Water Supply & Waste Water Lab Manual

LABORATORY MANUAL
Water Supply and Waste Water Management (CET04203)
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Section:
Registration No:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
Water Supply& Waste Water Management Lab Manual 2021
PREFACE
Water Supply is the application of science and engineering principles to protect and utilize natural
resources, control environmental pollution, improve environmental quality to enable healthy
ecosystems and comfortable habitation of humans. It is based on multiple disciplines including
geology, hydrology, biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, engineering, management, economics,
law, etc. Environmental engineering involves water supply, pollution control, recycling, waste (solid
and liquid) disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and
public health. This manual mainly deals with the determination of physio-chemical and
bacteriological properties of water. This will also aid to determine optimum dosing for common
physiochemical treatments. The manual contains relevant fundamental chemistry and biology
concepts/theories and their applications in environmental engineering. The key tests include
Physical, chemical and bacteriological tests of water and waste water. Sampling and laboratory
analysis of air and solid waste are also discussed in thismanual.
The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author highly indebted to his HOD and colleagues for their constant support and guidance
during the course of preparing this manual. In addition thanks to the students for the pictures were
collected from the laboratory.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
LAYOUT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LAB
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
FORECASTING POPULATION OF VARIOUS CITIES USING
DIFFERENT METHODS.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT PIPE MATERIAL FOR WATER
SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT JOINTS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND
SEWERAGE
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
DESIGN OF A TRANSMISSION MAIN.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR A HOUSING
SCHEME.
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
DESIGN OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM.
DESIGN OF STORM SEWER SYSTEM.
PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS FOR DIFFERENT BEDDING OF
SEWERS.
PREPARATION OF WORKING DRAWINGS FOR MANHOLES, DROP
MANHOLES AND STORM WATER INLETS.
TO DETERMINE THE BIO-CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF WASTE
WATER SAMPLE.
TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN DRINKING
WATER AND WASTE WATER SAMPLES BY PHOTOMETRIC METHOD.
TO DETERMINE THE TURBIDITY OF CONTINUOUS FLOW BY LOW
RANGE TURBID METER.
DETERMINATION OF OIL AND GREASE BY PARTITION-
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD IN WASTEWATER.

DETERMINATION OF ORTHO-PHOSPHATE IN WATER AND

WASTEWATER SAMPLE BY ASCORBIC ACID METHOD.
TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF NITRATE AND LEAD IN
DIFFERENT WATER SAMPLES BY ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE.
DETERMINATION OF PH OF WATER
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
DETERMINE THE ALKALINITY OF WATER
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT
WATER SAMPLES
SEWAGE AND SEWERAGE FLOW IN WATER
DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS
DETERMINATION OF HEAD LOSS USING HARDY CROSS METHOD
DETERMINATION OF DESIGN FLOW FOR THE TREATMENT PLANT
AND TRANSMISSION MAIN
DETERMINATION OF WATER REQUIREMENTS OF THE GIVEN
COMMUNITY

TABLE OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1 SuctionPump
FIGURE 2 InhoffCone
FIGURE 3 TurbidityMeter
FIGURE 4 Hot Plate with MagneticSpirou
FIGURE 5 TibationAssembly
FIGURE 6 Conductivitymeter
FIGURE 7 Sound levelmeter
FIGURE 8 Incubator
FIGURE 9 Low speed centrifuge
FIGURE 10 SteamSterilization
FIGURE 11 ColonyCounters
FIGURE 12 WeighingBalance
FIGURE 13 Dissolved oxygen(DO)
FIGURE 14 PH meter
FIGURE 15 Gate valve
FIGURE 16 Butterfly Valves
FIGURE 17 Air Relief Value
FIGURE 18 Check Valve
FIGURE 19 Pressure Valve
FIGURE 20 Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I):
FIGURE 21 Cast Iron Pipe
FIGURE 22 Plastic Pipe
FIGURE 23 Copper Pipe
FIGURE 24 Steel Pipe
FIGURE 25 Concrete Pipes
FIGURE 26 Threaded Joint
FIGURE 27 Brazing Joints
FIGURE 28 Soldering Joints
FIGURE 29 Butt Welding Joints
FIGURE 30 Socked Welded Joints
FIGURE 31 Flanged Joints
FIGURE 32 Grooved Joints
FIGURE 33 Transmission main
FIGURE 34 Water distribution scheme
FIGURE 35 Nodal Distribution
FIGURE 36 Sewage Pumping Station
FIGURE 37 Manhole
FIGURE 38 Drop Manhole
FIGURE 39 Sewer Joints
FIGURE 40 Sewer Beddings
FIGURE 41 Inlet Opening
FIGURE 42 Procedure chart
FIGURE 43 A portable turbidity meter.
FIGURE 44 A turbidity meter outline

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
LAYOUT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LAB
LIST OF APPARATUS
1. Suction Pump
2. Inhofe Cone
3. Turbidity Meter
4. Hot Plate with Magnetic Spirou
5. Tibation Assembly
6. Conductivity meter
7. Sound level meter
8. Incubator
9. Low speed centrifuge
10. Steam Sterilization
11. Colony Counters
12. Weighing Balance
13. Dissolved oxygen(DO)
14. PH meter

1. Suction Pump:
It a common pump in which the liquid to be raised is pushed by atmospheric pressure into the
partial vacuum under a retreating valved piston on the upstroke and reflux is prevented by a
check valve in the pipe.
Figure 1 Suction Pump
2. Inhoff Cone:
Inhofe cone. A clear, cone-shaped container marked with graduations. The cone is used to
measure the volume of settle able solids in a specific volume (usually one liter) of water or
wastewater.
Figure 2 Imhoff cone
3. Turbidity Meter:
Turbidity meters are used to quickly measure the turbidity (or cloudiness) of water, caused
by suspended solid particles. Understanding how turbidity meters work can help in achieving
more accurate results and ensuring the samples and meter are handled correctly.

Figure 3 Turbidity Meter
4. Hot Plate with Magnetic Stirrer:
Magnetic stirrer hotplates are used to simultaneously heat and stir liquids. Generally, they
heat up to 200°C or so and allow independent adjustment of the rpm and heating
temperature.
Figure 4 Hot Plate and magnetic stirrer
5. Tibation Assembly:
A water supply network or water supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and
operate as a stand-alone system, there is usually some arrangement to interconnect
zones in order to manage equipment failures or system failures.

6. Conductivity meter:
An electrical conductivity meter measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. It has

multiple application research and engineering, with common usage in hydroponics,
aquaculture, aquaponics, and freshwater systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or
impurities in the water.
Figure 5 Tibation Assembly
Figure 6 Conductivity meter

7. Sound level meter:
A sound level meter is used for acoustic (sound that travels through air) measurements. It is
commonly a hand-held instrument with a microphone. The best type of microphone for
sound level meters is the condenser microphone. which combines precision with stability and
reliability. The diaphragm of the microphone responds to changes in air pressure caused by
sound waves. That is why the instrument is sometimes referred to as a Sound Pressure Level
(SPL) Meter.
Figure 7 Sound Level Meter
8. Incubator:
An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures.
The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2
and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of
experimental work in cell biology , microbiology and molecular biology and are used to
culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Incubators are also used in the poultry industry to
act as a substitute for hens.
Figure 8 Incubator

9. Low speed centrifuge:
A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their
density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun
at <5000 rpm.
Figure 9 Low speed centrifuge
10. Steam Sterilization:
Steam Sterilization is a simple yet very effective decontamination method. Sterilization is

achieved by exposing products to saturated steam a thigh temperatures
(121°Cto134°C).Product(s) are placed in a device called the autoclave and heated through
pressurized steam to kill all microorganisms including spores.
Figure 10 Steam Sterilizer

11. Colony Counters:
Biological procedures often rely on an accurate count of bacterial colonies and cells. Colony
counters are used to estimate a liquid culture’s density of micro organisms by counting
individual coloniesonan agar plate, slide, mini gel, or Petri dish. Typical applications include
Ames testing, bacterial mutation assays, and E. coli bacterial colonies.
Figure 11 Colony Counters
12. Weighing Balance:

A weighing balance is an instrument which is used to determine the weight or mass of an
object. Available in a wide range of sizes with multiple weighing capacities they are essential
tools in laboratories, commercial kitchens and pharmacies to name but a few.
Figure 12 Weighing Balance

13. Dissolved oxygen (DO):
Dissolved oxygen (DO) meters are used to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen in a
liquid.Oxygen makes its way into water through a variety of processes, including aeration, as
a byproduct of photosynthesis, and from surrounding air. Any healthy aquatic system which
can support aerobic life must contain certain amounts of oxygen; healthy bodies of water
typically register at least 5 mg/L of dissolved oxygen.
Figure 13 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
14. PHmeter:
PH meter, electric device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or alkalinity) in

solution. Fundamentally, a pH meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a pH-responsive
electrode and a reference (unvarying) electrode. The pH-responsive electrode is usually
glass, and the reference is usually a mercury–mercuries chloride (calomel) electrode,
although a silver–silver chloride electrode is some times used. When the two electrodes are
immersed in a solution, they act as a battery. The glass electrode develops an electric
potential (charge) that is directly related to the hydrogen-ion activity in the solution (59.2
millivolts per pH unit at 25 °C [77 °F]), and the voltmeter measures the potential difference
between the glass and reference electrodes.

Figure 14 PH meter
Comments

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
FORECASTING POPULATION OF VARIOUS CITIES USING

DIFFERENT METHOD
RELATED THEORY
Population Forecast:
Population is one of the most important factor for the design of the water of the water system so it
should be estimated to now the increasing demand and ensure continues supply to them. The
various method which one generally adopted for estimating future population by engineers are
described below:
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
2. Geometric Increase Method / Uniform Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Simple Graphical Method
5. Comparative Graphical method
6. The Ratio Method
7. The Logistic Curve Method
1. Arithmetic Increase Method:

This method is based on the hypothesis that the Rate of Growth is Constant i.e. Population
increases at a constant rate. Thus a constant of growth is added periodically to the city
population to get population of next future. This method has limited use but is most applicable
for big end old cities which have stabilized.
Pf = Pi + Ka Δt
Pf = Pi + ka ( tf – ti )
Pf = Future Population Pi = Present Population
Ka = Constant =pi−pe
ti−tⅇ
Tf = Future time at Pf, Ti = Initial time at Pi
Example # 1
Pf = ? Tf = 2000 Pi = 310,000
Ti = 1980 Te = 1970 Pe = 237,000

By Arithmetic Increases Method: Pf = Pi + ka Δt
Ka = pi−pe = 310,000
ti−tⅇ
Ka = 310,000−237,000 = 7,300
1980−1970
Pf = 310,000 – 7,300 ( 2000 - 1980) = 456,000 persons in 2000
2. Geometric Increase Method:
 This method is based on the assumption that Percentage growth rate is constant.
 This Method must be used with caution, as it may produce too large results when applied
for rapidly grown cities in comparatively short time.
LmPf=lnPi+kg (tf - ti) Pf
=Future Population
Pi = Present Population
lnPi−lnPⅇ
Ka = Constant =
ti−𝑡𝑒
Tf = Future
time at Pf
Ti = Initial
time at Pi
lnPi−lnPⅇ
KG = ti−𝑡𝑒
ln 310,000−ln 237000
= 1980-1970
=0.0268512
LnPf = lnPi + kg ( tf - ti)
=ln 310,000 + 0.0268512 ( 2000 - 1980)
lnPf = 13.181352
Pf = 53038
Incremental Increase Method:

Growth rate is assumed to be progressively increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether
the average of the incremental increases in the past is positive or negative. The population for a

future decade is work out by adding the mean arithmetic increase to the cast known population
as in the arithmetic increase method, and so this is added the average of incremental increases,
once for first decade, twice for second and so on.
Simple Graphical Method:

In this method, a graph is plotted form the available data (for previous years), between time
and population. The curve is then smoothly extended up to the desired year. This method gives
very approximate result and should be used along with other forecasting methods. Sometimes
population trend lines are plotted and similar expected population trend lines are drawn.
Comparative Graphical Method:

In this method, the cities having conditions and characteristics similar to the city whose future
population is to be estimated are selected. It is assumed that the city under consideration will
develop, as the selected similar cities have developed in the past. It is the most reasonable and
reliable Method.
Ratio Method:
•In this method, the local population and the country’s population for the last four to five
decades is obtained from the census records.
•The ratio of the country population to city population are then worked out for these decades.
•A graph is then plotted between time and these ratio, and extended up to the design period to
extrapolate the ratio corresponding to future design year.
•To obtain required city’s future population, expected country population at the end of design
period is divided by this ratio.
K= Country Population / City Population
Logistic Curve Method:
The Three factors responsible for charges in population are:
• Birth
• Deaths
• Migration
Logistic curve method is based on the hypothesis that when these varying influences do not
produce extraordinary changes, the population would probably follow the growth curve
characteristics of living things within limited things within limited space and within limited
economic opportunity. The curve is S-shaped and is known as logistic curve.

COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES

OBJECTIVE
 To understand the different types of valves.
RELATED THEORY
Gate valve:
It is used to shut supply for repair and they are generally placed at the corners of streets
where lines intersect.
Figure 3 Gate valve:
Butterfly Valves:
They are used in filter plants and high-pressure distribution system in order to shut off supply to
avoid water hammer.
Figure 4Butterfly Valves
Air Relief Value:

It allows the accumulated air in the pipe to escape. It allows the external air to enter the pipe to
break the vacuum.

Figure 5Air Relief Value
Globe Valve:
They are used in the plumbing systems on smaller pipes. They create a lot of head loss.
Figure 6 Globe Valve
Check Valve:
Check valve permits water to flow in one direction, and it is used at plumbing station and at apex
point in pipeline.
Figure 7 Check Valve
Pressure Valve:
They reduce pressure automatically at the downstream side to any desired magnitude. The
function by using the upstream pressure to throttle the flow through an opening like in globe
value.
Figure 8 Pressure Valve

AttitudeValve:
It is used to close automatically a supply line to an elevated tank when full.
PRECAUTIONS
 Build the opening and closing of different valves
 Application of valves according to their use
COMMENT

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DETAIL STUDY OF DIFFERENT PIPE MATERIAL FOR WATER

SUPPLY SEWERAGE.
OBJECTIVE
 To understand the different pipe material and joints for water supply sewerage.
RELATED THEORY
Pipe is circular closed conduit through which the water may flow either under gravity
or under pressure. When pipes do not run full, they run under gravity, such as in
sewer lines. However, in supply pipes mostly run under pressure.
Types of Pipe Material:
1. Cast Iron Pipe

2. G.I pipe
3. Wrought Iron pipe
4. Steel Pipes
5. Copper Pipe
6. Plastic Pipe
7. Abstract Cement Pipe
8. Concrete Pipe
Cast Iron Pipe:
 Cast iron pipe is widely used for city water-distribution system because of its
high resistance to corrosion and consequent long life.
 Cast iron pipe is made from pig iron. Such pipes are normally made from
5cm to 120cm in diameter.
 Under normal conditions, a cast iron pipe can be expected to last 100years
 The Usual length of a pipe section is 12ft, but lengths up to 20ft can be obtained.
Figure 9 Cast Iron Pipe

Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I):
 G.I pipe are made of steel sheet. Its

length wise joint is welded seam type.
 G.I pipe is used to supply water, gas
or any other liquid inside the
building.
 These types of pipes are prepared
from 12mm (0.5 inches) to 15cm (6
inches) in diameter. They are
available in 6 meters (20 feet)length.
 The average age of this pipe is 10
years. They can be join easily,
cutting, threading and bending them Figure 10 Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I):
is also an easy task. They are joined
with the help of a Socket.
 These pipes are light-weighted and
cheap. Acidic and alkaline water
affect these Pipebadly.
Wrought Iron Pipe:
 These types of pipes are like G.I pipes. They are also used to carry water, gas
or certain other liquid from one placed to another.
 The only different between wrought iron pipe and G.I is that wrought pipes
are prepared by welding wrought iron steel. In addition, seamless pipes are
also made.
 Wrought iron pipes are made from 12mm (0.5 inches) to 15cm (6 inches) in diameter.
 The weight of such pipes in less. Cutting threading and bending of this pipe is
quite easy. To join such pipes following joints are used:
 Socket Joints
 Flanged Joints
 Welded Joint
Steel Pipe:
 Steel is strong, rigid, and has a low

confident of thermal expansion.
 It is also heavy and is subject to corrosion.
 Steel pipes are manufactured in 21ft length.
Figure 11 Steel Pipe

Copper Pipe:
 Copper pipes are made of small diameter. Since copper dose not admit dust,
so these pipes are durable. However, as copper is costly, therefore, they used
in limited places.
 These types of pipes are generally used to carry hot water or steam. They do
bend or sag even at high temperature.
 Copper is a mild metal. Therefore, copper pipes can be bent easily. They are
joined by Flanged joint and Union joints.
Figure 12 Copper Pipe
Plastic Pipe:
 These Pipes which included

rubber and P.V.C pipe used for
the supply of water, acidic water,
and alkaline water. Hot water
should not be carried out.
 These pipes are joined using a
thread joints or socket is jointed
with a solution. Such pipes are not
rusted. They are light in weight.
Cutting, bending, and jointed are
easy for these pipes. Figure 13 Plastic Pipe
 These types of pipe have good
resistance against electric current.
They become useless on
increasing temperature.

Asbestos Cement Pipes:
 This asbestos pipe is made from asbestos, silica, and cement converted under
pressure.
 The asbestos pipe is assembled by means of a coupling which consists of
a pipe sleeve and two tuber rings which are compressed between the
pipe and the interior of the sleeve.
Figure 14 Plastic Pipe
Concrete Pipes:
 The pre-cast concreate pipe is available in sizes upto 72inches diameter, and
sizes upto 180 inches have been made on specialorder.
 Precast concreate pipes are reinforcement except in sizes under 24inches
diameter. The reinforcement may take the form of spirally woundwire.
 The pipe has been constructed in sizes 24 to 72 inches. A special pipe-laying
machine with a slip form isused.
 Aconcretepipeshouldlastatleast35to50yearsunderaveragecondition.Alkalinew
atermay cause rapid deterioration of thin concretesection.
Figure 15 Concrete Pipes

COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DETAIL STUDY OF DIFFERENT JOINTS FOR WATER SUPPLY

SEWERAGE.
OBJECTIVE
 To study of different joints for water supply sewerage.
RELATED THEORY
Threaded Joint
Threaded connection, a joining of parts by means of threads. Threaded
joints are the most common type of releasable connections, which employ
various fastenings to ensure relative immobility of the joined elements of
machines and mechanisms. Threaded joints usually use fastenings, such as
bolts, screws, and nuts. The strength and durability of threaded joints
depend on the design of parts, precision of manufacture, and engineering
factors.
Figure 16 Threaded Joint
Brazing Joints
Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are

joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler
metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs
from welding in that it does not involve melting.

Soldering Joints
Soldering is a process in which two or more items are joined together by
melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal
having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Unlike welding,
soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the work
piece metal also does not melt, but the filler metal is one that melts at a
higher temperature than in soldering. In the past, nearly all solders contained
lead, but environmental and health concerns have increasingly dictated use
of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbingpurposes.
Figure 18 Soldering Joints
Butt Welding Joints
Butt welding is a commonly used technique in welding that can either be

automated or done by hand on steel pieces. Butt welding can also be done
with brazing for copper pieces. It is used to attach two pieces of metal
together such as pipe, framework in factories, and also flanges. This is
because if they wanted to make something out of metal without welding it
together they would have to bend everything and reinforce the structure
which costs more than welding the two pieces together.
Figure 19 Butt Welding Joints

Socked Welded Joints
Socket Weld (SW) fittings are defined in the ASMEB16.11.As with socket
weld, a pipe is inserted into a recessed area of the fitting. Both the pipe and
the fitting are square cut, with no need for beveled end or preparation other
than cleaning the outside, which allows easy welding and installation.
Socket weld is easy to install. But it requires approx. 1/16″ of gap at the
bottom of the pipe to socket into, to allow thermal expansion. This gap can
lead to overstress problem that cracks the fillet weld of the fitting. Socket
weld is troublesome in corrosive fluid service due to crevice corrosion. And
it is easy to corrode due to the discontinuity of the smooth pipe internals.
Socket weld (the fillet weld) resists around 1/2 the strength of butt welding.
Figure 20 Socked Welded Joints

Flanged pipe
Flanged pipe is generally specified for aboveground service for water,
wastewater, air, oil and other liquids where rigid, restrained joints are
needed. It is widely used in water and wastewater treatment plants, in
industrial piping systems, and for other interior piping as well as for exterior
applications such as bridge and other elevated crossings. Pipe may be
furnished with one end flanged and the other with virtually any
AMERICAN joint as may be required. The underground use of the flanged
joint is generally not recommended due to the rigidity of the joint and as
noted in appendices of appropriate ANSI/AWWA standards. Flanged pipe is
Figure 21 Flanged Joints
rated for a maximum working pressure of at least 250 psi. If higher ratings
are needed, consult AMERICAN and we will evaluate the application and
use of Trousseaugaskets.
Compression Joints
A compression fitting is a fitting used in plumbing and electrical conduit

systems to join two tubes or thin-walled pipes together. In instances
where two pipes made of dissimilar materials are to be joined (most
commonly PVC and copper), the fittings will be made of one or more
compatible materials appropriate for the connection. Compression fittings
for attaching tubing (piping) commonly have ferrules (or olives in the UK)
in them. Compression fittings are also used extensively for hot and cold
water faucets (taps) and toilet stop valves; compression fittings are well
suited to this application, as these valves are usually located in confined
spaces where copper pipe would be difficult to solder without creating a fire
hazard. Also, the fittings allow easy disconnection and reconnection.
Grooved Joints

A grooved mechanical joining of two pipes means that a small groove is
made at the end of each pipe with a grooving machine. A rubber gasket is
fitted over the two pipe ends and around it a two- part coupling is screwed
together with two bolts and nuts. The coupling parts, which are designed to
fit in the grooves, mechanically lock the pipes together and the rubber
gasket makes the connection airtight and watertight.
COMMENTS
Figure 22 Grooved Joints

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
TRANSMISSION MAIN FOR WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to study and design transmission main for water
supply sewerage. Transmission main means a water main whose primary purpose is to
move significant quantities of treated water among service areas. Transmission main
means a main extension that transports water from the main supply or source to a
distant area where the water is distributed through distribution lines.
RELATED THEORY
The items completed as part of this study are:
 Definition of four transmission main routes, including north, south, open-cut

and tunneled options.
 Establishment of demands.
 Determination of pipe diameters.
 Identification of pipe alignments for each defined route and partner connection.
 Development of associated costs.
 Allocation of costs among Partners.
Figure 23 Transmission main

Estimate the design flow for sanitary sewer serving 9000 people in an area of
2.4km2 with an average water consumption of 500 lpcd. The sewer is to be
designed for 30 years the design for 30 years and the design population was
estimated to be 2 times the present population per Km2. Assume infiltration
allowance at the rate of 3734 m3/km2/day.
Precautions
 Build the sewerage scheme
 Apply routes to the scheme
 Note the readings of the discharge
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR A HOUSING
SCHEME.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this project is to design the “Water Distribution Scheme” for a society which
includes the Diameter of pipes, Lengths of Pipes, Pressure in pipes, Turbine Motor, Storage Tank
and Strainer length.
RELATED THEORY
Water distribution design data:
No of Plots = 281
No of
Apartments
= 3 No of
Flats = 3
Design period = 20 years
Present Design
(2009) (2029)
Persons/plot 7 10
Persons/apartme 400 600

nt
Persons/flat 200 400
Layout of water distribution scheme:
The University of Lahore Department

Figure 24 Water distribution scheme of Technology Page35
Population Forecasting
Present Population Pp= 1) 281×7+400×3+200×3 = 3767

Annual Growth Rate = 2.1% (For Pakistan, 2008 report)
Design Population Pd
1) Pd = Pp x (1+2/100)20
Pd = 3767x(1+2/100)20 = 5598
Per capita water consumption = 344 lpcd
Average Design flow = 5810x 344 = 1998640 Lit/day = 23.13Lit/Sec

Nodal Distribution:
Figure 25 Nodal Distribution

Nodal Demand:
Minimum Residual Pressure and Roughness Coefficient:

Minimum residual pressure should be 14m and the roughness coefficient used = C = 120
Design of Tank Diameter:

Discharge = Q = 23.1 lit/sec = 83160 lit/hr =
83.16 m3/hr Duration for storage = 8 hrs
Volume of Water for storage = Q x t = 83.16 x
8 = 665.28 m3 and Area = L x W …….So
Volume = A.D
Usually D =
8ft to 10 ft
Let D = 3m
in our case
Area = Volume /D = 668.28/3 =
221.76m2 Equivalent Diameter =
1.128 x = 16.79m = 17m
Tube well Design:

Design Head = Depth of water + draw down of water table +losses in pumping

chamber +losses in pipe from tube well to O.H.R + difference in elevation
between T/W & O.H.R + Height of O.H.R So H = 30`+30`+10`+hl+20m+20m
Now to make units consistent we have to convert all
dimensions in meters. But first we have to find Head Loss
Hl= (4.f.l.v^2)/(2.g.d)
Here f = 0.0046 and length = 87.3m , velocity is usually from 5ft/sec so convert
it in meter we get 1.524m/sec
Hl = (4*0.0046*87.3*(1.524^2))/(2*9.81*d)
Now we don’t have the value of d . We will get d
from Q=A.V Here Q = Max flow = Avg x 1.5
Q= 23.1liter/sec = 0.0231m3/sec x 1.5 =
0.03465m3/sec 0.03465m3/sec = π2 x
1.524m/sec
From here we get d = 170mm now the diameters available in the market are
in the following sequence Water Supply Design
80 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm, 1000 mm
So we round our diameter to 200mm and thus the velocity will also change
to v = 1.103m/sec Now the Head loss comes out to be 0.498m
So the Total head becomes now 9.114 + 9.114 + 3.048 + 0.498 + 20+20 = H = 61.7m
Pump/Motor B.H.PDesign:
B.H.P = BRAKE HORSEPOWER
BHP = Gama*Q*H / 550 * nu (efficiency)
= (62.4*1.2375*201.345)/(550*0.6)
Efficiency of a motor is about 60% and for diesel motors its 50%
B.H.P = 47.17 B.h.p
Design Of Strainer/Wallscreen:
Q = A.V
Q = Max flow = 0.03465
V = 0.02 – 0.06 m/sec …..let us take v =

0.04m/sec 0.03465 = π . d. L x
0.04m/sec
Diameter of strainer is usually 10”
So, the Length of Strainer comes out to be 9m
Results:
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
DESIGN OF SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM.
OBJECTIVE
Design of Sewer System. Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic development of a country.
Sewers are must for the drainage of waste water. In order to have an effective sewage system the sewers
should be properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the invert levels otherwise whole

design may get wrong. Design of Sewer System. Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water
coming from houses, industries, streets, runoff etc to protect the environment and people from serious
diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from sewage. So for a good living, the sewers should be properly
designed and the sewage should be treated properly before discharging it into the river.
RELATED THEORY
Sewerage Design Data:

No of Plots = 281
No of
Apartments
= 3 No of
Flats = 3
Design period = 20 years
Present Design
(2009) (2029)
Persons/plot 7 10
Persons/apartme 400 600

nt
Persons/flat 200 400
Population Forecasting:
Design Population Pd= 2)
281×10+600×3+400×3 = 5810 Annual Growth
Rate = 2.1% (For Pakistan, 2008 report)
Design Population Pd:

1) Pd = Pp x (1+2.1/100)20
Pd =3767x(1+2.1/100)20 = 5709
Pd = 5810 ( From Table)
Per capita water consumption = 350 + 44= 394 lpcd (liters per capita per day)
Average Design flow = Pd x water consumption x
0.8 / 1000 (80% goes to sewers as waste water)
= (394 x 5810 x 0.8 ) / 1000
Qavg = 1831.312 m3/day

Peak factor = 4 (from WASA table)
To Check Infiltrationrates
Design of WetWell:
Qmax = 14742.1m3/day = 10.237
m3/min Pumping capacity
P = Qmax = 10.237 m3/min
Minimum cycle time

Minimum Cycle time must not be less
than 5-minutes For smaller pumps t min
= 15 min
Volume = V = [P x t(min)]/4
Effective Volume = ( 10.237 x 15 ) / 4 = 38.39 m3
Dimensions of Wet Well:

Lengt = 3.6 m
Width = 3.6m
Height = 3 m
Volume = 3.6*3.6*3 = 38.88m3
Pump must run for at least 2 minutes
Check the cycle time, should be greater
than 2 minutes t = V/(P-Qmin) = 38.39 /
(10.237 – 0.6358) = 3.99~=4
So 4 minutes is greater than 2
minutes (OK) Cycle Time for
Minimum and Average Flow
CYCLE TIME = t = (V/(P-Q))+
(V/Q)
For Qmin = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) + 38.398/0.6358 = 64.391 min >
15min (OK) For Qavg = 38.39 / (10.237 -1.271) + 38.39/1.271 = 34.48
min > 15min (OK)

Figure 26 SewagePumping Station

Figure 27Drop Manhole
Figure 28 Manhole

Sewer Joints
Figure 29 Sewer Joints

SEWER BEDDINGS
Figure 30 Sewer Beddings
RESULTS:

● Diameters are less than 600mm so Infiltration rate used is 5% of average sewageflow.
● Bell & Spigot joints have been used as the diameters are less then600mm.
● One Drop Manhole is coming at M15 as the vertical drop is more than0.6m.
● In Sewers (M9-M8, M8-M11, M10-M11, M12-M13, M5-M18, M20-M21, M24-
M21,M21-M22,
M25-M26), Velocity is less than the self-cleansing velocity So, Flush tanks will be
providedhere.
● Most of the diameters are of 225mm ensuring the economic side of theproject.
● Wet well dimensions are2.5×3.5×4.4.
● Cycle time of 15 minutes is satisfied ensuring the adaptability of small pumps so
moreeconomic.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
● Flush tanks should be flushed once in 24 hours to avoid sedimentdeposition.
● If the sewer is to be laid under the water table then crushed stone bedding should beused.
● Sewers should be joined in a manhole keeping the crowns at the samelevel.
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Design of Storm Sewer System

Purpose:
 To design storm sewer system
Amount of Storm Sewage

Estimation of flow is the first step to design the Storm sewer. Rainfall is the
primary source of storm flow.

Rational Method
● All under use are based upon the use of rainfalldata.
● Most widely used formula for urban areas, into 5 Km2, is Rationalformula.
● The total volume which fall upon an area “A” per unit time under a rainfall of intensity
“i”is
Q = iA
● A portion lost by evaporation, percolation andponding.
● The portion lost is not constant, determined for different conditions of
temperature, soil moisture, and rainfallduration.
The actual amount which appears as run off may then be calculated from
Q = CiA
Where C = Run off Coefficient Run off Coefficient “C” for an area is not
invariant, but tends to increase as the rainfall continues.
▪ For impervious surfaces
C = 1.75 t1/3 or C = t / (8 + t)
These depends on duration of rainfall in minutes. Where “t” is the duration of the storm in
minutes.
▪ For improved pervioussurfaces
C = 0.3 t / (20 + t)
Average values of C commonly used for
various surfaces
Sr. 5 type of Surface Value of

No C
1 Water tight roof 0.70 –
0.95
2 Asphalt cement streets 0.85 –
0.90
3 Portland Cement Street 0.80 –
0.95
4 Paved Driveways and 0.75 –
Walks 0.85
5 Gravel Driveways and 0.15 –
Walks 0.30
6 Lawns
i) Sandy Soil with Slope of
a) 2% 0.05 –
0.10
b) 2-7% 0.10 –
0.15
c) > 7% 0.15 –
0.20

ii) Heavy Soil with Slope of
a) 2% 0.13 –
0.17
b) 2- 0.18 –
7% 0.22
c) > 7% 0.25 –
0.35
Some engineers use values of “C”

1. 0.7 – 0.9 for densely built areas (walled city ofLahore),
2. 0.5 – 0.5 for well-built areas adjacent to densely built zones (mallroad),
3. 0.25 to o.5 for residential areas with detachedhouses,
4. 0.15 – 0.25 for suburban section with fewbuildings
Example:
Determine the run off coefficient for an area of 0.2 Km2. Out of this 3000 m2 is
covered by buildings, 5000 m2 by paved driveways and walks and 2000m2 by
Portland cement streets. The remaining area is flat, heavy soil, covered by grass
lawns.
Total area = 0.2 Km2
Select values of C for each type of area/surface form given values and calculate percentage of land
area for
each type
For roof C1 = (0.7 – 0.95) x (3000/200000) Use ave. of (0.7-0.95)
= 0.012375
For driveways & walks C2 = (0.75-0.85) x (5000/200000) = 0.02
For Portland Cement Streets C3 = (0.8 – 0.95) x (2000/200,000) = 0.00875
For flat, heavy soil grass lawns C4 = (0.13-0.17) x (190,000/200000) = 0.1425
Cave. = C1+C2+C3+C4 = 0.1836
Precautions
 Build the storm sewer system carefully.
 Apply precise values to calculate the runoff coefficient
 Note the readings very carefully
COMMENT

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
PREPARATION OF WORKING DRAWINGS FOR DIFFERENT BEDDING

OF SEWERS
OBJECTIVE
 To understand the working drawings of bedding sewers.
RELATED THEORY
Brick Ballast
It is made by crushing the clay bricks into small pieces of approximately 40mm to 50mm in
size. Brick ballast is used for making pads underneath the foundations along with the mixture of
cement and sand.It is also used under the floor PCC that is laid on compacted earth-fill.
Crush Stone
One style of stone that builders and homeowners depend on is drain rock. Rather than its size or
shape, drain rock is primarily identified by its purpose– as the name suggests, drain rock is a
porous gravel material designed to manage the flow of water in a drain.
Concrete Cradle
A cradle is a structure, typically constructed from concrete or masonry, which provides
structural support for various types of piping. This type of support is usually needed to mitigate
the effects of possible differential settlement and also limits lateral movement which can
adversely affect the performance of the newly installed pipe.

Figure 31 Sewer Beddings

Precautions
 Build the drawings carefully.
 Apply dimensions
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
PREPARATION OF WORKING DRAWINGS FOR MANHOLES, DROP
MANHOLES AND STORM WATER INLETS.
OBJECTIVE
 To understand the working drawings of for manholes, drop manholes and storm water
inlets.
Main-Hole
A manhole (also called a utility hole, cable chamber, maintenance hole , inspection
chamber, access chamber or confined space) is a hole for a person to go into to fix
underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm
drains and gas.
Drop Main-Holes
A drop manhole is a manhole in which a vertical pipe is provided to allow for flow
between the branch sewer and the main sewer. It is utilized in areas where the slope is
steep or when an inlet pipe’s invert elevation is much higher than the outlet pipe’s invert
level.

Drop Manhole
Figure 32 Dropmanhole
In a typical manhole arrangement, the invert elevation at the stop end of the inlet pipe is
the same as the manhole invert. In a drop manhole, the invert at the stop end is at a
significantly higher level than that of the manhole invert level.
Gradient differences between two sewer pipes can sometimes be more than 0.5m, which is
too big of an elevation difference for unimpeded sewage flow between the branch sewer
and main sewer. Drop manholes are used in this scenario as well as when larger sloping
gradients are impractical or uneconomical.
Flow to the main sewer can either be routed outside of the manhole known or through the
manhole channel’s interior. The pipe that passes through the manhole barrel is called the
inside drop. The one that is on the exterior is the outside drop. Outside drops lack
accessibility making routine inspections, maintenance, and cleaning difficult.
Inlet Opening
The opening of ventilation that serves for the admission, communicating the premises with
the outside, directly or through and intake duct.
1. CURB OPENING INLETS:

Illustrates a generic example of a typical curb opening inlet. Curb inlets are used in urban
sections of roadway along the curb line.
Most curb opening inlets depend heavily upon an adjacent depression in the gutter for
effective flow interception. Greater interception rates result in shorter (and probably,
more economical) inlet lengths. However, a large gutter depression can be unsafe for
traffic flow and bicycle operation near the gutter line. Therefore, a compromise is in
order when selecting an appropriate value for the gutter depression. The depth of the
gutter depression should be:
 0 to 1 in. (0 to 25 mm) where the gutter is within the traffic lane

 1 to 3 in. (25 to 75 mm) where the gutter is outside the traffic lane or in the parking
lane
 1 to 5 in. (25 to 125 mm) for lightly traveled city streets that are not on a highway
route.
Curb opening inlets are useful in sag and on-grade situations because of their self-
cleansing abilities and hydraulic efficiency. Additionally, they are often preferred over
grate inlets because the inlet is placed outside the travel way and poses less of a risk to
motorists and bicycle traffic.
2. GRATE INLETS:
Illustrates a typical grate inlet. Water falls into the inlet through a grate instead of an
opening in the curb. Designers use many variations of this inlet type, and the format of
the grate itself varies widely as each foundry may have its own series of standard
fabrication molds.
For the most part, grate inlets are used in sag configurations in gutters, adjacent to
concrete traffic barriers or rails (where curb inlets would not be practicable), V-shaped
gutters with no curb or barrier, and ditches. Grate inlets may also be used at on-grade
situations combined with curb inlets.
Grate inlets adapt to urban roadway features such as driveways, street intersections,
and medians. When grate inlets are specified, the grate configuration and orientation
should be compatible with bicycle and wheelchair safety.
3. CATCH BASIN:
A catch basin is a device or receptacle at the entrance of a sewer designed to prevent
obstructive material from entering and blocking the sewer. A catch basin can also be
described as a buried diversion device acting as a reservoir that diverts offsite/overland
water flows in a sewer system.
It is important to maintain catch basins to prevent storm sewer blockages and minimize
the amount of pollutants entering storm sewers, which discharge into detention basins or
directly into streams. Clogged catch basins can also cause water to pond along streets and
in yards and parking lots. This flooding can be a nuisance to motorists and businesses.
Catch basins should be cleaned out before the storage area is half full. Once this level is
reached, debris begins to wash into sewer pipes. Cleaning should be done in the spring
after the first large snow melt, in the fall after trees have shed their leaves, and
additionally if needed.

Inlets Openings
Figure 33 Inlet Opening

COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
DETERMINE OF BIO-CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND.

OBJECTIVE
 To determine the BOD of waste water sample
RELATED THEORY
The Bio-Chemical oxygen demand determine is a chemical procedure for
determining the amount of dissolved Oxygen Needed by aerobic organisms in a
water body to brake the organic materials present in the given water sample at certain
temperature over a

Environmental Significance:
BOD is the principal test to given an idea of the Biodegradability of any sample and
strength of the waste. Hence the amount of pollution can be measured by it.
Efficiency of any treatment of any treatment plant can be judged by considering
influent. BOD and the effluent BOD and so also the Organic loading on the unit.
The five days BOD of a diluted sample is givenby,
BOD = (DOi - DOf) *D.F
Dilution factors ( D.F )
Apparatus:
 BODbottle
 Beaker ( 250ml)
 MeasuringCylinder
 Dropper
 Stirrer
Reagents:
 Manganous SulfateSolution
 Alkaline Potassiumiodine
 0.025N Sodiumthiosulfate
 Starch Solution(indicator)
 Concentrated SulfuricAcid

Procedure:
 Add1mmofmanganoussulfatesolutiontotheBODbottlebymeansofpipette,dippi
nginend of the pipette just below the surface of thewater.
 Add 1ml of alkaline potassium iodine solution to the BOD Bottle in a similarmanner.
 Insert the stopper and mix by inverting the bottle severaltimes.
 Allow the “Precipitates” to settle halfway and mixagain.
 Again allow the “Precipitates” to settlehalfway.
 Add 1ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. Immediately insert the stopper and mix itbefore.
 Allow the solution to stand at least 5minutes.
 Withdraw 100ml of solution into an Erlenmeyer flask and immediately add
0.025N Sodium thiosulfate drop by drop from a buretteuntil.
 Add about 1ml of starch solution and continue the addition of the thiosulfate
solution unit the blue color just disappeared. Record the ml of thiosulfate
solution used ( discard any return of the blue color.)
CALCULATION & OBSERVATION

Sample Source of Sample Temp of Sample BOD( mg/l)
1
2

Precautions
 Build the BOD experimental scheme
 Apply reagents carefully
 Note the readings of BOD of given sample
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN DRINKING

WATER AND WASTE WATER SAMPLE BY PHOTOMETRIC METHOD.

OBJECTIVE
 The purpose of this experiment is to understand different solids in water and waste water
sample.
RELATED THEORY
Suspended Solids: These are of two types: settle able and non-settle able solids.
Settle able solids are those which will settle down in the sedimentation tank with a
usual detention period of 1 to 3 hours. Non-settleable solids will not settle down and
are usually volatile in nature.
Principles
 Awell-
mixedsampleisfilteredthroughastandardglassfiberfilter,andthefiltrateisevapora
ted to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight at179-181
 Theincreaseindishweightrepresentsthetotaldissolvedsolids.Awell-
mixedsampleisfiltered through a weighed standard glass fiber filter and the
residue retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at103-105
 The increase n weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the
suspended materialclogsthefilterandprolongsfiltration,the
differencebetweenthetotalsolidsandtotal dissolved solids may provide an
estimate of the total suspended solids
Apparatus Required
1. Evaporating Dish
2. Water Bath
3. Oven
4. Desiccators
5. AnalyticalBalance
6. GraduatedCylinders

7. DishTongs
8. GoochCrucibles
9. Filter10. VacuumPumps
11. Crucibletongs
12. Forceps, Smooth -tipped

PROCEDURE CHART
Switch on I:he balance (Atleast30 min before the test) Note down the intial dry weight of the crucible
Take 20 mL of filtered warer

sample Inthe crucible
filter tFefieI0 watersampleuslngwhartmsnfilrerpape
Place the crucible 1nsIde the ARer drying in the oven cool toroom temperature
indessicator
oven at 103"C
Note down the Pna1 dryweightoftheErucib1e
Figure 34 Procedure chart

1. The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the quality of waste water
influent and effluent and also extremely valuable in analysis of polluterwater.
2. It is used to evaluate strength of the domestic wastewater.
3. Dissolved substances are undesirable in water. Dissolved Minerals, gasses and

organic constituents may produce aesthetically displeasing color, taste andodor.
4. Some dissolved organic chemicals may deplete the dissolved oxygen in

receiving water and some may also be carcinogenic.
5. Water with higher solid continent often has a Laxative effect and sometimes the
reverse effect on people whose bodies are not adjusted tothem.
6. High concentration of dissolved solid of about 3000 mg/lt may also produce
distress and livestock. In industries the use of water with high amount of dissolved
solids may lead to scaling in boilers, corrosion and degraded quality of product.
7. Water consisting of high volatile solids is not suitable for drinking purpose. It
indicates that the water may have been polluted by domestic wastes and other
organic waste. In general groundwater is free from volatile Solids. Surface water
may have high volatile solids due to disposal of domestic and otherwastes
8. The settle able solids determination is used extensively in analysis of industrial

waste to determine the need and design of plain settling tanks in plans employing
biological treatmentprocess.
9. It is also used in waste water treatment plants to determine efficiency of sedimentationtank.
10. Biologically active suspended solids may include disease causing organisms as
well as organisms such as toxin producingalgae.
Procedure For Suspended Solids:

Place filtration apparatus with weighed filter in filter flask.
 Mix sample well and pour into a graduated cylinder to the selectedvolume.
 Apply suction to filter flask and seat filter with a small amount of distilledwater.
 Pour selected volume into filtrationapparatus.
 Draw sample through filter into filter flask.
 Rinse graduated cylinder into filtration apparatus with three successive
10mL portions of distilled water, allowing complete drainage between
eachrinsing.
 Continue suction for three minutes after filtration of final rinse iscompleted.

 Dry filter in an oven at 103-105°C for at least 1h

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Description Weight (g)

Weight of clean filer paper W1 1.6329
Weight of the filter paper and the residue W2 1.6531
(g)
Weight of residue (g) W 0.0202
Volume of the Sample (mL) V 100.0
Total Suspended Soiled (mg/L) TSS
Total Suspended Solids

Tabulation for Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) Weight of the clean filter paper
(g) W1=1.6329
Weight of the clean filter paper and the residue (g)
W2=1.6531 Weight of residue (g) W =0.0202
Volume of the sample (mL) V = 100.0
PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:
 Water or Wastewater samples which contain high concentrations of calcium,
chloride, magnesium or sulfate can rapidly absorb moisture from theair.
 Such samples may need to be dried for a longer period of time, cool
denuderproper desiccation and weighed rapidly in order to achieve area
son able constantweight.
 We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents,
particularly nitrates and chlorides.
 Volume of sample should be adjusted to have residue left after drying
as100 to 200mg. It is mainly to prevent large amount of residue in
entrapping water during evaporation.
 Samples with high concentrations or bicarbonate require additional drying at
180ºC to ensure that all of the bicarbonate is converted tocarbonate
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 14
TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF VOLATILE SOLIDS (MLVSS) IN WASTE

WATER SAMPLE BY GRAVIMETRIC METHOD.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the volatile solids in a given sample.
RELATED THEORY
Volatile Solids: The residue obtained in total solids test is heated to 550 ± 50o C in a
muffle furnace ataconstantrate forabout1hour.Thevolatilesolidvaporizesandthe
residuethatremainsisthe fixes solids.
Principles
 A well-mixed sample is filtered through a standard glass fiber filter, and the
filtrate is evaporated to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to constant
weight at179-181
 Theincreaseindishweightrepresentsthetotaldissolvedsolids.Awell-
mixedsampleisfiltered through a weighed standard glass fiber filter and the
residue retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at103-105
 Theincreaseweightofthefilterrepresentsthetotalsuspendedsolids.Ifthesuspende
dmaterial
clogsthefilterandprolongsfiltration,thedifferencebetweenthetotalsolidsandtotal
dissolved solids may provide an estimate of the total suspendedsolids
Apparatus Required
1. Evaporating Dish
2. Water Bath
3. Oven
4. Desiccators
5. AnalyticalBalance
6. GraduatedCylinders

7. DishTongs
8. GoochCrucibles
9. Filter10. VacuumPumps
11. Crucibletongs
12. Forceps, Smooth -tipped
1. The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the quality of waste water
influent and effluent and also extremely valuable in analysis of polluterwater.
2. It is used to evaluate strength of the domestic wastewater.
3. Dissolved substances are undesirable in water. Dissolved Minerals, gasses and

organic constituents may produce aesthetically displeasing color, taste andodor.
4. Some dissolved organic chemicals may deplete the dissolved oxygen in receiving
water and some may also be carcinogenic.
5. Water with higher solid continent often has a Laxative effect and sometimes the

reverse effect on people whose bodies are not adjusted tothem.
6. High concentration of dissolved solid of about 3000 mg/lt may also produce
distress and livestock. In industries the use of water with high amount of dissolved
solids may lead to scaling in boilers, corrosion and degraded quality of product.
7. Waterconsistingofhighvolatilesolidsisnotsuitablefordrinkingpurpose.Itindicatesthat
thewater may have been polluted by domestic wastes and other organic waste. In
general groundwater is free fromvolatileSolids.Surfacewatermayhavehighvolatile
solidsduetodisposalofdomesticandother wastes
8. The settleable solids determination is used extensively in analysis of industrial

waste to determine the need and design of plain settling tanks in plans employing
biological treatmentprocess.
9. It is also used in waste water treatment plants to determine efficiency of sedimentationtank.
10. Biologically active suspended solids may include disease causing organisms as
well as organisms such as toxin producingalgae.
Procedure
[Fixed and volatile Solids]:
1. The crucible which contains total solids will be used in thisexperiment.
2. Place the crucible in a muffle furnace at 550 ± 50o C for 15 to 20 minutes.(At 550
± 50o C all the volatile matter will burn out leaving behind only fixed solids or
inorganicsolids)
3. Allow the dish to cool and note down the weight asW3.
4. The residue remaining in the crucible is the fixedsolids.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

1- Initial weight of the evaporating dish + sample (W1)=g
2- Final weight of the evaporating dish + sample after drying at
105ºC (W2) =g 3- Final weight of the evaporating dish + sample
after drying at 550ºC (W3) =g 4- Weight of volatile substance
(W) =W2 – W3g
5- Amount of Total Volatile Solids present in the sample =W×1000×1000 V W =
weight of total residuein(mg).
(ThereforemultiplyWwith1000)V=Volumeofthesample(mL)(Toconvert mLto
L).......................=mg/l
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 15
TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVE
 To measure turbidity of given water sample.
RELATED THEORY
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles
(suspended solids) that aregenerallyinvisible
tothenakedeye,similartosmokeinair1.Themeasurementofturbidityisakey test of water
quality.
The term turbid is applied to waters containing suspended matter or in which visual
depth is restricted. It can be caused by a wide range of suspended materials, which
range in size from colloidal to coarse dispersions (depending on the level of
turbidity.)
Inlakesexistingundercalmconditionsturbiditywillbeduetocolloidalandextremelyfinedis
persions, whereas for rivers under flooding, the turbidity will be due to coarse
dispersions2. According to WHO, turbidity is caused by threeagents;
 Silt, sand andmud;
 Bacteria and othergerms;
 Chemicalprecipitates.
Alongthedifferentcoursesofriver,turbidityvariesasthetopographychanges.Thiscanbe
lookedinto detail asfollows;
 Fromtheglacierfedrivers,mostoftheturbidityarisesduetocolloidalparticlesasthe
grinding action of glacier breaks up rockpieces.
 As river descends into the plains, turbidity is received from farming operations.
 As the river comes close to the oceans and the river passes urban centres, the
turbidity is primarily due to domestic and industrial wastewater which adds a
large amount of inorganic and organic materials to the flowingriver.
 Organic material reaching rivers serve as food for bacteria and the resulting

bacterial growth contributes to theturbidity.
 Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous present in agricultural

wastes stimulate algal growth which also increasesturbidit

 Aesthetic:
Consumersofpublicwaterhavetherightandexpecttohaveturbidityfreewatersupplies.Peo
pleknow that domestic water is highly turbid. Any turbidity associated with drinking
water is connected to contamination bywastewater.
Filterability:
Itisveryimportanttomeasuretheturbidityofdomesticwatersupplies,asthesesuppliesoften
undergo some type of water treatment which can be affected by turbidity. For
example, during the rainy season when mud and silt are washed into rivers and
streams, high turbidity can quickly block filters and stop them from
workingeffectively.
Slow sand filters can become impractical if the turbidity of water is high and results
in the shortening of the filter run lengths (the same is observed in the case of rapid
sand filters.). As a result before filtration, the water is coagulated to remove turbidity.
Disinfection:
Particles in water are believed to provide nutrition and shelter for water borne
pathogens (USEPA 1999). Several experiments have shown that particles that cause
turbidity can protect microorganisms and reduce their exposure to disinfectants
(USEPA 1999.)
Where chlorination of water is practiced, even quite low turbidity will prevent the
chlorine killing the germs in the water efficiently.
Water treatment systems:
Sometreatmentsystems,suchassediments,coagulatorsandgravelprefiltersaredesignedto
remove
turbidity.Itisimportantforoperatorsofbothlargeandsmalltreatmentsystemstoknowhow
wellthese systems are working. Measuring the turbidity of the water before and after
each part of the system can tell the operator where maintenance or cleaning is
needed. High turbidity will also fill tanks and pipes with mud and silt, and can
damage valves and taps.

Guideline Values:
For drinking water supplies, the following guidelines should be taken into consideration:
• Drinking water should have a turbidity of 5 NTU/JTU or less. Turbidity of more

than 5 NTU/JTU would be noticed by users and may cause rejection of thesupply.
• Where water is chlorinated, turbidity should be less than 5 NTU/JTU and
preferably less than 1 NTU/JTU for chlorination to be effective.
Factors Affecting Turbidity Readings:
Figure 35 A portable turbidity meter.

Turbidity is defined as an "expression of the optical property that causes light to be
scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample."1
Simply stated, turbidity is the measure of relative sample clarity. (Standard Methods
1998.)
Turbidity can be measured using either an electronic turbidity meter or a turbidity tube.
Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, as shown below. Turbidity is

usually measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) or Jackson turbidity units
(JTLJ), depending on the method used for measurement. The two units are roughly
equal.
A turbidity meter outline is shown below;
Figure 36 A turbidity meter outline
When the light beam passes through the sample of fluid, the suspended solids scatter
the light in all directions (360°spherically). Reduction in the intensity of the light
beam is primarily caused by the suspended solids scattering the light. However,
absorption (colour) from dissolved substances can also
reducetheintensityandshouldbetakenintoconsiderationbymanuallyorautomaticallysubt
ractingits effect. The energy of the light received is then converted to an electrical
signal which is amplified and measured by a meter calibrated in turbidity units (NTU
orFTU).

Procedure:
The USEPA specifies that the turbid meter must be calibrated with a primary standard.
Calibration:
Calibrate each instrument range using at least three standard concentrations. Use
standards that bracket the range of turbidity anticipated in the sample solution.
1. Switch the turbid meter on and allow it to warmup.
2. Check instrument focus: insert template in the cell holder. The lamp image
should just fill the inside circle. Adjustment is required if the image is off
centre, too large, or toosmall.
3. Field rinse a clean, dry, scratch-free, index-marked cell with the highest
concentration of the standard for the instrument range setting or range
ofinterest.
a. Hold the sample cell by the rim (top lip), not beneath the lip.
b. Pour standard into the sample cell to the fillmark.
c. Wipe the exterior of the cell using a soft, lint-free cloth or tissue to remove
moisture (condensation) on cellwalls.
d. Select the desired NTUrange.
e. Set the calibration adjustment to equal the high value of standard for the range of
interest.
f. Before inserting the standard, ensure that no air bubbles arepresent.
g. Orient the standard cell in the cell holder--the calibration cell and sample cell
must have identical orientation when in the instrument measurementchamber.
h. AdjuststandardizationcontroluntilthevalueonthemeterequalstheNTUvalueofth
estandard used.
Measurement Of Turbidity Less Than 40 Ntu:
 Thoroughly shake thesample.
 Wait until air bubbles disappear and pour sample into turbiditimetercell.
 Read turbidity directly from theinstrument.

Measurement Of Turbidity Greater Than 40 Ntu:
 Dilutethesamplewithoneormorevolumesofdistilledwateruntiltheturbidityfallsb
elow30 to 40NTU.
 Compute turbidity of original turbidity by multiplying the answer by the dilutionfactor.
RESULTS:
Sr.No. Sample Turbidity (NTU)

1
2
3
4
5
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 16
DETERMINATION OF OIL AND GREASE BY PARTITION

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
OBJECTIVE
Todetermine thequantityofoilandgreasepresentin
thegivensampleofwaterbypartitiongravimetric method.
RELATED THEORY
The oil and grease contents of domestic and certain industrial wastes and the sludge, is
of an important consideration in the handling and treatment of these material for
ultimate disposal. Knowledge of the quality of the oil and grease present is helpful in
proper design and operation of wastewater treatment system. The term grease applies
to wide variety of organic substance that is extracted from aqueous
solutionorsuspensionbyhexane.Hydrocarbons,esters,oils,fats,waxesandhighmolecular
weightfatty acids are the major materials dissolved by hexane. All these materials
have a greasy feel and are associated with the problems in wastewater treatment
related togrease.
Three methods by which oil and grease are estimated are
(i) The partition-gravimetric method

(ii) partition infrared method,and
(iii) The solvent extractionmethod.
Though method
(i) Does not provide needed precision, it is widely used for routine analysis of
samples with high oil and grease contents because of its simplicity and no
need of special instrumentation. Inmethod
(ii) Adequate instrumentation allows for the measurements of as little as 0.2 mg
oil and grease.Method
(iii) Isidenticaltogravimetricmethodbutitisdesignedforthesamplesthatmightcontai
n volatile hydrocarbons that otherwise would be lost in the solvent removal
operation of gravimetricmethod.
In the Partition-Gravimetric method, dissolved or emulsified oil and grease is

extracted from water by intimate contact with trichloro trifluoroethane; petroleum
ether (40/60) or hexane
Apparatus
1. Beaker
2. Separatingfunnel
3. Distillingflask
4. Desiccators
5. Vacuumpump.
Reagents
1. HCl
2. Trichlorotrifluosoethane(freon).
Procedure
 Collect about 1 litre of sample and mark sample level in bottle for latter
determination of sample volume. Acidity to pH 2 or lower; generally, 5 ml
HCl is sufficient. Transfer to a separating funnel. Carefully rinse sample bottle
with 30 ml trichlorotrifluoroethane and solvent washing to separatingfunnel.
 Preferablyshakevigorouslyfor2minute.However,ifitissuspectedforstableemulsi
on shakes gently 5 to 10minute.
 Let layer separate out, drain solvent layer through a funnel containing solvent–
moistened filter paper into a clean, evacuated distilling flask. If a clear solvent
layer cannot be obtained, add 1g Na2SO4, ifnecessary.
 Extract twice more with 30 ml solvent each time but first rinse sample
container with solvent. Combine extracts in evacuated distilling flask and
mash filter paper with an additional 10 ml to 20 mlsolvent.
 Distill solvent from distilling flask in a water bath at 70°C. Place flask on
water bath at 70°C for 15 minute and draw air through it with an applied
vacuum for final 1 minute after the solvent has evaporated. If the residue
contains visible water, add 2 ml acetone
evaporatesonawaterbathandrepeattheadditionandevaporationuntilallvisiblewate
r has been removed. Cool in a desiccators for 30 minute and weighit.

Precautions
No known solvent will dissolve effectively only oil and grease. Solvent removal
results in the loss of short chain hydrocarbon and simple aromatic compound by
volatilization, and heavier residual of some effluents may contain significant portion
of material that are not extracted with the solvent.
Observation
Temperature ofmeasurement=..........°C
Mass of evacuatedflask =..........g
Mass of evacuated flask +residue=..........g
Mass ofresidue=............mg
Volume of sample =..........mL
Calculation
The amount of oil and grease in the sample can be
calculated as, Oil and Grease (mg/L) = (A - B)
1000/volume of the sample where,
A = mass of evacuated flask and residue (g)
B = mass of evacuated flask (g)
Result
The amount of oil and grease in given watersample=.......mg/L
PRECAUTIONS
 Perform the experiment carefully
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 17

MEASUREMENT OF ORTHO-PHOSPHATE IN WATER AND
WASTEWATER SAMPLE BY ASCORBIC ACID METHOD.
OBJECTIVE
 To determine phosphate in water and wastewater.
RELATED THEORY
Measurement of Phosphorus:
 Phosphorus in the environment switches between organic and inorganic forms
due to the action of bacteria andplants.
 Orthophosphate (H3PO4, H2PO4 -, HPO42-, PO43-) is the only form of
phosphorus that plants and micro-organisms canuse
 Organic phosphorus is changed to inorganic by bacterialaction
 Bacteria are also involved in converting insoluble inorganic phosphorus to soluble
forms Phosphate is often used as a synonym fororthophosphate
 Phosphate is lost from water through uptake byplants
 Phosphate promotes algalgrowth
 If nitrate is also present, explosive algal growth can occur(eutrophication)
 Eutrophication can lead to severe water quality problems
Ascorbic Acid Method:

 Orthophosphate reacts, in acid medium, with ammonium molybdate and
potassium antimonyl tartrate to form phosphomolybdicacid
 This is reduced by ascorbic acid to form highly coloured molybdenumblue
 Measured spectrophotometrically at 880nm
 Arsenate, chromium (VI) and nitrite interfere
Aim:
• To determine the concentration of total phosphorus in a number of differentsamples

Method:
• Collect a sample from each of the buckets A, B andC
• Determine phosphorus in each sample usingSAP

Observations
1) Fill in the following table as you proceed with thetest:
2) Plot calibration curve and read conc. values for thesamples
PRECAUTIONS
 Build the calibration curve carefully
 Note the readings of sample very carefully
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 18

TO DETERMINATION THE CONCENTRATION OF NITRATE IN
DIFFERENT WATER SAMPLES BY ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE.
OBJECTIVE
 To understand the concentration of nitrate on different water samples.
RELATED THEORY
Nitrates is considered as ions which produced naturally and they are part of Nitrogen's
cycle, and it is used basically in inorganic fertilizers which is considered one of
important nutrients. Fertilizers which contain inorganic Nitrogen and waste which
contain organic Nitrogen are decomposed in soil for first
timetogiveAmmoniathenoxidizedtoNitriteandNitrates.ThenplantstakeNitrateswhilegro
wingand use them in composition of organic Nitrogen compounds. As for the excess
Nitrates, they move easily with undergroundwater.
The methods of determination of Nitrates in different samples are variable they

include spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrical methods which the latest type
of it was Ion Selective electrode. Ion selective electrode is considered as sophisticated
and modern technique, and it is basically electrochemical sensors that depend on half
porous membranes as active electrodes, measuring the concentration of a specific ion
in aqueous solutions and they are easy to use, known for low cost and good sensitivity
Materials and methods

PH and electrolytes measuring device (ISEs) produced by (Sartorius) company,
selective electrode of Nitrates (py-105), Analytical balance produced by (Sartorius),
Drying oven carbolite. Different glassware (beakers – volumetric flasks with different
sizes in addition to Micro pipettes of type pipet4u with capacity 100-1000 ml, 20-200
ml), Glass dryer, Water and soil containers made of polyethylene, Ammonium
Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate, Sodium acetate, Glacial Acetic acid, Dual distillation
water. It's the direct potentiometric method using the selective electrodes with new
conditions:
Table.1. the new conditions for the nitrate ion selective electrode method

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PRECAUTIONS
 Note the readings of nitrates very carefully
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
DETERMINATION OF PH OF WATER
OBJECTIVE
 To determine the Ph of water
RELATED THEORY

pH
pH is a term use to express the intensity of an acid or alkaline condition of a solution. It is a way
of expressing the hydrogen ion concentration, or more precisely, the Hydrogen ion activity. It is
important in almost every phase of environmental Engineering practice.
The pH meter:
Every pH meter must be calibrated before use; a good instrument should have at least 2 controls
on its panel.
a. Zero Calibration:
The first one is to zero the instrument i.e. to off-set the asymmetry potential. It is usually named
“Calibration” for the calibration procedure, a buffer solution of pH7 and pH4 is to be used.
b. Temperature Compensation:
It adjusts the temperature dependence of the slope according to the sample temperature.
Environmental Significance
Water Supply
In the field of water supply pH is a factor that must be considered in coagulation, disinfection,
water softening and corrosion control.
When water has a low pH, it is often referred to as "soft water." Soft water is more acidic,
therefore, it can be corrosive and harmful to any metals it comes into contact with. When the
water corrodes the metal, this corrosion can then seep into the water. Another problem with soft
water; it can cause stains in any clothing that is washed in it.
When water has high levels of pH, it is considered to be "hard water." Hard water isn't
necessarily harmful to us. However, it is known to make water have a bad taste and it causes
lime scale to build up on plumbing fixtures and pipes. Hard water can also create a scum like
appearance on clothing and dishware. If you wash your hair in hard water, it can make your hair
look dull. Having hard water can become quite costly, because of potential repair bills. While pH
levels may not adversely affect your health, it can certainly cause some problems.
To balance the pH, in drinking water, a neutralizer can be used. A neutralizer puts a chemical
solution into the water. The solution helps to prevent the water from reacting with any metals it
comes into contact with. This will prevent the metal from being corroded and contaminating the
water.
Waste water Treatment
In sewage and industrial WWs treatment employing biological processes, pH must be controlled
within a range favorable to the particulate organisms involved.
 Chemical Processes

Chemical processes used to coagulate sewage or industrial wastes, dewater sludge or oxidized
certain substances such as cyanide ion, requires that the pH be controlled within rather narrow
limits.
Measurement
a. Principle
The basic principle of electrometric pH measurement is the determination of the activity of
hydrogen ions by potentiometric measurement using a standard hydrogen electrode and a
reference electrode.
b. Apparatus
i.Self-contained pH-meter consisting of potentiometer, a glass electrode reference
electrode (combined), and a temperature compensating device.
ii.Beakers
c. Reagents
i.Standard buffer of different pH such as 7, 10 and 4.
ii.Water Sample
d. Procedure
1.Calibrate the instrument.
2.After using of apparatus for various liquid standard solutions pH changes so in order to
perform next experiment we have to make standard solution pH within neutral range.
3.So for this purpose Buffer Solutions are used to neutralize the standard solution used for
testing because buffer solutions resist against change in pH of the solution.
4.Switch on the instrument.
5.Take that sample whose pH is to be determined.
6.Insert glass electrode probe of the pH meter in the solution which was initially present in
standard buffer solution and wait for 5-10 minutes when blinking quotation of stabilizing
on the screen of pH meter stops note that reading.
7.Take the glass electrode probe out from the solution and placed again in standard Buffer
solution.
8.For next experiment repeat the previous procedure.
F. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

PRECAUTIONS
 Note down the temperature
 Carefully take the samples
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
DETERMINE THE ALKALINITY OF WATER

OBJECTIVE
This method is applicable for drinking water.
RELATED THEORY
Alkalinity
The measure of buffering capacity of water is called alkalinity. It is also termed as the
quantitative capacity of water to neutralize acid without changing the pH. They can be detected
by their acrid taste and by the fact that they cause red litmus paper to turn blue.
Sources
In streams it is influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and certain industrial
wastewater discharges. The common constituents of alkalinity in natural water include.

 Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewater. It is
important for fish and aquatic life because it protects or buffers against rapid pH
changes. Higher alkalinity levels in surface waters will buffer acid rain and other acid
wastes and prevent pH changes that are harmful to aquatic life.
 Moderate concentrations of alkalinity are desirable in most water supplies to balance
the corrosive effects of acidity. However, excessive quantities cause a number of problems.
You probably will not notice an alkaline condition due to bicarbonate ions except when present in
large amounts. In contrast, you should readily detect alkalinity due even to fairly
small amounts of carbonate and hydroxide ions.
Strong alkaline water has an objectionable "soda" taste. The EPA Secondary Drinking
Water Regulations limit alkalinity only in terms of total dissolved solids (500 ppm) and to
some extent by the limitation on pH.
Highly mineralized alkaline waters also cause excessive drying of the skin due to the fact
that they tend to remove normal skin oils.
Troublesome amounts of alkalinity can be removed by reverse osmosis, along with other
total dissolved solids. Other methods of water treatment also remove total dissolved solids,
but they are somewhat less suitable for household use compared to reverse osmosis. These
methods are distillation and deionization (demineralization).
Measurement
a. Principle
Alkalinity is measured volumetrically by titration with N/50 H2SO4and is reported in terms
ofCaCO3 equivalent. For samples whose initial pH is above 8.3, the titration is made in two steps.
In the first step the titration is conducted until the Ph is lowered to 8.2, the point at which
phenolphthalein indicators turns from pink to colorless. The second phase of the titration is
conducted until the pH is lowered to about corresponding to the methyl orange endpoint. When
the pH of the sample is less than 8.3, a single titration is made to pH of 4.5.
b. Interference
Free available residual chlorine markedly affects the indicator color response in some water
supplies through bleaching action. The addition of small amounts of sodium thiosulphate
eliminates this interference. Any suspended matter should be removed by filtering the sample
through fine filter paper before titration. For best results samples should be collected in
polyethylene or pyrex bottles.
c. Reagents
i.Standard Sulfuric acid 0.1N
ii.Methyl orange indicator
iii.Phenolphthalein indicator
iv.Sodium thio-sulphate 0.1N
D. PROCEDURE
(a) Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
1.Take 50ml sample.
2.Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein in a titration flask if pink color present.
3.Titrate over a white surface with 0.1N H2SO4 to a colorless endpoint.
(b) Methyl Orange Alkalinity
1.In the same flask add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator.
2.Titrate with 0.1N H2SO4 until color changes to orange.
3.Take at least three readings for A and B and calculate the alkalinity by the formula given
below:
Where,
A= volume of titrant used (ml)
N = Normality of acid (0.1N)
ml of sample = 50ml
Alkalinity readings
Total Alkalinity = Phenolphthalein Alkalinity + Methyl Orange Alkalinity

PRECAUTIONS
 Note down the volume of sample
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT
WATER SAMPLES

OBJECTIVE
This method is applicable to groundwater and drinking water. Detection limit is about 2 mg/L.
RELATED THEORY
Occurrence
Chloride is a common constituent in water, is highly soluble, and once in solution tends to
accumulate. Typically, concentration of chloride in fresh water range from a few to several
hundred mg/L. In sea water the concentration is approximately 19800mg/L. Chloride inputs to
surface waters can arise from irrigation return flows, sewage effluents discharges and various
industrial processes. Chloride can only be removed from water by energy-intensive processes or
ion exchange.
Chlorides in reasonable amounts are not harmful to human.
At concentration above 250 mg/L they give a salty taste to water.
In many areas of the world where water supplies are scares, source containing as much as
2000mg/L are used for domestic purposes without the development of adverse effects, once
the human system become adopted to the water.
Chlorides are used to some extent as tracer in environmental engineering practice.
A normal 70kg human body contains approximately 81.7g of chloride & 451 of water.
Normal daily loss of fluid is 1.5-2.0 of water and 4g of chloride. 90-95% of the Cl - lossesoccur in
urine 4-8% in faeces and 2% in sweat.
Measurement
a. Apparatus
i.Photometer
ii.Volumetric flask
b. Reagents
i.Standard silver nitrate solution
ii.Standard sodium chloride solution
iii.Potassium chromate indicator solution
iv.Sodium Hydroxide solution
PROCEDURE
1.Add 10ml of water sample in to a test tube with pipette.
2.Add 1 blue microscope (in the cup of chlorine reagent) of reagent Cl- and shakevigorously until
the reagent is completely dissolved.

3.Leave the test tube in stand for 1 min to complete reaction.
4.Fill the sample in to the cell.
5.Measure in the photometer.
PRECAUTIONS
 Note down the temperature
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 22
SEWAGE AND SEWERAGE FLOW IN WATER

OBJECTIVE
 Determination of sewage and sewerage flow in water.
RELATED THEORY
Formulas
1) L/ha/d, respectively.
Variation in flow = Qp/Qav = 5.5(px1000)^o.18 2) Qmin/Qav = 0.2(P/1000)^0.16
Solution:
Total area = 2500ha
Residential area = 2500 x 0.60 = 1500ha Large lots area = 40% = 0.40
Area of large lots in residential area = 1500 x 0.40 = 600ha Small single family area = 55% = 0.55
Area of small single in residential area = 0.55 x 1500 = 825ha Area of multistory = 5% = 0.05
Area of multistory in residential area = 0.05 x 1500 = 75ha
Density
Large lots = 5-7

Small single family lots = 75 Multistory lots = 2500
Population
Population of large lots = 6 x 600 = 3600
Population of small single family storage = 825 x 75 = 61875 Population of multistory lots = 75 x
2500 = 187500
Flows of population
Flows of large lots = 800 x 3600 / 1000(24x60x60) = 0.03 m 3 /s
Flows of single-story family lots =61875 x 3600 / 1000(24x60x60) = 0.5 m 3 /s Flows of
multistory lots =187500 x 3600 / 1000(24x60x60) = 1.7 m 3 /s Commercial area = 2500 x 0.3 =
750
Industrial area = 2500 x 0.1 = 250 Average waste water flow = 0.5
Total assume flow = 2.34+0.2+0.1 = 2.64
Total population = 3600+61875+187500 = 252975 Variation in flow = 5.5(252975/1000)^0.18 =
2.03 Qmin/Qav = 0.2(252975/1000)^0.16 = 0.48
COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 23
DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS

OBJECTIVE
 Determination of dissolved solids.
RELATED THEORY
To determine whether water is suitable for domestic purpose, it is required to know how much
solid it contains. According to USPHS water should not contain more than 500mg/lof total
dissolved solids, Bangladesh standard for total dissolved solids is 1500mg/l, Water with high
dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce unfavorable physiological
reaction in the transient consumer. Water high is suspended solids may be aesthetically

unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing.
Apparatus
1. Beaker 200ml 2nos

2. Measuring cylinder 100ml/250ml 1pc
3. Funnel 1pc
4. Filter paper 1pc
Procedure
Dissolved solids
1. Same as above (step 1 of total solids)W1
2. Take a 100ml (if the suspended matter is low, a large portion sample may be filtered) of sample from
the bottle, filter it through double layered filter paper and collect the filtrate in the beaker(W3).
3. Then repeat the same procedure as in steps 3 and 4 of the total solids determination and determine the
dissolved solids content asfollows.
Dissolved solids,
Theory
Water has boiling point of 1000C. It may rise by a few degree due to the presence of impurities,
when water with the impurities is kept at 103 to 105 C for one day the water gets evaporated and
the solids either in dissolved state or in suspended state remain as residue.
Suspended solids, gm/l = mg/l of T.S – mg/l of T.D.S
PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:
 Water or Wastewater samples which contain high concentrations of calcium, chloride, magnesium
or sulfate can rapidly absorb moisture from theair.
 Such samples may need to be dried for a longer period of time, cool denuderproper desiccation
and weighed rapidly in order to achieve area son able constantweight.
 We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents, particularly nitrates and
chlorides.
 Volume of sample should be adjusted to have residue left after drying as100 to 200mg. It is
mainly to prevent large amount of residue in entrapping water during evaporation.
 Samples with high concentrations or bicarbonate require additional drying at 180ºC to ensure that

all of the bicarbonate is converted tocarbonate
COMMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 24
DETERMINATION OF HEAD LOSS USING HARDY CROSS METHOD

OBJECTIVE
 To determine head loss using hardy cross method
RELATED THEORY
Hardy cross method
Assuming flow distribution in network and balancing resulting headloss
• hf=K Qn
• hf= headless ;K=constant (size of pipe, internal conditions, units);
Q=discharge; n=1.85
Hardy-Cross Method (Procedure)
1. Divide network into number of closed loops.
2. For each loop:
a) Assume discharge Qa and direction for each pipe. Apply Continuity at each node, Total inflow
= Total Outflow. Clockwise positive.
b) Calculate hf=K Qa for each pipe. Retain sign from step (a)
and

c) compute sum of total head loss
in pipes having clockwise &
anticlockwise direction of flow,
call it Σ hf
f) Calculate Σ hf/ Qa for each pipe
and sum for loop
Σ hf/ Qa
g) Calculate correction
q =-Σ hf/(1.85SΣ hf/Qa).
NOTE: For common
members between 2 loops
both corrections
have to be made.
As loop 1 member,
q= q1- q2
As loop 2 member,
q= q2 – q1
h) Apply correction
to Qa
Qnew=Qa+q.
i) Repeat the procedure
till
q<0.2m3/min or
q<10% of flow in that pipe

COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 25
DETERMINATION OF DESIGN FLOW FOR THE TREATMENT PLANT

AND TRANSMISSION MAIN
OBJECTIVE
 To determine design flow for the treatment plant and transmission main.

COMMENTS


Water Supply & Waste Water Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Supply & Waste Water Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LABORATORY MANUAL

Water Supply and Waste Water Management (CET04203)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page1

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page2

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page3

DETERMINATION OF ORTHO-PHOSPHATE IN WATER AND

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page4

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page6

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page7

Figure 1 Suction Pump

Figure 2 Imhoff cone

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page9

4. Hot Plate with Magnetic Stirrer:

Figure 4 Hot Plate and magnetic stirrer

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page10

An electrical conductivity meter measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. It has

Figure 5 Tibation Assembly

Figure 6 Conductivity meter

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page11

Figure 7 Sound Level Meter

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page12

Figure 9 Low speed centrifuge

10. Steam Sterilization:

Steam Sterilization is a simple yet very effective decontamination method. Sterilization is

Figure 10 Steam Sterilizer

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page13

Figure 11 Colony Counters

12. Weighing Balance:

Figure 12 Weighing Balance

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page14

Figure 13 Dissolved oxygen (DO)

PH meter, electric device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or alkalinity) in

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page15

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page16

FORECASTING POPULATION OF VARIOUS CITIES USING

1. Arithmetic Increase Method:

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page17

Pf = 310,000 – 7,300 ( 2000 - 1980) = 456,000 persons in 2000

2. Geometric Increase Method:

LmPf=lnPi+kg (tf - ti) Pf

LnPf = lnPi + kg ( tf - ti)

=ln 310,000 + 0.0268512 ( 2000 - 1980)

Incremental Increase Method:

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page18

Simple Graphical Method:

Comparative Graphical Method:

Logistic Curve Method:

The Three factors responsible for charges in population are:

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page19

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page20

DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES

Figure 3 Gate valve:

Figure 4Butterfly Valves

Air Relief Value:

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page21

Figure 6 Globe Valve

Figure 7 Check Valve

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page22

Figure 8 Pressure Valve

The University of Lahore Department of Technology Page23

DETAIL STUDY OF DIFFERENT PIPE MATERIAL FOR WATER