Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Overview
2. Defining Sexual Concept
3. Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation
4. Understanding Human Sexual Response
5. Diversity of Sexual Behavior
6. Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong
7. Understanding and Supporting Sexuality
Overview
This module will guide you in understanding one of the most crucial
aspects of human development – the sexual self. Emphasis will be given to the
nature and meaning of sexual self-concept and the factors that shape sexual
development. It will also tackle concepts underlying sexuality like sexual
orientation and gender, sexual behaviors and sexual difficulties. Suggestions on
how to improve sexual self are also provided.
This module will likewise present an opportunity for you to reflect openly
and objectively about sex without shame or taboo, using science as lens.
Study Guide
• You can complete this module at your own phase. It means you can
take every part to study depending on your capability to do so.
• This module starts with a brief overview about what the topic is all
about. It will also tell you the learning outcomes we would want you to
accomplish after completing this module. The presentation of topic
has complete resources you can check for further readings and
clarifications.
• Requirements involve learning activities and assessment which will be
provided by your professor after the discussion. Take time to study
each lesson carefully to apply these new learnings appropriately.
Learning Outcomes
Topic Presentation
Before you begin, kindly look at the statement made by Ms. Universe
Spain, 2018, and share your thoughts about it.
Image Source:
(https://web.facebook.com/Beingmohitkumar/posts/2101953663426453)
Do you agree with her statement? What then, does it mean to you to be a
man or a woman? A lesbian or a gay?
When you are completing forms like college application forms, resume,
or a simple raffle ticket, it requires your name, address, and birthdate. Usually
it also asks for your sex or gender, such that most of the time you use the term
sex and gender interchangeably. In todays’ usage, the terms are distinct from
one another. So, what makes it different?
Sex refers to a person's biological status and is typically categorized as
male, female or intersex. There are a number of indicators of biological sex,
including sex chromosomes (XX or XY), gonads, (ovaries or testes), internal
reproductive organs (fallopian tubes, uterus or vas deferens/seminal vesicles)
and external genitalia clitoris, labia minora, vaginal orifice or penis, scrotum.
(APA, 2012). By contrast to sex, the term gender describes psychological
(gender identity) and sociological (gender role) representations of biological
sex. It is the perception of being a male or a female.
Diverse variations of biological sex however is evidenced in in intersex
people. Intersex are those born with either an absence or some combination
of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes.
This condition is present in people with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and
Turner’s Syndrome (Lee et. al., 2006. Although intersex individuals may have
physical limitations, they otherwise lead relatively normal intellectual,
personal, and social lives.
Gender also varies just as biological sex. Its variation is evidenced on
cisgender and transgender individuals.
Cisgender relates to a gender identity that corresponds to the
culturally determined gender roles for one’s birth sex (i.e., the biological sex
one was born with) a cisgender man or cisgender woman is thus one whose
internal gender identity matches, and presents itself in accordance with, the
externally determined cultural expectations of the behavior and roles
considered appropriate for one’s sex as male or female (APA, Dictionary of
Psychology, 2015).
Transgender on the other hand is an umbrella term which includes
persons who do not feel they fit into a dichotomous sex structure through
which they are identified as male or female. Individuals in this category may
feel as if they are in the wrong gender, but this perception may or may not
correlate with a desire for surgical or hormonal reassignment (Meier & Labuski,
2013).
Meanwhile, in the Philippines, a vibrant community of people exists
under this broad definition of “transgender”, yet there is no widely used term
to directly corresponds to the term “transgender”. Transgender women are
commonly referred to as “bakla” (in Tagalog) or “bayot” (in Visayan).
Figure 1. The Kinsey Scale, designed to define the degree to which sexual orientation is heterosexual,
homosexual, or bisexual. (Source: After Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948 as cited in Feldman, R. (2006).
Understanding Psychology)
In 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson published a book detailing the
results of their observations of nearly 700 people who agreed to participate in
their study of physiological responses during sexual behavior. The result of this
study showed that people’s sexual responses follow a regular pattern
consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. These
phases are arbitrarily defined, are not always clearly demarcated from one
another, and may differ considerably, both in one person at different times
and between different people.
What do you think are “normal sexual behavior”? How do most people
behave sexually? Is there a sexual revolution?
Most STDs affect both men and women, but in many cases the
health problems they cause can be more severe for women. If a
pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause serious health problems for
the baby.
The following suggestions are given for you to provide some guidance
on how you can make conscious, satisfying, healthy and respectful choices
regarding relationships and sexuality:
1. If you are struggling with your sexuality get support from someone you
trust. Don’t feel pressured and stressed to put a label on your sexuality.
4. Be aware that sex offending behaviors like rape, sexual assault and
other forms of sexual abuse is wrong, it hurts other people and it has
legal and emotional consequences that may affect the quality of life
of the offender and the victim.
Assessment
References
CrashCourse. (2014). Let’s Talk About Sex: Crash Course Psychology #27
[YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-
uHOH9KVU6&v=Qymp_VaFo9M
Rostosky, S. S., Dekhtyar, O., Cupp, P. K., & Anderman, E. M. (2008). Sexual
Self-Concept and Sexual Self-Efficacy in Adolescents: A Possible Clue
to Promoting Sexual Health? Journal of Sex Research, 45(3), 277–286.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490802204480
St. Amand, C. M., & Labuski, C. (2013, February 16). The Demographics of the
Transgender Population. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286423757_The_Demograp
hics_of_the_Transgender_Population