
ds mdnor, lrdgtd a mdiotcs dspdnåloncs y ncg uga vokdgnoa ioeotama.

Ia nciafcranoþg dlonaz sd ogsnrofd dg di iiaeamc mosnursc md ia

prdeoaiomam fabc uga sogkuiar lugnoþg mdi mdrdnjc pdgai nuyc
cfbdtovc ds mdseagtdiar di nroedg nroedg crkagozamc ncg kragmds rdmds
nroeogaids. Dg dsd sdgtomc,
sdgtomc, ia lokura buråmona
bur åmona prdeoa ia ncgmunta
md ug oglrantcr prcecvodgmc ia mdianoþg y mdlcreagmc dg
ncgsdnudgnoa di prognopoc prcpcrnocgai md ia pdga, karagtåas
trasndgmdgtds
trasndgm dgtds dg di mdrdnjc pdgai ecmdrgc. Dg di nasc pdruagc
sd fasa dg di ecmdic otaioagc md narántdr dniïntonc, ds mdnor uga
edznia dgtrd di ecmdic md arrdpdgtomc ncec tdstokc y ncec
nciafcramcr, ya qud di eosec ogtdrvodgd dg ia fòsqudma md
didedgtcs md prudfa y, a su vdz, sd id dxokd qud mdniard dg di
 buon
 bu onoc
oc crai,
cra i, nce
nc e c pru
p rudf
dfaa e osea
ose a md ia nuip
nu ipaf
afoio
oioma
mam
m md ics
ic s aut
a utcr
crds
ds
mdi mdiotc.1
md iotc.1>>6 Md jdnjc, uga md ias nciafcram
nciaf cramcras
cras dlonands eás
laecsa lud Eatoimd ’Pognjo Pognjo―, ia dxsdnrdtaroa mdi bdld
mdi ^drvonoc md Ogtdiokdgnoa Ganocgai (^OG), quodg tuvc ug rci
mdstanamc dg ia ncgmdga a \iamoeorc Ecgtdsogcs, gama edgcs
qud ia eagc modstra (y sogodstra) md Aifdrtc Luboecro.

Ia rdianoþg dgtrd ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña

f rasoidña y di Kcfodrgc pdruagc
sd rdecgta a 1?:: fabc di proedr eagmatc md Aiag Karnåa. Dg
1>1 Lrdmmy Vcbas Iþpdz
Iþpdz (6016), ’Ainagnds y nudstocgds Kdgdraids mdi Prcndmoeodgtc
Prcndmoeodgtc Dspdnoai
Dspdnoai
md nciafcranoþg Dlonaz dg di Gudvc Nþmokc Prcndsai Pdgai―.  Mdrdn
 Md rdnjc
jc y ^cno
^ cnodma
dmam,
m, (>?),
 (>?), pp. 46-<0.
1>6 Omde.
aqudi dgtcgnds Cmdfrdnjt dstafa a narkc mdi prcydntc jåmronc
Njavoecnjon qud ncgsoståa dg ug sostdea md tragspcrtd md akua
a travïs md 6;< hoiþedtrcs md tògdids y nagaids y ainagzafa ugas
1== eoi jdntárdas. ^og defarkc, pcr dsta cfra aòg gc sd jag
rdkostramc orrdkuiaromamds. Di vdrmamdrc apckdc md ics gdkcnocs
dgtrd Cmdfrdnjt y di Dstamc pdruagc iidkaråa dg ia iarka mïnama
luboecrosta.

]ai ncec mdeudstra ia ogvdstokanoþg pdrocmåstona rdaiozama pcr

Vcsa Iaura, Jdrgág
Jdrgá g P.
P. Licrågm
Lic rågmdz
dz y Idsiod Ecrdg
Ecr dgc,1
c,1>>> Cmdfrdn
Cm dfrdnjt
jt
taefoïg dstuvc prdsdgtd
prdsdg td ncg sus cfras dg di Kcfodrgc md Aifdrtc
Luboecro. Dg ia mïnama mdi ?0 di Kcfodrgc ctcrkþ a Cmdfrdnjt
airdmdmcr md trdogta ionotanocgds, supdragmc ics vdogtonuatrc
ncgtratcs ndidframcs ncg ics trds Kcfodrgcs mdecnrátoncs qud ic
sundmodrcg dgtrd 6001 y 601<. Nurocsaedgtd, Aifdrtc Luboecro
ja dstamc dxdgtc md ogmonocs md ncrrupnoþg dg di nasc md ia
ncgstruntcra frasoidña.

Di mdtcgagtd md ia nrosos

Ia ncrrupnoþg sd dgncgtrafa dsiafcgama. Tgc a ugc ics

dxeagmatarocs mdsmd di rdtcrgc md ia mdecnranoa jafråag
partonopamc dg ia ncrrupnoþg. Di dsnágmaic taefoïg aedgazþ
ai prdsomdgtd dg dbdrnonoc, Pdmrc Pafic Hunzygsho (PPH) y
a ia prognopai iomdrdsa md ia cpcsonoþg, Hdohc Luboecro, nuya
 fag
 f agna
nam m a ak
akiuiuto
tog
g af
afaa a ;> md 1>0 ncgk
nc gkrd
rdso
sost
stas
as.. PP
PPHH jaf
j afåa
åa iidk
ii dkam
amcc
a ia prdsomdgnoa mdi paås agmogc prántonaedgtd ncg ia eotam md
 vctc
 vc tcss qud
qu d di lubolu boe
e cros
cr ose
e c y p c r ug d snas
sn ascc e arkd
ar kdg
g dg proe
pr oedr
draa
 vud
 vu d ita
it a - 6 1 , 0 4 % lrdgtd ai 1:,;= ?< md \drþgoh
\dr þgohaa E d g m c za -1>
-1>=y dg
ug rdñomc faictabd ncgtra Hdohc Luboecro a quodg scic avdgtabþ
pcr 0,16 % (=1.04;(=1.0 4; vctc
vc tcs)
s).1
.1>>4 Dg pcnas paiafras,
pa iafras, di Kcfodrgc
Kcf odrgc md
PPH tdgåa sdrocs prcfideas ncgkïgotcs, dg proedr iukar uga
dsnasa idkotoeomam md crokdg mdi prdsomdgtd qud iidkþ a ia nasa
1>> Mospcgofid
Mospcg ofid dg2 jttps2//omirdpcrtdrcs.atavo
jttps2//omirdpcrtdrcs.atavost.nce/lub
st.nce/luboecro-y-cmdfrddjt
oecro-y-cmdfrddjt
1>= ^dkòg matcs clonoaids md ia Clonoga Ganocgai
Ganoc gai md Prcndscs Didntcraid s NCGPD
NCGPD).
). Vdsuitamcs
Vdsuitamcs
didnnocgds kdgdraids. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.wdf.cgpd.kcf.pd/ecmDidnnocgds/didnnocgds/
didnnocgds60o</PVPNP60o</Vdsuedg-KdgdraiPrdsomdgnoai.jtei#pcsonocg
1>4 ^dkòg matcs clonoaids md ia Clonoga Ganocgai md Prcndscs Didntcraids (CGPD). Vdsuitamcs
Vdsuitamcs
 faictabd.
 faict abd. Mospcgofid
Mospc gofid dg2 jttps2//www.wdf.cgpd.kcf.pd/ecmDidnnocgds/didnnocgds/didnnocgds601</
 md Kcfodrgc kranoas ai vctc md ia eotam mdi paås qud sd dxprdsþ
gc a su lavcr sogc a lavcr md ics jdrdmdrcs mdi luboecratc.
Dg sdkugmc tïreogc, ncec ug dbdnutovc ncg pcna ognomdgnoa
pariaedgtaroa. Mdsmd dgtcgnds Hunzygsho y Hdohc Luboecro
sd dgncgtrafag depatamcs dg uga kudrra sog nuartdi qud
nuieogaråa
nuie ogaråa ncg mcs ecnocgds md vanagnoavanag noa pcr ognapanomam ecrai
 y ia dsno
ds noso
soþþ g mdi
md i lubo
lu boe
e c rose
ro secc dgtrd
dg trd a ifdr
if drto
tost
stas
as - r d p r d s d g tam
ta m c s
pcr Hdgbo
Hdgbo Luboe
L uboe cro-
cr o- y hdohostas, icic qud logaiedgtd
logaiedgtd tdreogþ ncg
di ogmuitc ai dxmontamcr Aifdrtc Luboecro y, ai pcnc todepc, ia
rdgugnoa md PPH.

Ia saioma mdi Kcfodrgc md Hunzygsho, prdsomdgtd pdruagc pcr

edgcs md mcs añcs -dgtrd bugoc md 601< y earzc md 601:- gc
dstuvc tag earnama pcr sus vognuianocgds ncg ia ncgstruntcra
 fras
 fr asoid
oidña
ña mdsmd
md smd mono
mo node
defr
frdd md 601;
601 ; ncec
nc ec pcr
pc r ia mdvd
md vdian
ianoþ
oþg
g md
ias gdkcnoanocgds dgtrd ncgkrdsostas mdi ficqud aifdrtosta y di
clonoaiosec. Kranoas a dstd ogtdrnaefoc md lavcrds di clonoaiosec
dg eogcråa pariaedgtaroa ncgsokuoþ diumor ia proedra ecnoþg
md vanagnoa pcr ognapanomam ecrai a raåz md ia vognuianoþg md
sus deprdsas ncg ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña. Di pakcpakc prdsomdgnoai
lud ug fcnjcrgc pòfionc nuagmc ia Gcnjdfudga md 601;
Hunzygsho ogmuitþ a Aifdrtc Luboecro arkuedgtagmc ’ectovcs
jueagotarocs― pcr su didvama dmam, quodg dstafa dg prosoþg
pcr nråedgds md idsa jueagomam, drkc oeprdsnroptofids y gc
dxnarndiafids. Aefcs, di dgtcgnds prdsomdgtd y di dxmontamcr
ganodrcg dg 1?>:, ncg mcs edsds md moldrdgnoa.

Di ogmuitc mdsatþ ia mdsidkotoeanoþg tctai mdi eagmataroc,

qud dg uga abustama vontcroa ncgtra ia proeckïgota md Aifdrtc
Luboecro ickrþ di apcyc pcr sdr di nagmomatc ’agtoluboecrosta―.
Di niovabd lugmae
lugmaedgtai
dgtai md ia pciåtona pdruaga2 dgtrd luboecrosec
luboe crosec
/ agtoluboecrosec
agtoluboecr osec pdrmåa di sdgtomc y akumozafa
akumoz afa ia nrosos pciåtona.
pciåtona.

Dg nuagtc ai edka dsnágmaic ncgtogdgtai, PPH lud anusamc md

jafdr rdnofomc scfcrgcs
scfc rgcs pcr
pc r ug
ug ecgtc md =,: eoiicgds md mþiards
pcr partd md Cmdfrdnjt dgtrd 600= y 601=, pcr mcs deprdsas
a ias qud dstá vognuiamc. Dg tctai sdråag ;:6 eoi mþiards pcr
 [ds
 [ dstl
tlod
odim
im Napo
Na potai
tai,, md ia nuai
nu ai ïi ds prcp
pr cpod
odta
taro
rocc ògonc
òg onc,, y pcnc
pc nc
 eás md = eoiicgds md mþiards pcr Lorst Napotai, prcpodmam md
su scnoc Kdrarmc ^dpòivdma. Di eagmataroc jafåa aloreamc dg
ldfrdrc md 601; qud [dstlodim Napotai Ioeotdm lud uga deprdsa
ugopdrscgai md asdscråa dg fagna md ogvdrsoþg, ia nuai rdkostrþ
ia òitoea tragsannoþg dg 600;. Asoeosec, rdncgcnoþ qud asdscrþ
a Cmdfrdnjt dg ia fòsqudma md logagnoaeodgtc para di prcydntc
md orrokanoþg Ciecs, ug gdkcnoc qud sd ncgnrdtþ muragtd di
sdkugmc Kcfodrgc md Aiag Karnåa (600<-6011). ^og defarkc,
su mdstotunoþg gc sdråa ncgsueama mdsmd di pugtc md vosta
 burå
 bu råm
m onc
on c sogc
sog c kran
kr anoa
oass ai rci md ia cpcs
cp csono
onoþg
þg y ia molu
mo luso
soþg
þg md vomdc
vom dcss
apardgtdedgtd napturamcs pcr prcpocs ncgkrdsostas y movuikamc
pcr ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg.

 A raåz md ia molu
mo luso
soþg
þg md eatd
ea tdroa
roaii aumo
au mocv
cvos
osua
uaii qud pcr
pc r supu
su puds
dstc
tc
rdpdrnutoþ dg ia cpogoþg pòfiona, ia eaycråa cpcsotcra mdi
Ncgkrdsc scionotþ uga gudva ecnoþg md ndgsura pcr ognapanomam
ecrai a Hunzygsho, tai ncec jafoiota di ognosc 6 mdi artånuic 11>
md ia Ncgstotunoþg Pciåtona mdi Pdrò. ^og defarkc, ia dstcnama
logai vdgmråa a ncianoþg md ia loitranoþg md vomdcs dgtrd ia
 fagn
 fa gnam
amaa md Hdgbo
Hd gbo y di clono
cl onoaio
aiose
sec,c, vctc
vc tcss niavds
nia vds para
pa ra oepd
oe pdmor
mor
su sdkugma mdstotunoþg pdrc mdtdreogagtds para tdreogar
md ediiar tctaiedgtd su oeakdg, pcr ic qud logaiedgtd sd voc
oepdiomc a rdgugnoar. Ia afrupta saioma md PPH sd asdedbafa
eunjc ai dsnágmaic md ics ’viamovomdcs― (krafanocgds mdi
dxasdscr prdsomdgnoai y bdld mdi ^OG, \iamoeorc Ecgtdsogcs, qud
nuieogarcg ncg di mdrruefd mdi Kcfodrgc md Aifdrtc Luboecro),
uga vdz eás ia pcmrdmuefrd pcrgckrálona md uga pciåtona
sokgama pcr ics scfcrgcs. Ia nrosos
nrosos dra tctai2
tctai2 qud sdsd vayag tcmcs.

 \oz
 \ ozna
narr
rra,
a, ug sund
su ndsc
scrr e cmdia
cm diam
m c a oeak dg  y sdedbagza
oe akdg
md ia cpogoþg pòfiona

Eartåg \oznarra ickrþ uga pcpuiaromam

pcp uiaromam dgcred dg todepc rïncrm
rïncrm
iudkc md ug nceodgzc pcnc dspdragzamcr.
dspdragzam cr. Pdrc, ia ncyugtura iidvþ
a \oznarra a tcparsd ncg uga sdrod md dsnágmaics md ncrrupnoþg
prdnosaedgtd dgtrd di Pcmdr Bumonoai y rdprdsdgtagtds mdi
Ncgkrdsc. Vápomaedgtd
Vápomae dgtd dstc sd tramubc ncec ia dvomdgnoa
dvomdg noa md uga
uga
prclugma nrosos qud aldntafa a tcmas ias ogstotunocgds, mdsvoagmc
di lcnc mdi dsnágmaic md ncrrupnoþg qud \oznarra narkafa ncec
pdsama jdrdgnoa. Amdeás, \oznarra vcivoþ a sulror ia ediia a su
kcfdrgafoiomam md ug Ncgkrdsc amvdrsc augqud su rdspudsta
sd sotuþ dg ias agtåpcmas md ia md su prdmdndscr2 gc fusnþ
aioagzas ncg di luboaprosec (ncaionoþg md jdnjc ncglcreama
pcr ncgkrdsostas luboecrostas y aprostas), ic ncglrcgtþ mdsmd ug
nceodgzc. Di prognopai jotc qud earnaråa di naroz md \oznarra
sdråa mdbar sog dldntc di ogmuitc ai dxmontamcr, edsds mdspuïs
su joba y ia prognopai iomdrdsa md ia cpcsonoþg sdråa mdtdgoma dg
prosoþg prdvdgtova.

Di nasc md Hdohc Luboecro ja somc ugc md ics eás defideátoncs

 y sokgol
sok golonþ
onþ,, dg tïre
tï reog
ogcs
cs soef
so efþio
þioncs
ncs,, uga ramon
ra monai
ai moldrd
mol drdgn
gnoa
oa
dgtrd ia frdvd kdstoþg md Pdmrc Pafic Hunzygsho y ia md Eartåg
 \ozn
 \o znar
arra
ra.. Eodg
Eo dgtra
trass di proe
pr oedr
drcc ogtdg
og tdgtþ
tþ uga
ug a saiom
sa iomaa gdkc
gd kcnoa
noamama ncg
ia eaycråa pariaedgtaroa luboecrosta dg di Ncgkrdsc, fusnagmc
dvotar su ecnoþg md ndgsura ncg ia ncgndsoþg mdi ogmuitc ai
dxmontamcr Aifdrtc Luboecro ai krupc pariaedgtaroc ncglcreamc
ncec dsnosoþg md Ludrza Pcpuiar y iomdramc pcr Hdgbo Luboecro,
 \ozn
 \o znar
arra
ra sd gdkþ
gdk þ a gdkc
gd kcnoa
noarr y kcip
kc ipdþ
dþ ias fafasd
sdss mdi pcmd
pc mdrr mdi
Ncgkrdsc, dspdnoaiedgtd ncgtra di iiaeamc luboaprosec.

Lud di losnai Bcsï Mceogkc Pïrdz ogtdkragtd mdi Dquopc Dspdnoai

mdi Nasc Iava Batc, quodg rdafroþ uga nausa ogonoama dg earzc
md 601<, uga ogvdstokanoþg prdioeogar ncgtra ia joba eaycr mdi
dxeagmataroc Aifdrtc Luboecro, aså ncec ncgtra su dspcsc a
nausa md prdsugtcs apcrtds orrdkuiards para ia naepaña didntcrai
md ia dgtcgnds Ludrza 6011 (antuaiedgtd Ludrza Pcpuiar), ia
akrupanoþg qud ia iagzþ a ia prdsomdgnoa md ia Vdpòfiona. Para
diic sd ndgtrþ dg ia
ia rdaiozanoþg md ncntdids y ia mdgceogama ’Krag
Vola―, antovomamds dldntuamas pcr ia akrupanoþg pciåtona ncg di
cfbdtc md rdnaumar lcgmcs md naepaña. Pcstdrocredgtd, ncec
partd md ia ogvdstokanoþg, sd ogtdrrckþ a Earndic Cmdfrdnjt, dx
NDC md ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña, amdeás md dxlugnocgarocs md
ia deprdsa, y sd rdaiozarcg aiiagaeodgtcs
aiiagae odgtcs a icnaids partomarocs md
Ludrza Pcpuiar. Iidkagmc a ogniuor logagnoanoþg oidkai taefoïg
dg ia naepaña md 601<.
 Di 10
10 md cntufrd md 601:, di budz
bu dz Vonjarm Ncgndp
Nc gndpnoþg
noþg Narjuagnjc
Narj uagnjc
anckoþ di pdmomc md Bcsï Mceogk
M ceogkcc Pïrdz para qud Hdohc Luboecro,
 bug
 bu g tc a ctrcs
ctr cs modno
mod nogu
gudv
dvdd eode
eo defrfrcs
cs md su gònidc
gòn idc ndrn
nd rnag
agcc ludrag
lud rag
mdtdgomcs prdioeogaredgtd pcr modz måas fabc ia prdeosa md
qud ia iomdrdsa md ia akrupanoþg garagba sdråa ia nafdnoiia md
uga crkagozanoþg nroeogai ncglcreama md lantc mdgtrc md ia
dx Ludrza 6011. Md anudrmc a ia jopþtdsos mdi losnai, Hdohc dg
naiomam md prdsomdgta md ia akrupanoþg y dg atdgnoþg mdi artånuic
=1 mdi dstatutc mdi partomc pciåtonc (qud ia lanuita a rdecvdr md
eagdra ugoiatdrai ai sdnrdtaroc kdgdrai md ia crkagozanoþg y a
ics tdscrdrcs), jafråa dgnarkamc
dgna rkamc a Baoed _csjoyaea
_csjoyae a y a Aukustc
Fdmcya scionotar mogdrc a ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña Cmdfrdnjt.
Md anudrmc ncg ia tdsos mdi losnai, pcr mospcsonoþg md Hdohc
Luboecro monjc partomc pciåtonc rdnofoþ, tragsloroþ y fiagqudþ
ug tctai md T^$ 1.600.000 md Cmdfrdnjt, mdi nuai T^$ 1 eoiiþg
tdgmråa prcndmdgnoa oiånota. Ia mdtdgnoþg md Hdohc ^clåa Luboecro
cnurroþ uga sdeaga mdspuïs md qud di Pcmdr Bumonoai aguiara
di ogmuitc jueagotaroc y agugnoara ia ogedmoata naptura a su
pamrd ctcrkamc dg ia Gcnjdfudga md 601; pcr di dxprdsomdgtd
Pdmrc Pafic Hunzygsho.

Md anudrmc a ia losnaiåa, sd jafråa ncgstotuomc ai ogtdrocr

md Ludrza Pcpuiar uga crkagozanoþg nroeogai -dgnafdzama
pcr Hdohc Luboecro- qud tdgåa dgtrd sus logds jandrsd mdi pcmdr
pciåtonc rdnofodgmc para diic apcrtds oiånotcs prcvdgodgtds md antcs
md ncrrupnoþg mdi krupc deprdsaroai frasoidñc Cmdfrdnjt para
qud iudkc, dstagmc dg di pcmdr, rdtrofuor dstcs apcrtds oiånotcs
edmoagtd di ctcrkaeodgtc md cfras, scfrdvaiuamas (dbdnutovc),
 fdgd
 fd gdlo
lonoc
nocss gcre
gc reat
atovc
ovcss (idko
(id kosia
siatov
tovc)
c) y/c
y/ c la
lavc
vcrd
rdno
noe
e odgt
od gtcc bumo
bu mono
noai
ai
(bumonoai), ncgtoguagmc aså ncec ug ednagosec md ncrrupnoþg
deprdsaroai y dstatai.

Krag partd md ias prudfas prdsdgtamas pcr di rdprdsdgtagtd

mdi Eogostdroc Pòfionc ludrcg, prdnosaedgtd, ias mdniaranocgds
md Bcrkd Farata y Earndic Cmdfrdnjt, quodgds mdniararcg
qud jafåag apcrtamc mogdrc a Ludrza 6011. Amdeás, di pdmomc
md prosoþg prdvdgtova taefoïg rdnckoþ ia mdniaranoþg md ug
asporagtd a nciafcramcr dlonaz, quodg aloreþ qud Hdohc jafråa
tratamc md ogliuor dg di Nasc Ncntdids a travïs mdi dxbudz suprdec
Nïsar Jogcstrcza, quodg ai pcnc todepc sd jafåa mamc a ia luka
augqud pcstdrocredgtd mdtdgomc dg Dspaña, prdsugtaedgtd
pdrtdgdnodgtd a uga crkagozanoþg nroeogai mdgceogama ’Ics
Nudiics Fiagncs mdi Pudrtc―. Dstc dvomdgnoafa qud ia ncrrupnoþg
sd dxtdgmåa a ics trds pcmdrds2 dbdnutovc, idkosiatovc y bumonoai.
bumonoai.

Para \oznarra di mosnursc ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg dgncgtrþ dg ia

cpogoþg pòfiona ug tdrrdgc lïrtoi dg mcgmd licrdndr2 o- pcrqud di
tdea ya jafåa tdgomc ïxotc rdkocgaiedgtd, apardnodgmc ncec ug
earnc md rdldrdgnoa mdstanamc dg ia rdkoþg8 6- ia ncrrupnoþg lud
uga md ias narantdråsto
naran tdråstonas
nas mdi luboecratc, pcr ic nuai su ascnoanoþg
dra lánoiedgtd asoeoiama y >- ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg sd
jonodrcg rápomaedgtd dnc. \oznarra ickrþ rdpcsonocgarsd ncec
rdprdsdgtagmc ai sdntcr agtoluboecrosta y rdvovodgmc di rci
soefþionc prdpcgmdragtd md ia nárndi dg di luboecratc ncec
sogþgoec md ’panolonanoþg― pdrc a ia ogvdrsa. Eodgtras ia oeakdg
mdi Ncgkrdsc naåa, ia mdi liaeagtd gudvc eagmataroc nrdnåa. Di
Dbdnutovc iiaeþ dgtcgnds
dgtcgn ds a ug pidfosnotc para rdlcrear
rdlcre ar Di Ncgsdbc
Ganocgai md ia Eakostratura, prdnosaedgtd di þrkagc autþgcec
qud diokd, ratolona y mdstotuyd a ics budnds y losnaids dg Pdrò8 ia
prcjofonoþg md rddidnnoþg md ncgkrdsostas y di logagnoaeodgtc md
ics partomcs pciåtoncs. Augqud crokogaiedgtd taefoïg sd ogniuyþ
di rdtcrgc a ia fonaedraiomam (dioeogamc dg ia Ncgstotunoþg md
1??>) ia
ia nagtomam md edmomas qud aitdrafag di ncgtdgomc
ncgtdgomc crokogai
ogncrpcramas pcr ia eaycråa pariaedgtaroa cpcsotcra jonodrcg
qud di prcpoc clonoaiosec mdsnartara ia prcpudsta.

Di rdldrïgmue lud aprcfamc pcr ug ncgtugmdgtd :0 % md

ia pcfianoþg. ^og iukar a mumas ia ncglrcgtanoþg ncgtra di
luboaprosec mdi Ncgkrdsc, ias rdlcreas pidfosnotamas y ug
mosnursc ecraiozagtd surtodrcg dldntc, sog defarkc dstc gc
gdndsaroaedgtd ic saivaråa md nadr dg su prcpoa traepa iudkc
md jafdr pudstc scfrd ias ogstotunocgds ug puinrc y fiagquåsoec
eagtdi, dg di qud ia edgcr orrdkuiaromam rdsaitaråa.

Ia pcpuiaromam ncgsdkuoma kranoas a ia bumonoaiozanoþg ncedgzþ

a drcsocgarsd a nceodgzcs md 601?, prognopaiedgtd a raåz md mcs
 jdnjcs. Di proedrc, ia ogvdstokanoþg mdi partomc Pdruagcs Pcr di
Haefoc (PPH) pcr logagnoaeodgtc oiånotc md naepaña didntcrai,
dstc ai pardndr oepiona mordntaedgtd ai prdsomdgtd, md anudrmc a
ias mdniaranocgds md ug nciafcramcr dlonaz quodg mdniarþ jafdr
dgtrdkamc 100 eoi mþiards para ia naepaña didntcrai md PPH
dg uga rdugoþg dg ia qud jafråa partonopamc di prcpoc \oznarra
dg naiomam md bdld md naepaña. Di sdkugmc, ias ogvdstokanocgds
md Cmdfrdnjt dg di Ncgkrdsc, mcgmd eaycrotaroaedgtd sd vctþ
a lavcr md ogvdstokar ias vognuianocgds md ia deprdsa laeoioar
mdi prdsomdgtd (NyE \oznarra) ncg di ncgscrnoc Ncgorsa, quodg
rdaiozþ ncgtratanocgds ncec ogtdredmoaroc md ia ncgstruntcra
 fraso
 fr asoidñ
idña.
a.

Di antuai eagmataroc alorea qud mdsncgcnåa ia rdianoþg qud

Ncgorsa eagtdgåa ncg ia ncgstruntcra, ogtdgtagmc mdsiokarsd ai
scstdgdr qud su deprdsa NyE \oznarra ncgtratþ dxniusovaedgtd
ncg di ncgscrnoc dgtrd 600< y 600:. Ic proedrc qud jozc
 \oz
 \ ozna
narr
rraa nuagm
nua gmcc rdkrd
rd krdsþ
sþ a Ioea,
Ioe a, para tce
tc e ar pcsd
pc sdso
soþg
þg mdi
md i narkc
agtd ia saioma md Hunzysgho, lud rdgugnoar a NyE \oznarra. Ic
nodrtc ds qud ia Nceosoþg
Nce osoþg mdmd Losnaiozanoþ
Losnaio zanoþg
g mdnomoþ, pcr vctc
eaycrotaroc, ogvdstokar tcmas ias ncgtratanocgds
ncgtratanocgd s qud iidvþ a nafcnafc
di ncgscrnoc
ncgscr noc Ncgorsa para ias cfras md ia Ogtdrcndágona ^ur, ^ur, iudkc
qud di prdsomdgtd Eartåg \oznarra mdtaiiara qud su NyE \oznarra
ludra prcvddmcra md aiquoidr md eaquogaroas dg nognc prcndscs
mdi kcfodrgc rdkocgai md Ecqudkua dg 600< a dsta lorea y gc
mordntaedgtd a Cmdfrdnjt.

Ias trakdmoas

 A logds
log ds md 601: ia pciåt
pc iåton
onaa pdru
pd ruag
agaa dsta
ds tafa
fa sueoma
sue oma dg uga
ug a nrosos
nros os
sog prdndmdgtds qud afarnafa ics trds pcmdrds
pcmdrd s y uga krag nucta md
sus pciåtoncs prcldsocgaids. Aidbagmrc ]cidmc, prþlukc anusamc
md rdnofor 60 eoiicgds md mþiards pcr ia ncgndsoþg md mcs traecs
md ia Vuta Ogtdrcndágona Frasoi-Pdrò. Ciiagta Jòeaia y Gamogd
Jdrdmoa, dg prosoþg prdvdgtova pcr di prdsugtc mdiotc md iavamc
md antovcs dg nroeogaiomam crkagozama
crk agozama pcr
p cr ia rdndpnoþg md mogdrc
oiånotc md ia ncgstruntcra frasoidña y md ia eogdråa oidkai para
ias naepañas didntcraids md 600< y 6011. Aefcs nuepiodrcg
gudvd edsds md prosoþg prdvdgtova y ludrcg iofdramcs pcr uga
mdnosoþg dg eaycråa mdi ]rofugai Ncgstotunocgai
N cgstotunocgai (]N).
(]N). Dstd
Dstd sdråa
di proedr nudstocgaeodgtc mdsmd ia prcpoa bustonoa scfrd di usc
(y afusc) md ias prosocgds prdvdgtovas y ia karagtåa mdi mdfomc
prcndsc.

Di ]N ncgniuyþ
ncgniu yþ qud, tai ncec scstdgåag ics afckamcs
af ckamcs mdldgscrds,
mdldgscrds,
ias rdsciunocgds bumonoaids jafåag ognurromc dg uga vocianoþg
md ics mdrdnjcs lugmaedgtaids a ia mdfoma ectovanoþg, ai
mdfomc prcndsc y a ia iofdrtam pdrscgai. Di þrkagc rdncrmþ qud
ia ^dkugma ^aia Pdgai md Apdianocgds gc ncgsomdrþ nuatrc
mdniaranocgds md tdstokcs prdsdgtamcs pcr ia mdldgsa tïngona y
qud ia saia ogncrpcrþ ’oidkaiedgtd― ics aumocs. Janoa di logai md
su rdsciunoþg, ics eakostramcs dxprdsarcg su prdcnupanoþg pcr
di jdnjc md qud dg ia rdsciunoþg mdi budz Vonjarm Ncgndpnoþg
Narjuagnjc, mdi Proedr Buzkamc md Ogvdstokanoþg Prdparatcroa
 y, dg edgc
ed gcrr edm
e dmoma
oma,, di md ia
i a ^dku
^d kugm
gmaa ^aia Pdgai
Pdg ai md Apdi
Ap dian
anocg
ocgds
ds,,
prdsomoma pcr Nïsar ^ajuagay, lcreuiarcg aloreanocgds qud
modrcg pcr jdnjc qud ics ogvdstokamcs scg autcrds md mdiotcs,
dg afodrta ncgtramonnoþg ncg ia prdsugnoþg md ogcndgnoa. Dg
dstd sdgtomc, ia ogstotunoþg sd dxprdsþ ncgtra ’buonocs paraidics
c edmoátoncs― nuyc log ds qud ia ogstotunoþg md ia prosoþg
prdvdgtova sda apionama ncec uga sdgtdgnoa agtonopama, ds mdnor
qud ia eaycråa md ia pcfianoþg -c ug sdntcr ncg napanomam md
pcsonocgaeodgtc edmoátonc- ya ja ’buzkamc― ncec nuipafid.
^og defarkc, pcstdrocredgtd ias mdianocgds prdeoamas sdråag
rdspaimamas ncg ia dgtrdka md mcnuedgtcs lanoiotamcs pcr ia
deprdsa. Ïstcs prcfafag ias tragsldrdgnoas
tragsldrdg noas md mogdrc rdaiozamas
ai Partomc Ganocgaiosta.

Di nasc md Aiag Karnåa tai vdz sda di eás mraeátonc pcr su

mdsdgiand, di suonomoc mdi dxeagmataroc. Nafd mdstanar qud
Karnåa dra ug dquoiofrosta md ia bustonoa y qud sd jafåa ioframc
dg ia mïnama mdi ?0 md prcndscs pcr ncrrupnoþg tras dxoioarsd dg
Ncicefoa y Lragnoa, mdiotcs pcr ics qud gugna lud buzkamc y qud
logaiedgtd prdsnrofodrcg dg 6001. Gudvaedgtd, di gufarrþg
md scspdnja md pdnuiamc vcivoþ a nadr scfrd di dxeagmataroc
dg monodefrd md 601< agtd ias mdgugnoas mdi Mdpartaedgtc md
Bustonoa md ics DD. TT. dg rdianoþg a su sdkugmc eagmatc. Di
nasc Cmdfrdnjt dstaiiþ dg di Pdrò dg monodefrd md 601< ncg ia
ncgldsoþg md ics scfcrgcs, pdrc ics ogvciunramcs ncedgzarcg a
ncgcndrsd rdnoïg dg dgdrc md 601;.
601;. Dgtrd ics
ics proedrcs mdtdgomcs
lokurag Bcrkd Nufa, dxvondeogostrc md Nceugonanocgds md su
sdkugmc Kcfodrgc y Dmwog Iuyc, eodefrc mdi Nceotï para ia
ionotanoþg md ia Iågda 1 mdi Edtrc md Ioea. Aefcs anusamcs md
rdnofor ncoeas a naefoc md ncgndsocgar ia cfra. ^dkòg mobc ia
ncgstruntcra frasoidña dg dsta proedra dtapa mdi dsnágmaic, pcr
dsa ionotanoþg sd rdpartodrcg :,1 eoiicgds md mþiards dg naiomam
md scfcrgcs.

]aefoïg ds nodrtc qud ai ncedgzar su sdkugmc Kcfodrgc (600<-

6011) ya dstafa dbdnutágmcsd di prcydntc md ia Iågda 1 mdi
Edtrc md Ioea dg sus traecs O y OO, cfras md ias nuaids sd todgd
ncgstagnoa mdi scfrdprdnoc. Muragtd ia kdstoþg md Karnåa, di
ncgscrnoc Ncgorsa, ogtdkramc pcr Cmdfrdnjt, lud fdgdlonoamc
ncg < mdnrdtcs md urkdgnoa y 1> amdgmas, qud id kdgdrþ di pakc
md eás md edmoc eoiiþg md mþiards. Nafd rdncrmar qud mcs
edsds agtds md qud Karnåa asuea ia prdsomdgnoa pcr sdkugma
 vdz,
 vd z, di Pa
Paria
riaed
edgt
gtcc mdtdnt
mdt dntþþ qud di K cfodr
cf odrgc
gc md ]cid
]c idmc
mc jafråa
jaf råa
ncedtomc mdiotc md pdnuiamc dg ia diafcranoþg mdi prcydntc para
ia narrdtdra Ogtdrcndágona. Pcstdrocredgtd, dg 600: y fabc ia
kdstoþg mdi Kcfodrgc aprosta, sd nrdþ ia Nceosoþg Ogvdstokamcra
mdi Prcydntc Ncrrdmcr OOV^A ^ur dg sus nognc traecs. Di krupc
md trafabc tuvc ncec sdnrdtaroc a ug dxpariaedgtaroc aprosta,
quodg rdspaimþ ug oglcred qud rdncedgmþ ia ncgtoguanoþg mdi
prcydntc ncg ognrdedgtc prdsupudstai. A pdsar md ias mdgugnoas
pcr orrdkuiaromamds, di oglcred lud mdrovamc ai Pidgc para sdr
aprcfamc. Dstd mcnuedgtc lud niavd para qud di Dbdnutovc
prceuikud ics mdnrdtcs md urkdgnoa 064, 0?; y 0=4. Dstd
òitoec autcrozþ ai Eogostdroc md ]ragspcrtds a mdsdefcisar
^/ 1<0 eoiicgds para ia cfra md TV^A ^ur. Pcstdrocredgtd, di
Ncgkrdsc, prdsomomc pcr di aprosec, aprcfþ a logds md 600: ia
Idy 6?.>0? qud mdniarþ ’md gdndsomam pòfiona y md prdldrdgtd
ogtdrïs ganocgai― ia Narrdtdra Ogtdrcndágona. Ia gcrea kdgdrþ
ug mdsdefcisþ md T^$ 4>1.<10.000 a lavcr md Ncgorsa. Amdeás,
di sdkugmc Kcfodrgc md Karnåa, a travïs md ics gudvcs agdxcs
ai ncgtratc ogonoai dstafidnomc ncg Cmdfrdnjt, crokogþ qud ia
dbdnunoþg md ia
ia cfra sd prcicgkud y qud di ncstc auedgtd
aue dgtd dg T^$
6;1.>;6.00. Pcr ic qud
qud uga partd md ia ncrrupnoþg lud jdrdmama,
pdrc ctra fudga partd lud pcsofid kranoas a su kdstoþg.

Di jdnjc md qud ia naåma md Aiag Karnåa -jasta dgtcgnds

ncgkrdsosta- sd prdnopotara pcr ncrrupnoþg y gc pcr ia easanrd
md ogmåkdgas aeazþgoncs qud sd cpcgåag ai prcydntc eogdrc md
Fakua c di rdnrumdnoeodgtc md ia nroeogaiozanoþg md ia prctdsta
scnoai qud ncedgzþ ncg ]cidmc y sd ognrdedgtþ
ognrdedg tþ dxpcgdgnoaiedgtd
dxpcgdgnoaie dgtd
dg su sdkugma kdstoþg ds nuagtc edgcs iiaeatovc. Ics mdnrdtcs
prceuikamcs pcr Aiag Karnåa ludrcg ogmospdgsafids para ia
ncgsciomanoþg mdi ecmdic gdciofdrai dxtrantovosta dg mdecnranoa,
augqud dg ia prántona
prántona monja mdecnranoa
mdecn ranoa ludra edraedgtd
edraedg td lcreai
mamc qud eunjcs md dstcs mdnrdtcs drag ogncgstotunocgaids.

Gudvaedgtd ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg tdgmråag ug papdi

prdpcgmdragtd. Di 61 md afroi md 601; di sdeagaroc J
sdeagaroc  Joim
oimdf
dfra
ragm
gmt 
t 
dg sus ]rdnd 
]rdnd   rdvdiþ qud ias ogonoaids md Aiag Karnåa lokurafag
dg ia akdgma tdidlþgona mdi deprdsaroc frasoidñc Earndic
Cmdfrdnjt. Bugtc a ias idtras ’AK―, qud ncrrdspcgmdråag ai
dxprdsomdgtd, sd jafråa dsnrotc uga rdldrdgnoa ai prcydntc
jåmronc Ciecs y agctamc di ecgtc md ug eoiiþg md mþiards.
Ctras agctanocgds ncg ias sokias ’AK― dg mcnuedgtcs
md Cmdfrdnjt ludrcg molugmomcs dg eayc mdi eosec añc pcr di
pcrtai Cbc Pòfionc.
Pòfion c. Di iåmdr aprosta lud
lud anusamc
a nusamc md nciusoþg oidkai,
oidkai,
gdkcnoanoþg ogncepatofid,
ognce patofid, dgroqudnoe odgtc oiånotc y ncjdnjc. Md
anudrmc a ia Prcnuramuråa dxostodrcg lctcncpoas
lctcn cpoas md ias supudstas
tragsldrdgnoas fagnaroas didntrþgonas md T^$ ;00 eoi y T^$ :00
eoi a uga nudgta dg Farniay‟s md ias Osias Krag Nayeág.

Dg gcvodefrd md 601: y a raåz md qud ia prdsoþg md ias

ogvdstokanocgds lud og nrdsndgmc 
nrdsndgmc  y scic jcras mdspuïs md
prcjofårsdid ia saioma mdi paås pcr 1: edsds, Aiag Karnåa ogkrdsþ
a ia rdsomdgnoa mdi defabamcr md Trukuay dg Pdrò y scionotþ
asoic ai Kcfodrgc. Iudkc md ugcs måas md dxpdntatova, di > md
monodefrd di prdsomdgtd md Trukuay, ]afarï \ásqudz, nceugonþ
dg ncgldrdgnoa md prdgsa mdsmd ia sdmd md su Kcfodrgc qud gc
 ctcrkaråa di asoic pciåtonc a Aiag Karnåa. Di eagmataroc dxpionþ
qud ia
ia mdnosoþg tceama
tce ama sd fasþ dg ncgsomdranocgd
ncgsom dranocgdss ’dstrontaedgtd
 burå
 bu råmo
mona
nass y idk
id k a ids
id s ―. ]ae
]a e foïg
fo ïg sdña
sd ñaiþ
iþ qud dg di Pdrò
Pdr ò jafåa
jaf åa
ogmdpdgmdgnoa md pcmdrds y qud gc sd dvomdgnoafa pdrsdnunoþg
pciåtona ncgtra Karnåa.

^dkugma rcgma
rcgm a md mdtdgnocgds

Di 1; md afroi dg våspdras mdi aiiagaeodgtc a su mceonoioc,

nuagmc ics akdgtds prcndmåag a mdtdgdric prdioeogaredgtd,
Karnåa pusc log a su voma ncg ug mosparc. ^u suonomoc earnaråa ug
 frdv
 fr dvdd eced
ec edgtcgtc md vont
vo ntoe
oeozozan
anoþ
oþgg md ia niasd
nia sd pciåt
pc iåton
onaa ogvds
og vdstok
tokam
amaa
 y ug nuds
nu dsto
tocg
cgae
aeododgt
gtcc mdi prcp
pr cpoc
oc prds
pr dsom
omdg
dgtd
td dg dbdr
db drnon
nonoc,
oc, Eartåg
Ea rtåg
 \ozn
 \o znar
arra
ra,, ai rci md ics
ic s losna
los naids
ids eás
eá s mdst
md stan
anam
amcs
cs md ia nausa2
nau sa2 Bcsï
Bcs ï
Pïrdz y Valadi \dia.

Mcs måas agtds mdi suonomoc md Aiag Karnåa ia Losnaiåa aprcfþ

ia prosoþg prdvdgtova md Hunzygsho, mcs måas mdspuïs ia aepioþ
a >< edsds. ^og defarkc, di dldntc edmoátonc mdi suonomoc mdi
dxeagmataroc rdantuaiozþ mcs mdfatds, di proedrc scfrd ia dmam
md ics rdcs y di fdgdlonoc md ia prosoþg mceonoioaroa, ug arkuedgtc
ark uedgtc
rdpdtomc jasta di jartazkc dg mdldgsa md Aifdrtc Luboecro dg
di qud, pcr supudstc, gc apiona ai tratarsd md nråedgds md idsa
jueagomam. Di sdkugmc y janodgmc ncia md ic cnurromc dg ia
rdkoþg iidvþ a su sundscr, Eartåg \oznarra, a prdkugtarsd scfrd
ia ecmaiomam md ia prosoþg prdvdgtova. Ias prdsocgds rogmodrcg
su lrutc y iudkc md uga cpdranoþg narmåana, PPH ncgtoguþ su
mdtdgnoþg fabc
f abc ia ecmaiomam mceonoioaroa. Ia trakdmoa md ia niasd
niasd
pciåtona pdruaga ya rdkostrafa ug dxprdsomdgtd eudrtc, ugc
ogtdrgamc, ugc prþlukc y ctrc sog pcmdr saior mdi paås.

Ias ogvdstokanocgds gc scic iidkarcg a ia Nasa md Pozarrc, dg

tctai ainagzarcg a eás md 640 ogvdstokamcs y scfcrgcs pcr eás
md md T^$ 6? eoiicgds a lugnocgarocs pòfioncs, deprdsarocs
 y pciåt
pc iåton
oncs
cs pdru
pd ruag
agcs
cs,, y apcr
ap crtd
tdss a naepa
nae paña
ñass didntc
did ntcrai
raids.
ds.
Mdsmd di 61 md monodefrd md 601< jasta ia antuaiomam, jay >:
ogvdstokanocgds afodrtas. Aikugcs gctafids scg ics ainaimds
ioedñcs, Iuos Nastañdma Icssoc (600>-6010, 601=-601:) y ia
 dxainaimdsa, ^usaga \oiiarág (6011-601=). Dstc mdecstrafa
qud ia ncrrupnoþg ainagzafa a ia eaycr partd md ics partomcs
pciåtoncs, tagtc ganocgaids ncec eugonopaids y md mostogtc
sokgc pciåtonc, mdsmd ia mdrdnja iofdrai tramonocgai, ia mdrdnja
eás autcrotaroa y ics laiiomcs ogtdgtcs ’pcpuiostas―. Dstc pcgåa
ai mdsnufodrtc qud di sostdea md partomcs pciåtoncs dra uga
násnara vanåa. Ncedgzafa dgtcgnds uga gudva mosputa pcr
uga rdlcrea pciåtona qud pdreotodra, nuagtc edgcs, rdnoniar ia
dstruntura y surldar ia akuma nrosos md rdprdsdgtanoþg qud pcgåa
dg baqud ai paås. Di ogtdgtc md rdlcreosec pcgmråa dg dvomdgnoa
di dgquostaeodgtc md ics ncgkrdsostas napands md mdldgmdr a
ncec mï iukar sus provoidkocs y dvotar gudvas ogvdstokanocgds.
 A dxnd
dx ndpn
pnoþg
oþg md ia ozqu
oz quodr
odrma
ma,, dxdgt
dx dgtaa md ncrr
nc rrup
upno
noþg
þg y ia ògona
òg ona
mospudsta a uga rdsciunoþg autïgtona2 ia sagnoþg md uga gudva
ncgstotunoþg qud anafd ncg ics vonocs qud mdbara ia jdrdmama
Ncgstotunoþg luboecrosta md 1??>, di rdstc md ics partomcs pantþ
dg di Ncgkrdsc uga saioma gdkcnoama para saivar ic pcnc qud
qudmafa dg pod md ia vodba pciåtona/pciåtona tramonocgai.

Ia ogstotunocgaiozanoþg mdi rdniaec apanokuþ ics ágoecs dg ia

naiid y a ias eagoldstanocgds dspcgtágdas md ogmokgamcs qud sd
rdkostrafag dg ug nceodgzc sokuoþ ug sþrmomc eaidstar qud sd
ncgvortoþ dg ug mdsnrïmotc kdgdraiozamc janoa ias ogstotunocgds.
Di clonoaiosec cftuvc nodrtc rïmotc, pdreotoþ mdstrafar di depatd
natastrþlonc ncg di Ncgkrdsc y pcsonocgarsd ncec ug paiamåg md
ia iunja ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg.

 A ecmc
ec mc md ncgn
nc gnius
iusoþ
oþg
g

Ics gdxcs md ia ncgstruntcra Cmdfrdnjt dg di Pdrò mdsmd ug

nceodgzc atravdsarcg
atrav dsarcg tragsvdrsaie dgtd a tcmcs ics
ics dxprdsomdgtds
mdsmd di rdtcrgc a ia mdecnranoa, ogniuydgmc taefoïg a Hdohc
Luboecro, qud so fodg gugna iidkþ a ia prdsomdgnoa iomdrþ ia
eaycråa pariaedgtaroa. Amdeás di antuai prdsomdgtd, Eartåg
 \ozn
 \o znar
arra
ra,, quodg
qu odg dgna
dg nafd
fdzþ
zþ ia iunj
iu njaa ncgt
nc gtra
ra ia ncrru
nc rrupn
pnoþ
oþg
g sodgmc
sod gmc
di sundscr md PPH, taefoïg ja somc vognuiamc a ia deprdsa pcr
ogtdredmoc mdi ncgscrnoc Ncgorsa.
 Ogmdpdgmodgtdedgtd md ia rdspcgsafoiomam pdgai, ic nodrtc ds
qud di depatd dgtrd di Dbdnutovc y di Ncgkrdsc gc ickrþ zagbarsd
dg ia pciåtona sogc edmoagtd ia bumonoaiozanoþg, våa prdmoidnta
para mosputar di pcmdr ncgnrdtc y ioeotar a ics partomcs qud
cstdgtafag jasta dgtcgnds eaycr pcmdr dg di Pariaedgtc2 di
luboecrosec y di partomc aprosta. Aòg eás, ia rdm md ncrrupnoþg
mdvdiþ vågnuics
vågnu ics dgtrd di Pcmdr
Pcm dr Bumonoai y di Ncgkrdsc, ncg ic qud
di Iava Batc pdruagc
pdrua gc sokgolonþ uga nrosos pciåtona md tai eakgotum
qud jafoiotþ ia purka md ics trds pcmdrds dg uga mdecnranoa md
 fabå
 fa båso
soee a ogtdg
og tdgsom
somam
am..

Dg nuagtc ai rci md ics edmocs ïstd ja somc niavd, tagtc dg ia

molusoþg md vomdcs c loitranocgds euy prcfafidedgtd rdaiozamas
amrdmd, ncec ncg ug antovc pdrocmosec md ogvdstokanoþg dg di
qud mdstana Kustavc Kcrroto y di dquopc md  OMI  OM I Vdpc
Vd pcrtd
rtdrc
rcs,
s,
Nïsar Joimdfragmt, dgtrd ctrcs. Pdrc taefoïg jufc edmocs qud
cpdrarcg dg sdgtomc ogvdrsc, mdmonágmcsd a mdsprdstokoar a ics
 bud
 bu d n ds y losna
los naids
ids mdi
md i Iava
Iav a Ba
Batc
tc ncec
nc ec a pdro
pd rocm
cmos
osta
tas,
s, ncg
nc g ug safcr
sa fcr
a ia ctrcra ’prdgsa njonja― qud dstuvc ai sdrvonoc md \iamoeorc
Ecgtdsogcs para atanar a sus cpcsotcrds. Asoeosec, ias rdmds
scnoaids ludrcg ug tdrrotcroc lïrtoi para sdgtar pcsonoþg mdsmd
uga pákoga qud sokud ia mdtdgnoþg md Hdohc Luboe cro y tragseotd
sus edgsabds a su eoiotagnoa ncec di usc md ’ededs― cldgsovcs
 y e osþk
os þkog
ogcs
cs dg su ncgtra.
ncg tra.

Tga md ias partonuiaromamds mdi nasc pdruagc ds qud ia

 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaio
ioza
zano
noþþ g md ia pciå
pc iåton
tonaa ds vost
vo staa nce
nc e c ug rdsa
rd sarn
rnoe
oeod
odgt
gtcc
scnoai, ya qud dg uga md sus raeolonanocgds Cmdfrdnjt Cmdfr dnjt asueoþ
asue oþ ug
narántdr mosnopiogamcr ncgtra di luboecrosec (karagtd muragtd
eás md uga mïnama mdi ecmdic dncgþeonc y ’panolonamcr― mdi
prcydntc aitdrgatovc md naefoc) y ncgtra di aprosec, di partomc
pciåtonc qud eás traonocgþ ias jostþronas asporanocgds md
naefoc. Mdi eosec ecmc qud di dstafiosjedgt  scitþ  scitþ ia eagc md
 Aif
 A ifdr
drtctc dg 6001
600 1 nuag
nu agmc
mc anaf
an afaf
afaa md ogon
og onoa
oarr su tdrn
td rndr
dr eagm
ea gmatc
atc,,
 fabþ
 fa bþ di puik
pu ikar
ar a su joba
jo ba nuag
nu agmcmc mdsmd
mds md di Ncgk
Nc gkrd
rdsc
sc aedg
ae dgazazþþ ia
ogstotunocgaiomam md ia ïiotd kcfdrgagtd. Di luboecrosec lud ug
pdrrc qud gudvaedgtd
gudvae dgtd sd vcivoþ rafocsc y lud gdndsaroc gdndsa roc sanrolonar
dg pcs md ia p ia pa a x gdci
gd ciof
ofdr
drai
ai.. Pdrc gc nayþ scic, sd iidvþ ncgsokc
krag partd md ia niasd morokdgtd mdi statu quc y
quc y qud partonopþ dg
ias rdkaiåas mdi gdkcnoc md Dstamc.

^og muma ia bustonoa pdreotoþ zagbar ias ogncepatofoiomamds

dgtrd antcrds pciåtoncs qud ncepotdg pcr anndsc ai Dstamc,
augqud ncg ug cfbdtovc moldrdgtd ya qud Pdrò gc sd nudstocga
di prcydntc md paås, sogc qud sd trata md mdseaidzar a nodrtcs
antcrds md pdsc mdgtrc md ia niasd morokdgtd para eagtdgdr di
ecmdic gdciofdrai ncg nodrtc aord md rdgcvanoþg. Di rdsuitamc
ds soeoiar ai cfsdrvamc dg ctrcs nascs2 sd dgnuefra ia iunja
ncgtra ia ncrrupnoþg ncec log òitoec y dg ia fataiia sd mdfoiotag
tcmas ias ogstotunocgds mdi Dstamc, ogniuomcs ics ]rofugaids.
Di Dstamc sd rdvdia ncec ogstotunoþg putrdlanta dg så eosea,
eodgtras qud nodrtcs pciåtoncs dg partonuiar scg nataickamc s pcr
ia prdgsa ncec ncrruptcs, ug eai qud ds gdndsaroc ncrtar md
nuabc para di rdvdrmdndr md ias ogstotunocgds. Di sdntcr provamc
(nasc Cmdfrdnjt) qudma dg ug sdkugmc piagc, naso ’oepciutc―
so sd ic ncepara ncg ia pcmrdmuefrd md ics pcmdrds dstataids.
^og defarkc, ia ncgstrunnoþg md ia ïpona agtoncrrupnoþg pardnd
dlåedra y ia scspdnja ncgscioma di sdgtomc nceòg gdciofdrai,
di nuai rdquodrd md uga eaycråa apciåtona y apátona qud gc
partonopd y mdbd di tdrrdgc iofrd para di iaossdr laord 
laord   md ics
gdkcnocs dstataids.

Jasta di ecedgtc ia pdrscgaiozanoþg md ics nascs md ncrrupnoþg

dvota ug vdrmamdrc nudstocgaeodgtc md sus nausas prclugmas.
Dg ics jdnjcs, ia mdsdrtolonanoþg md ia pciåtona pdruaga avagza.
Jcy, eás qud gugna sd jand gdndsaroa ia dedrkdgnoa md ug
prcydntc aitdrgatovc para dvotar qud, ncg ug mosnursc rdgcvamc,
ia nrosos sd edtafciond rdlcrzagmc y magmc gudvcs fråcs ai
prcydntc gdciofdrai, di vdrmamdrc traslcgmc md ia ncrrupnoþg
kdgdraiozama.

Di nasc pdruagc ds partonuiar ya qud di amvdrsaroc ds ia prcpoa

kagkrdga md ia pciåtona qud mdsmd nceodgzcs mdi eoidgoc
ncgtoguþ ug pantc tánotc ncg ics rdsafocs mdi pasamc autcrotaroc.
autcrotaroc.
³Ds ia
ia prosoþg prdvdgtova ia edbcr jdrraeodgta para dglrdgtar ia
ia
ncrrupnoþg dgquostama dg iåmdrds ogtcnafids3 C paralrasdagmc
a Aumrd Icrmd ³pudmdg ias jdrraeodgtas mdi aec mdsecgtar
ia nasa mdi aec3 ³Pcmdecs ncgloar dg qud ics karagtds md uga
oepugomam qud nuepioþ dstd añc su eaycråa md dmam sagdarág
ias ogstotunocgds c pcr di ncgtraroc sdrág ics karagtds md ug
gudvc pantc dgtrd diotds3
Vdldrdgnoas

Ldcio, Earnc (601<), ’Bumonoaiozanoþg md ia pciåtona y antovosec

 bumonoa
 bum onoai2
i2 uga aprcxoe
apr cxoeanoþ
anoþgg a Aeïro
Ae ïrona
na Ia
Iatog
toga―
a―..  Vdvosta
 Vdv osta
 Iatog
 Ia togca
caededron
ronag
aga
a md Mdrdnj
Mdr dnjcs
cs Juea
Ju eagcs
gcs,,  \ci. 6;, G° 1.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.rdvostas.uga.an.nr/ogmdx.pjp/
mdrdnjcsjueagcs/artonid/vodw/:>;> (ncgsuitamc di = md
earzc md 601?).
Jorsnji, Vag (601>), ’]jd Bumonoaiozatocg cl Pciotons―. ]jd
Cxlcrm Jagmfcch cl Pciotonai ^nodgnd.  ^nodgnd.  Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.0xl0rmjagmf00hs.n0e/vodw/10.10?>/
c x l c r m j f / ? ; : 0 1 ? ? < 0 = = 4 < . c c 1 . 0 0 0 o/
o/ c x l c r m j f -
?;:01??<0==4<-<-01> (ncgsuitamc di 14 md gcvodefrd 601:). 601:).
Clonoga Ganocgai md Prcndscs Didntcraids (CGPD). Vdsuitamcs
 faictabd2
 faicta bd2 jttps2//www.wdf.cgpd.kcf.pd/ecmDidnnocgds/
d id
i d n n o c g d s / d i d n n oc
o c g d s 6 0 o<
o < / P V P 6 \ 6 0 o<
o< / V d s u e d g -
KdgdraiPrdsomdgnoai.jtei
(601<), Vdsuitamcs didnnocgds kdgdraids2 jttps2//
------------

 w w w . w d f . c g p d . k c f . p d / e c m D i d n n o c g d s / d i d n n o c g d s /
didnnocgds60o</PVPNP60o</Vdsuedg-KdgdraiPrdsomdgnoai.
jtei#pcsonocg
Pásara, Iuos (6016), ’Ogtdrgatocgai suppcrt lcr bustond rdlcre og
Iatog Aedrona2 wcrtjwjoid cr wcrtjidss3―.  Iatog
 Ia tog Aedro
Ae drona
nagg
 Prckrae
 Prck rae.. [asjogktcg2 [ccmrcw [oiscg Ndgtdr, p. >.
Vcbas Iþpdz,
Iþpdz, Lrdmmy (6016), ’Ainag
’Ainagnds
nds y nudstocgds Kdgdraids mdi
Prcndmoeodgtc Dspdnoai md nciafcranoþg Dlonaz dg di Gudvc
Nþmokc Prcndsai Pdgai―. Mdr
Pdgai―.  Mdrdnj
dnjcc y ^cnodma
^cnod mam,
m, (>?),
 (>?), pp. 46-<0.
^oecgd, \agoga (6004), ’Mdsarrciic, gdciofdraiosec y rdlcreas
 bumo
 bu monoa
noaid
idss dg Iatogcaeïro
Iatogc aeïrona. na. Tg dstumoc
dstu moc scfrd
scfr d Arkdgt
Ark dgtoga
oga
 y Pdrò
Pd rò―.
―.  Oglcre
 Ogl credd loglo g a i mdi ncgnursc2
ncgn ursc2 AINA
AI NA,, prcn
pr cnds
dscs
cs
md mceoganoþg y aitdrgatovas md ogtdkranoþg rdkocgai.
Prckraea Vdkocgai md Fdnas Niansc, pp. 6=-64. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttp2//fofioctdna.niansc.dmu .ar/ar/iofrcs/f
ar/ar/iof rcs/fdnas/
dnas/ 6004/
ainab
ainab cv/ soecg
soe cgd. d.pml 
pm l 
 O 1>;

Ia apionanoþg mdi iawlard dg Ncicefoa

Ncicefoa
Bavodr Naimdrþg Nastoiic
Nastoiic

Dg Ncicefoa ia apionanoþg mdi mdi ia w la r d  ncgtra iomdrazkcs

md ia ozquodrma pciåtona ds partd md ia dstratdkoa md
dxtdreogoc mdi "dgdeokc" pcr partd md ias diotds
dncgþeonas y tdrratdgodgtds mdi paås, para eagtdgdrsd
dg di pcmdr. Di nasc md ia kudrra buråmona ncgtra Kustavc
Pdtrc rdlidb
rdlidbaa ia napan
nap anoma
omamm qud todgd
todgd di sdntcr provamc
prova mc para
ncicnar ics iåeotds ai "fodg pòfionc" pcr di qud mdfdråa
vdiar di Dstamc. Eudstra nþec ia våa bumonoai sd utoioza
a lavcr md sdntcrds qud vdg pdrbumonamcs sus gdkcnocs
pcr uga ameogostranoþg qud ogtdgta rdmunor ncstcs y
aepioar fdgdlonocs para ia noumamagåa. A su vdz, ma
nudgta md nþec ics trofugaids cpdrag a lavcr md nodrtcs
sdntcrds c pdrscgaiomamds, rdtrasagmc ics todepcs d
ogvosofoiozagmc nascs qud ognuefdg a fudga partd md
ia diotd ncicefoaga. ]cmc diic dg artonuianoþg ncg ug
pcmdr edmoátonc qud avaia y bustolona ias dstratdkoas mdi
ncgsdrvamurosec para eagtdgdr ia jdkdecgåa pciåtona,
dncgþeona y nuiturai dg di paås.

Ia movdrkdgnoa y dxprdsoþg md omdas pciåtonas qud piagtag ia

nara ai ncgsdrvamurosec pciåtonc, jdkdeþgonc dg Ncicefoa,
sodeprd ludrcg pdrsdkuomas md moldrdgtds eagdras. Mdsmd
prognopocs md ics sdtdgta, di Nceotï md ^ciomaromam ncg ics
Prdscs Pciåtoncs (1?;>), dg su  Iof  I ofrc
rc gdkrc
gdk rc md ia rdpr
rd prds
dsoþg
oþg..
 Lrd
 L rdgt
gtdd Gan
G anoc
ocgg ai,
ai , 1?4:
1? 4:-1
-1?;
?;== , 1><mcnue
<mc nuedgtþ
dgtþ,, pcr proedra
proe dra vdz, ias
mostogtas lcreas md rdprdsoþg md ias qud ludrcg våntoeas iåmdrds
pciåtoncs y scnoaids movdrkdgtds dg di paås. Mdsmd dbdnunocgds

1>< Nceotï md ^ciomaromam ncg ics Prdscs Pciåtoncs (1?;>), Iof

(1?;>), Iofrc
rc gdkr c md ia rdpr
r dprdsoþ
dsoþg.
g. Lrdgt
Lr dgtdd
 Gan ocgai,
ocg ai, 1?4:-1
1?4 :-1?;=
?;=..  Fckctá2 Eugmc Gudvc.
dxtrabumonoaids (qud ncgtafoiozag, a safodgmas mdi sufrdkostrc,
dg =.?4<), jasta tcrturas, pasagmc pcr mdtdgnocgds oidkaids, di
iofrc nudgta di prdáefuic md uga pciåtona md dxniusoþg md ias
niasds pcpuiards y md tcmas sus lcreas md crkagozanoþg, ia nuai
sd ja omc sclostonagmc ncg di pasc mdi todepc.
Tga pciåtona sostdeátona md dxtdreogoc mdi ’dgdeokc― md ias
diotds dncgþeonas
dncgþe onas y tdrratdgodgtds qud ainagzþ uga md sus lasds
eás nrudg
nr udgtastas dg ics
ic s añcs
añc s :0 ncg ia agoq
a goquoia
uoianoþ
noþg,1
g,1>>; amdiagtama
amdia gtama
ncgtra ia Tgoþg Patroþ P atroþtona,1
tona,1>>: mdspuïs mdi asdsogatc
asdsoga tc md mcs mcs
nagmomatcs a ia prdsomdgnoa md ia Vdpòfiona, sodtd ncgkrdsostas,
trdnd moputamcs, cgnd ainaimds, sdsdgta y gudvd ncgndbaids
 y eás
eá s md trdstr ds eoi m orok
or okdg
dgtd
tdss y e oiota
oio tagt
gtds
ds md f a s d .1>
.1>? Amde
Am deás
ás
md uga iarka iosta md vocianocgds a ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs pcr
pdrsdnunoþg pciåtona, afusc md autcromam d ogtcidragnoa scnoai
rdpcrtamcs pcr di Ndgtrc md Ogvdstokanoþg y Dmunanoþg Pcpuiar
(N ogd
og d p ).1=
.1=0
Ncg di pasc md ics añcs, ias eagdras md dxniusoþg pciåtona, so
 fodg
 fo dg gc mdsa md sapa
pard
rdno
nodr
drcgcg,, sd naeuna eulia
liarc
rcg
g fafabc
bc dstr
ds trat
atdk
dkoa
oass eás
sclostonamas para sanar mdi dsndgaroc pciåtonc a ics iåmdrds eás
rdncgcnomcs (y qud rdsuitafag eás ognþecmcs) md ia ozquodrma.
Ncg di ogonoc mdi Piag Ncicefoa (1???) sd mdspidkþ uga kudrra
md aepioc dspdntrc qud ogvciunrþ md eagdra mordnta ai sostdea
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oai.i. Tg sostd
sos tde
e a bu
b u m onoa
on oaii dxpu
dx puds
dstc
tc a mds
m dsab
abus
ustd
tds,
s, p rcmu
rc munt
ntcc md
ics ogtdrdsds prceogdgtds dg di pdrocmc mdi urofosec (6006-
6010), qud ogniuyþ uga rdlcrea dstrunturai md ia Bustonoa,
ogncrpcragmc di sostdea pdgai anusatcroc, nrdamc fabc di
ecmdic agkicsabþg, ’di nuai ncgtþ ncg budnds y losnaids md ics
DD. TT.para asdscraeodgtc y napanotanoþg―, y nuyc dglcqud

1>; Qud moc iuka r a ia topolonanoþg mdi kdgcnomoc pcr eþvoids pciåtoncs pciåtoncs dg di Nþmokc Pdgai
ncicefoagc.
1>: Ludrza pciåtona ganodgtd
ganodg td mdi prcndsc md gdkcnoanoþg dgtrd di Kcfodrgc md Fdiosaroc Fdtagnur
Fdtagnur
 y ias Ludrz
Lu drzas
as A ream
re amas
as Vdvc
Vd vciun
iunocg
ocgaroa
aroass md Ncic
Nc icef
efoaoa (LAV
(L AVN-D
N-DP)
P) qud
qu d nuie ogþ dg 1?:=.
1>? A ics qud sd suea uga iosta iosta md 16> pdrscgas
pdrscga s qud ludrcg mdsapardnoma s pcr ia ludrza, ctra md
=> pdrscgas qud scfrdvovodrcg
scfrdvovodrcg atdgtamcs md asdsogatc
asdsogatc y md 664 pdrscgas qud rdnofodrcg aedgazas
muragtd di pdrocmc qud va md 1?:4 a 1??>, vosofids dg di nasc ncidntovc G° 11.66;, qud prdsdgtarcg
ia mordnnoþg ganocgai md ia TP, ia Ncrpcranoþg Vdogonoar y ia Nceosoþg Ncicefoaga md Burostas
agtd ia Nceosoþg Ogtdraedronaga
Ogtdraedronaga md Md rdnjcs Jueagcs (NOMJ).
1=0
1=0 Kg dp (6014),
(6014),  Prckraea
 Prck raea pc r ia pa z sotuanoþg
sotuan oþg md Mdrdnj
Mdr dnjcs
cs Jueagc
Jue agcss y MOJ
MO J dg Ncicefoa,
oglcred 6014. 
6014.  Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//nogdp.crk.nc/Jced6/oeakds/fagmatcs/OGLCVEDS
MMJJS6014.pml 
ncgcnomc ncec pi
ncec pida
daff a rka
rk a ogog
og ogk
k , dgaitdnd ia lokura md ia
ia mdianoþg
gdkcno
gdk cnoama
ama y prde
pr deoam
oama.1
a.1=
=1
Dg ia antuaiomam, eodgtras dg zcgas ruraids sd moc ncgtoguomam
(d ogniusc auedgtþ) ia våa mdi dxtdreogoc (;06 pdrscgas iåmdrds
scnoaids y mdldgscras md mdrdnjcs jueagcs jag somc asdsogamas
dg ics òitoecs nuatrc añcs dg Ncicefoa8 1>6 md ics nascs
cnur
cn urrod
rodrc
rcg
g dg 601<, 60: dg 601;, 6:6 dg 601: y :0 dg 601? 60 1?),
),11=6
ia dxpuisoþg mdi dsndgaroc pciåtonc para iåmdrds eás rdncgcnomcs
dg di govdi ganocgai md ia ozquodrma ncec Kustavc Pdtrc c Podmam
Nþrmcfa, sd iidvþ a nafc pcr edmoc md dstratdkoas md pdrsdnunoþg
 burå
 bu råmo
mona
na qud amdia
am diagta
gtarc
rcg
g movdr
mo vdrsc
scss þrkag
þr kagcs
cs dstata
dst ataids
ids para pcgdr
pc gdr
lrdgc a sus asporanocgds pcr edmoc md sagnocgds mosnopiogaroas
crodgtamas a su ogjafoiotanoþg.

Ia kudrra
kudrra buråmona, pdrsdnunoþg buråmona
buråm ona c iawlard ds
iawlard ds ug ncgndptc
andrtamc y andptamc pcr movdrsas crkagozanocgds md mdrdnjcs
jueagcs
jue agcs dg NciceNc icefoa1
foa1=
=>para dxpionar
dxp ionar di usc md ics ogstruedgtcs
ogstrue dgtcs
 burå
 bu råmo
monc
ncss mdi Dstamc
Ds tamc para
par a logds md mdstr
md strun
unnoþ
noþg g md oeakd
oe akdg
g pòfion
pòf ionaa
d ogjafoiotanoþg
ogjaf oiotanoþg md ug amvdrsaroc pciåtonc
pc iåtonc.1
.1=
== ]ai y ncec
nce c sundmoþ
dg ctrcs paåsds md Iatogcaeïrona, dg Ncicefoa, a prognopocs mdi
sokic ZZO sd kdgdraiozþ su usc.
Dg dspdnoai, sd artonuiarcg dstratdkoas md kudrra buråmona c
iawlard, ncognomodgmc
iawlard,  ncognomodgmc ncg ia iidkama mdi urofosec ai pcmdr dgtrd
ics añcs 6006 y 6010. Gc cfstagtd, ïstas sd prcicgkarcg dg di
todepc, mamc di asndgsc md gudvcs iomdrazkcs prckrdsostas,
ncgtrarocs a ias pcsturas jdkdeþgonas y lavcrafids a ia kudrra,
1=1 Vaòi Nastañc \aiidbc (601>), ’Di sostdea pdgai anusatcroc dg Ncice foa y di ecmdic md
mdrdnjc pdgai prdeoai. Agáiosos md ias sdgtdgnoas ><.406 md 6011 y >:.6:4 md 6016 md ia Ncrtd
^uprdea md Bustonoa y ia sdgtdgnoa N-<=4 md 6016 md ia Ncrtd Ncgstotunocgai―.  Vdvos  Vd vosta
ta Gudvc
Gu dvc
 Lcrc
 Lc rc Pdga
Pd gai,i,   \ci. ?, G° :0, pp. 1<4-1:4. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//pufionanocgds.dalot.dmu.nc/ogmdx
jttp2//pufionanocgds.dalot.dmu.nc/ogmdx..
pjp/gudvc-lcrc-pdgai/artonid/vodw/664;
1=6  Ogmd
 Og mdpapa z  (601?),
  (601?), ’^dparata md antuaiozanoþg. ]cmcs ics gcefrds tcmcs ics rcstrcs2 oglcred
md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs scfrd ia sotuanoþg md iomdrds/as y mdldgscrds md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs
dg ics tdrrotcrocs―. 6> md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ogmdpaz.crk.nc/wp-ncgtdgt/
upicams/60o?/04/^
upicams/60o?/04/^DPAVA]A-MD-AN]TAIORANOC%NN%
DPAVA]A-MD-AN]TAIORANOC%NN% :oG-eayc-Oglcred-]c
:oG-eayc-Oglcred-]cmas-ia mas-ias-vcnds
s-vcnds--
tcmcs-ics-rcstrcs.-6>-eayc-md-601?-ch.pml 
1=>  Ju eaga
ea gass Ncice
Nc ice foa 
foa  (601<), ’Partonopanoþg pciåtona, uga eagdra md supdrar ia dxniusoþg
dg Ncicefoa―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.jueagas.crk.nc/arnjovcs/NceugonamcS>S
PartonopanocgSPciotona.pml 
1== Naeoia \ciidgw domdr y ^oivoga Vceagc (601;), ’ Ia  Ia w lard
la rd..  Ia bumonoaiozanoþg md ia
pciåtona dg Aeïrona Iatoga―, Ndiak.  Ndiak.  Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/wp-ncgtdgt/
upicams/601;/0>/Ia wlard].p ml 
qud jafåag pdredamc ias ogstotunocgds, aså ncec ctras ogstagnoas
md ncgtrci ncg ainagnds bumonoaids
bumon oaids ncec ia Prcnuramuråa Kdgdrai
md ia
ia Ganoþg, qud dstuvc a narkc
narkc mdi uitrancgsdrvamcr
uitrancgsdrvam cr Aidbagmrc
Crmþñdz mdsmd 600? jasta 601<.
Mdsmd dsd narkc, Crmþñdz sd mdmonþ a pdrsdkuor a tcmcs ics
pciåtoncs ncgsomdramcs pcr ïi ncec cpcsotcrds. Fabc sus
nrotdrocs buråmoncs
buråmon cs dstuvodrcg ias mdstotunocgds md ia dxsdgamcra
mdi partomc Iofdrai, Podmam Nþrmcfa8 ia pdrsdnunoþg md ics
sdgamcrds mdi Pcic Mdecnrátonc, Kicroa Vaeårdz, Bcrkd Vcfidmc
d Ovág Ndpdma (quodgds logaiedgtd gc ludrcg ncgmdgamcs pcr
di naefoc mdi toeogk 
toeogk  pciåtonc, di ogonoc mdi prcndsc md paz ncg
di Kcfodrgc md Buag Eagudi ^agtcs y ia annoþg md dgtomamds
ogtdrganocgaids qud vokoiarcg dscs ecgtabds bumonoaids) y,
logaiedgtd, ia kudrra sog nuartdi ncgtra Kustavc Pdtrc.

Dstratdkoas md iaw lar d  ncgtra ia aitdrgatova

prckrdsosta md Fckctá

Dscs agtdndmdgtds mag ug ncgtdxtc a ia pdrsdnunoþg dg ncgtra

md Kustavc Pdtrc, quodg dg 6016 asued ncec ainaimd eaycr md
Fckctá, mdspuïs md mdrrctar dg ias urgas a Dgroqud Pdñaicsa y a
Koga Parcmy -nagmomata clonoaiosta muragtd di proedr eagmatc
md Buag Eagudi ^agtcs-. Md ogedmoatc, ia ameogostranoþg md
Pdtrc depodza a sdr atanama dg mostogtcs piagcs, dg dspdnoai,
pcr aikugcs edmocs md nceugonanoþg iokamcs a ics ogtdrdsds
ncrpcratovcs md sus nce pdtomcrds y pcr sdntcrds mdi pcmdr ncec
ia Prcnuramuråa Kdgdrai md ia Ganoþg. Aidbagmrc Crmþñdz,
quodg prdsomåa ia dgtomam, iidkþ a mdnor, edsds mdspuïs md ia
annoþg mdstotuydgtd ncgtra Pdtrc, qud lud sagnocgamc pcr ’sdr
eai ainaimd―
aina imd―.1
.1==4 Tga ncgldsoþg
ncgld soþg md partd, so sd todgd dg nudgta
qud ias dgtomamds md ncgtrci gc scg ias dgnarkamas md vaicrar
ia kdstoþg md ics lugnocgamcs didkomcs d idkomcs pcr vctc pcpuiar, sogc md
 vdia
 vd iarr pcr
pc r di lugn
lu gnococga
gaee odgt
od gtcc md ias ogst
og stot
otun
unoc
ocgd
gds.
s.
Di dxprcnuramcr, Aidbagmrc Crmþñdz, -dxpuisamc md su narkc
pcr ncrr
nc rru
u p noþ
no þ g -1=
-1=< mdstotuyþ d ogjafoiotþ
ogja foiotþ pcr 14 añcs a Kustavc
1=4 Aidbagmrc Crmþñdz
Crmþñ dz (601=), G
(601=),  Gct
ctono
onoas
as Naranc
Nar anci,i,   dgtrdvosta deotoma di 1= md dgdrc md 601=.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/watnj3v5=RyV\6EOdeQ
1=< Maosy \oiiaifa (601:), ’Ics nascs md ncrrupnoþg md Aidbagmrc
Aidbag mrc Crmþñdz―,
Crmþñ dz―, Ia
 Ia Crdba
C rdba Vcba.
Vcb a. 1
 1 md
sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//iacrdbarcba.nce/ia-ncrrupnocg-md-aidbagmrc-crmcgdz/
Pdtrc, dg pidgc dbdrnonoc md su lugnoþg ncec ainaimd md ia
prognopai noumam mdi paås. Ia mdnosoþg sd prcmubc iudkc md uga
ogvdstokanoþg pcr tragskrdmor ia ’iofdrtam md deprdsa―, qud
supudstaedgtd
supudstae dgtd vuigdrþ ics mdrdnjcs md ics ics prdstamcrds
p rdstamcrds provamcs
mdi sdrvonoc md asdc, mdspuïs md qud di dxainaimd mdlogodra ug
gudvc dsqudea md rdncidnnoþg md fasuras md narántdr pòfionc.
Ia quota mdi gdkcnoc a ics provamcs lud nataickama ncec uga
’oeprcvosa
’oep rcvosanoþg―
noþg― qud
qud kdgdrþ ’nacs― y uga ’vuigdranoþg ai mdrdnjc
md deprdsa―, pudstc qud dg ia tragsonoþg md ics mcs ecmdics
sd kdgdrarcg oepasds ’md krag eakgotum― para ia rdncidnnoþg
md fasuras dg ia noumam. Ic qud gc prdvodrcg ics lugnocgarocs
dgnarkamcs md ndsar ai ainaimd lud qud, mdsmd di nceodgzc md
ia mdstotunoþg furcnrátona, ia noumamagåa ncedgzaråa uga
aepioa ecvoiozanoþg qud sd dxtdgmoþ md ia Piaza md Fciåvar a ias
prognop
pro gnopaids
aids naiids
na iids mdi ndgtrc md Fckctá
Fc kctá muragtd
mura gtd varocs
varo cs måas
m åas.1
.1==;

Tgc md ics didedgtcs ncgstotutovcs para mdtdreogar mdtdre ogar ia dxostdgnoa

dxostdgnoa
mdi iawlard, ds
iawlard, ds di toeogk pc
toeogk  pciåtonc
iåtonc ncg di qud sd
sd mdsarrciia
mdsarrc iia ia annoþg
 bum
 bu m onoa
on oai,i, qud dg di nasc
na sc md ia m dstot
ds totun
unoþ
oþg
g md Pdtrc
Pd trc md ia A inai
in aimå
måa,
a,
dg 601=, lud uga dstcnama a ia ncgtoguomam mdi prckrdsosec dg
di kcfodrgc md ia noumam (qud eagtdgåag mdsmd di 6001) y, a
ia vdz, uga bukama prdvdgtova ncgtra ia prdvosofid nagmomatura
prdsomdgnoai dg di 601:, puds, tai y ncec cnurroþ, Pdtrc dra di
nagmomatc eás ncepdtotovc md ics sdntcrds mdi prckrdsosec.

 Aug
 A ugququdd di Ncgs
Nc gsdb
dbcc md Dstam
Ds tamcc dxnu
dx nuipipþþ a Pdtrc
Pd trc y ia Ncrtd
Nc rtd
Ogtdraedronaga md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs sd prcgugnoþ dg ncgtra
md ia mdstotunoþg mdi dgtcgnds ainaimd, agtd fudga partd md ia
noumamagåa Pdtrc, qudmþ ncec nuipafid mdi ’mdsastrd md ias
 fa
 f a sura
su ras―
s―11=: y di rdia
rd iatc
tc md eai kcfo kc fodr
drgc
gc qudm
qu dmþþ pias
pi ase
e amc
am c dg ia
cpogoþg pòfiona. Dg dsd tdrrdgc, ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg
 buka
 bu karc
rcgg ug papdpa pdii prog
pr ogno
nopa
pai,i, cpdr
cp drag
agmc
mc ncg
nc g ug dglc
dg lcqu
qudd md
’pdrocmosec md kudrra―, md ecmc tragsvdrsai a dstas mogáeonas,
pcr edmoc md ia eagopuianoþg oglcreatova, ai eakgolonar
aikugcs
aikug cs nascs
na scs d ogvos
og vosofo
ofoioza
iozarr ctrc
ct rcs.1
s.1==?
1=; Arturc [aiiand (601>), ’Fckctá2 ’Fckctá2 earnja jostþrona
jostþrona pcr di ainaimd PdtrcPdtrc mdba eás prdkugtas
qud rdspudstas―,  FFN.  FFN .  1= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ffn.nce/eugmc/
gctonoas/ 60 i >/ o 6/ o > o 6o = Se agolds
ago ldstan
tanocg
ocgSf
Sf ckcta
ck ctaSk
Skus
ustav tav cSpd
cS pdtrc
trcSa
Saga
gaios
iososS
osS vp
1=: ^usnotamc pcr di naefoc md ecmdic md rdnckoma qud rdaiozþ muragtd murag td su ameogostranoþg.
1=?
1=? Aidbagmrc Crmþñdz (601=),  Gct  G ctono
onoas
as Na ranc
ra nci i   (dgtrdvosta). 1= md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/watnj3v5=RyV\6EOdeQ
Jufc ug scbuzkaeodgtc edmoátonc md ia Ainaimåa md Pdtrc,
ncec uga kdstoþg pcr ludra md ia idy, naþtona y autcrotaroa. Ics
totuiards md ics edmocs ncgndgtramcs md nceugonanoþg mafag
nudgta md ics arkuedgtcs mdi prcnuramcr y mdbafag mumas scfrd
ics arkuedgtcs mdi dxainaimd. Aså, pcr dbdepic, ia namdga md
tdidvosoþg Naranci, totuiafa2 ’Kustavc Pdtrc lud mdstotuomc pcr
sdr ug eai ainaimd2 CrmþñCr mþñdz―
dz―,1
,1440 c ia FFN dg dspañci
dspañc i totuiafa2
’Ia mdstotunoþg mdi ainaimd md Fckctá, Kustavc Pdtrc, dgtra dg
su òitoec napåtuic―, ncec so sd tratasd md ug rdaioty sjcw141 y sjcw141 y di
moaroc ncg eaycr torama mdi paås,  Di ]odepc, ]ode pc,   totuiafa2 ’Ias trds
laitas
laita s pcr
p cr ias
ias qud di prcnura
prcn uramcr
mcr mdstotuy
mds totuyþþ a Pdtrc
Pd trc―.1
―.1446

Ia prdgsa sdgtdgnoþ2 Pdtrc dra nuipafid y gc ludrcg rdncgcnomcs

sus arkuedgtcs, saivc pcr ia ecvoiozanoþg ganocgai md ia
noumamagåa dg su lavcr y pcr aikugcs nciuegostas qud rdnjazarcg rdnjazarcg
di laiic.
laiic. Di rdiatc clonoai y di cfbdtovc dstafag
dsta fag ncgsdkuomcs,
ncgsdk uomcs, augqud
pcncs edsds mdspuïs, ia NOMJ crmdgþ edmoma nautdiar para
qud di ainaimd ludra
ludr a rdstotu
rd stotuomc
omc dg su narkc.1
nark c.144> Dg tcmc nasc, dg
dsd dposcmoc md pdrsdnunoþg qudmþ niarc taefoïg qud di papdi
md Crmþñdz, mdsmd ia Prcnuramuråa, dra morokomc y dspdnålonc dg
ncgtra md pciåtoncs ncgtrarocs a su omdcickåa (aikc qud ncgnudrma
ncg ctra narantdråstonas mdi iawlard),
iawlard ), qud
qud pasa pcr
pc r ia crkagozanoþg
mdi aparatc bumonoai2
bumono ai2 ’mcgmd ias diotds ncg di ncgtrci mdi aparatc mdi
Dstamc ncicnag dg dspanocs niavd a ‚tïngoncs‟ (afckamcs, budnds,
losnaids) vognuiamcs ai pcmdr md turgc, para atanar ai amvdrsaroc
pciåtonc y/c prdvdgor sotuanocgds jcstoids qud pumodrag prcvdgor
md dstd―.14=

Dsa pdrsdnunoþg gc ncgniuyþ ncg ia rdstotunoþg md Pdtrc a sus

lugnocgds
lugnocgd s ncec ainaimd. Di nasc lud mdrovamc janoa ctras ogstagnoas
140 Naeoia \ciidgw
\cii dgwdomdr
domdr y ^oivoga Vceagc
Vceag c (601;), cp.not
141  FFN 
 F FN    (601=), ’Ia mdstotunoþg mdi ainaimd md Fckctá, Kustavc Pdtrc, dgtra dg su
òitoec napåtuic―. 1? md earzc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ffn.nce/eugmc/uitoeasS
g0tonoas/60o=/0>/o=0>o:Suitg0tSn0i0efoaSpdtrcSaz
146  Di
 D i ]odepc
]ode pc (6
 (601=),’
01=),’ Ias trds laitas pc r ias qud di prcnuramc
prcn uramcrr mdstotuyþ a Pdtrc― . 1> md dgdrc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditodepc.nce/arnjovc/mcnuedgtc/NE^-1>>4<>6?
14>  Di D i Paås
Pa ås   (601=),’^agtcs sd vd cfiokamc a rdogtdkrar a Pdtrc a ia Ainaimåa md
Fckctá―. 6> md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//dipaos.n0e/ogtdrgano0gai/601=/0=/6>/
antuaiomam/
antuaiomam/ 1>?:6;<1?>S1?:460.jtei
14= Naeoia \ciidgw
\ciid gwdomdr
domdr y ^oivoga Vceagc (601;), cp.not.
cp.not.
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aids
ds y ameog
ame ogos
ostra
tratov
tovas
as,, agtd di rdvïs
rdv ïs mdi prcnu
pr cnuram
ramcr,
cr, Buag
Bua g
Narics Kragamcs (nucta pciåtona mdi dgtcgnds vondprdsomdgtd
Kdreág \arkas Iidras mdi partomc Naefoc Vamonai, ncgtraicr
md ia noumam para dsd dgtcgnds, antuaiedgtd anusamc pcr rdnofor
scfcrgcs md Cmdfrdnjt)1
C mdfrdnjt)1444 ogonoþ sdgmas ogvdstokanocgds qud
ncgniuydrcg ncg sagnocgds euitoeoiicgaroas ncgtra Pdtrc dg di
añc 601< y 601;, ncg ias qud sd fusnafa ogjafoiotaric para sdr
nagmomatc prdsomdgnoai.
prdsomdgnoai.

Dstafa nama vdz eás niarc di cfbdtovc2 oepdmor ia dvdgtuai

iidkama md ug prckrdsosta a ia Nasa md Garoñc y mdstruor ia
oeakdg md Kustavc Pdtrc. Gc cfstagtd, ias sagnocgds losnaids
ludrcg suspdgmomas pcr crmdg mdi ]rofugai ^updrocr md
Nugmoga
Nug mogaeaearna
rna (dg sdkugma ogsta
og stagn
gnoa)
oa)114< a logaids md 601;. Dsa
mdnosoþg pdreotoþ
pdre otoþ a Pdtrc sdr nagmomatc prdsomdgnoai
prdsom dgnoai dg 601:. ^og
defarkc, mamc qud di cfbdtovc sdkuåa sodgmc su prcsnropnoþg, ics
sdntcrds md pcmdr ncgtoguarcg dg ics ogtdgtcs para anafar ncg
ia antovomam pciåtona mdi sdgamcr a partor md ug laiic md ia Ncrtd
Ncgstotunocgai, qud mdbþ dg lored ia idy ;>= md 6006 (Nþmokc
Mosnopiogaroc Ògonc), dg su artånuic >: parákralc 1, qud sdñaia
tdxtuaiedgtd qud2

Quodg jaya somc mdniaramc rdspcgsafid losnaiedgtd sdrá ogjáfoi

para di dbdrnono
dbdrnonocc md narkcs
narkc s pòfion
p òfioncs
cs y para ncgtratar
ncgt ratar ncg di
di Dstam
Ds tamcc
muragtd ics nognc (4) añcs sokuodgtds a ia dbdnutcroa mdi laiic
ncrrdspcgmodgtd. Dsta ogjafoiomam ndsará nuagmc ia Ncgtraicråa
ncepdtdgtd mdniard jafdr rdnofomc di pakc (...).

Dsta mdnosoþg md ia Ncrtd md ogedmoatc apugtþ ics rdlidntcrds

dg ncgtra md Pdtrc y crokogþ md vudita di dldntc md sdgtdgnoa

144  Di
 D i Dspd
Ds pdnt
ntam
amcr
cr (601:),’Losnaiåa
 (601:),’Losnaiåa pomoþ nárndi para ncgtraicr md Fckctá, Buag Narics Kragamcs
pcr Cmdfrdnjt―. 6? md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/
 bu mono
mo noai
ai/l
/los
osna
naioa
ioa -pom
-p omoc
oc-n
-nar
arnd
ndi-
i-pa
pa ra-n
ra -ncg
cg trai
tr aicr
cr-m
-m d-fc
d- fc kc ta-bu
ta -bu ag -nar
-n aric
ics-
s- krag
kr ag am cs-p
cs -p cr-c
cr -cmd
md f rdnj
rd nj t-
artonuic-:60:<<
14<  Di D i Ncice
Nc ice foagc
foa gc   (601;), ’Pdtrc gc tdgmrá qud pakar eoiicgaroa euita md ia Ncgtraicråa,
pcr ajcra―. : md gcvodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.dincicefoagc.nce/ncicefoa/pciotona/
trofugai-md-nugmogaearna-suspdgmoc-prcvosocgaiedgtd-sagnocg-eoiicgaroa-ncgtra-pdtrc-
KM;<4<<<:
pòfiona, aug amvortodgmc qud ia sdgtdgnoa losnai md ia ncgtraicråa
sd dgncgtrafa suspdgmoma y gc jafåa ug laiic logai scfrd di tdea.
tdea.

Ia pdrsdnunoþg ncgtoguama ai prckrdsosec

Iidkamcs a 601:, mdspuïs md ug prcndsc didntcrai dg di qud di

prckrdsosec rdprdsdgtþ -pcr proedra vdz dg eunjcs añcs- uga
cpnoþg pciåtona ncg ug pctdgnoai didntcrai rcfustc y napaz md
supdrar a ias diotds tramonocgaids, ia kudrra buråmona para sanar mdi
naeogc ai prognopai cpcgdgtd md ias ïiotds, Kustavc Pdtrc, vcivoþ
a ia narka.

Di sdgamcr Pdtrc, iåmdr md ia lcreanoþg Ncicefoa Jueaga, qud

ncsdnjþ eás md : eoiicgds md vctcs dg ias didnnocgds md 601:,
sd ncgvortoþ dg ia prognopai podmra dg di zapatc para ias diotds
pciåtonas tramonocgaids. Mdsmd su nurui dg di ^dgamc, sd ncgsciomþ
ncec ugc md ics iomdrazkcs
iomdrazkc s eás vosofids md ia cpcsonoþg y amquoroþ,
ai logai mdi añc didntcrai, eaycr rdidvagnoa dg di earnc md ias
prctdstas dstumoagtoids8 ncec ugc md ics prognopaids cpcgdgtds
a ia Vdlcrea Losnai mdi Kcfodrgc md Muqud8 y ncec vcz nråtona
ncgtra ics prcydntcs md tragspcrtd md ia antuai Ainaimåa md
Fckctá, janodgmc ïglasos dg ia rdspcgsafoiomam md ias deprdsas
md ias qud
qud mdpdgmdg ics prcydntcs. Kustavc Pdtrc sokuoþ ogstagmc
a ia noumamagåa y a ias crkagozanocgds scnoaids y sogmonatcs a ia
partonopanoþg
partonop anoþg dg earnjas, prctdstas y mdeagmas
mde agmas ncidntovas,
ncidnt ovas,114; dg
ncgtra md ias eás rdnodgtds mdnosocgds md ia ameogostranoþg mdi
prdsomdgtd Muqud.

 A logaid
log aidss md 601:, ia dstrat
dst ratdk
dkoa
oa md dxpu
dx puisa
isarr ai prck
pr ckrds
rdsose
osecc md
ics dspanocs md rdprdsdgtanoþg avagzþ ncg ia gdkanoþg md ia
pdrscgdråa buråmona mdi ecvoeodgtc Ncicefoa Jueaga, pcr
partd md ia ^aia Pidga mdi Ncgsdbc Ganocgai Didntcrai (NGD). Dg
di ncrtc piazc, dsta mdnosoþg tdgmråa mcs ncgsdnudgnoas2 1) qud di
ecvoeodgtc
ecvoe odgtc gc mdtdgtaråa ics mdrdnjcs qud id scg ctcrkamcs a ics ics
partomcs qud sd mdniarag dg cpcsonoþg ai Kcfodrgc -dgtrd diics
ia logagnoanoþg amonocgai para rdaiozar di dbdrnonoc md cpcsonoþg
14;  Puizc
 Pu izc  (601:), ’Ogvotanoþg
’Ogvotanoþg md Pdtrc a mde agmar a \civc pcr fusds md ]E mdsata pciïe ona―. 4
md gcvodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.puizc.nce/dncgceoa/pdtrc-ogvota-mdeagmar-vcivc-
pcr-fusds-te-mdsata-pdida-rdmds-scnoaids-PP4:<o0>
c di mdrdnjc a rïpiona ai Kcfodrgc Ganocgai-, y 6) qud, dg di
edmoagc piazc, md nara a ias didnnocgds rdkocgaids md 601?, di
ecvoeodgtc gc pcmråa prdsdgtar nagmomatcs a ias didnnocgds, ic
qud molonuitaråa ias pcsofoiomamds md tdgdr rdprdsdgtanoþg dg ics
Ncgndbcs Eugonopaids, Ainaimåas
Ainaim åas y Kcfdrg
K cfdrganoc
anocgds.1
gds.144:

 Amde
 Am deás,
ás, ia mdnoso
mdn osoþg
þg md ia Ncrtd
Ncrt d Ncgst
Nc gstotu
otunoc
nocgai
gai -e dgno
dg nocc g a m a dg
di apartamc agtdrocr- todgd oepcrtagtds oepionanocgds para di
sdgamcr, tcma vdz qud ratolonþ qud ias sagnocgds ameogostratovas
pudmdg sdr oepdmoedgtc para qud ias pdrscgas didkomas pcr
 vctc
 vc tc pcpu
pc puiar
iar sd pcsds
pc sdsocg
ocgdg
dg dg sus narkcs.
narkc s. Dstc gc sdråa ug
oepdmoedgtc para su ncgtoguomam so su agmamura dg pciåtona gc
id jufodsd supudstc ia apdrtura md varocs prcndscs dg su ncgtra
pcr partd md ia Ncgtraicråa Mostrotai, dgtrd ctras2

Tga sagnoþg md 61;.60= eoiicgds md pdscs (:0 eoiicgds md

mþiards aprcxoeamaedgtd) a Pdtrc y a ctrcs nuatrc lugnocgarocs
md su ameogostranoþg pcr ’mdtroedgtc patroecgoai― mdrovamc
md uga mdnosoþg pciåtona mdi dgtcgnds ainaimd scfrd ia rdmunnoþg
md ia tarola qud oepantþ ics ogkrdscs mdi ^ostdea Ogtdkramc md
]ragspcrtd Pòfionc.

Tga sagnoþg md =0.4=4 eoiicgds md pdscs (1> eoiicgds md mþiards

aprcxoeamaedgtd) pcr ia ncepra md vdjånuics farrdmcras
mdstogamcs a ia prdstanoþg mdi sdrvonoc md asdc qud gc jafråag
somc usamcs.

Tg prcndsc md rdspcgsafoiomam
rdspcgs afoiomam losnai ncgtra Pdtrc y 1= lugnocgarocs
lugnocga rocs
eás md su Ainaimåa pcr 6;? eoiicgds md mþiards (airdmdmcr md
?00.000 eoiicgds md pdscs). Mdfomc
M dfomc a ia vdgta y rdncepra mdi >1
% md annocgds md prcpodmam md ia Ainaimåa dg ia ]ragspcrtamcra
md Kas Ogtdrganocgai (]KO). ^d ogvdstoka ug pcsofid mdtroedgtc
pcrqud di prdnoc md rdncepra lud supudstaedgtd eunjc eaycr
ai md vdgta.14?
14:  Di  D i Dspdn
Dsp dnta
tamc
mcrr (601:), ’NGD gdkþ clonoaiedgtd ia pdrscgdråa buråmon a a Ncicefoa J ueag a―.
6: md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nc
jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/pci
e/gctonoas/pciotona/n
otona/ngd-gdkc-
gd-gdkc-
clonoaiedgtd-ia-pdrscgdroa-buromon
clonoaiedgtd-ia-pdrscgdroa -buromona-ncicefoa-jueaga-arto
a-ncicefoa-jueaga-artonuic-:c::<o
nuic-:c::<o
14?  Di  D i ]ode pc (601:),
pc  (601:), ’Kustavc Pdtrc sd mdlodgmd pcr ia rdncepra md annocgds md ]KO―. 60 md
 bugo
 bu goc.
c. Mospcg
Mos pcgofi
ofidd dg2 jttps2//www.ditodepc.nc
jttps2//www.ditodepc.nce/fckcta/pdtrc
e/fckcta/pdtrc-sd-mdlodgmd-pcr
-sd-mdlodgmd-pcr-rdncepra-md-
-rdncepra-md-
annocgds-md-tko-occ<<6
Euita md ia ^updrogtdgmdgnoa md Ogmustroa y Ncedrnoc pcr jafdr
’vociamc ia iofrd ncepdtdgnoa― dg ia oepidedgtanoþg mdi dsqudea
md fasuras md ia Fckctá Jueaga. ^cg ?1.?=? eoiicgds md pdscs
pcr ia ’ogdxostdgnoa
’ogdxostdgn oa md annocgds
annocg ds c edmomas ncrrdntovas
ncrrd ntovas―.1
―.1<
<0
 Agt
 A gtdd ia sotua
sot uanoþ
noþgg anuno
an unoag
agtd,
td, dg monod
mon odef
efrd
rd md 601:, Kusta
Ku stavc
vc
Pdtrc, scionotþ a ia Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga edmomas prcvosocgaids
lrdgtd ai ogeogdgtd rodskc qud ncrråag sus mdrdnjcs pciåtoncs
-tdgodgmc dg nudgta di laiic md ia Ncrtd Ncgstotunocgai y di
idvagtaeodgtc md ia edmoma nautdiar qud rdnaåa scfrd di ncfrc
md su euita eás nuagtocsa-. ^og defarkc, di trofugai dgncgtrþ
qud pcr di ecedgtc gc ja somc mdecstrama ia ncglokuranoþg md
ics didedgtcs md dxtrdea kravdmam y urkdgnoa qud pdreotoråag
ncgsomdrar ia gdndsomam md crmdgar edmomas prcvosocgaids. ^o
 fodg,
 fod g, sd pcmråa
pcm råa ogmo
og mona
narr qud di la
laiic
iic jafråa
jaf råa somc
som c dg su ncgtra,
ncg tra, jay
aikc md ia sdgtdgnoa qud saivakuarm
saiva kuarmaa di luturc mdi sdgamcr2 ’aòg so
sd mdtdreogara ia rdspcgsafoiomam losnai mdi sdñcr Pdtrc Trrdkc,
c dvdgtuaiedgtd gc prcspdrarag apdianocgds c annocgds ncgtra
ias mdnosocgds montamas pcr ia Ncgtraicråa, diic gc kdgdraråa su
mdstotunoþ
mdst otunoþg
g c ia pïrmoma
pïrmo ma md su nur
n urui
ui―.1
―.1<
<1
Gc cfstagtd, ia pdrsdnunoþg gc ja mamc trdkua, a logaids md
601: ia Ncrtd ^uprdea md Bustonoa moc a ncgcndr ia apdrtura md
ogvdstokanoþg prdioeogar dg ncgtra md Kustavc Pdtrc, mdspuïs
md qud ia sdgamcra mdi Ndgtrc Mdecnrátonc, Paicea \aidgnoa,
muragtd ia sdsoþg dg di Ncgkrdsc ai dxlosnai kdgdrai md ia ganoþg,
Gïstcr Juefdrtc Eartågdz, pcr di nasc Cmdfrdnjt, jonodra
pòfionc ug vomdc dg di qud sd vdåa a Kustavc Pdtrc rdnofodgmc
mogdrc dg dldntov
dldntovc,
c, prdstamc para
para logds
logds didntcraids -sd
-s d kò g dxpiona
dxpiona
di sdg
sd g amcr
am cr-,
-, dg 6004.1
600 4.1<
<6^ueamc
6^ue amc a dstd gudvc prcndsc qud pcmråa
afrorsd dg ncgtra mdi sdgamcr, y eodgtras avagza ia ogvdstokanoþg
prdioeogar, dg dgdrc md 601?, dg ug clonoc morokomc ai Ncgsdbc
1<0  ^deag
 ^de aga a  (601:), ’Ics < nascs pcr ics qud di luturc pciåtonc md Pdtrc ds ognodrtc. 64 md
cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.sdeaga.nce/ganocg/artonuic/sagnocgds-a-pdtrc-ics-<-
nascs-pcr-ics-qud-su-luturc-pciotonc-ds-ognodrtc/4::6=o3lfniom5owaroxzfzrpkgrha;iicmcnrpolk
pvx-jhlxek:wgh4dSlegf6g-nccokrsbh 
1<1 Ncrtd OMJ OMJ (601?), Vdsciunoþg.
Vdsciunoþg. ^cionotum md edmomas prcvosocgaids. < md ldfrdrc. MospcgofidMospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//oeknmg.ia
jttps2//oeknmg.iardpufiona.
rdpufiona.nc/nes/601?/06/0:0?0?46/pdtr0urrdk0SsdS0o.pml 
nc/nes/601?/06/0:0?0?46/pdtr0urrdk0SsdS0o.pml 
1<6  Di
 D i ]odepc
]ode pc   (601:), ’Di iåc mdi vomdc md Pdtrc―. >0 md gcvodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 www.di
 ww w.ditode
tode pc.nc
pc .nce/
e/bu
buston
stonoa/
oa/ogv
ogvds
dstoka
tokanoc
nocg/
g/af
afdn
dnd-m
d-mdi-
di-ioc
ioc-md
-md-pd
-pdtrc
trc-y-
-y-di-
di-vom
vomdc
dc-dg
-dg -di-qu
-di -qu d-apa
d-a pardn
rdnd-
d-
rdnofodgmc-piata-6??<=6
Ganocgai Didntcrai, ia Ncgtraicråa md Fckctá crmdgþ defarkar di
mogdrc ncrrdspcgmodgtd a ia rdpcsonoþg md vctcs md ia naepaña
prdsomdgnoai
prdsomdg noai md Kustavc
Kustav c Pdtrc, dg di
di earnc md ug prcndsc md ncfrc
ncantovc ncgtra di dxainaimd pcr vaicr md <0.:1:.?<>.>1; pdscs.
Ia mdnosoþg dg prognopoc gc tdgmråa pcr quï aldntar
aldnta r di mogdrc md ia
rdpcsonoþg md vctcs, ya qud ics eosecs ncrrdspcgmdg a rdnurscs
pòfioncs ncg mdstoganoþg dspdnålona md logagnoanoþg md naepañas
didntcraids mdi Dstamc ncicefoagc,
ncicefoagc, a ics ecvoeodgtcs y partomcs
partomcs
pciåtoncs.

 AÑC^
 AÑ C^ M DI LOGA
LO GA I MD IA PD^A
PD ^AMOI
MOIIA 
IA 

*‗³£ mt.åas. .s•^:^&Å^&Z ^s Ws1Wz

Ludgtd2 Vdvosta ^ de a g a ,  Ncicefoa, 6 ai ? md monodefrd md 601:

Tga sotuanoþg qud gc tdreoga. Ia pdrsdnunoþg ncgtra ia cpcsonoþg
sd mdsarrciia mdsmd mostogtas ogstagnoas bumonoaids y ncgtra ctrcs
pdrscgabds. Ia saia quogta mdi Ncgsdbc md Dstamc, ug trofugai
suprdec ncg burosmonnoþg md ias nausas ameogostratovas, qud
ds didkoma pcr ics eakostramcs mdi eosec trofugai, mdlogd ia
mdstotunoþg md autcromamds didkomas pcr vctc pcpuiar. Mdstotuyþ
M dstotuyþ ai
ai
sdgamcr
sdgam cr md Aioagza
Aioag za \drmd,
\ drmd, Agtagas
Agta gas E cnhus,1
cnh us,1<
<>y a ia rdprdsdgtag
rdp rdsdgtagtd
td
a ia Náeara, Ágkdia Earåa Vcfidmc, quodg lud nagmomata a
ia vondprdsomdgnoa ncec partd md ia lþreuia dgnafdzama pcr
Kustavc Pdtrc. Vcfidmc cnupafa di narkc md ncgkrdsosta, a partor
mdi mdrdnjc dstopuiamc pcr di Dstatutc md ia Cpcsonoþg para ias
cldrtas didntcraids qud rdsuitdg ncec sdkugmas dg ias didnnocgds
prdsomdgnoaids. Ia dxnagmomata y ncgkrdsosta, lud apartama md
su narkc pcr di Ncgsdbc md Dstamc fabc di arkuedgtc md qud
ognurroþ
ognur roþ dg mcfid e oiotagnoa,1
oiotag noa,1<
<= rdstrogkodg
rdstrog kodgmc
mc su mdrdnjc
mdrd njc y di md
ia cpcsonoþg a tdgdr dsa rdprdsdgtanoþg dg di pariaedgtc.

Tsc ogmdfomc md jdrraeodgtas buråmonas

buråm onas y sdidntovomam
sdidntovomam

Ctrc md ics dbds ndgtraids dg ia apionanoþg md ia kudrra buråmona

ncgtra lugnocgarocs ds di mcfid rasdrc y ia sdidntovomam
mdiofdrama dg ia apionanoþg md ia idy (mdiotcs mdi prckrdsosec vs.
mdiotcs mdi clonoaiosec y mdiotcs mdi lugnocgaroamc vs. mdiotcs mdi
deprdsaroamc).

Di mdgceogamc ’Nartdi md ia tcka― oiustra euy fodg ia eagdra

dg qud lugnocgarocs md ia bustonoa sd dgnarkarcg md ogvosofoiozar
 y raid
ra idgt
gtoz
ozar
ar ics rdsui
rd suitam
tamcs
cs md prcn
pr cnds
dscs
cs bumo
bu mono
noai
aids
ds dg ncgt
nc gtra
ra md
pciåtoncs ncrruptcs, kdgdraiedgtd rdianocgamcs ncg lannocgds
md ia mdrdnja pciåtona y ncg di paraeoiotarosec dg di govdi
rdkocgai. Dstd rci niavd md ia bustonoa ja qudmamc ai mdsnufodrtc
tras ncgcndrsd nþec antuafag mostogtcs eakostramcs md ia Ncrtd
^uprdea md Bustonoa, dg aioagza ncg ia Losnaiåa Agtoncrrupnoþg,
1<>  ^deaga
 ^de aga   (601?), ’Ncgsdbc md Dstamc aguia didnnoþg md Agtagas Ecnhus―. 11 md afroi.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//wvvw.sdeaga.nce/ganoþg/artonuic/ncgsdbc-md-dstamc-aguia-didnnocg-
md-agtagas-ecnhus/<0?0=1
1<=  Di
 D i Dspdn
Ds pdnta
tamc
mcrr  (601?), ’Ncg mdnosoþg pciåtona md Ágkdia E aråa Vcfidmc ia cpcsonoþg qudma
sog ctrc md sus ailoids dg di Ncgkrdsc―. 64 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.didspdntamcr
jttps2//www.didspdntamcr..
nce/gctonoas/pciotona/ncg-mdnosocg-scfrd-agkdia-earoa-rcfidmc-ia-cpcsonocg-qudma-sog-ctrc-
md-sus-ailoids-dg-di-ncgkrdsc-artonuic-:466;0
 aeañagmc y moiatagmc prcndscs bumonoaids ncgtra pciåtoncs
 vogn
 vo gnui
uiam
amcs
cs ai para
pa raeoeoiot
iotar
arose
osecc c a nascs
nas cs md ncrrup
nc rrupnoþ
noþg,
g, a
naefoc md dstrdpotcsas sueas md mogdrc. Diic sog edgnocgar ia
euitopionomam md gdkcnocs laeoioards qud nrdnodrcg a ia scefra
md ia antovo
an tovomam
mam oiånota
oiånot a md ics eak
e akost
ostram
ramcs
cs.1
.1<
<4
Iiaea ia atdgnoþg qud di dxlosnai agtoncrrupnoþg, Iuos Kustavc
Ecrdgc, mdtdgomc ncec partd md uga traea md eagopuianoþg md
dxpdmodgtds bumonoaids, lud pdmomc dg dxtramonoþg pcr uga ncrtd
gcrtdaedronaga y ncgmdgamc pcr ïsta a nuatrc añcs md prosoþg
pcr sus vågnuics ncg di garnctrálonc, pdrc prctdkomc ncec
arrdpdgtomc pcr ias autcromamds md dsd paås pcr ics narkcs md
cfstrunnoþg a ia bustonoa y ncrrupnoþg. Di dxlosnai Ecrdgc, lud
dxtramotamc iidvágmcsd ncgsokc ia oglcreanoþg md lugnocgarocs
md aitc govdi mdi paås qud sd dgncgtrafag nceprcedtomcs ncg
dstcs y ctrcs jdnjcs md eagopuianoþg bumonoai, dg ics nuaids sd
ogvciun
ogv ciunrþ
rþ ai losnai kdgdrai,
kdgd rai, Gïstc
G ïstcrr Juefdrtc
Jue fdrtc Eart
E artåg
ågdz.1
dz.1<
<<
 Amde
 Am deás,
ás, ia ’prct
’pr ctdn
dnnoþ
noþg―
g― frogm
fro gmama
ama pcr
pc r di aparat
ap aratcc bumo
bu mono
noai
ai y
edmoátonc a mdtdreogamas pdrscgaiomamds ds nrostaioga dg di nasc
md Aivarc Trofd, quodg todgd eás md 1:< prcndscs bumonoaids dg
su ncgtra, ogniuomc di qud nursa pcr di usc mdi dxtogtc aparatc
md ogtdiokdgnoa mdi Dstamc, Mdpartaedgtc Ameogostratovc md
^dkuromam (MA^), para aedmrdgtar, pdrsdkuor y dspoar a ia
cpcsonoþg, a pdrocmostas y a Kcfodrgcs vdnogcs, c pcr ia ncepra md
 vctcs
 vc tcs qud id vaiodrc
vaio drcg
g ia didnno
did nnoþg
þg dg 6006. Di dxmord
dxm ordntc
ntcrr mdi MA^ md
Trofd, Bcrkd Gckudra, lud sdgtdgnoamc pcr ia ncepra md eoids md
 vctcs
 vc tcs md noumam
nou mamagc
agcss dg ia ncsta
ncs ta Narofd
N arofd,, pdrc
p drc di dxprd
dx prdsom
somdgt
dgtdd Trofd
T rofd
gc ja somc ogniuomc dg ia mdecstrama ncepra-vdgta (ncjdnjc)
dgtrd eogostrcs md su kafogdtd y sdgamcrds para vctar a lavcr mdi
naefoc ncgstotunocgai qud pdreotoþ ia rddidnnoþg dg di 600<.
]cmcs dstcs nascs pdreagdnodrcg ogtantcs dg ia nceosoþg
md anusanocgds md ia Náeara md Vdprdsdgtagtds, ncg dsnasa
1<4  Di D i ]odep
]od epcc  (601:), ’Quï lud mdi nartdi md ia tcka y quoïgds scg ics ogvdstokamcs―. ; md
 bugo
 bu goc.
c. Mospcg
Mos pcgofid
ofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditodepc.nce/busto
jttps2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/mdiotc
noa/mdiotcs/qud-lud-di-nar
s/qud-lud-di-nartdi-md-ia-t
tdi-md-ia-tcka-
cka-
 y-qu
 y- quodg
odgds-
ds-scg
scg-ic
-ics-o
s-ogv
gvdst
dstoka
okamc
mcs-6
s-66;=
6;=4<
4<
1<<  Di DspdDs pdnta
ntamc
mcrr  (601:), ’Di dxlosnai Iuos Kustavc Ecrdgc lud dxtramotamc a DD. TT.― 1;
md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/bumonoai/dxlosnai-iuos-kustavc-
ecrdgc-lud-dxtramotamc-dstamcs-ugomcs-artonuic-;4=;??
 pcsofoiomam md buonoc, mdfomc a qud monja ogstagnoa dstafa
ncglcreama pcr pciåtoncsp ciåtoncs urofostas
u rofostas c dxurofostas.1
dxu rofostas.1<
<; Ia bustonoa
ncicefoaga mdmonama a dgnarndiar iåmdrds scnoaids, ncg ecgtabds
 bumo
 bu mono
noai
aids
ds,, utoioz
uto iozaa ncg fa fast
stag
agtd
td sdidn
sd idntov
tovom
omam
am ics ogstr
og strue
uedg
dgtc
tcss
idkaids para atanar a sus rovaids. Dstc ds vosofid dg ias sdgtdgnoas
md ia Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs, qud mdspuïs
md mïnamas tdreoga rdscivodgmc ics nascs pcr nråedgds md Dstamc Dstamc
 y voci
vo cian
anoc
ocgd
gdss a ics
ic s mdrd
m drdnjc
njcss jue
j ueag
agcs
cs,1,1<
<:tras
:tra s añcs md oepug
oe pugoma
omam,
m,
eodgtras qud sd cfsdrva ndidromam dg ics nascs mcgmd dstág
ogvciunramcs cpcsotcrds, ncec ia mdstotunoþg ameogostratova md
Kustavc Pdtrc ncec ainaimd.

I aw lar d 2 partd mdi s t a t u q u c  gdciofdrai

Dstá mdecstramc qud Cmdfrdnjt logagnoþ ia naepaña mdi

prdsomdgtd Buag Eagudi ^agtcs (nuagmc dra apcyamc pcr
Trofd dg 6010) y md su prognopai rovai, di urofosta Þsnar Ovág
Ruiuaka,
Ruiuak a, dg 601=.1
60 1=.1<
<?Amdeás,
?Amde ás, nursag ogvdstokano
ogvdst okanocgdcgdss pcr
pc r di pakc
md ncoeas md ai edgcs >1,4 eoiicgds md mþiards, dgtrdkamcs a
aitcs lugnocgarocs md ics Kcfodrgcs md Trofd y ^agtcs ncec
ncgtraprdstanoþg pcr ics ncgtratcs md oglradstruntura ctcrkamcs
dgtrd 600< y 601<
6 01<.1
.1;;0 ^ueamc
^ue amc a diic,
diic, eás rdnodgtd
r dnodgtdedgedgtd,
td, mcs
tdstokc
tdst okcss (eudrtcs
(eudrtc s dg dxtrañas
dxtraña s nornu
n ornugsta
gstagnoa
gnoas)1
s)1;;1 alorearcg
alorearc g qud di
antuai dxlosnai kdgdrai md ia ganoþg, Gïstcr Juefdrtc Eartågdz,
dstafa ai ncrrodgtd md ias orrdkuiaromamds dg ia ncgstrunnoþg md
ug traec md ia Vuta mdi ^ci, rdianocgama ncg di nasc Cmdfrdnjt,

1<;  Di D i Paås

P aås (6014),
 (6014), ’Aivarc Trofd todgd eás md 1:< prcndscs dg ia Nceosoþg md Anusanoþg―. >0
md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.dipaos.n
jttp2//www.dipaos.nce.nc/ncicefoa/aivarc-urofd-vdidz-
ce.nc/ncicefoa/aivarc-urofd-vdidz-todgd-eas-md-
todgd-eas-md-
1:<-prcndscs-dg-ia-nceosocg-md-anusanocg.jtei
1<: ^oivoc Vovamdgdora
Vovamdg dora (601>), ’Ncg mdgas mdga s ai Dstamc ncicefoagc
ncice foagc pcr ia Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga
md Mdrdnjcs J ueagcs―, Gu
ueagcs―, Gu dvc dv c mdrd
m drdnjc
njc,, \ci. ?, G° 16, pp. ?4-10<. Mospc gofid dg2 jttp2//rdvostas .
oud.dmu.nc/ogmdx.pjp/gudvcmdrdnjc/artonid/vodw/<>:
1<?  ^dea
 ^d eagaga   (601;), ’Di faimamc md akua lråa mdi losnai kdgdrai a Þsnar Ovág Ruiuaka―. 64 md
cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.sdeaga.nce/ganocg/artonuic/l
jttp2//www.sdeaga.nce/ganocg/artonuic/losnai-jay-osnai-jay-dvomdgnoa-ndrt
dvomdgnoa-ndrtdra-
dra-
mdi-ogkrdsc-md-mogdrc-md-cmdfrdnjt-a-naepaga-md-csnar-
mdi-ogkrdsc-md-mogdrc-md-cmdfrdnjt-a-naepaga-md-csnar-ovag-zuiuaka/4==;:=
ovag-zuiuaka/4==;:=
1;0  Di  D i ]odepc
]ode pc   (601;), ’Ia ruta md ics scfcrgcs md Cmdfrdnjt dg Ncicefoa―. 6< md buioc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustono
jttp2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/ogvdstokano
a/ogvdstokanocg/ia-ruta-md-ics-s
cg/ia-ruta-md-ics-scfcrgcs-md-
cfcrgcs-md-
cmdfrdnjt-dg-ncicefoa-11>000
1;1  FF
 F F N   (601?), ’Noagurc, scspdnjas y tdstokcs eudrtcs2 quï pasa ncg di nasc Cmdfrdnjt dg
Ncicefoa y nuáids scg ias (dsnasas) ncgsdnudgnoas―. 1< md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
 ffn.n
 ff n.nce
ce/e /e ugm0
ug m0/g/gcto
ctonoa
noas-a
s-aed
edron
rona-i
a-iatog
atog a-=
a-=<:
<::?
:?c6
c666
mamc qud dg dsd ecedgtc dra di afckamc mdi Krupc Avai.1;6
^og defarkc, gogkugc md ics aitcs lugnocgarocs sd dgnudgtra
prcndsamc, saivc ug vondeogostrc y trds sdgamcrds, qud dstág
’ncgtrofuydgmc― ncg ia bustonoa y sdrág ncgmdgamcs ncg idvds
pdgas, ndrragmc ia ’edkanausa― Cmdfrdnjt ncg aikugcs eagmcs
edmocs ncgmdgamcs, pdrc scstdgomc di statu quc.
 Aså,
 A så, ia utoio
ut oioza
zano
noþg
þg mdi apara
ap aratc
tc bum
bu m onoa
on oaii para rdsk
rd skua
uarm
rmar
ar di crmdg
crm dg
ogstotuomc amquodrd ug rci niavd dg ug prcndsc dg di qud sd
jandg dvomdgtds ics iastrds y eosdroas md ug gdciofdraiosec qud
 vodg
 vo dgdd cpdr
cp drag
agmcmc mdsmd
mds md jand
ja nd mïnam
mï namas,
as, scstd
sc stdgo
godg
dgmc
mc a ias eose
eo seas
as
laeoioas dg di pcmdr y fiogmagmc a ias ’mogaståas― pciåtonas qud
usulruntòag ias arnas mdi Dstamc, augqud dstïg sdñaiamcs md
ncedtdr kravds mdiotcs. Ds dvomdgtd di nrdnodgtd anjonaeodgtc
anjonae odgtc mdi
Dstamc dg su moedgsoþg scnocdncgþeona a lavcr md ias eaycråas
jostþronaedgtd pcstdrkamas, ncefogamc ncg ug dgsagnjaeodgtc
a lavcr mdi sdntcr provamc, fodg rdnofomc pcr ugcs edmocs
md nceugonanoþg nccptamcs, prcpodmam md ics prognopaids
deprdsarocs mdi paås.
Eodgtras tagtc, ia ncrrupnoþg rdprdsdgta di = % mdi POF
ncicefoagc, ndrna md 1; eoi eoiicgds md mþiards ai añc, sdkòg
ic ogmona ia Ncgtraicråa
Ncg traicråa ncice
nc icefoag
foaga,1
a,1;;> y sd eagtodgd
eagtodg d kranoas a
ug dsqudea fasamc dg ia oepugomam y dg ia ncggovdgnoa mdi
sostdea bumonoai, ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg y ia vocidgnoa qud
rdproed ias vcnds nråtonas. Tg gdciofdraiosec ncg oepugomam
para di statu quc tutdiamc
quc tutdiamc pcr ics Dstamcs Tgomcs, qud gc dgvåa a
ia cpogoþg pòfiona ics rdpcrtds md nascs md ncrrupnoþg dg ics qud
sd ogvciunrag deprdsas eamd og T^A ncec
T^A ncec dg di nasc Vdlonar, c
mdi eosec nasc Cmdfrdnjt (ncec så ic jozc ncg Frasoi y Dnuamcr)
pcr di ncgtraroc, prctdkd a lugnocgarocs pòfioncs ncicefoagcs
ncgmdgamcs pcr ncrrupnoþg ncec ai dxeogostrc urofosta Agmrïs
Ldiopd Aroas.1;=
1;6 Ncgkicedramc fagnaroc qud ncgtrcia
ncgtrcia Ncrloncicefoaga,
Ncrloncicefoaga, uga
uga lorea
lorea md sdrvomcs logagnodrcs qud
ogtdrvogc dg ia cfra y qud ds prcpodmam md ugc md ics deprdsarocs eás oepcrtagtds mdi paås, Iuos
Narics ^areodgtc Agkuic (taefoïg mudñc md edmocs md nceugonanoþg ncec di moaroc Di
moaroc Di ]odepc).
]ode pc).
1;>  Di
 D i ]ode pc 
pc   (601;), ’Prdnoc md ia ncrrupnoþg dg Ncicefoa―. 6< md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttp2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/mdiotcs/prdnoc-md-ia-ncrrupnocg-dg-ncicefoa-<1;=?
1;=  Di ]ode pc (601;),
pc  (601;), ’Losnaiåa mdnomorá so vognuia a Agmrïs Ldiopd Aroas ncg nasc Cmdfrdnjt―.
1= md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/ogvdstokanocg/vognuianocg-md-
agmrds-ldiopd-aroas-ncg-nasc-cmdfrdnjt-dsta-dg-eagcs-md-ia-losnaioa-11?=6<
Vdldrdgnoas

 FF
 F F N   (601=), ’Ia mdstotunoþg mdi ainaimd md Fckctá, Kustavc
Pdtrc, dgtra dg su òitoec napåtuic―. 1? md earzc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ffn.nce/eugmc/uitoeasS
gctonoas/601=/0>/o=0>o:SuitgctSncicefoaSpdtrcSaz
------------(601?), ’Noagurc, scspdnjas y tdstokcs eudrtcs2 quï
pasa ncg di nasc Cmdfrdnjt dg Ncicefoa y nuáids scg ias
(dsnasas) ncgsdnu
ncg sdnudgn
dgnoas―
oas―.. 1< md dgdrc. Mospcgofid
M ospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 www
 w ww.f
.ffn
fn.nc
.ncee /e
/eug
ugmc
mc/g
/gct
ctono
onoas
as-ae
-aedr
drona
ona-ia
-iatog
toga-
a-=<
=<::
::?0
?066
66
Nastañc \aiidbc, Vaòi (601>), ’Di sostdea pdgai anusatcroc dg
Ncicefoa y di ecmdic md mdrdnjc pdgai prdeoai. Agáiosos md
ias sdgtdgnoas ><.406 md 6011 y >:.6:4 md 6016 md ia Ncrtd
^uprdea md Bustonoa y ia sdgtdgnoa
sdgtdg noa N-<=4 md 6016
6016 md ia Ncrtd
Ncgstotunocgai―.  Vdvos
 Vd vosta
ta Gudv
Gu dvcc Lcrc
Lc rc Pdgai,
Pdg ai,   \ci. ?, G° :0,
pp. 1<4-1:4. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//pufionanocgds.dalot.dmu
jttp2//pufionanocgds.dalot.dmu..
nc/ogmdx.pjp/gudvc-lcrc-pdgai/artonid/vodw/664;
Nogdp (6014),  Prck
 Pr ckra
raea
ea p c r ia p a z sotua
sot uano
noþg
þg md M drdnj
drd njcs
cs
 Jue
 Ju e agcs
ag cs y M OJ dg Ncice
Nc icefoa
foa,, oglcre
ogl credd 6014.
6014 .   Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//nogdp.crk.nc/Jced6/oeakds/fagmatcs/
OGLCVEDSMMJJS6014.pml 
Nceotï md ^ciomaromam ncg ics Prdscs Pciåtoncs (1?;>),  Iofrc
 Iof rc
gdkrc md ia rdprdsoþg. Lrdgtd Ganocgai, 1?4:-1?;=.   Fckctá2
Eugmc Gudvc.
Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga md Mdrdnjcs Jueagc (601?),
 Vdsc
 Vd sciun
iunoþg
oþg.. ^cion
^c ionot
otum
um md edmomas
edm omas prcv
pr cvoso
osocg
cgai
aids
ds..   < md
ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//oeknmg.iardpufiona.nc/
nes/60o?/06/0:0?0?46/pdtr0urrdk0SsdS0o.pml 
 Di
 D i Ncic
Nc ice
e foag
fo agcc   (601;), ’Pdtrc gc tdgmrá qud pakar eoiicgaroa
euita md ia Ncgtraicråa, pcr ajcra―. : md gcvodefrd.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.dincicefoagc.nce/
ncicefoa/pciotona/trofugai-md-nugmogaearna-suspdgmoc-
prcvosocgaie dgtd-sagnocg-e
dgtd-sagno cg-e oii
oii cgaroa-ncgtra-pdtrc-
cgaroa-ncgtra- pdtrc-
KM;<4<<<:
 Di Dspd
Ds pdnta
ntamc
mcrr   (601:), ’NGD gdkþ clonoaiedgtd ia pdrscgdråa
 burå
 bu råmo
mona
na a Ncice
Nc icefoa
foa J ueag
ue aga―
a―.. 6: md akcstc.
akcs tc. Mospcg
Mos pcgofi
ofidd dg2
jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/pciotona/ngd-gdkc-
clonoaiedgtd-ia-pdrscgdroa-buromona-ncicefoa-jueaga-
artonuic-:c::<o

------------ (601:), ’Di dxlosnai Iuos Kustavc Ecrdgc lud

dxtramotamc a DD. TT.―. 1; md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/bumonoai/dxlosnai-
iuos-kustavc-ecrdgc
iuos-kustavc-ecrdgc -lud-dxtramo
-lud-dxtramotamc-dst
tamc-dstamcs-ugomcs-
amcs-ugomcs-
artonuic-;4=;??

------------ (601:), ’Losnaiåa pomoþ nárndi para ncgtraicr md

Fckctá, Buag Narics Kragamcs pcr Cmdfrdnjt―. 6? md
cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.didspdntamcr.nce/
gctonoas/bumonoai/losnaioa-pomoc-narndi-para-ncgtraicr-
m d - f c k c t a -b
- b u a g - n a r ic
ic s - k r a g a m c s - p c r - c m d f r d n j t -
artonuic-:60:<<

------------ (601?), ’Ncg mdnosoþg pciåtona md Ágkdia Earåa

Vcfidmc ia cpcsonoþg qudma sog ctrc md sus ailoids dg di
Ncgkrdsc―. 64 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
didspdntamcr.nce/gctonoas/pciotona/ncg-mdnosocg-scfrd-
agkdia-earoa-rcfidmc-ia-cpcsonocg-qudma-sog-ctrc-md-sus-
ailoids-dg-di-ncgkrdsc-artonuic-:466;0

 Di
 D i Paås
Pa ås (6014), ’Áiva ’Áivarc rc Trofd todgd eás md md 1:< prcndscs
prcndsc s dg ia
Nceosoþg md Anusanoþg―. >0 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
 ww
 w w w .di
.d i p a o s .nc
.n c e .nc
.n c / n c ic e f oa / a iva
iv a r c - u r o f d - v d id z - tod
to d g d -
eas-md-1:<-prcndscs-dg-ia-nceosocg-md-anusanocg.jtei

------------(601=), ’^agtcs sd vd cfiokamc a rdogtdkrar a

Pdtrc a ia Ainaimåa md Fckctá―. 6> md afroi. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//dipaos.n0e/ogtdrgano0gai/601=/0=/6>/
antuaiomam/o>?:6;<o?>So?:460.jtei

 Di
 D i ]odepc
]ode pc   (601=), ’Ias trds laitas pcr ias qud di prcnuramcr
mdstotuyþ
mdstotu yþ a Pdtrc―.
Pdtrc ―. 1>
1> md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
ditodepc.nce/arnjovc/mcnuedgtc/NE^-o >>4 Þ>6? >6 ?
------------ (601;), ’Losnaiåa mdnomorá so vognuia a Agmrïs Ldiopd
 Aro
 A roaa s ncg
nc g nasc
na sc C m dfrd df rdnj njt― t―.. 1= md ak akcscstc.
tc. M ospc
os pcgogofifidd
dg2 jttp2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/ogvdstokanocg/
 vog
 v og n u ian
ia n oc g - m d - a g m r d s - l d iop
io p d - a r o a s - n c g - n a s c -c m d f r d n j t -
dsta-dg-eagcs-md-ia-losnaioa-11?=6<

(601;), ’Ia ruta md ics scfcrgcs md Cmdfrdnjt

------------

dg Ncicefoa―. 6< md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www .

ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/ogvdstokanocg/ia-ruta-md-ics-
scfcrgcs-md-cmdfrdnjt-dg-ncicefoa-11>000

(601;), ’Prdnoc md ia ncrrupnoþg dg Ncicefoa―.

------------

6< md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//www.ditodepc.

jttp2//www.ditodepc.
nce/bustonoa/mdiotcs/prdnoc-md-ia-ncrrupnocg-dg-
ncicefoa-<1;=?

(601:), ’Di iåc mdi vomdc md Pdtrc―. >0 md gcvodefrd.

------------

Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/

ogvdstokanocg/afdnd-mdi-ioc-md-pdtrc-y-di-vomdc-dg-di-
qud-apardnd-rdnofodgmc-piata-6??<=6

(601:), ’Kustavc Pdtrc sd mdlodgmd pcr ia rdncepra

------------

md annocgds md ]KO―. 60 md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//

 w w w . d i t o d e p c . n c e / f c k c t a / p d t r c - s d - m d l o d g m d - p c r -
rdncepra-md-annocgds-md-tko-occ<<6

(601:), ’Quï lud mdi nartdi md ia tcka y quoïgds scg

------------

ics ogvdstokamcs―. ; md bugoc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .

ditodepc.nce/bustonoa/mdiotcs/qud-lud-di-nartdi-md-ia-
tcka-y-quodgds-scg-ics-ogvdstokamcs-66;=4<

 Jue
 J uea
a gas
ga s Ncic
N cice
e foa
fo a  (601<), ’Partonopanoþg
’P artonopanoþg pciåtona, uga eagdra
md supdrar ia dxniusoþg dg Ncicefoa―. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.jueagas.crk.nc/arnjovcs/NceugonamcS>S
PartonopanocgSPciotona.pml 
 Ogm
 Og m dpaz 
dp az  (601?),
  (601?), ’^dparata md antuaiozanoþg. ]cmcs ics gcefrds
tcmcs ics rcstrcs2 oglcred md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs scfrd ia
sotuanoþg md iåmdrds/as
iåmdrds/as y mdldgscrds
mdldg scrds md Mdrdnjcs Jue agcs
dg ics tdrrotcrocs―. 6> md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
 w w w . o g m d p a z . 0 r k . n 0 / w p - n 0 g t d g t / u p i 0 a m s / 6 0 1 ? / 0 4 /
^ D P A V A ] A - M D - A N ] T A I O R A N O C % N N % : åG -e a y c -
Oglcred-]cmas-ias-vcnds-
Oglcred-]cmas-ias-vcnds-tcmcs-i tcmcs-ics-rcst
cs-rcstrcs.-6>-eayc-md-
rcs.-6>-eayc-md-
601?-0h.pml ’

Crmþñdz, Aidbagmrc (601=),  Gc  G c tono

to noa
a s N aran
ar anci 
ci   (dgtrdvosta).
1= md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ycutufd.nce/
 wat
 w atnj
nj 3v 5= Ry V\ 6EO d e Q

 Puiz
 Pu izcc  (601:), ’Ogvotanoþg md Pdtrc a mdeagmar a \civc pcr
 fusd
 fu sdss md ]E mdsa
md sata
ta pciï
pc iïe
e ona―
on a―.. 4 md
m d gcvod
gc vode
e fr
frd.
d. Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id
dg2 jttps2//www.puizc.nce/dncgceoa/pdtrc-ogvota-
mdeagmar-vcivc-pcr-fusds-te-mdsata-pdida-rdmds-
scnoaids-PP4:<o0>

Vceagc, ^oivoga y \ciidgwdomdr, Naeoia (601;), ’Iawlard. Ia

 bum
 bu m onoa
on oaio
ioza
zano
noþþ g md ia pciåt
pc iåton
onaa dg A e ïron
ïr onaa Ia
Iato
toga
ga―,
―, Ndiak.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/wp-ncgtdgt/
upicams/601;/0>/Ia
upicams/601;/0>/Ia wlard].pml 
w lard].pml 

 ^de
 ^d e aga
ag a   (601;), ’Di faimamc md akua lråa mdi losnai kdgdrai a
Þsnar OvágOvág Ruiuak
Ru iuaka―.a―. 64
64 md cntufrd. Mospcgof M ospcgofid id dg2
dg2 jttp2//
 ww
 w w w .sd
.s d e a g a .nc
.n c e / g a n ocg
oc g / a r ton
to n u ic/
ic / losn
lo snaa i-j
i- j a y -dv
-d v omd
om d g n oa-
oa -
ndrtdra-mdi-ogkrdsc-md-mogdrc-md-cmdfrdnjt-a-naepaga-
md-csnar-ovag-zuiuaka/4==;:=

------------(601:), ’Ics < nascs pcr ics qud di luturc pciåtonc

md Pdtrc ds ognodrtc. 64 md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.sdeaga.nce/ganocg/artonuic/sagnocgds-a-
pdtrc-ics-<-nascs-pcr-ics-qud-su-luturc-pciotonc-ds-ogn
odrtc/4::6
odrtc/4::6 =o3lfnio
=o3lfniom5owag
m5owag xzfzrpkgrha;iicmcnrpolkpvx-
xzfzrpkgrha;iicmcnrpolkpvx-
jhlxek:wgh4dSlegf6g-nccokrsbh 
 (601?), ’Ncgsdbc md Dstamc aguia didnnoþg md Agtagas
------------ Agtag as
Ecnhus―. 11 md afroi. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.sdeaga.
jttps2//www.sdeaga .
nce/ganocg/artonuic/ncgsdbc-md-dstamc-aguia-didnnocg-
md-agtagas-ecnhus/<0?0=1

^oivoc Vovamdgdora (601>), ’Ncgmdgas ai Dstamc ncicefoagc pcr

ia Ncrtd Ogtdraedronaga md Mdrdnjcs Jueagcs―,  Gudv  Gu dvcc
mdrdnjc, 
mdrdnjc,  \ci. ?, G° 16, pp. ?4-10<. Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//
rdvostas
rdvostas,, oud.dmu.nc/ogmdx.pjp /gu dvcmd rdnjc/artonid/
rdnjc/artoni d/
 vodw
 vo dw/<
/<>:
>:

 \oi
 \ oiia
iaif
ifa,
a, M aosy
ao sy (601:
(60 1:),
), ’ Ics nasc
na scss md ncrr
nc rrup
upno
noþg
þg md Aidb
Ai dbag
agmr
mrcc
Crmþñdz―,  Ia I a Crdba
Crd ba Vcba
Vc ba..  1 md sdptodefrd. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//iacrdbarcba.nce/ia-ncrrupnocg-md-aidbagmrc-
crmcgdz/

 [aii
 [ aiian
and,
d, A rtu
rt u rc (601>)
(60 1>),, ’ Fckc
Fc kctá2
tá2 e arnj
ar njaa jost
jo stþr
þron
onaa pcr
pc r di
ainaimd Pdtrc mdba eás prdkugtas qud rdspudstas―,  FFN.  FFN .
1= md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ffn.nce/
eugmc/gctonoas
eugmc/gctonoas /6 /6 c 1>/16/
1>/16/1>1
1>166 o=Seagoldstano
o=Seag oldstanocgSfc
cgSfckctaS
kctaS
kustavcSpdtrcSagaiososSvp
Iawlard y kudrra
kudrra jåf
jåfro
rom
ma2 \dgdzu
\dgdzudi
dia
a dg
ia mosputa kdcpciåtona
^oivoga E. Vceagc,
 Ara
 A rag
g txa
tx a ]oramc
]oram c y Kocrma
Koc rmaga
ga Karnåa
Kar nåa ^cbc

Di nasc md \dgdzudia eudstra di ecmc dg qud di ia w la r d

sd ogsdrta, ncec uga tántona eás, dg uga dstratdkoa md
kudrra jåfroma (md aepioc dspdntrc) mdspidkama pcr
DD. TT. y sus aioamcs, morokoma ai naefoc md rïkoedg y
a ia ncgsokuodgtd tragslcreanoþg md ia ncrrdianoþg md
ludrzas dg ia kdcpciåtona rdkocgai.

Ia edka nausa mdi Iava Batc dg Frasoi, qud ncgmubc ai kcipd

ncgtra di Kcfodrgc md Moiea Vcussdll y ai dgnarndiaeodgtc md
Iuia ma ^oiva8 ias nausas afodrtas ncgtra Nrostoga Ldrgágmdz
md Hornjgdr y dxlugnocgarocs md su Kcfodrgc dg Arkdgtoga8 di
dgnarndiaeodgtc mdi dxvondprdsomdgtd Bcrkd Kias y ia aedgaza
md buonoc pdgai ncgtra di dxprdsomdgtd Valadi Ncrrda dg
Dnuamcr, scg aikugcs dbdepics md ia prdsdgnoa mdi iawlard dg
ia rdkoþg. Pdrc ds ia fataiia ncgtra di Kcfodrgc md \dgdzudia di
nasc eás dvomdgtd md kudrra jåfroma dg Aeïrona Iatoga, ncg ug
oepcrtagtd ncepcgdgtd md iawlard.

I aw lar d 2  paiafra md kudrra

Mdfd rdncrmarsd qud di ncgndptc

ncgndp tc md iawlard prcvodgd
iawlard prcvodgd mdi áefotc
eoiotar, anuñamc ai naicr md ia kudrra ncgtra di tdrrcrosec kicfai
dg 6001, a ia par md ia dgtrama dg vokdgnoa md idyds ncec ia  Idy
 Pat
 P atro
roþt
þton
onaa   dg DD. TT. (Patroct Ant). 
Ant).   Di kdgdrai Njarids Mugiap
ds quodg id moc vudic, mdsnrofodgmc di iawlard ncec
iawlard ncec ’ug eïtcmc
14: | ³agncrd y kudrra
kudrra jåfroma
jåfroma22 \dgdzu
\dgdzudia
dia dg ia mosputa
mosputa kdcpciåt
kdcpciåtona
ona

md kudrra gc ncgvdgnocgai dg di qud ia idy ds usama ncec ug

edmoc para
pa ra ncgsdku
ncgs dkuor
or ug cfbdtovc
cfbd tovc e oiotar―.1
oiotar― .1;;4 Dg dsd ncgtdxtc,
lud anuñamc para mdlogor di ’eai usc md ia idy― pcr partd md ics
’dgdeokcs
’dgdeokc s md Cnnomdgtd―,
Cnnomdg td―, pdrc ugcs añcs mdspuïs sd asueodrcg
asueodrcg
ias vdgtabas qud tdgmråa para DD. TT. vaidrsd taefoïg mdi
iawlard para
iawlard  para mdldg
md ldgmdr
mdr su ’ogtdrï
’og tdrïss gan
g anocg
ocgai―
ai―.1.1;;<

Mdsmd ia pdrspdntova eoiotar, di iawlard oepiona

iawlard oepiona di usc md ia idy
ncec ug area y lcrearåa partd md ia ’kudrra asoeïtrona―, dg
ia qud ics mïfoids utoiozaråag dsta aitdrgatova para dglrdgtarsd
a pcmdrds ncec di dstamcugomdgsd (mdsmd ia mdlogonoþg mdi
dstafiosjedgt   eoiotar, ia kudrra asoeïtrona ogniuyd kudrroiia,
tdrrcrosec, nofdrkudrra y areas md mdstrunnoþg easova,
utoiozamas ncgtra DD. TT., c ncgtra di Dstamc md Osradi). Pcr
diic, sd arkuedgta ia ncgvdgodgnoa md qud DD. TT. ’rdnurra―
md ecmc crkagozamc y sostdeátonc ai iawlard,  iawlard,  para supdrar dsa
’asoedtråa― y usaria a lavcr md sus ogtdrdsds. ^d dskroed qud sd
trata md uga aitdrgatova
aitdrgatova edgcs
e dgcs ncstcsa, edgcs vocidgta, eunjas
 vdnd
 vd ndss eás dlono
dl onodg
dgtd
td y qud prcm
pr cmun
undd edgc
ed gcss mañc
ma ñcss ncia
nc iatd
tdrr aid
ai d s.1
s. 1;;
 A su vdz,
vd z, ia kudr
ku drra
ra asoe
as oeït
ïtro
rona
na ds sþic
sþ ic ugc
ug c md ics e ïtcm ït cmcscs
qud amcpta ia kudrra jåfroma qud, para aikugcs autcrds, ds
ia gudva natdkcråa qud dstá ncfragmc ludrza para mdsokgar
ias cpdranocgds md dspdntrc ncepidtc md ug gudvc topc md
kudrra. Ia kudrra jåfroma supcgmråa
su pcgmråa ia partonopanoþg md antcrdsantcrds
dstataids c gc dstataids qud usdg soeuitágdaedgtd tcmc topc md
areas, tántonas orrdkuiards, tdrrcrosec, tdngcickåas mosruptovas
c nroeogaiom
nroeo gaiomamam para mdsdstaf
mdsd stafoiozar
oiozar di crmdg dxostdg
dxos tdgtd.1
td.1;;:

Dstd rci md ia idy dg ia kudrra c di usc md ia idy ncec area,

amquodrd nama vdz eaycr prctakcgosec dg ug dsndgaroc md
kudrra jåfroma, mcgmd ias moldrdgnoas dgtrd ndgtrc y pdroldroa sd

1;4 Earh Jcizdr (6016), ’Clldgsovd Iawlard agm tjd Nurrdgt Ncgliont―. Ja Ncgliont―.  Jarv
rvar
armm Iaw
Ia w ^njcci 
^nj cci 
 Gatoc
 Ga tocga
gaii ^dnuro
^dn uroty
ty Bcur
Bc urga
gai.i.   Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//jarvarmgsb.crk/6016/c=/clldgsovd-iawlard-
agm-tjd-nurrdgt-ncgliont/ (ncgsuitamc di 6= md ldfrdrc md 601?).
1;< Crmd Hottrod (6010), ’Iawlard agm T.^. Gatocgai ^dnuroty―. ^dnur oty―.  Bcur
 Bc urga
gaii c l Ogtdrg
Ogt drgato
atocga
cga i 
 Iaw,
 Iaw ,  G° =>, G° 1. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//snjciariynceecgs.iaw.nasd.dmu/boi/vci=>/oss1/6>
(ncgsuitamc di 11 md gcvodefrd md 601:).
1;;  Ofom.,
 Of om., 601<.
 601<.
1;: Agmrïs F. F. Euñcz Ecsqudra y ^asnja Mcv Fanjeagg (601<), ’Iawlard og Jyfrom [ars2
]jd 61? Ndgtury [arlard―. Bc
[arlard―.  Bcur urga
gaii c l Ogtd
Og tdrg
rgato
atocg
cgai
ai Jue
J ueago
agotar
taroag
oag Idkai
Idk ai ^tum
^ tumods,
ods,  G° ;, p. <<.
dxandrfag, a ia vdz qud sd rdgudva ia pciarozanoþg Cnnomdgtd vs.
Crodgtd, mcgmd ’ia idy―, ’ia idkaiomam― y ’ic bustc―, sd ascnoag a
ias pctdgnoas cnnomdgtaids y ’mdecnrátonas―, eodgtras ic oidkai,
di eai dgtdgmoeodgtc, afusc c eai usc md ia idy, aså ncec su
’pciotozanoþg― y ’parnoaiomam―, narantdrozag a ias annocgds y
lþreuias
lþre uias md ics paåsds gc-cnnomdgtaids,
gc-cnn omdgtaids, Dstamcs laiiomcs, dtn.1
dtn .1;;?

Ias gcnocgds md ’idkaiomam― y ’bustonoa― ogsnrotas dg di iawlard,

scg mdioeotamas pcr ia omda md qud DD. TT. ds uga mdecnranoa
dbdepiar, mcgmd ia idy sd apiona y lugnoc
lu gnocga
ga.1
.1:
:0A su vdz, oepiona
oe piona
qud DD. TT. sd arrcka a så eosec ia gdndsomam md dxpagmor dstd
rdogamc md ia idy, augqud sda dgtdgmoïgmcia ncec ’area― (y ncg
diic asued qud sd pudmd y sd mdfd oepcgdr 
oepcgdr  ia idy, a nuaiquodr
prdnoc).
Dg dstd sdgtomc,
sdgtom c, di iawlard ds
iawlard ds uga jdrr
j drrae
aeodg
odgta
ta md pcm
p cmdr
dr fiag
fi agmm c,1
c, 1:1
prcponoagmc ia kudrra ’pcr ctrcs edmocs―. Mdsmd ia pdrspdntova
jdkdeþgona, ia våa idkai ds pdrnofoma ncec uga aitdrgatova
idkåtoea2 moroeor ia fataiia dg ics trofugaids ganocgaids d
ogtdrganocgaids, sd prdsued edgcs vocidgtc y ’eás bustc bu stc―.
―. Dstd
Dstd
iawlard ogniuyd
iawlard  ogniuyd mdsmd sagnocgds
sagnocg ds dncgþe onas y logagnodras, jasta
ics buonocs pciåtoncs crodgtamcs ai naefoc md rïkoedg, aså ncec
ia vuigdranoþg a ias gcreas mdi Mdrdnjc Ogtdrganocgai Pòfionc
dxostdgtds y di ognuepioeodgtc md tratamcs ogtdrganocgaids qud
rdkuiag ias rdianocgds dgtrd Dstamcs. ]aefoïg sd ogsnrofd ncec
prántona md iawlard 
iawlard  di usc mdi mdrdnjc ogtdrganocgai ncg di
cfbdtovc md mdrrcnar
md rrcnar Kcfodrgcs.

I aw lar d ncec kudrra psonciþkona

psonciþkona

Di pcmdr fiagmc, a su vdz, ai edgcs mdsmd ia ïpcna md ia Kudrra

Lråa, ogtdkra di ugovdrsc md ia mdgceogama kudrra psonciþkona.
1;? Lrdya OragoOrago (601;),
(601;), ’Iawlard, T^ eoiotary mosncursd, agm tjd ncicgoai agm tjd ncgstotutocg
cl iaw agm war―.  Durcp Dur cpdag
dag Bc urga
ur gaii c l Ogtdr
Og tdr gatoc
ga tocga
gaii ^dnur
^d nuroty
oty,,   pp. 1-61. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//www.naefromkd.crk/ncrd/bcurgais/durcpdag-bcurgai-cl-ogtdrgatocgai-sdnuroty/
artonid/iawlard-us-eoiotary-mosncursd-agm-tjd-ncicgoai-ncgstotutocg-cl-iaw-agm-war/
F1:6=D6AAMA:NN6?<=04:4A:>DN6:F=M (ncgsuitamc di 6: md gcvodefrd md 601:). 601:).
1:0 Cmrd
Cmr d Hottrod,
Hottrod, cp. not.
1:1 Ncgndp tc anuñamc pcr Bcsdp j Gyd, Gyd, dxasdsc r mdi Kcfodrgc md Foii Niogtcg. Gyd, Bcsdpj
(600=).  ^clt
 ^c lt pc w dr.
dr . ]jd edag
ed agss tc sunnds
sun ndsss og wcrim
wc rim p cioton
cio tons.
s. Pufio
Pu fionn Alla
A llaors
ors..  Gdw _crh2 Pdrssdus
Fcchs Krcup.
 Di cfbdtovc òitoec md dsta fataiia pcr ’ics ncrazcgds y ias
e dgtds―
dgtd s― ds
ds ncgvdgndr
ncgvd gndr scfrd ic ncrrdntc, ic bustc
bu stc c mdsdafid md ug
sostdea (dg dstd nasc, di napotaiosec dg su dtapa gdciofdrai) y ias
laidgnoas, drrcrds y aspdntcs gdkatovcs md nuaiquodr aitdrgatova
 voaf
 vo afid
id ai sostde
sos tdeaa oepdr
oe pdrag
agtd.
td. Dstc
Ds tc ds f asta
as tag
g td niarc
nia rc dg di ecmc
ecm c
dg qud sd ncgstruyd y pufionota di mosnursc y ias prántonas scfrd
 \dg
 \d g dzud
dz udia
ia mdsmd
mds md DD. TT.2 sd trata
tra taråa
råa md uga
ug a fa
fatataiia
iia gc sþic dg
gcefrd md ia iofdrtam, ia mdecnranoa y ics MM. JJ., sogc md
’uga fataiia pcr ias omdas, mcgmd ia iofdrtam md dxprdsoþg y ia
ogmdpdgm
ogmd pdgmdgnoa
dgnoa mdi sdntcr
s dntcr bumonoa
bum onoaii sdrá
s drá dsdg
ds dgnoa
noai―.1
i―.1:
:6

Mdsmd edmoamcs mdi ^okic ZZ, ia kudrra psonciþkona ds mdlogoma

ncec ias dstratdkoas qud ogniuydg cpdranocgds dgnufodrtas,
kudrroiia
kudrroiia y mopiceanoa pòfiona,1
pòf iona,1:
:> lcreagmc partd md ics ics
cpdratovcs ’gc ncgvdgnocgaids― y ia eaycråa md ias vdnds,
dgnufodrtcs. Aikugcs dxpdrtcs mdlogdg ias cpdranocgds
psonciþkonas ncec ’piagdamas para tragseotor oglcreanoþg d
ogmonamcrds mdtdreogamcs a aumodgnoas dxtragbdras para ogliuor
dg sus decnocgds, ectovcs, cfbdtovcs, razcgaeodgtc y, pcr
òitoec, di ncepcrtaeodgtc md ics kcfodrgcs, crkagozanocgds,
krupcs
krupc s d ogmovom
ogm ovomucs
ucs―.1
―.1:
:= A su vdz, dg ics eaguaids
eagu aids eoiotards
eoiota rds sd
rdnudrma qud2 ’Ias cpdranocgds psonciþkonas rdnceodgmag y
piagdag di topc md annocgds ncec mdscfdmodgnoa novoi, eåtogds y
eagoldstanocgds qud mdkramag c gdutraiozag ia ogliudgnoa jcstoi
dg ias aumodgnoas ta r k dt―.1:
.1:4 

Di iawlard 
iawlard   sd ogsnrofd mordntaedgtd dg ia kudrra psonciþkona
pcr ics cfbdtovcs qud pdrsokud y ics edmocs qud utoioza2 sd morokd
dxprdsaedgtd a ’mdsecraiozar c mdsidkotoear― ai amvdrsaroc
pciåtonc pcr ia
ia våa buråmona,
buråmon a, pdrc rdquodrd md uga ncefoganoþg
nc efoganoþg ncg
ctrcs lantcrds para tdgdr oepantc, mdstanagmc
m dstanagmc di usc md ics edmocs
1:6 ]jd Atiagton Ncugnoi   (601?), ’\dgdzudia‟s Ogtdroe Kcvdrgedgt ^jugs Eamurc‟s Clldr
cl Moaickud―. >0 dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.atiagtonncugnoi.crk/ficks/gdw-atiagtonost/
 vdgd
 vd gdzu
zudia
dia-s-
-s-ogt
ogtdro
droe-
e-kc
kcvdr
vdrge
gedg
dgt-s
t-sju
jugs
gs-e
-eamamurc
urc-s-
-s-cl
clldr
ldr-cl
-cl-mo
-moaic
aicku
kudd (ncgsu
(nc gsuitam
itamcc di 14 md earzc
md 601?).
1:> N. ^oepscg (1??=),  ^nodgn
 ^nod gndd c l ncdrnoc
ncd rnoc g. Ncee
Nc ee ugona
ug onatoc
tocg
g rdsdarnj
rdsd arnj & psyn
ps ynjc
jcic
ickon
konai 
ai 
warlard, 1?=4-1?<0. Gdw
1?=4-1?<0.  Gdw _crh2 Cxlcrm Tgovdrsoty Prdss.
1:= M. ^ovidrfdrk,
^ovidrfdrk, y B.B. Jdoeagg (600?), ’Ag dvdr-dxpagmog k war2 war2 idkai aspdnts cl CgiogCgiogdd
stratdkon Ncee ugonatocgs―
ugonatocgs― (Vdpcrt).  Parae
 Pa rae dtdrs,
dtd rs, pp.;;-?=.
 pp.;;-?=.
1:4 Mdpartedgt cl tjd Are y (1??0),  Mcntr  Mc ntrog
ogdd lc r ^pdn
^p dnoa
oaii Lcr
L crnd
ndss Cpdrat
Cpd ratocg
ocgs.
s. Lodim
Lo dim Eagu
Ea guai.
ai.
 [asj
 [ asjogk
ogktc
tcg
g MN, pp.
pp . 14-6.
md nceugonanoþg y ics trofugaids, sueamc a ctras jdrraeodgtas
md mdsdstafoiozanoþg dncgþeona (sagnocgds dncgþeonas) y pciåtona
(aosiaeodgtc mopiceátonc). Dg dstd sdgtomc, ia kudrra psonciþkona
sd dgearna a su vdz dg ia kudrra dspdnoai c ’ioeotama c lidxofid―
(kudrra ncgtr
n cgtraog
aogsur
surkdg
kdgtd).1
td).1:
:<Lcrea partd asoeosec
asoeose c mdi ’nce
’nc e fc―
md ias kudrras md nuarta kdgdranoþg, nuycs cfbdtovcs ogniuydg
di aspdntc nuiturai mdi dgdeokc y ia napanomam para mosuamor y
ickrar di apcyc md ia pcfianoþg dgdeoka. Pudmd eagoldstarsd
ncec kudrra asoeïtrona y sd narantdroza pcr di depidc ogtdgsc
mdi sostdea edmoátonc lcnaiozamc ncgtra ia pcfianoþg dgdeoka,
afarnag
afar nagmc
mc ia cpogoþg
cpo goþg pòfiona
pòf iona kicf
ki cfai.
ai.11:;

Ia kudrra jåfroma para di naefoc md rïkoedg

Mdsmd ia pdrspdntova eoiotar, di iawlard sd

iawlard sd prdsdgta ncec di usc
md ia idy ncec area, para nuepior ncg cfbdtovcs eoiotards. _ dg
ia bdrka y prántona eoiotar, ïsta ds uga jdrraeodgta eás md uga
kudrra md aepioc dspdntrc qud ogniuyd dstratdkoas tåponas md ia
kudrra psonciþkona, ias kudrras ioeotamas, kudrras asoeïtronas
 y kudr
ku drra
rass gc ncgv
nc gvdg
dgnoc
nocga
gaid
ids,
s, kudr
ku drra
rass md nuar
nu arta
ta kdgd
kd gdra
ranoþ
noþg,
g,
nuycs ncepcgdgtds pudmdg ncgliuor dg ia mdgceogama ’kudrra
jåfroma―. Mdsmd ogonocs mdi sokic ZZO ja ncframc ludrza dstd
gudvc ncgndptc dgtrd ics agaiostas eoiotards. ^o fodg tcmavåa ds
ug tïreogc qud gdndsota
gdndsota eaycr prdnosoþg
prdnosoþg y asdgtaeodgtc, dxostd
dx ostd
nodrtc ncgsdgsc dg qud ia kudrra jåfroma sdråa uga ncefoganoþg
md ia kudrra rdkuiar, ia kudrra orrdkuiar y ia kudrra asoeïtrona.

^d trata md ug topc md kudrra qud pudmd sdr dbdrnoma pcr antcrds

dstataids c gc dstataids qud antòag ’ogncrpcragmc tcmc di
dspdntrc md ecmcs md kudrra, ogniuydgmc tcmas ias napanomamds
eoiotards ncgvdgnocgaids, tántonas y ugomamds md ncefatd
gc ncgvdgnocgaids, md annocgds tdrrcrostas, nacs mdsaloagtd,
 voci
 vo cidg
dgno
noas
as m osnro
osn roe
e ogat
og atcr
croa
oas,
s, nofd
no fdrk
rkud
udrr
rra,
a, kudr
ku drra
ra logag
log agnod
nodra
ra,,
edmo
ed moáto
átona
na,, dtn
d tn.―
.―11::
1:< Tgotdm ^tatds Mdpartedgt cl ^tatd. Lcrdokg Vdiatocgs cl ]jd Tgotdm ^tatds, ^tatds, 1?<1-1?<>,
1?<1-1?<>,
 \ci
 \c i \OOO,
\OO O, Gatocg
Ga tocgai
ai ^dnuro
^dn uroty
ty Pciony
Pc iony.. ’Idttd
’I dttdrr Lrce ^dnrd
^dn rdtar
taryy cl Mdldgs
Mdl dgsdd EnGa
En Gaea
eara
ra tc Prdsom
Pr dsomdgt
dgt
Hdggdmy― jttps2//jostcry.stat
jttps2//jostcry.statd.kcv/jostcro
d.kcv/jostcronaimcnuedgts/lrus1?<1-<>vc:/m1;
naimcnuedgts/lrus1?<1-<>vc:/m1;
1:; Earåa Dukdgoa Narmogaid (601:), ^dk
(601:),  ^dkur uroma
omamm Ogtdr
Ogt drgan
ganocg
ocgai
ai y M drdnj
dr dnjcs
cs Juea
Ju eagcs
gcs..   Fudgcs
 Aords2
 Aor ds2 ]dsdc.
]ds dc.
1:: Nrostoga Agmrdo Bcsag (6014), ’Jyfrom wars og tjd akd akd cl asyee dtron ncglionts―.  Vd vodw
vo dw cl 
Ia vdgtaba md su usc para ics antcrds dstataids ramona dg qud
rdaiozag annocgds md kudrra ’qud pudmdg sdr dg, krag edmoma,
gc oeputafids y, pcr tagtc, apionafids dg aqudiias sotuanocgds
dg ias qud annocgds eás afodrtas - y atdgmodgmc
atdgmod gmc a su kramc md md
dxpc
dx pcson
sonoþ
oþg-
g-,, pcmråag kdgdrar
kdgd rar rdnjazc―.1
rdnjazc ―.1:
:? Vdncrmdecs
Vdncrmde cs qud
qud ias
ias
ogtdrvdgnocgds dg ia mïnama md ics ?0 dg ia dx _ukcsiavoa c dg
Orah sanarcg a ia iuz di ’pugtc mïfoi mdi iomdrazkc cnnomdgtai―,
’ia aita sdgsofo
sdgs ofoioma
iomam
m a ia cpogoþg
cpog oþg pòfion
pò fiona―1
a―1??0 (y aquå ds dvomdgtd
di ncepcgdgtd md kudrra psonciþkona dg ias kudrras jåfromas).

Di iawlard 
iawlard   ncgstotuyd ug ogstruedgtc md ia kudrra jåfroma
dgnaeogamc ai prcpþsotc md ’drcsocgar y mdsidkotoear di
prdstokoc ogtdrgc y dxtdrgc, ia rdputanoþg y di apcyc md uga
ludrza eoiotar supdrocr, ug aparatc dstatai u crkagozanocgds
ogtdrg
ogt drgano
anocg
cgaid
aids―
s―.1
.1?
?1 Dg dstd nasc,
nasc , e agopuiag
agop uiagmc
mc ia idy
id y para
iidvar a nafc naefocs md rïkoedg qud tdgmråag eaycrds ncstcs
pciåtoncs, dg tïreogcs md oeakdg pòfiona, so sd modrag a travïs
md ics kcipds eoiotards
eo iotards tramonocgaids. Di jdnjc md qud ia eaycråa
md prcndscs bumonoaids, sdgtdgnoas, mdgugnoas c ogsoguanocgds
pcr nascs md ncrrupnoþg, sd ncgndgtrdg dg dxeagmatarocs
c eagmatarocs iatogcaedronagcs md Kcfodrgcs prckrdsostas
(augqud gc dxniusovaedgtd), ma postas md qud gcs dgncgtraecs
agtd uga gcvdmcsa dstratdkoa md mosputa kdcpciåtona.

Nafd rdncrmar qud muragtd di nonic pciåtonc qud sd ogaukura ncg

ia vontcroa
vontc roa didntcrai md Jukc Njávdz dg \dgdzud
\dg dzudia
ia dg 1??:
1??: -
sdkuoma md mostogtcs trouglcs md uga piurai ozquodrma rdkocgai-
ics paåsds kcfdrgamcs pcr ia ozquodrma dg Aeïrona Iatoga
deprdgmodrcg uga sdrod md pciåtonas scfdragas tagtc dg ic
pciåtonc ncec dg ic dncgþeonc y ic eoiotar, dg mostogtcs kramcs
d ogtdgsomamds.

 A or Lcrnd
Lc rndAna
Anamd mdeyey,, G° 1, \ci. 6:, p. 40.
1:? Eokudi Karnåa Kuogmc Kuogm c y Kafrodi Eartågdz-\aidra
Eartågdz -\aidra Kcgzáidz
Kcg záidz (6014), ’Ia kudrra jåfroma2
jåfroma2
gcnocgds prdioeogards y su rdpdrnusoþg dg di piagdaeodgtc md ics paåsds y crkagozanocgds
cnnomdgtaids―.  Mcnu
 Mc nued
edgtc
gtc md ]rafabc
]raf abc md i Ogstotu
Ogs totu tc Dspa
Ds pañc
ñcii md Dstum
Ds tum ocs Dstra
Ds tratïk
tïkonc
oncss  (ODDD),
06/6014, Kragama, pp. 1<-1;.
1 ? 0  Ofom.,
 Ofom ., p . 4 .
1?1 Agmrïs F. Euñcz Ecsqudra y ^asnja Mcv Fanjeagg Fanjeagg (6014). ’Iawlard
’Iawlard agm jyfrom warlard-
warlard-
jcw Vussoa
Vussoa os usogk tjd iaw iaw as w dapcg―. Ae onus Nuroad, Ossud
Nuroad, Ossud 106, ^ueedr, p. 6.
Dstas pciåtonas ludrcg rdlcrzamas ncg ia nrdanoþg md crkagosecs
md ogtdkranoþg y/c ncgndrtanoþg pciåtona md narántdr
iatogcaedronagosta qud ecstrafag uga vosoþg kdcpciåtona
aitdrgatova a ia md ics ogtdrdsds dstamcugomdgsds. Ics kcipds
md Dstamc bumonoaids c pariaedgtarocs, bugtc a ias mdrrctas
didntcraids, depdzarcg a ecmolonar di eapa pciåtonc magmc
iukar a uga rdvdrsoþg ncgsdrvamcra md niaras oepionanocgds
kdcpciåtonas.

Md jdnjc, partd mdi korc a ia mdrdnja dg ics Kcfodrgcs Kcf odrgcs md ia rdkoþg
sd ja eatdroaiozamc dg oepcrtagtds ecmolonanocgds dg di piagc
kdcpciåtonc, ncgsomdragmc
ncgsomdra gmc dspdnoaiedgtd
dspdnoaie dgtd ia narrdra pcr di di anndsc
a rdnurscs dstratïkoncs (pdtrþidc, crc, akua, focmovdrsomam).
Diic, a su vdz, sd piasea dg ecmolonanocgds md iognaeodgtcs md
sdkuromam y mdldgsa qud vag rdmdlogodgmc rcids md ias Ludrzas
 Are
 A reamamas
as (LL. AA.
A A.)) a govd
g ovdii ganoc
ga nocga
gai-r
i-rdk
dkoc
ocga
gaii (ogni
(og niuo
uoma
ma ia lug
l ugno
noþg
þg
 y vosof
vo sofoio
oioma
mam
m md ics
ic s eoio
e oiota
tard
rdss dg ia dsldr
dsl draa pciå
p ciåton
tona)
a) y sus
s us vågn
vå gnui
uics
cs a
govdi ogtdrganocgai2 dbdrnonocs md dgtrdgaeodgtc y napanotanoþg,
ncepra md areas, mdsarrciic nodgtålonc-tdngciþkonc ascnoamc ai
ncepidbc ogmustroai md DD. TT.

Dg Frasoi, di vågnuic dgtrd ia ’ioepodza― dbdrnoma pcr di Iava

Batc y ics yanoeodgtcs md jomrcnarfurcs mdi Prd^ai, ds fastagtd
dvomd
dv omdgt
gtd,1
d,1?
?6 sueamc
sue amc a uga nrdnodgtd
nrdnod gtd prdsdgn
p rdsdgnoa oa md ias LL.LL. AA.
 y di nce
nc e pidbc
pi dbc ogmu
og must
stroa
roaii e oiota
oio tarr md DD. TT. dg dstd dst d p a ås.1
ås .1?
?> Dg
 Ark
 A rkdg
dgto
toga
ga,, di Kcfo
Kc fodr
drgc
gc md E auronau ronoc
oc E anro
anr o rdai
rd aioz
ozþþ ug korc
kor c tcta
tc taii
dg eatdroa md scfdragåa, oepantagmc gc sþic dg uga eaycr
apdrtura mdi sdntcr jomrcnarfurcs, sogc dg di mdspiodkud md
ludrzas md sdkuromam dstamcugomdgsds
dstamcug omdgsds dg zcgas kdcdstratïkonas
ncec
nce c ia tropid lrcgtdra
lrcg tdra y ia Patak
Pa takcg cgoa.1
oa.1?
?=D
=Dgg Dnuamcr,
Dnuam cr, di Kcfodrg
Kc fodrgcc
md Idgåg Ecrdgc sd ja aiogdamc sog mdeasoamcs eoraeodgtcs a

1?6 Aeåin ar ^aias Crcñc y ^oivoga

^oivoga Vceagc (601;), ’Frasoi y di Ncgc ^ur dg ia kdcpciåtona
kdcpciåtona
dstamcugomdgsd―. Ndiak. 1? md bugoc . Mospcgofid
M ospcgofid dg2
dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/frasoi-y-di-ncgc-sur-
dg-ia-kdcpciotona-dstamcugomdgsd/
1?> ^oivoga Vceagc y ]aea ra Iabteag (601:), ’DD. TT. avagza scfrd di Frasoi md ]de dr―.
Ndiak. 
Ndiak.   6; md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/dduu-avagza-scfrd-di-frasoi-md-
tdedr/
1?= Naeoia \ciidgw domdr (600:), ’Arkdgtoga2 abustd, eoiotarozanoþg y aiogdaeodgtc ncg DD. DD.
TT.―. Ndiak. 1
Ndiak. 1 md akcstc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/arkdgtoga-abustd-eoiotarozanocg-
aiogdaeodgtc-dd-uu/
 ia pciåtona agtogarnþtoncs md DD. TT, qud ogniuyd dg så eosea
anndsc a rdnurscs y dspanocs kdcdstratïkoncs md ogtdrïs para
euitoganocgaids, aså ncec di liubc md oglcreanoþg y matcs a
ludrza
lud rzass md sdkurom
sdk uromam
am c mopiceáton
mopice átoncs
cs md DD. TT
T T .81?
.81?4 dstc, dg ias
agtåpcmas mdi Kcfodrgc agtdrocr, ncgsomdragmc di nodrrd md ia
 fasd
 fa sd md Eagta
Ea gta y ia mosp
mo sputa
uta mdi Kcfo
Kc fodr
drgc
gc md Val
Valad
adii Ncrr
Nc rrda
da ncg ia
euitoganocgai Njdvrcg.

I aw lar d  y kdcpciåtona2 \dgdzudia

Di proedr ogmonoc md iawlard 

iawlard  dg \dgdzudia ds ia utoiozanoþg md
sagnocgds dncgþeonas. Ncec di eosec Mugiap ic aniara, ias
sagnocgds dncgþeonas scg uga eagdra md ’iofrar ia kudrra pcr
ctrcs edmoc
e dmocs―,
s―, dg dstd nasc, pcr ia våa md ia asloxoa dncgþeona,
dncgþe ona, pdrc
ncgtagmc
ncgta gmc ncg ug earnc idkai para oepide oep idedgta
dgtarr dsta kudrr
ku drra.1
a.1?
?<
Ncg rdspdntc a ias sagnocgds, ia CLAN mdi Mdpartaedgtc
mdi ]dscrc ds ia dgnarkama md piagtdar ias rdkias para apionar
’sagnoc
’sag nocgds
gds ogt
o gtdio
diokd
kdgtd
gtds―1
s―1?
?; qud, pcr dstar
dsta r lcnaioza
lcnai ozama
mass dg uga
pdrscga c krupc md pdrscgas, tdþronaedgtd gc aldntaråag a ia
dncgceåa dg kdgdrai c a ia voma md ias pdrscgas. ^d naiolonag md
’ogtdiokdgtds― pcrqud, amdeás, ncec jdrraeodgtas md pcmdr
 fiagm
 fi agmc,
c, dstarå
dst aråag
ag dxdg
dx dgtas
tas md vocidg
voc idgnoa
noa.. Ia rdaio
rd aioma
mamm euds
eu dstra
tra ic
ncgtraroc2 ias sagnocgds dncgþeonas pudmdg ’jandr njoiiar― ia
dncgceåa y ncgmdgar a ia pcfianoþg md ug paås a ia nardståa md
aioedgtcs, edmonogas y fodgds fásoncs.

Ias sagnocgds dncgþeonas jag jcramamc ia napanomam

amquosotova md ics noumamagcs vdgdzciagcs prcvcnagmc ug
prcndsc md eokranoþg dncgþeona qud ja somc aepiolonamc
edmoátonaedgtd pcr dgnoea md prcndscs md eokranoþg pcr
mdpaupdranoþg y pdrsdnunoþg pciåtona, ncec ics cnurromcs dg
1?4 ]aeara Iabteag (601:), ’Di Idgåg qud quodrd DD. TT―. Ndiak.  Ndiak.  Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
 www.n
 ww w.ndia
diak.c
k.crk/
rk/di-
di-idg
idgog-
og-qu
qud-
d-quo
quodrd
drd-dd
-dduu
uu//
1?< Jdreág, ^tdvd (601;),(601;), ’‚Iaw lard‟ pcmråa ncgvdrtorsd dg uga jdrraeodgta md ]rue p ncgtra
ics amvdrsarocs―. \ca Gdws. 
Gdws.  6= md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.vcagdws.nce/a/iawlard-
pcssofid-truep-tcci-akaogst-amvdrsarods/><?0 o <;.jtei
1?; Niymd Julfaudr, Kary y Cdkk, Farfara (6000), ’^agnocgds ’^agnocg ds morokomas2
morokomas2 ³uga aitdrgatova
pciåtona3―. Mcnuedgtc para ug soepcsoc scfrd ’³Vdlcrea md ias sagnocgds3 Dvaiuanoþg mdi area
dncgþeona dg Asoa y di eugmc―. Pdtdrscg Ogstotutd lcr Ogtdrgatocgai Dncgceons. 6> md ldfrdrc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//poo
jttps2//pood.nce/nceedgtary/spddnjds-papdrs/tarkdt
d.nce/nceedgtary/spddnjds-papdrs/tarkdtdm-sagntocgs-pcio
dm-sagntocgs-pciony-
ny-
aitdrgatovd
 Eïxonc, Ndgtrcaeïrona y Ncicefoa. Ias pïrmomas dncgþeonas
a nausa md ias sagnocgds y mdi ficqudc logagnodrc dg \dgdzudia
ainagzag ia nolra md >40.000 eoiicgds md mþiards dgtrd 601>
 y 601;,
601 ;, ic qud dquova
dqu ovaid
id a ia pïrm
pï rmom
omaa md dgtrd
dg trd 16.600
16.6 00 y 1>.=00
1>.=0 0
mþiards pcr nama
n ama vdgdz
vd gdzcia
ciagc
gc.1
.1?
?:

Di sdkugmc ogmonoc md iawlard ncgtra

iawlard ncgtra \dgdzudia, lud ia nrdanoþg
md ug ]rofugai ^uprdec md Bustonoa (]^B) dg di ’dxoioc―,
paraidic ai dxostdgtd dg tdrrotcroc vdgdzciagc y avaiamc pcr ia
Crkagozanoþg md Dstamcs Aedronagcs (CDA) qud pcmråa sdr
utoiozamc ncec ’trofugai jåfromc― mospudstc a ogtdrvdgor dg di
ncgliontc vdgdzciagc. Md jdnjc, su nrdanoþg rdncrmþ a ia idy qud
prdsdgtarcg varocs sdgamcrds dg afroi md 601; agtd di Nceotï md
Vdianocgds Dxtdrocrds mdi ^dgamc md DD. TT.2  Idy  Id y md rdgm
rd gmono
onoþg
þg
md nudgtas md ics nråedgds md kudrra sorocs.1"  Dg
sorocs.1"  Dg diia sd ogstafa
ai Mdpartaedgtc md Dstamc a rdaiozar ug dstumoc scfrd ics
’ednagosecs
’ednagose cs md bustonoa
bust onoa tragsonoc
tr agsonocgai―,
gai―, ogniuydgmc ia nrdanoþg md
ug ’trofugai jåfromc
jåf romc―― qud pumodra buzka
buz karr ics ’nråedgds md kudrra,
md idsa jueagomam y di kdgcnomoc― supudstaedgtd pdrpdtramcs
pcr di Kcfodrgc md Fanjar ai Asam. Dstas ’ncrtds jåfromas― sd
nrdarcg a logaids md ics ?0 ncec ug area md Cnnomdgtd para
aeparar idkaiedgtd ia mcntroga md ia ’rdspcgsafoiomam md
prctdkdr― qud bustolonþ ’ogtdrvdgnocgds jueagotaroas― md DD.
TT. dg Jaotå, ia dx _ukcsiav
_ukc siavoa,
oa, Iofoa y ^oroa
^ oroa.6
.60
00

Dg dsta iþkona md ogtdrvdgnoþg, augqud apionama a supudstcs

mdiotcs dncgþeoncs, dg cntufrd md 601: di ]^B dg di dxoioc, mdsmd
Fckctá, sdgtdgnoþ ai prdsomdgtd Gonciás Eamurc a 1: añcs y
trds edsds md prosoþg pcr narkcs md ncrrupnoþg pcr supudstas
oepionanocgds dg di nasc Cmdfrdnjt. Ia edmoátona ogtdrganocgai
 y ia CD
CDAA lugno
lug nocg
cgar
arcg
cg nce
nc e c naba md rds
r dscg
cgag
agnoa
noa md dsta
d sta sdgtdg
sdg tdgnoa
noa,,
ogtdgtagmc ognotar a ia rdfdioþg y ai mdsncgcnoeodgtc ganocgai d
ogtdrganocgai mdi prdsomdgtd Eamurc.
1?: Ndiak 
Ndiak  (601?), ’Ias ncgsdnudgnoas dncgþeonas mdi fconct a \dgdzudia―. : md ldfrdrc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/ias-ncgsdnudgnoas-dncgceonas-mdi-fconct-vdgdzudia/
(ncgsuitamc di 10 md ldfrdrc md 601?).
1?? Ncgkrdss.kc
Ncgk rdss.kc v (601;), ’Idy md rdspcgsafoiomam md nråedgds md kudrra sorocs
sorocs md 601;― .
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ncgkrdss.kcv/foii/114tj-ncgkrdss/sdgatd-foii/?04
600 ^avog, Idcgom (601;), ’Md ia kudrra jåfroma a ia kudrra md idy jåfroma―.
jåfroma―. Kdcpciåtona.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.kdcpciotona.ru/dg/artonid/jyfrom-warlard-jyfrom-iawlard
 Eás aiiá md cfsdrvar di patrþg md nausaids pcr ncrrupnoþg
apionamas a ics iåmdrds iatogcaedronagcs dg niarc usc mdi
iawlard   -ncec sd dxpcgd dg dstd iofrc-, ic eás gcvdmcsc md
iawlard 
dstd ’buonoc― lud di narántdr paradstatai qud cstdgtþ, sodgmc qud
di autïgtonc ]^B vdgdzciagc dstá dg lugnocgds mdsmd Naranas
 y nudg
nu dgta
ta ncg di rdsp
rd spai
aimc
mc md trof
tr ofug
ugai
aids
ds ogtd
og tdrg
rgan
anoc
ocga
gaid
idss ncec
nce c
Ia Jaya.6
J aya.60
01 Ia CDA
CD A ja buka
bu kamc
mc ug rci prct
p rctakþ
akþgon
goncc dg di ogtdgtc
og tdgtc
md oidkaiozar nuaiquodr annoþg mdi Kcfodrgc vdgdzciagc. ^og
defarkc, ai gc ncgtar ncg ia eaycråa gdndsaroa md ics vctcs para
apionar ia Narta Mdecnrátona Ogtdraedronaga ncgtra \dgdzudia,
ug aia md paåsds ncglcreþ di Krupc md Ioea, nuya ògona razþg
md dxostdgnoa ja somc atanar edmoagtd di ndrnc mopiceátonc ai
Kcfodrgc md Gonciás Eamurc, ogstágmcic rdotdramaedgtd a qud
andptd
and ptd di ’nagai
’naga i md ayuma
ayum a jue
j ueagagota
otaroa
roa.―6
.―606

]agtc di Krupc md Ioea ncec di ]^B dg di dxoioc jag tdgomc ug

papdi rdiatovaedgtd antovc dg ics òitoecs ogtdgtcs md kcipd md
Dstamc qud ogonoarcg dg dgdrc md 601? dg \dgdzudia y mcgmd di
mdfatd scfrd ia idkaiomam ja dstamc euy prdsdgtd. Di antovosec
md prdsomdgtds y defabamcrds md aikugcs paåsds, ogtdkragtds
c gc mdi Krupc md Ioea, ja supudstc ug afodrtc dbdrnonoc md
ogbdrdgnoa qud vuigdra di artånuic >.1. md ia Ncgvdgnoþg md
 \od
 \ odgg a qudqu d rdku
rd kuia
ia ias
ia s rdia
rd iano
nocg
cgds
ds mop
mo p ice
ic e áton
át onas
as dgtrd
dg trd Dstam
Ds tamcs
cs,,
amdeás md ia Narta md Ganocgds Tgomas. Dgncgtraecs, aså,
di tdrndr didedgtc vosofid md iawlard  iawlard  dg di nasc vdgdzciagc y
qud dstá prdsdgtd dgtrd ias narantdråstonas md kudrra jåfroma2
di scnavaeodgtc md ics antuaids earncs idkaids, ganocgaids
d ogtdrganocgaids, ’nudstocgagmc ia vaiomdz md ias gcreas
dxostdgtds md mdrdnjc ogtdrganocgai pòfionc apionafids dg ias
rdianocgds ogtdrganocgaids dg todepcs md paz y todepcs md
k u d r r a ―.6
.60
0>
601  Moaroc
 Moa roc Ias
Ia s Ae
A e ïrona
ïr ona s   (601:), ’]^B dg di dxoioc pufiona sdgtdgnoa mdlogotova qud ncgmdga
a Eamurc a 1: añcs y > edsds md prosoþg―. 6? md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.
moarociasaedronas.nce/aedrona-iatoga/tsb-di-dxoioc-pufiona-sdgtdgnoa-mdlogotova-qud-ncgmdga-
eamurc-i:-agcs-y->-edsds-prosocg-g=o<4>>0 (ncgsuitamc di < md ldfrdrc md 601?).
606  Di  D i Jdrai
Jd raimc
mc   (601:), ’Krupc md Ioea pomd a Eamurc qud lanoiotd ogkrdsc md ayuma
jueagotaroa―. 1; md buioc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dijdraimc.nc/eugmc/krupc-md-ioea-
pomd-eamurc-qud-lanoiotd-ogkrdsc-md-ayuma-jueagotaroa-41?==: (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md
601?).
60> Agmrïs F. Euñcz Ecsqudra y ^asnja Mcv Fanjeagg (601<) ’Iawlard og Jyfrom Jyfrom [ars2
]jd 6 o« Ndgtury [arlard―.
[arlard ―. Bc
 Bcururga
gaii c l Ogtdr
Og tdrga
gatoc
tocga
gaii Juea
Ju eagot
gotaro
aroag
ag Idka
Id kaii ^tumods
^tum ods,, G° ;, p. ;=.
 Ia autcprcniaeanoþg md ug prdsomdgtd, ncec di nasc mdi
moputamc Buag Kuaomþ, qud sd autcogvostoþ ncec prdsomdgtd md
ia Vdpòfiona y lud rdncgcnomc pcr crkagosecs ogtdrganocgaids
 y ctrc
ct rcss Kcfo
Kc fodr
drgc
gcss mdsmd
md smd di dxtd
dx tdroc
rocr,
r, pcgd
pcg d dg lugn
lu gnoc
ocga
gae
e odgt
od gtcc
uga sdrod md idyds y rdquosotcs idkaids para mar idkotoeomam a
dstd prcndsc (mdfatds y rdsciunocgds dg ia CDA y dg di Ncgsdbc
md ^dkuromam md ia CGT, mdniaranocgds md lugnocgarocs md aitc
govdi, dtn.) qud eudstrag ug eai usc md ia idy c ug liakragtd
mdsncgcnoeodgtc mdi mdrdnjc ogtdrganocgai para supudstaedgtd
rdstaurar ia idy y ia mdecnranoa dg \dgdzudia. Ia aparodgnoa
md idkaiomam qud sd eudstra dg edsas rdmcgmas, cpogocgds
md dxpdrtcs y mdniaranocgds, ds uga md ias niavds para ickrar
idkotoeomam dg ia cpogoþg pòfiona dg ncgtra mdi Kcfodrgc md
Gonciás Eamurc. Pdrc dsa oeakdg md idkaiomam cpdra dg ug
earnc md vuigdranoþg ai Mdrdnjc Ogtdrganocgai Pòfionc, dg ug
sostdea ogtdrganocgai asoeïtronc qud sd rdkuia mdlantc mdlantc   pcr ia
ludrza mdi jdkdeþg para
jdkdeþg para oepcgdr
oe pcgdr su nrotdroc a tdrndrcs Dstamcs,
janodgmc md sus ogtdrdsds di ’sdgtomc nceòg― md ia nceugomam
ogtdrganocgai. Ia vuigdranoþg md ia ogvociafoiomam mopiceátona
md ia Defabama md \dgdzudia dg [asjogktcg lud uga eudstra
paipafid md nþec sd dstág puivdrozagmc ias gcreas qud rokdg
ias rdianocgds dgtrd paåsds para di di nasc vdgdzciagc, sdgtagmc ug
prdndmdgtd euy pdiokrcsc.

Gc cfstagtd, agtd ia oepcsofoiomam md ickrar di ncgsdgsc

lavcrafid ai kcipd a \dgdzudia dg ics crkagosecs euitoiatdraids,
sda dg ia CDA, sda dg di Ncgsdbc md ^dkuromam md ia CGT, ia
cpnoþg md prclugmozar y aepioar ia dsnaiama md cpdranocgds
md ia kudrra jåfroma apardnd ncec ia ògona saioma para sanar
ai njavosec mdi pcmdr. A dsta kudrra sd sueþ uga varoafid
dg ia ogtdrvdgnoþg md narántdr ’jueagotaroc― dgnaeogama a
 bust
 bu stol
olon
onaa r ia prds
pr dsdg
dgnoa
noa e oiot
oi otar
ar lcrá
lc rágd
gdaa dg \dgd
\d gdzu
zudi
dia.
a. ^d trata
tra ta md
ncgtrciar di tdrrotcroc y ics rdnurscs pdtrcidrcs para ic nuai di
autcprcniaeamc Buag Kuaomþ ja apdiamc a uga laiioma apdrtura
md ug ’nagai
’nagai juej ueagota
agotaroc―
roc― y, pcstdrocredgtd,
pcstdrocre dgtd, a ia apionanoþg mdi
artånuic 1:;.11. md ia Ncgstotunoþg md ia Vdpòfiona Fciovaroaga
md \dgdzudia qud autcroza ia dgtrama md eosocgds eoiotards
dxtragbdras dg di paås. Md jdnjc, dg eayc md 601?, Narics
 \dnn
 \d nnjo
joc,
c, mdsok
md sokga gamc
mc pcr
pc r Buag
Bu ag Kuaom
Ku aomþþ defa
de faba
bamc
mcrr md \ dgdz
dg dzud
udia
ia
dg DD. TT., dg ug niarc ogtdgtc md dbdrndr lugnocgds paraidias
md Kcfodrgc, deotoþ uga eosova scionotagmc uga rdugoþg ncg di
Nceagmc ^ur md DD. TT. para piagolonar ia ogtdrvdgnoþg eoiotar
dg \d
\ d g d z u d ia.6
ia .60
0=

Ogtdrvdgnoþg ’jueagotaroa―2 idkaiozanoþg md ia kudrra

Ias dxpdrodgnoas md ^oroa c Iofoa scg eudstras rdnodgtds md

nþec Dstamcs ndgtraids, ncg pdsc kdcpciåtonc y ia nceugomam
ogtdrganocgai sd sorvdg md ia idy para ogtdrvdgor ’pcr ia ludrza―,
pdrc rdnurrodgmc a bustolonanocgds ncec ia ’ogtdrvdgnoþg
jueagotaroa―, qud sd prdsdgtaråa ncec uga sciunoþg moldrdgtd
a ia ogtdrvdgnoþg eoiotar, gc vocidgta y crodgtama a karagtozar di
 fod
 f odg
g dsta
ds tarr md ia pcfia
pc fianoþ
noþg.
g.

Dg ics jdnjcs, tagtc di ecmc dg qud sd iidva a nafc ia ’ogtdrvdgnoþg

jueagotaroa― ncec sus rdsuitamcs, sd asoeoiag eunjc a ics
md uga kudrra ncgvdgnocgai y gc nuepidg ncg di cfbdtovc md
karagtozar di fodgdstar md ia pcfianoþg (sogc eás fodg tcmc ic
ncgtraroc). Di rdiatc md ia ia ogstaianoþg
ogsta ianoþg md ia ia mdecnranoa,
mde cnranoa, ia iofdrtam
 y ics mdrd
md rdnj
njcs
cs jue
ju e agcs
ag cs ncec
nc ec log idk
id k otoe
ot oeam
amcc r md ia rupt
ru ptur
uraa md
ia autcmdtdreoganoþg md uga ganoþg y ia ogtrceosoþg md ctra(s),
dgnudgtra
dgnud gtra su pugtc md sågtdsos dg ia ia ’ogtdrvdgnoþg
’ogtdrvdgn oþg jue ju e agotaroa―.
agota roa―.
 Ap
 A p d iar
ia r a ic ’ju
’j u e agot
ag otar
aroc
oc―― ncgs
nc gstot
totuy
uydd di e dnag
dn agose
osecc soe
so e fþion
fþ ioncc
gdndsaroc para jandr pardndr di dglrdgtaeodgtc areamc ncec
uga ’kudrra busta― y idkåtoea, y sus ncgsdnudgnoas dg vomas d
oglradstruntura ncec ’mañcs nciatdraids―.

60= Icfc, Vcfdrt (601?), ’\dnnjoc

’\dnnjoc scionota lcreaiedgtd
lcreaie dgtd rdugoþg ncg di Nceagmc ^ur ^u r md DD.
DD.
T T  Pugtc
 Pug tc md Ncrtd
N crtd.. Akdg
Ak dgnoa
noa md Oglcre
Ogl cre anoþg
ano þg.. 1> md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//pugtcmdncrtd.
jttps2//pugtcmdncrtd.
nce/vdnnjoc-rdugocg-nceagmc-sur/
 Ludgtd2 ] o e d ,  1> md akcstc md 601<

Dsta lþreuia rdsuitþ dg di asdmoc d ogvasoþg qud sulroþ Iofoa pcr

partd md ia C]AG y qud mdkdgdrþ dg ug paås lrakedgtamc y dg
pdreagdgtd kudrra novoi. Di mdspiodkud edmoátonc scfrd Iofoa
ecstragmc supudstas eatagzas md ia pcfianoþg pcr partd mdi
Kcfodrgc md Kamalo sorvoþ md earnc idkotoeamcr
idkotoea mcr md ia ogtdrvdgnoþg
ogtdrvdg noþg
eoiotar,
eoiotar, sog vosofoiozar baeás
bae ás ias ecvoiozanocgds dg apcyc a Kamalo
Kamalo
 y dg ncgtra
ncg tra md ia kudr
ku drra
ra.6
.60
04 Di mdrdn
md rdnjc
jc ogtd
og tdrga
rganoc
nocgai
gai qudm
qu dmþþ
suspdgmomc pudstc qud gc jufc sdkuoeodgtc aikugc a prdndptcs
rdnckomcs
rdnckomc s dg ia Narta md Ganocgds
Ganocg ds Tgomas
T gomas ncec ’ia afstdgnoþg mdi
usc md ia ludrza ncgtra ia ogtdkromam tdrrotcroai c ia ogmdpdgmdgnoa
pciåtona md nuaiquodr Dstamc―. Ia ogtdrvdgnoþg eoiotar sd bustolonþ,
gc cfstagtd,
cfstagtd, fabc ia dxnusa md ia ’rdspcgsafoiomam md prctdkdr― y
lud autcrozama
autcrozam a pcr di
di Ncgsdbc md ^dkuromam md Ganocgds
Ganocgd s Tgomas dg
ia rdsciunoþg 1?;>. Tg dbdepic eás md nþec ia ’rdspcgsafoiomam

604  Eosoþ
 E osoþgg \drmam 
\dr mam  (601<),
  (601<), ’Eatronds utoiozamas para ogvamor Iofoa taefoïg sd apionag ncgtra
 \dgd
 \d gdzu
zudia
dia―.
―. >0 md eayc.
ea yc. Mospcg
Mos pcg ofid dg2 jttp2//eosocgvdrmam.nce/eatronds/eatronds-utoiozamas-
para-ogvamor-iofoa-taefodg-sd-apionag-ncgtra-vdgdzudia (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md 601?).
md prctdkdr―
prctdkd r― y ias ’ogtdrvdgnocgds jueagotaroas―
jue agotaroas― jag somc usamas
para cfbdtovcs md ’naefoc md rïkoedg―.
Dg ^oroa sd rdpotoþ ia dstratdkoa2 uga ncgtogua y aita nagtomam
md oglcreanoþg gdkatova scfrd di Kcfodrgc md Fanjar ai Asam
kdgdrþ ia eatroz md jcstoiomam ncgtra su prcpoa pcfianoþg para
 bust
 bu stol
olon
onar
ar ia ogtdrv
ogt drvdg
dgnoþ
noþg
g lcrág
lcr ágdada dg gcefr
gce frdd md ia prctd
pr ctdnn
nnoþg
oþg md
ics MM. JJ. ^d afroþ ug ncrrdmcr jueagotaroc pcr di qud liuyþ
ia asostdgnoa,
asostdgnoa, pdrc taefoïg
taefoïg trcpas
trcpa s qud auedgtarcg ias tdgsocgds
ogtdrgas. Di saimc mdi ncgliontc dg ^oroa, dxandrfamc pcr ia
’ogtdrvdgnoþg jueagotaroa―, ds md 640.00 eoi pdrscgas eudrtas
 y eás
e ás mdm d 16 eoiicg
eoi icgds
ds rdl
r dluk
ukoa
oama
mass y mds
m dspi
piaz
azam
amas
as.6
.60
0<Ncec
<Nc ec ic
i c rdsait
r dsaitaa
Narstdg ^tajg2
(...)
...) ia nrosos dg ^oroa
^ oroa ja mdsaloamc ics iåe otds md ia idy ogtdrganocgai
ogtdrganocg ai
(...) Xpusc dg dvomdgnoaU uga tdgmdgnoa a utoiozar ia idy ncec
ug ogstruedgtc md Kudrra ( i a w l a r d ). Dg di ncgtdxtc soroc, ics
tïreogcs aiusovcs
aiusovc s a uga idy nroeogai
nroeoga i (pcr dbdepi
dbdepic,c, bustc nastok
nastokc,
c,
mosuasoþg) lcrearcg partd md ia bustolonanoþg para di usc md ia
ludrza. Ia ogtdrvdgnoþg lud prdsdgtama y crkagozama md ecmc
tai qud sukoroþ
suk oroþ ncec
nce c ’andptafid―
’andptafid― nastokar
nastoka r ai rïkoedg
rïkoe dg md Assa
As samm
edmoagtd di usc md ia ludrza.60;

Di nasc vdgdzciagc rcepd di dsqudea C]AG-Edmoc Crodgtd

 y sotòa
sot òa di ncglio
ncg liontc
ntc dg Aeïro
Ae ïronana Iatoga.
Iatog a. Di ogtdg
og tdgtc
tc md kcipd
kc ipd md
Dstamc ai Kcfodrgc md Gonciás Eamurc sd apcya dg ia garratova
md cprdsoþg y pdrsdnunoþg
pdrsdnun oþg md ia pcfianoþg
pcfianoþ g pcr partd md ias ludrzas
pcionoaids y di Dbïrnotc. Ias gctonoas md rdniutaeodgtc md goñcs y
eatagzas
eatag zas dg sdntcrds
sdntcrd s pcpuiards jag somc totuiards md ia edmoátona
e dmoátona
ogtdrganocgai sog qud sd mdseodgtag iudkc md mdecstrama su
laisdmam (lahd
(la hd gdw s).6
s) .60
0:  Asoe
 As oeose
osec,
c, ia sotua
sot uanoþ
noþgg aioed
aio edgto
gtonoa
noa
nataickama edmoátonaedgtd ncec ’jaefruga― ds utoiozama para

60< CGT, ’^oroa. ^otuanoþg jueagotaroa―.

jueag otaroa―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//gdws.ug.crk/ds/lcnus/soroa
(ncgsuitamc di 4 md ldfrdrc 601?).
60; Narstdg ^tajg, ’Dgtrd Kudrra y idy", CpuFick.  CpuFick.  Vdnupdramc md2 jttps2//fick.cup.
jttps2//fick.cup.
nce/6 0 o >/ o 6/fdtwddg-warlard-agm-iawlard-syroa-mosncursd-ogtdrvdgtocg-pugosjedgt/
60: ]aiNuai   (601?), ’\aroas CGK mdseodgtdg di rdniutaeodgtc lcrzamc md bþvdgds dg
 \dg
 \ dgdz
dzud
udia
ia―.
―. >0 md dgdrc
dg drc.. Mospcgof
Mosp cgofid
id dg2 jttp2//tainuaimokotai.n0e/ogmdx.pjp/601?/01/>0/
 varoas
 var oas-cg
-cgk-m
k-mdse
dse odgtdg
odg tdg-di
-di-rd
-rdniu
niutae
taeodg
odgtc-
tc-lcr
lcrzam
zam c-md-b
c-m d-bcvd
cvdgd
gds-d
s-dg-
g-vdg
vdg dzudia
dzu dia// (ncgsu
(nc gsuitam
itamcc di < md
ldfrdrc md 601?).
nuipafoiozar ai Kcfodrgc y dxokor di nagai md ayuma jueagotaroa,
sog edgnocgar di mañc cnasocgamc pcr ias sagnocgds apionamas
pcr DD. TT. y ia Tgoþg Durcpda, nrotonamas ogniusc pcr Ganocgds
Tgomas2 ’Di usc md sagnocgds pcr partd md pcmdrds dxtdrgcs para
mdrrcnar a ug Kcfodrgc didntc dstá dg vocianoþg md tcmas ias
gcreas
gcre as mdi mdrdnj
md rdnjcc ogtd
o gtdrga
rganoc
nocgai
gai―.6
―.60
0?

Di mdrdnjc ogtdrganocgai dstopuia qud ia ayuma jueagotaroa sd

 busto
 bu stolon
lonaa dg nasc
n ascss md natás
na tástrc
trcldld gatur
ga turai
ai c kudrra
kudr ra areama
are ama88 gogkug
gog kugcc
md dstcs nascs cnurrd antuaiedgtd dg \dgdzudia, mcgmd gc sd ma
gogkuga aedgaza ’dxndpnocgai y kdgdraiozama― qud pcgka dg
rodskc ia voma jueaga.6
jue aga.6110Amdeás,
Amdeá s, iasia s Ganocgds
Ganocgd s Tgomas ogstotuydg
ogstotuyd g
qud ia asostdgnoa jueagotaroa mdfd rdspdtar ia scfdragåa y ia
ogtdkromam
ogtdkroma m md ias ganocgds
ganocg ds md anudrmc ncg ia Narta md ia CGT, pcr
ic qud gc sd pudmd ogtrcmunor ayuma jueagotaroa sog agtds jafdr
somc scionotama pcr di Dstamc aldntamc. Ia bukama mdi Kcfodrgc
paraidic ogtdgta prcpcrnocgar ug jaic md idkotoeomam qud, ai
gc sdr rdncgcnomc a ic ogtdrgc pcr ia eaycråa md ia nceugomam
ogtdrganocgai,
ogtdrgan ocgai, podrmd tcmc dldntc rdaiedgtd vognuiagtd vognuiagt d eás aiiá md
ia bustolon
bus tolonan
anoþg
oþg edmoá
ed moáton
tona.6
a.6111 Pardnd dvomdgt
dv omdgtdd qud ia ncgstrun
ncgs trunnoþg
noþg
md ia eatroz md ia dxostdgnoa md uga ’nrosos jueagotaroa― y ia
gdndsomam md uga ’ogtdrvdgnoþg jueagotaroa― para rdscivdria ds
ctrc cpdratovc eás md ia kudrra psonciþkona ncgtra di paås.

³Pcr quï ias kudrras ncgtra Kcfodrgcs aitdrgatovcs3

Di trouglc md ia Vdvciunoþg Fciovaroaga dg 1??:, ncg ia vontcroa

didntcrai md Jukc Njávdz, afroþ ug gudvc dsndgaroc pciåtonc
dg di ncgtogdgtd iatogcaedronagc y narofdñc. A ia dxostdgnoa y
rdsostdgnoa md Nufa, sd ugåa uga gudva dxpdrodgnoa pciåtona qud
prcgtc mdecstrþ mdsaloar ics ogtdrdsds dstamcugomdgsds dg su
’rdsdrva dstratïkona― y zcga gaturai md ogliudgnoa kdcpciåtona.
60? CGT (601?), ’Ias sagnocgds a \dgdzudia atdgtag ncgtra ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs md pdrscgas
ogcndgtds― . >1 dgdrc.
dgdrc. Mospcg ofid dg2 jttps2//gdws.ug.0rk/ds/stcry/601?/01/1=406?6
610 ]oramc , Aragtxa (601?), ’\dgdzudia2 nrosos jueagotaroa y rdspcgsafoiomam md prctdkdr― .
Ndiak. 
Ndiak.   6> ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/vdgdzudia-nrosos-jueagotaroa-y-
rdspcgsafoiomam-md-prctdkdr/
611  ^urds.
 ^ur ds. Dstum
Ds tumocs
ocs y mdldg
mdl dgsa
sa dg Mdrdnj
Md rdnjcs
cs Jue agcs.
agc s.   ’Dg \dgdzudia gc dxostd uga nrosos
jueagotaroa―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//surds.crk.vd/ctrcs/dg-vdgdzudia-gc-dxostd-uga-nrosos-
jueagotaroa/ (ncgsuitamc d i = md ldfrdrc md 601?).
1;6 | ³covl
³covlli/
li/'d
'd y kudrra jåfroma2
jåfroma2 \dgdzudia
\dgdzudia dg ia
ia mosputa kdcpciåtona
kdcpciåtona

 Amde
 Am deás ás,, dstd
dst d prcn
pr cnds
dscc rdvci
rd vciun
unoc
ocga
garoc
roc sd mafa
ma fa dg di paås
pa ås qud
todgd ias prognopaids rdsdrvas prcfamas md pdtrþidc mdi eugmc,
 bug
 bu g tc a ctrcs
ctr cs rdnur
rdn ursc
scss dstra
ds tratïk
tïkonc
oncss niavd
nia vd para
par a di lugn
lu gnocg
ocgae
aeodg
odgtc
tc
md ia dncgceåa md ug napotaiosec qud mdpdgmd dg fudga
edmoma tcmavåa md ias dgdrkåas lþsoids. Dg ics añcs pcstdrocrds
a ia Vdvciunoþg Fciovaroaga sd suearcg ctrcs Kcfodrgcs
prckrdsostas qud, a pdsar md sus moldrdgnoas, ncognomodrcg dg
ia mdldgsa md ia scfdragåa ganocgai y ncgliuydrcg dg ogtdgtcs
ncidntovcs md ncgstrunnoþg md ogstotunocgds euitoiatdraids para
ia ncgndrtanoþg pciåtona iatogcaedronagc-narofdña, a safdr, di
 AIFA
 AI FA-] -]NP
NP,, ia Tgas
Tg asur
ur y ia Ndian.
Ndia n. Crka
Cr kago
gose
secscs dglcn
dg lcnam
amcscs a ia
 fòsq
 fò sqududma
ma paui
pa uiato
atoga
ga md uga ogtdk
og tdkran
ranoþg
oþg y qud supcg
su pcgåag
åag,, ogniu
og niusc
sc
dg su lasd md ncgndrtanoþg, ia ncgstrunnoþg md uga kdcpciåtona
ncgtrajdkdeþgona a ia kdcpciåtona dstamcugomdgsd. Tga
kdcpciåtona mdsmd Aeïrona Iatoga y para Aeïrona Iatoga, dg
ug ncgtdxtc md tragsonoþg kdcpciåtona eugmoai, dg di qud Njoga
avagza pcr di ncgtogdgtd y DD. TT. sd dgnudgtra dg ug mdniovd
jdkdeþgonc pauiatogc.

Ia apionanoþg md dstratdkoas md kudrra jåfroma, ogniuydgmc di

iawlard, 
iawlard,   ncgtra ics Kcfodrgcs ognþecmcs para ics ogtdrdsds
dstamcugomdgsds
dstamcugomdg sds dg Aeïrona Iatoga y di Narofd ds ia sclostonanoþg
sclostonanoþg
md ics tramonocgaids ednagosecs
ednagose cs md ogbdrdgnoa, e oiotards c novoids,
novoids,
dg di ncgtogdgtd. Md lcgmc sd dgnudgtra ia pukga pcr ia sundsoþg
kdcpciåtona y pcr di ncgtrci md ics rdnurscs, ic qud jand md dstd
dglrdgtaeodgtc uga kudrra qud trasnodgmd ia foiatdraiomam
Dstamcs Tgomcs-\dgdzudia y ncicna di ncgliontc dg ug piagc gc
sþic rdkocgai sogc eugmoai. Ia kudrra jåfroma ncgtra \dgdzudia
ds taefoïg
taefoïg ia kudrra ncgtra ia dxpagsoþg njoga dg Aeïrona Iatoga Iatoga
 y di Narof
Na rofdd y ncgt
nc gtra
ra ias aioa
ai oagz
gzas
as pciåt
pc iåton
onas
as ncgt
nc gtra
rajd
jdkd
kdeþ
eþgogona
nass
md ia mopiceanoa vdgdzciaga ncg Dstamcs rdtamcrds md DD. TT.
ncec ia Ldmdranoþg md Vusoa, dgtrd ctrcs. Quozás DD. TT. gc ja
jdnjc dstd náinuic dg sus agsoas pcr aloagzar su mceogoc dg ug
sostdea ogtdrganocgai dg di qud nama måa id nudsta eás oepcgdr
sus ogtdrdsds md eagdra ugoiatdrai. Md nþec sd rdsudiva ia
kudrra jåfroma dg ncgtra
ncg tra mdi Kcfodrgc y mdi pudfic md \dgdzudia
mdpdgmdrá, dg krag edmoma, di luturc mdi ncgtogdgtd y di mdstogc
md ics pudfics mdi eugmc.
Vdldrdgnoas

 Agmr
 Ag mrdo
do Bcsa
Bc sag,
g, Nrost
Nr ostoga
oga (6014)
(60 14),, ’ Jyfro
Jy from m w ars
ar s og tjd akd cl
asyeedtron ncglionts―.  Vd
 V d v odw
od w c l A or Lcrn
Lc rndA
dAna
namd
mdee y,
y,   G° 1,
 \ci. 6:, p. 40.
Narmogaid, Earåa Dukdgoa (601:),  ^dk ^ dkur
urom
omam
am Ogtd
Og tdrg
rgan
anoc
ocga
gaii y
 Mdr
 M drdn
dnjc
jcss Jue
J ueag
agcs.
cs.   Fudgcs Aords2 ]dsdc.

Ndiak 
Ndiak  (601?), ’Ias ncgsdnudgnoas dncgþeonas mdi fconct a
 \dg
 \ dgdd zud
zu d ia―.
ia ―. : md ldfr
ld frdrc
drc.. Mosp
Mo spcg
cgof
ofid
id dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak .
crk/ias-ncgsdnudgnoas-dncgceonas-mdi-fconct-vdgdzudia/
(ncgsuitamc di 10 md ldfrdrc md 601?).
Niymd Julfaudr, Kary y Cdkk, Farfara (6000), ’^agnocgds
morokomas2 ³uga aitdrgatova pciåtona3―. Mcnuedgtc para ug
soepcsoc scfrd ’³Vdlcrea md ias sagnocgds3 Dvaiuanoþg mdi
area dncgþeona dg Asoa y di eugmc―. Pdtdrscg Ogstotutd
lcr Ogtdrgatocgai Dncgceons. 6> md ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//pood.nce/nceedgtary/spddnjds-papdrs/tarkdtdm-
sagntocgs-pciony-aitdrgatovd
Ncgkrdss.kcv (601;), ’Idy md rdspcgsafoiomam md nråedgds
md kudrra sorocs md 601;―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
n0gkrdss.k0v/foii/114tj-n0gkrdss/sdgatd-foii/?04
Mdpartedgt cl tjd Arey (1??0),  Mcnt
 Mc ntro
rogd
gd l c r ^pdn
^p dnoa
oaii Lcrn
Lc rnds
ds
Cpdratocg.Lodim
Cpdratocg.Lodim Eaguai. [asjogktcg
Eaguai. [asjogktcg MN, pp. 14-6.
 Moar
 Mo aroc
oc Ias
Ia s Ae
A e ïron
ïr onas
as (601:),
 (601:), ’]^B dg di dxoioc pufiona sdgtdgnoa
mdlogotova qud ncgmdga a Eamurc a 1: añcs y > edsds md
prosoþg―. 6? md cntufrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
moarociasaedronas.nce/aedrona-iatoga/tsb-di-dxoioc-
pufiona-sdgtdgnoa-
pufiona-sdgtdgnoa-mdlogomdlogoto
tova-qud-ncgmdga-e
va-qud-ncgmdga-e amurc-1:-
agcs-y->-edsds-prosocg-g=oþ4>>0 (ncgsuitamc di < md
ldfrdrc md 601?).
Mcv Fanjeagg, ^asnja y Euñcz Ecsqudra, Agmrïs F. (6014).
’Iawlard agm jyfrom warlard- jcw Vussoa os usogk tjd iaw
as wdapc
wd apcg―.
g―. A
 Aee onu
on u s Nuroad,
Nur oad,   Ossud 106, ^ueedr, p. 6.
 Di
 D i J drai
dr aimc
mc   (601:), ’Krupc md Ioea pomd a Eamurc qud
lanoiotd ogkrdsc md ayuma jueagotaroa―. 1; md buioc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.dijdraimc.nc/eugmc/krupc-
md-ioea-pomd-eamurc-qud-lanoiotd-ogkrdsc-md-ayuma-
jueagotaroa-41?==: (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md 601?).

Karnåa Kuogmc, Eokudi y Eartågdz-\aidra Kcgzáidz, Kafrodi

(6014), ’Ia kudrra jåfroma2 gcnocgds prdioeogards
 y su rdpd
rd pdrn
rnus
usoþ
oþgg dg di piag
pi agda
daee odgt
od gtcc md ics paåsd
pa åsdss y
crkagozanocgds cnnomdgtaids―.  Mcnu
 Mc nue e dgtc
dg tc md ]rafabc
]ra fabc
mdi Ogstotutc Dspañci md Dstumocs Dstratïkoncs 
Dstratïkoncs   (ODDD),
06/6014, Kragama, pp. 1<-1;.

Jdreág, ^tdvd (601;), ’‚Iawlard‟ pcmråa ncgvdrtorsd dg

uga jdrraeodgta md ]ruep ncgtra ics amvdrsarocs―.
\ca Gdws. 
Gdws.  6= md dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
 vc
 v c a g d w s . n c e / a / i a w l a r d - p c s s of id - t r u e p - t c c i - a k a o g s t -
amvdrsarods/><?0o<;.jtei

Jcizdr, Earh (6016), ’Clldgsovd Iawlard agm tjd Nurrdgt

Ncgliont―, J
Ncgliont―,  Jar
arva
varm
rm Iaw
Ia w ^n
^njc
jcci
ci G atoc
at ocga
gaii ^dnur
^dn uroty
oty Bcurg
Bcu rgai.
ai.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//jarvarmgsb.0rk/6016/0=/0lldgsovd-
iawlard-agm-tjd-nurrdgt-ncgliont/ (ncgsuitamc di 6= ldfrdrc
md 601?).

Oragå, Lrdya (601;), ’Iawlard, T^ eoiotary mosncursd, agm tjd

ncicgoai agm tjd ncgstotutocg cl iaw agm war―.  Durc  Du rcpd pdagag
 Bcu
 B curgrga a i c l OgtdOg tdrg rga a tocg
to cga a i ^dnu
^d nuro roty
ty,,  pp. 1-61. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.naefromkd.crk/ncrd/bcurgais/durcpdag-
 bc
 b c u r g a i - c l - o g t d r g a t o c g a i - s d n u r o t y / a r t o n i d / i a w l a r d - u s -
eoiotary-mosncursd-agm-tjd-nci
eoiotary-mosncursd-agm-tjd-ncicgoai-ncgsto cgoai-ncgstotutocg-cl- tutocg-cl-iaw- iaw-
agm-war/Fo:6=D6AAMA:NN6?<=04:4A:>DN6:F=M
(ncgsuitamc di 6: md gcvodefrd md 601:).

Hottrod, Crmd (6010), ’Iawlard agm T.^. Gatocgai ^dnuroty―.

 Bcu
 B curg
rgai
ai c l Ogtd
Og tdrg
rgat
atoc
ocgg ai Iaw
Ia w ,  G° =>, G° 1. Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//snjciari
jttps2//snjciariyncee
ynceecgs.iaw.n
cgs.iaw.nasd.dmu/bo
asd.dmu/boi/vci=>/o
i/vci=>/oss1/6>
ss1/6>
(ncgsuitamc di 11 md gcvodefrd md 601:).
Iabteag, ]aeara (601:), ’Di Idgåg qud quodrd DD. TT.―. Ndiak,
16 md monodefrd. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/di-
idgog-qud-quodrd-dduu/

Iabteag, ]aeara y Vceagc, ^oivoga (601:), ’DD. TT. avagza

scfrd di Frasoi md ]dedr―. Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  6; md eayc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/dduu-avagza-scfrd-di-frasoi-md-
tdedr/

Icfc, Vcfdrt (601?), ’\dnnjoc scionota lcreaiedgtd rdugoþg

ncg di Nceagmc ^ur md DD. TT.―.  Pugt
 Pu gtcc md Ncrtd.
Ncrtd . Akdg
Ak dgno
noaa
md Oglcreanoþg. 
Oglcreanoþg.  1> md eayc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
pugtcmdncrtd.nce/vdnnjoc-rdugocg-nceagmc-sur/

 Eos
 E osoþ
oþgg \drm
\d rmam 
am   (601<), ’Eatronds utoiozamas para ogvamor
Iofoa taefoïg sd apionag ncgtra \dgdzudia―. >0 md eayc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttp2//eosocgvdrmam.
jttp2//eosocgvdrmam.nce/eatronds/
nce/eatronds/
e atronds-uto
atronds-utoioiozamas-pa
zamas-pa ra-ogvam
ra-o gvam or-i
or -iofo
ofoa-tae
a-tae fodg-sd-
apionag-ncgtra-vdgdzudia (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md
601?).

Euñcz Ecsqudra, Agmrïs F. y Mcv Fanjeagg, ^asnja (601<),

’Iawlard og Jyfrom [ars2 ]jd 6ost Ndgtury [arlard―.
 Bcur
 Bc urga
gaii c l Ogtdr
Og tdrga
gatoc
tocga
gaii Jue
Ju e agota
ag otaroa
roagg Idka
Id kaii ^tumod
^tu mods,
s, G°
;, P- ;= -

Gyd, Bcsdpj (600=).  ^c  ^ c ltp

lt p c w d r. ]jd edags
edag s tc sun
s unnds
ndsss og wcrim 
wc rim 
 pciot
 pc ioton
ons.
s. Pufio
Pu fionn Ablao
Abl aors
rs..  Gdw _crh2 Pdrssdus Fcchs Krcup.

CGT, ’^oroa. ^otuanoþg jueagotaroa―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//

gdws.ug.crk/ds/lcnus/soroa (ncgsuitamc di 4 md ldfrdrc md
601?).

CGT (601?), ’Ias sagnocgds a \dgdzudia atdgtag ncgtra

ics mdrdnjcs jueagcs md pdrscgas ogcndgtds―. >1
dgdrc. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//gdws.ug.crk/ds/
stcry/601?/01/1=406?6
Vceagc, ^oivoga y ^aias Crcñc, Aeoinar (601;), ’Frasoi y di
Ncgc ^ur dg ia kdcpciåtona dstamcugomdgsd―. Ndiak. 1?
 bug
 bu g oc.
oc . M ospc
os pcgo
gofi
fidd dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/frasoi-y-di-
ncgc-sur-dg-ia-kdcpciot
ncgc-sur-dg-ia-kdcpciotona-dst
ona-dstamcugomdgsd/
amcugomdgsd/

^avog, Idcgom (601;), ’Md ia kudrra jåfroma a ia kudrra md

idy jåfroma―. Kdcpciåtona. 
Kdcpciåtona.   Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www .
kdcpciotona.ru/dg/artoni
kdcpciotona.ru/dg/artonid/jyfrom-warlard-
d/jyfrom-warlard-jyfrom-iawlard
jyfrom-iawlard

^oepscg, N. (1??=),  ^no

 ^ nodg
dgnd
nd c l ncdr
nc drno
nocg
cg.. Ncee
Nc eeug
ugon
onat
atoc
ocg
g
rdsdarnj & psynjcickonai warlard, 1?=4-1?<0. Gdw
1?=4-1?<0.  Gdw _crh2
Cxlcrm Tgovdrsoty Prdss.

^ovidrfdrk, M. y Jdoeagg, B. (600?), ’Ag dvdr-dxpagmogk war2

idkai aspdnts cl cgiogd stratdkon Nceeugonatocgs― (Vdpcrt).
 Para
 Pa raee dtdr
dt drs,
s,   pp.;;-?=.

^tajg, Narstdg ’Dgtrd Kudrra y idy―, CpuFick. 

CpuFick.   Mospcgofid dg2
jttps2//fick.cup.nce/601>/16/fdtwddg-warlard-agm-
iawlard-syroa-mosncursd-ogtdrvdgtocg-pugosjedgt/

 ^urd
 ^u rds.
s. Dst
D stum
umoc
ocss y mdld
md ldgs
gsaa dg Mdrd
Md rdnj
njcs
cs Jue
Ju e agcs
ag cs.. ’Dg \dgdzudia
gc dxostd uga nrosos jueagotaroa―. Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//
surds.crk.vd/ctrcs/dg-vdgdzudia-gc-dxostd-uga-nrosos-
jueagotaroa/ (ncgsuitamc di = md ldfrdrc md 601?).

]aiNuai   (601?), ’\aroas CGK mdseodgtdg di rdniutaeodgtc

lcrzamc md bþvdgds bþvdg ds dg \dgdzu\dg dzudia―. dia―. >0 >0 md dgdrc. Mospcgofid
Mospcgofid
dg2 jttp2//tainuaimokotai.n0e/ogmdx.pjp/601?/01/>0/
 va
 v a r o a s - c g k - m d s e o d g t d g - d i - r d n i u t a e o d g t c - l c r z a m c - m d -
 bcvd
 bc vdg g ds-d
ds -dg g -vdg
-v dgdd zudi
zu diaa / (n(ncg
cgsu suit itam
amcc di < md ldfr ld frdrdrcc md
601?).

]jd
]jd Atiagton
Atia gton Ncugnoi  (601?),   (601?), ’\dgdzudia‟s Ogtdroe Kcvdrgedgt
^jugs Eamurc‟s
E amurc‟s Clldr C lldrcl
cl Moaickud―.
Moaickud― . >0 dgdrc.dgdrc. Mospcgofid
M ospcgofid dg dg2
jttps2//www.atiagtonncugnoi.crk/ficks/gdw-atiagtonost/
 vd
 v d g d z u d ia-s
ia -s-- ogtd
og tdrr oe -k
-kcc v drg
dr g e d g t-s
t- s j u g s -e a m u r c -s-
-s - c lld
ll d r -
cl-moaickud (ncgsuitamc di 14 md earzc md 601?).
]oramc, Aragtxa (601?), ’\dgdzudia2 nrosos jueagotaroa y
rdspcgsafoiomam md prctdkdr―. Ndiak. 6>
Ndiak. 6> ldfrdrc. Mospcgofid
dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/vdgdzudia-nrosos-jueagotaroa-
 y-rd
 y- rdsp
spcg
cgsa
safo
foio
ioma
mam-
m-md
md-p
-prc
rctd
tdkd
kdr/
r/

Tgotdm ^tatds Mdpartedgt cl ^tatd. Lcrdokg Vdiatocgs cl ]jd

Tgotdm ^tatds, 1?<1-1?<>, \ci \OOO, Gatocgai
Gatocg ai ^dnuroty
^dnur oty Pciony.
Pciony.
’Idttdr Lrce
Lrce ^dnrdtary cl Mdldgsd EnGaeara tc Prdsomdgt
Prdsomdgt
Hdggdmy― jttps2//jostcry.statd.kcv/jostcronaimcnuedgts/
lruso?<o-<>vc:/mo;

 \ci
 \ ciid
idgw
gwdo
domd
mdr,
r, Naeo
Na eoiaia (6
(600
00:)
:),, ’Arkd
’Ar kdgt
gtog
oga2
a2 abustd
abu std,, e oiota
oio taro
roza
zano
noþg
þg
 y aiog
ai ogda
daee odgt
od gtcc ncg DD. T T .―. .― . Ndiak. 
Ndiak.  1 md akcstc.
Mospcgofid dg2 jttps2//www.ndiak.crk/arkdgtoga-abustd-
eoiotarozanocg-aiogdaeodgtc-dd-uu/
 ^cfrd ias/cs autcras/ds

^oivoga E. Vceagc
Nccrmogamcra md ia Tgomam md Agáiosos Kdcpciåtonc mdi
Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak).
Ogvdstokamcra Ambugta mdi Ncgsdbc Ganocgai md Ogvdstokanocgds Ogvdstokanocgds
Nodgtålonas y ]ïngonas (Ncgondt) dg di Ogstotutc md Dstumocs md
 Ae ïron
ïr onaa Ia
Iatog
togaa y di Naro
Na rofdfd (iïa
(i ïaid
id)) md ia Tgov
Tg ovdr
drso
soma
mamm md Fudg
Fu dgcs
cs
 Aord
 Ao rds.
s. Mcntc
Mc ntcrara dg Nodg
No dgnonoaa Pciåt
Pc iåton
onaa pcr
pc r di Ndgt
Nd gtrc
rc md Dstum
Ds tumoc
ocss
 Ava
 A vagz
gzam
amcs
cs md ia T g ovdr ov drso
soma
mam m G anoc
an ocga
gaii md Nþrm
Nþ rmcf
cfaa (TGN)8
(TG N)8
iondgnoama dg Jostcroa
Jostcroa y iondgnoama
iondgnoama dg Nceugonanoþg ^cnoai pcr
ia TGN. Dgtrd sus iågdas md trafabc mdstanag dstumocs scfrd
kudrra psonciþkona, asostdgnoa para di mdsarrciic y mdecnranoa
dg ias rdianocgds md DD. TT. ncg Aeïrona Iatoga.

 Aeoina
 Ae oinarr ^aia
^ aiass Crcñ
Crcñcc
Iondgnoamc dg Nodgnoa Pciåtona pcr ia Tgovdrsomam md Fudgcs
 Aord
 Ao rdss (TFA
(T FA).). E akakos
ostd
tdrr dg Nodg
No dgno
noaa Pciåt
Pc iåton
onaa (Tgo
(T govd
vdrsrsom
omam
am md
^ac Pauic-Frasoi). Mcntcr dg Nodgnoas ^cnoaids (TFA). ^us
ogvdstokanocgds md pcsmcntcramc ias rdaiozþ dg di Odain/TFA.
Ds prcldscr dg ia narrdra md Nodgnoa Pciåtona dg ia Tgovdrsomam
md Fudgcs Aords y prcldscr md kramc y md pcskramc dg ctras
ugovdrsomamds ganocgaids md Arkdgtoga. Ogvdstokamcr mdi iïaid,
mdi y Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md Kdcpciåtona
(Ndiak) y mdi Ndgtrc Nuiturai md ia Nccpdranoþg Licrdai Kcrogo
(NNN). Dg 6016 pufionþ Om
pufionþ  Omdc
dcic
ickå
kåaa y Mde
M decn
cnra
rano
noa2
a2 ogtdid
ogt didnt
ntua
uaid
ids,
s,
 pa
 p a rtom
rt omcc s pciå
pc iåto
tonc
ncss y rdpr
rd prds
dsdg
dgta
tano
noþg
þg part
pa rtom
omaa roa
ro a dg A rkdg
rk dgtog
toga
a
y Frasoi mdsmd 1?:0 ai 600>  600>   (Pudfic Jdrdmdrc)8 nciafcra
rdkuiaredgtd dg varocs sotocs pdrocmåstoncs y md cpogoþg.
Naeoia
Naeoia \ciidgwdom
\ciidgwdomdr 
dr 
Iondgnoama dg Jostcroa pcr ia Tgovdrsomam Ganocgai md Våc
Nuartc (Nþrmcfa, Arkdgtoga) y eakostdr dg ^cnocickåa pcr ia
Tgovdrsomam Autþgcea md Farndicga (Dspaña). Antuaiedgtd
trafaba ncec agaiosta mdi Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc
md Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak). Ja somc mcndgtd d ogvdstokamcra
ugovdrsotaroa dg Arkdgtoga. Ja pufionamc artånuics dg rdvostas
dspdnoaiozamas dg kïgdrc y trafabc, y ds ncepoiamcra, bugtc a
 Ava
 A va Kþed
Kþ edzz Ma
Maza,
za, md iofrc
iof rc ³Quoïg ds quoïg3 Pdrloids
Pdrloids pciåtoncs
pciåton cs md
ia mdrdnja iatogcaedronaga (601;),
iatogcaedronaga  (601;), dmotamc pcr Ndiak.

Ava Kþedz Maza

PjM dg Nodgnoa Pciåtona pcr ia Tgovdrsomam md ^aiaeagna

(Dspaña), eakostdr dg Dstumocs Iatogcaedronagcs y iondgnoama
dg Nceugonanoþg Aumocvosuai y dg ^cnocickåa, pcr ia eosea
ugovdrsomam. Vdaioza dstumocs md pcsmcntcramc dg Nodgnoas
^cnoaids dg ia Tgovdrsomam md Fudgcs Aords (Arkdgtoga). Ds
ogvdstokamcra mdi Ncgondt-TFA. ^u trafabc md ogvdstokanoþg sd
ndgtra dg di agáiosos md pciåtonas pòfionas md nceugonanoþg dg
Iatogcaeïrona y dg di dstumoc md ia nceugonanoþg pciåtona dg
naepañas didntcraids.
didntcraids.

B avod
av odrr Naimd
Naimdrþ
rþg
g Nastoiic
Nastoiic

^cnoþickc y eakostdr dg ^cnocickåa Pciåtona md ia Tgovdrsomam

Ganocgai md Ncicefoa, nagmomatc a mcntcr dg Nodgnoas ^cnoaids
md ia Tgovdrsomam md Fudgcs Aords-TFA, mcndgtd ugovdrsotaroc
d ogvdstokamcr mdi Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc Iatogcaedronagc md
Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak) y mdi Krupc md Pdgsaeodgtc Nråtonc
Ncicefoagc, amsnrotc ai Ogstotutc md Dstumocs md Aeïrona Iatoga
 y di N arof
ar ofd-
d-Od
Odai
ainn md ia T g ovdr
ov drso
soma
mam
m md Fudg
Fu dgcs
cs Aords
Aor ds..
Fárfara Dstdr 
Iondgnoama y prcldscra md ^cnocickåa pcr ia Tgovdrsomam md
Fudgcs Aords (TFA). Vdaiozþ uga Mopiceatura dg Kïgdrc,
Ecvoeodgtc md Eubdrds y Pciåtona dg ia Lanuitam md Loicsclåa
 y Idtras
Idt ras.. Antu
An tuai
aiee dgtd
dg td nursa
nur sa ia eads
ea dstr
tråa
åa dg Kcfo
Kc fodrg
drgcc md ia
Lanuitam md Nodgnoas ^cnoaids, TFA.

Aragtxa ]oramc
]oramc ^ágnjdz
^ágnjd z

Pciotþicka, mcntcra dg Vdianocgds Ogtdrganocgaids pcr ia

Tgovdrsomam Autþgcea md Farndicga (TAF) y eakostdr y
mcntcra dg Dstumocs Iatogcaedronagcs pcr ia Tgovdrsomam
Ganocgai Autþgcea md Eïxonc (TGAE). Prcldscra ascnoama mdi
Mdpartaedgtc md Nodgnoa Pciåtona y Mdrdnjc Pòfionc md ia TAF.

Kocrmaga Karnåa ^cbc

Iondgnoama dg Idtras edgnoþg Iotdratura Jospagcaedronaga y

 \dg
 \ dgdz
dzcc iag
ia g a pcr
pc r ia T govd
go vdrs
rsom
omam
am md Ics AgmA gmds ds (TIA)
(T IA).. Mopice
Mop iceamamaa
dg Kdstoþg y Prcecnoþg md ics Mdrdnjcs Nuituraids mdi
Cfsdrvatcroc md Pciåtonas Nuituraids mdi Ndgtrc Nuiturai md ia
Nccpdranoþg Licrdai Kcrogo (NNN) y ia Tgovdrsomam md Fudgcs
 Aor
 A ords
ds (TFA)
(T FA).. E adst
ad stra
ragm
gmaa dg AgA g trcpc
trc pcic
ickå
kåaa ^cnoa
^c noaii pcr
pc r ia TFA.
TFA . ^d
mdsdepdñþ ncec prdsomdgta md ia Dmotcroai Di pdrrc y ia raga
 y ncec
nce c vond
vo ndee ogos
og ostr
traa md N uitur
uit uraa md \dgd
\d gdzuzudi
dia.
a. Antu
An tuaiaiee dgtd
dg td ds
mcndgtd md ia Tgovdrsomam Ndgtrai md \dgdzudia (TN\).
Ia Ncidnnoþg Pciåtona y
Jdkdecgåa trata md mar
rdspudstas a ug eugmc
euitopciar, dg ncgstagtd
ncgstrunnoþg, qud sd rdmdlogd y
dvciunocga dg di earnc md uga
fataiia agtakþgona dgtrd ecmdics.
Dstá ncepudsta pcr cfras qud
ncefogag ia tdcråa y ia praxos ncg
di cfbdtovc md agaiozar y dxpionar
ics dbds md mosputa pciåtona,
antcrds, mosnurscs, tántonas y
dstratdkoas didntcraids, di papdi
md ics edmocs md nceugonanoþg,
ias aioagzas rdkocgaids d
Ogtdrganocgaids.

^d trata md jandr nceprdgsofids

tcmcs ics didedgtcs mdi dsndgaroc
kdcpciåtonc dg di qud sd
mdsdgvudivd ia iunja pcr ia
jdkdecgåa dg Iatogcaeïrona. Dg
mdlogotova, di cfbdtovc md ia
Ncidnnoþg Pciåtona y Jdkdecgåa
ds ncgvdrtorsd dg ug lcrc md
pdgsaeodgtc nceprcedtomc ncg
ia nrdanoþg md uga aitdrgatova ai
gdcncgsdrvamurosec qud
aedgaza di mdsarrciic y fodgdstar 
 IA[LAVD
Kudrra bumonoai y gdciofdraiosec dg Aeïrona Iatoga

^oivoga E. Vceagc (ncepoiamcra)

Prþickc md D. Vaòi Rallarcgo

Ia rdncglokuranoþg md ias ludrzas ncgsdrvamcras ancgtdnoma dg ics

òito ecs añcs ja
ja ecmolo namc di tafidrc
tafidrc kdcpciåt onc md Aeïrona Iatoga.
Iatoga.
Dstd dsndgaroc ds dg fudga edmoma prcmuntc md ia fataiia ioframa
ncgtra ics prckrdsosecs dg ia rdkoþg, ncgnrdtama edmoagtd
moldrdgtds dstratdkoas. Dgtrd ias eás dxotcsas y ncepidbas dstá di
iawlard   c kudrra bumonoai, qud dgnudgtra su crokdg dg dsnrotcs md
eoiotards dstamcugomdgsds. Ia suprdeanåa y afusc mdi aparatc
 bum
 b umoo no ai,
ai , art
ar t o nui
nu i ama
am a ncg ia eago
ea go pui
pu i ano
an o þg md ia cpog
cp ogoo þg cpdra
cpd rama
ma pcr ics
edmocs md nceugo nce ugo nanoþg
nan oþg para
para dxpuisar md md ia pciåto na a mdtd reog amcs
iåmdrds y krupcs, ncg di cfbdtovc ogedmoatc md rdstaurar di crmdg
gdciofdrai, scg aikugas md ias narantdråstonas md dsta gudva lcrea md
kudrra.

 A part
pa rt o r mdi agái
ag áios
osos
os mdta
md taii i amc
am c md dxpd
dx pdro
ro dgno
dg noas
as nc gnrd
gn rdtt as dg most
mo st o gt cs
paåsds md Aeïrona Iatoga, ogvdstokamcrds/as mdi Ndgtrc Dstratïkonc
Iatogcaedronagc md Kdcpciåtona (Ndiak) sd modrcg a ia tarda md
agaiozar quï ds y nþec lugnocga di iawlard,   ecstragmc aqudiic qud
ics edmocs jdkdeþgoncs prdlodrdg soidgnoar.