The 19th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Pilsen, Czech Republic, August, 23 – 28, 2015

ASSET MANAGEMENT FOR POWER APPARATUS WITH

INTELLIGENT GRID MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IGMS)
1* 1 1 2 3
H. Kojima , K. Fukaya , N. Hayakawa , M. Hanai , H. Okubo
1
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
2
Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
3
Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
*Email: <kojima@nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp>

Abstract: In order to maintain the high efficiency and high quality of T&D system for next
generation, the authors have proposed “Intelligent Grid Management System (IGMS)”. In
this paper, the optimum control and maintenance of power apparatus in a 275 kV / 77 kV
T&D model system with 7 transformers and 26 circuit breakers are derived by IGMS with
the degradation control and the strategic maintenance of power apparatus. Since the
transformers are to be degraded with the increase in their winding temperature, IGMS
can mitigate the degradation of an aged transformer by reducing the load or power flow of
the aged transformer and taking the burden on the younger transformers. IGMS can also
provide the maintenance (regular, overhaul, replacement) strategy with the optimum
timing for each power apparatus through the balance between the maintenance cost and
the failure risk to be avoided by the maintenance. Since the degradation control and the
strategic maintenance of power apparatus are closely correlated, IGMS can derive the
optimum solution in consideration of the above both operations simultaneously. The fixed
and variable T&D costs for 30 years with and without IGMS are calculated, and the cost
reduction effect by IGMS is evaluated. As the result, IGMS is expected to bring about the
reduction of variable cost by as high as about 66% than that without IGMS.

1 INTRODUCTION future [3]. The optimum maintenance strategy for

Electric power transmission and distribution (T&D)
system comprises different aged power apparatus,
which lead to the low quality of T&D system.
Optimum T&D system operation with maintaining
the balance between the cost efficiency and the
reliability of electric power supply is needed for
next generation. As a tool to derive the optimum
operation, the authors have proposed “Intelligent
Grid Management System (IGMS)” [1-4]. The
IGMS integrates the concepts of smart grid and
asset management in order to derive the optimum
operation of T&D system based on the condition
monitoring and diagnosis of the power apparatus
such as transformers and circuit breakers. All
all power apparatus in the T&D system is proposed
based on asset management [4].
In this paper, the optimum control and
maintenance of power apparatus in a 275 kV /
77 kV T&D model system with 7 transformers
(TRs) and 26 circuit breakers (CBs) are derived by
IGMS with the degradation control and the
strategic maintenance of power apparatus. The
T&D costs for 30 years with IGMS is evaluated and
compared with that with the conventional time
based maintenance (TBM).
IGMS
Maintenance

Asset Management
events in T&D system, e.g. transmission loss,
maintenance, and failure, are evaluated as a cost, Optimum
maintenance strategy
and the optimum operation strategy to minimize [3]
[4]
the total T&D cost is derived by the IGMS.
Smart Grid
Power flow

Figure 1 shows the target of IGMS. The horizontal Power flow control Power flow control
control

in consideration of for controlling equipment

axis shows the time period, and the vertical axis Equipment state [2]
[1] [3]
degradation [2]
shows the control method. IGMS is the integration
of an asset management system and a smart grid.
IGMS proposes the optimum operation by taking Real-time Long-term
Time period
into consideration both power flow control and
maintenance in the real-time to the long-term
periods. In the real-time period, IGMS produces Figure 1: Target of Intelligent Grid Management
the optimum power flow control in the T&D system System (IGMS). The asset management considers
in order to avoid the failure risk of power apparatus the behavior of apparatus in long-term period. The
in consideration of equipment state [2]. In the long- smart grid considers the power flow control, but the
term period, the power flow of power apparatus is maintenance is not included generally. The IGMS
controlled against the equipment degradation in contains both concepts.
2 ALGORITHM AND METHOD OF IGMS
2.1 Objective function of IGMS
The details on the algorithm of IGMS can be
referred to Ref. [4]. All events occurring in the T&D
system, e.g. transmission loss, maintenance, and
failure, are evaluated as a cost. Using a nonlinear
programming method, the total T&D cost z is
minimized and the optimum power flow route and
maintenance strategy are derived. The objective
function is shown in Equation (1).
　
 　　
 aij ( X ij )　　 　
( i , j )Line 　　
 bij ( X ij ) 
( i , j )OverLine 　
 
　  c m ( X m )　　 　  dn ( X n ) 
 　mOverEquip
minz   　　
　nOutLoad 　
  (1)
YEAR 　  en ( X n )　　 　  fm ( X m ) 
 　nOutLoad　　 mMentEquip 　 
　  　  hm ( X m )
 
 kPowerEquip
g k ( X k )　
m　 FailedEqui p　 
where z: objective function of T&D cost
YEAR: calculation period in year
Xij: transmission power flow from
substations SSi to SSj
Xm: electric power flow in apparatus m
Xn: outage power of load n
Xk: electric power generation in power
apparatus k
aij: cost of the T&D loss during normal
operation
bij: cost of the T&D loss during overload
operation
cm: damage caused by a shortened service
life due to overload operation
dn: customer’s outage cost
en: supplier’s outage cost
fm: maintenance cost
gk: fuel cost of power apparatus
hm: repair cost of failed apparatus
Line: sets of transmission lines
OverLine: sets of overload lines
OverEquip: set of overloaded apparatus in
the T&D system
OutLoad: sets of outage loads
MentEquip: set of apparatus in the T&D
system
FailedEquip: set of failed apparatus in the
T&D System
PowerEquip: set of power generation
apparatus
aij and bij were calculated by the resistance and
power flow between SSi and SSj. dn was estimated
based on the customer damage. en corresponds to
the opportunity loss of electric power selling, and
was calculated from the electric power charge. As
the maintenance in fm, IGMS treated three
maintenance methods: regular maintenance (RM),
overhaul (OH), and replacement (RP) for CB and
TR in this paper. We considered the cost of the
maintenance of power apparatus based on the
apparatus prices [5, 6]. hm was assumed to be 1/3
of apparatus price.
For a simplification in power flow control, we
assumed that the generators could control the
power flow freely under the limitation of the
capacity of generators and the transmission
capacity of lines and apparatus. gk is fuel cost, and
in this paper, to focus on the power flow control
and maintenance strategy, we considered the
same type of power generation.
The degradation tendency of transformer depends
on the load factor. Thus, the service life of a
transformer is shortened by overload operations.
This degradation tendency of transformer from

overload operations was estimated, and it was
converted into the cost cm in consideration of the
price of transformer and failure risk.
2.2 Optimum maintenance strategy
Considering the optimum maintenance strategy
with IGMS, the balance between maintenance cost
fm and failure cost dn, en, and hm to be avoided by
the maintenance for power apparatus becomes the
important factor. To obtain the optimum
maintenance plan, the interaction for different
power apparatus is inevitable, which requires an
enormous number and time of calculation. In order
to make such calculation possible, we introduced
genetic algorithm (GA) into IGMS [4].
2.3 Degradation control of transformers
The details on the degradation tendency of
transformer can be referred to Ref. [3]. The
degradation speed of the insulation paper in a
transformer is affected significantly by the
temperature of the windings, which is attributed to
the load factor of the transformer. Especially, the
hottest spot temperature Ths is considered to be
the most influential element on the lifetime of
80 80
Hot spot temperature rise [℃]
60 60
7℃
40 40
×2
20 20
10%
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 15 50 30 100 150
Load factor [%] Life span [years]
Figure 2: Relationship between hot spot
temperature, load factor, and life span of
transformers
transformer [7]. Ths follows Arrhenius’ theory.
IEEE/ANSI C57.91 introduces the concept of an
aging acceleration factor (FAA) [5, 6]. The equation
for FAA (/hour) is as follows:
1  15,000 15,000 
FAA  exp  
 (2)
180,000  110  273 Ths  273 
Equation (2) means, when Ths increases by 7°C,
the aging becomes faster by 2 times, the life span
of transformer becomes a half as shown in Figure
2.
We can calculate the future conditions of a
transformer in a power system based on the
thermal behaviour with Equation (2), and estimate
the failure risk dn, en, and hm. Then their conditions
are evaluated in terms of their equivalent age,
which we define as the hypothetical age that
indicates their inner condition. The evaluation
equation is as follows:
CAm LFm , y   AA m  y  CAm pre
F (LF )
(3)
FAA_ref
where CAm: equivalent age of transformer m
LFm: load factor of transformer m
y: consideration period in years
FAA_ref: reference of FAA which is applied for
an 80% load factor of rated capacity
CAm pre: equivalent age at the moment
In this paper, if an 80% load continues for one year,
the equivalent degradation of the transformer is
taken as one year. When the degradation speed of
transformers decreases according to reduced load
factor, the system reliability will improve. Thus, the
optimum load sharing of transformers can
decrease the future risk of T&D system. Then, the
optimum power flow control method is derived
which keeps the balance between the T&D loss
and the degradation of power apparatus.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 T&D system model
In this paper, we evaluate the cost reduction effect
of IGMS by its optimum maintenance strategy and
degradation control, which is calculated and
compared with TBM. We assume that TBM
performs the maintenance as follows:
CB: OH at 12th, 24th year, and RP at 30th year
TR: RP at 40th year
The following 2×2 conditions of maintenance and
degradation control with and without IGMS are
discussed:
Maintenance: TBM or IGMS
Degradation control: None or IGMS
Figure 3 shows the 275 kV / 77 kV T&D system
model based on the Roy Billinton test system
(RBTS) [8]. This model contains 3 power stations
(G1-G3) and 6 substations (SS1-SS6) and 26
circuit breakers and 7 transformers with a total load
of about 250 MW. The substations are in a double-
bus arrangement. An initial age of CBs is 15 years.
An initial age of TRs is shown by parentheses in
Figure 3, which corresponds to the equivalent age
under optimum power flow during 15 years without
considering the degradation control.
3.2 Maintenance strategy and degradation
control
Figure 4 shows the temporal evolution of total T&D
cost with and without the application of IGMS for
TBM-None
1.2
TBM-IGMS
1.0 IGMS-None
Total cost [p.u.]

G3 G2 G1 0.8 IGMS-IGMS

(11.8) (11.8) (18.7) 0.6

Line3:20km SS1 0.4
SS2
Load A:27MW
Line1,6: 275kV
Line2,7:
0.2
80km 120km
Line4:10km 0.0
SS4 SS3
(0.5) (30.0) 0 10 20 30
(19.4) (22.4) Operation year [year]
Line5: 77kV Line8:
50km 20km Load B:
Load C: Line9: SS5 54MW
114.75MW Figure 4: Total T&D cost with and without IGMS
10km Load D:27MW
for transformers and circuit breakers (1 p.u. = total
：Circuit Breaker SS6 cost in TBM-None case at 30 years). The legend
：Transformer Load E:27MW represents a combination of maintenance method
( ) : Transformer age and degradation control method, e.g. “TBM-None”
means that the maintenance method is TBM and
Figure 3: 275 kV / 77 kV T&D system model the degradation control is not applied.
the maintenance strategy and/or the degradation
control. The total T&D cost is normalized by the
total cost in TBM-None case (maintenance: TBM,
degradation control: None) at 30 years. By the
comparison between TBM-None and TBM-IGMS
cases, we can see the T&D cost reduction effect of
40% by the application of IGMS to the degradation
control. Moreover, Figure 4 reveals that the
application of IGMS for the maintenance strategy
could suppress the T&D cost drastically. The cost
reduction effect of IGMS to the maintenance
strategy, namely the IGMS-None case, reached to
60% as compared with the TBM-None case.
Finally, the application of IGMS to both the
maintenance strategy and the degradation control,
namely the IGMS-IGMS case, exhibited the cost
reduction effect of 66% in the total T&D cost after
CB maintenance cost
Variable failure cost
1.2
1.0
Total cost [p.u.]
30 years as compared with the TBM-None case.
The details of total T&D cost in the cases of TBM-
None and IGMS-IGMS are shown in Figure 5. In
the both cases, the maintenance cost and the
failure cost were dominant in the total T&D cost,
whereas the increase of T&D loss cost due to the
power flow control for the degradation control
hardly contributed to the total T&D cost, which was
less than 1%.
In the case of IGMS-IGMS of Figure 5(b), the sum
of maintenance costs is comparable with the failure
cost, which represents that the maintenance at
adequate timing by the IGMS kept the balance
between the maintenance cost and the failure risk.
In the decision of maintenance timing of apparatus,
the TBM does not consider the importance and the
degradation of apparatus in T&D system. This
TR maintenance cost leads to an excess maintenance for low-load
apparatus and a disregard for the degradation of
Variable T&D loss cost
high-load apparatus, i.e. increase of failure risk, as
shown in Figure 5(a). On the other hand, IGMS not
only considers the failure risk in the decision of
maintenance timing, but also controls the
degradation of apparatus by the control of power

0.8
flow in the case of Figure 5(b). As the result of both
0.6
contributions, finally, the cost reduction effect of
IGMS achieved 66% as compared with the TBM-
0.4 None case as shown in Figure 4.

0.2 4 CONCLUSION

0.0 We discussed the cost reduction effect of optimum

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
operation with IGMS in modified Roy Billinton test
Operation year [year] system. Finally, we clarified that the introduction of
IGMS exhibits the cost reduction effect of 66%
(a) TBM-None case (without IGMS) after 30 years. By the comparison of the detail of
total T&D cost with and without IGMS, IGMS can
reduce the failure risk without the increase of
CB maintenance cost TR maintenance cost maintenance cost. From these results, we could
Variable failure cost Variable T&D loss cost demonstrate that IGMS derives optimum T&D
system operation with keeping the balance
1.2
between the maintenance cost and the failure risk
of power apparatus.
1.0

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Total cost [p.u.]

0.8
A part of this work was supported by Hibi Science
0.6
& Technology Foundation.
0.4
REFERENCES
0.2 [1] F. Endo, M. Kanamitsu, H. Kojima, N.
Hayakawa, H. Okubo: “Optimum Operation
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
and Maintenance of Power Grid Based on
Operation year [year]
Equipment Diagnoses”, PowerTech 2007, 281,
2007.
(b) IGMS-IGMS case (with IGMS) [2] M. Hanai, K. Shinoda, K. Wakaiki, H. Kojima. N.
Hayakawa, H. Okubo: “Optimum Power Flow
Figure 5: Details of total T&D cost with and without Control Based on Power Apparatus Diagnosis
IGMS by Intelligent Grid Management System
(IGMS)”, CMD2012, L-4, 2012.
[3] M. Hanai, H. Kojima, N. Hayakawa, K. Shinoda,
H. Okubo: “Integration of Asset Management
and Smart Grid with Intelligent Grid
Management System”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr.
Electr. Insul., Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 2195-2202,
2013.
[4] H. Kojima, K. Fukaya, M. Hanai, N. Hayakawa,
H. Okubo: “Planning Maintenance Strategy for
Power Apparatus and T&D System with
Intelligent Grid Management System (IGMS)”,
CMD2014, OB6-02, 2014.
[5] IEEE standard C57.91-1995, “IEEE Guide for
Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformer”.
[6] J. He, L. Cheng, Y. Sun: “Transformer Real-
Time Reliability Model Based on Operating
Conditions”, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A, Vol. 8, No.
3, pp. 378-383, 2007.
[7] Facilities Engineering Branch Denver Office,
“Permissible Loading of Oil-Immersed
Transformers and Regulators”, FIST, Vol. 1-5,
2000.
[8] R. Billinton: “Evaluation of Reliability Worth in
an Electric Power System”, Reliab. Eng. Syst.
Safe., Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 15-23, 1994.