Development

-of- FLOWCHAR
T

Microbiology
MARTIN, CHRISTINE JOYE O.
DENT3C
 (about 98–55 B.C.) (384-322) 1546

Lucretius Aristotle
He suggested that
disease was caused by
invisible living
creatures
Girolamo
Fracastoro
He proposed that epidemic
He believed that diseases were caused by
living organisms could transferable seed-like
develop from nonliving entities that could transmit
materials. infection by direct or
indirect contact, or even
without contact over long
distances.

(1665) (1625-1630) (1590-1608)

Robert
Hooke Francesco Zacharias
Stelluti Janssen
He published
Micrographia which He did the He developed the first
includes the first earliest useful compound
drawing of a microscopic microscope.
microorganism. observation.
 (1676) (1688) (1713–1781)

Antony van John Needham

Leeuwenhoek Francesco Redi
He refutes spontaneos He thought that organic
He was the first person to generation of maggots on matter contained a vital
publish extensive and decaying meat. force that could confer
accurate observations of the properties of life on
microorganism. nonliving matter.
He discovered “animacules”.

(1786) (1786) (1765–1776)

Willhouby Lazzaro
Edward Jenner Miller Spallanzani
He introduced He produced the He proposed that air carried
the cowpox first classification germs to the culture medium,
vaccination of bacteria. but also commented that the
external air might be required
for smallpox for growth of animals already
in the medium
 (1838-1893) (1835–1844) (1847-1850)

Theodore Schwann Agostino Ignaz

& Bassi Semmelweis
Matthias Schleiden He first showed that a
microorganism could cause He introduced
They proposed the disease when he demonstrated antiseptics to
in 1835 that a silkworm
Cell Theory disease was due to a fungal prevent disease.
infection.

(1876–1877) (1867) (1857-1861)

Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur

Robert Koch
He was the founder of He introduced
He demonstrated that antiseptic medicine and a antiseptics to prevent
anthrax is caused by pioneer in preventive disease. He also
Bacillus anthracis. medicine disproves spontaneous
(Germ Theory Disease)
generation
 (1880) (1881) (1882)

Pure culture & Fanny Hesse

Alphonse Laveran Anthrax vaccine
She used agar in
Koch cultures bacteria on culture media for
He discovered gelatine (pure culture).
Plasmodium growing
Pasteur develops microorganisms
anthrax vaccine

(1885) (1884) (1883)

Élie Carl Zeiss &

Theodor Metchnikoff Ernst Abbe
Escherich They pioneered
He described phagocytosis developments in microscopy
He discovered
Escherichia coli. (such as immersion lenses
Other discoveries: and apochromatic lenses
Other discoveries: AUTOCLAVE was invented which reduce chromatic
Pasteur developed Gram stain was developed aberration) which persist
rabies vaccine until the present day.
 (1887) (1887-1890) (1889)

Richard Petri Sergei Martinus

Winogradsky Beijerinck
He developed He discovered that soil
bacteria could oxidize
petri dishes iron, sulfur, and ammonia
He isolated root
or plates to obtain energy nodule bacteria

((1895)) (1894) (1890)

Kitasato & Emil von

Jules Bordet Yersin Behring
He described He developed antitoxin for
the complement system which is They discovered
the ability of antibodies and diptheria and tetanus
phagocytic cells to clear Yersinia pesits.
microbes and damaged cells from Other discoveries:
an organism, promote
inflammation, and attack the Ehrlich Theory of
pathogen's cell membrane. Immunity
 (1896) (1902) (1905)

Emil Van Ermengem Karl Schaudian &

Landsteiner Hoffman
He discovered
Clostridium botulinum He discovered They demonstrated
blood groups that Treponema
causes syphilis

(1915-1917) (1911) (1906)

Peyton Rous August von

D’Herelle &
Twort
Lesions in cultures
of bacteria were discovered &
attributed to an agent called
bacteriophage, now known to
be viruses that specifically
infect bacteria.
Wasserman
He discovered a virus
that can cause cancer
He developed a
which is now known complement fixation test
as Rous sarcoma virus for syphilis
 (1921) (1925) (1928)

Alexander Fleming Bergey' Manual Frederick

Griffith
The first edition of
He Bergey's Manual was He discovered bacterial
discovered published transfomation
lysozyme

(1933) (1890)
(1931)

Ernst Ruska Cornelis Penicillin

Bernardus van Penicillins were the
The first Niel first antibiotic that
electron doctors used. This was
He studied
microscope discovered by Fleming
photosynthetic bacteria
was
constructed
 (1935) (1937) (1941)

Édouard George Beadle &

Gerhard Domagk EdwardTatum
Chatton
He He divided
discovered living organisms They proposed
sulfa drugs into prokaryotes one-gene-one
and eukaryotes enzyme theory

(1935) (1944)
(1949)

Enders, Weller, Selman

James Watson& & Robbins Waksman
Francis Crick He discovered
They grew poliovirus
They proposed in human tissue streptomycin
DNA double culture
It is an antibiotic used to treat a number
of bacterial infections like tuberculosis,
helix Mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis,
brucellosis, Burkholderia infection,
plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever.
 (1955) (1959) (1961)

Francois Jacob &

Rosalyn Yalow Francois Jacob &
Elie Wollman Jacques Monod
She developed
radioimmunoassay They
They discovered proposed
F-factor plasmid lac operon

(1977) (1962)
(1931)

Carl Woese Werner Arber & Quinolone

Hamilton Smith These are chemotherapeutic
bactericidal drugs, eradicating
bacteria by interfering with DNA
He divided They discovered replication. Quinolones inhibit
prokaryotes into restriction endonucleases the bacterial DNA gyrase or the
topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby
Bacteria and Archaea inhibiting DNA replication and
transcription.
 (1979) (1980 (1982)

Scanning Tunneling
Insulin
Insulin was synthesized
using recombinant DNA
Other discoveries:
Small pox was
officially erdicated
Baruch Blumberg
& Irving Millman
Microscopes
The IBM created the Recombinant
first microscope that
allowed researchers to Hepatitis B vaccine
“see” at the atomic was developed
scale.

(1935) (1986) (1983-1984)

Gene therapy Vaccine by genetic Kary Mullis

engineering
He developed PCR technique
The first gene The firt vaccine
developed by genetic HIV was isolated
therapy and identified
testing begun engineering was by Gallo and
approved for human use Montagnier
 (1992) (1995) (1996)

Antisense Therapy Chicken pox Frederick

Vaccine Griffith
Chicken pox vaccine was
The first human approved for US use Methanococcus
trials of antisense Haemophilus
jannaschii and yeast
therapy was done influenzae genome genomes were sequenced
was sequenced

Recent Events (1997)

1995- Invasive Group A streptococcus
flesh eating bacteria
1999- West Nile Encephalitis
2000- E.coli
2002-  Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease caused Thiomargarita
by prion in bovine namibiensis
2003- SARS 1
The largest known
2009- Influenza A/ H1N1
2011- H5N5 Bird Flu Strains
bacterium was discovered
2012- MerscCov
2020- COVID 19; SARSCOV-2
FUTURE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Medical microbiology, public health microbiology, and immunology will
continue to be areas of intense research. New infectious diseases are
continually arising and old diseases are once again becoming widespread
and destructive. AIDS, SARS, hemorrhagic fevers, and tuberculosis are
excellent examples of new and reemerging infectious diseases.
Microbiologists will have to respond to these threats, many of them
presently unknown. They will also need to find ways to stop the spread of
established infectious diseases, as well as the spread of multiple
antibiotic resistance, which can render a pathogen resistant to current
medical treatment. Microbiologists will also be called upon to create new
drugs and vaccines, to study the association between infectious agents
and chronic disease, and to further our understanding of host defenses
and how pathogens interact with host cells.

Industrial microbiology and environmental microbiology also face many

challenges and opportunities. Microorganisms are increasingly important
in industry and environmental control, and we must learn how to use them
in a variety of new ways. For example, microorganisms can serve as
sources of high-quality food and other practical products such as enzymes
for industrial applications. They may also be used to degrade pollutants
and toxic wastes and as vectors to treat diseases and enhance
agricultural
productivity. There also is a continuing need to protect food and crops
from microbial damage. Clearly, the future of microbiology is bright.