Protein

i. -

ligand binding -
non covalent bond hold them
together ( H / EAI VDWI
Hydrophobic)
a T water
✓
.

.
decreased e- interaction
by shielding charges →
unfavourable
as
b .

phosphatases → remove P
group off on

add P mechanism
kinase →
group
ON OFF
-
-

allosteric not active site

c .

→
{ -

regulation can
change enzyme conformation g wi crease binding ability (t)
inhibit C- )
enzyme
gene x pressures
d .

Enzymatic e a r confine to a
space enclosed
,
distinct membraneby / sub cell -

compartment
add C P)
regulation modification -

groups
destruction -

targeted proteolysis
bind to other Iunhibitors @ special
molecules
- activator
regulatory soles

2. GENES
Genomes complete set
of info
: a
-

3 B each diploid cells

of DNA
-

nu → 2M in → 20000 proteins
strands
-

Replication origins : a
leading
centromere and specialized DNA condensed
allows copy of each deeps
Sgc I
-

-
-

chromo → cell division

-
Telerosomes : repeated nuc sequences →
protect the end
of chromo
from being
(fate melt )
\ helps effectively
mistaken for Dna repair
replicate the ends

4 .
Chromatins
-
the complex og Dh AS Pro →
prevent entanglement
\
( regulate
↳ CD
reinforce DNA
during
prevent DNA
Damage
gene xpression s DNA replication
-
Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin → less vs more compacted

a . Histone : octamer = 2x ( H2 A , HAB , Hz , Ha)

wrapped around
"

particle
"

Nu histone octane 147 bp of beads

{
→ .
core = t DNA →

→
linker DNA = 20 -
so bp
↳ NUCLEOSOMES =
(core tlenker ) xn →
chromatin
> lysine t CHATS)
/
* Histone
modification →
acetylation of lysine activates transcription ↳ -
C HDACs)

I mono methylation activation euchre remove ⑦ lysine

[
→ t

dis tri → hetero t

repression to loosen chromatin
 5 DNA
.
Rep '
3

- I
One polimerase @
s
Primer strand →
daughter strands
'
each strand
strand parent strand C 2 @ rep fork)
3
a .
Template →

Lagging strand → Okazaki ( 200 bp)

'
s

DNA primase synthesizes RNA primer

b. DNA pole proofreading mechanism

Accuracy : I mistake I 109 me

1 . Dna pole can

only tighten its
fingers s
form covalent bonds
with ( V) pairing
2 .

Exonucleolylic proof reading →

if previous one is Cx) → E cannot add new hue

→ cleaves the old ones

3. mismatch repair : →
newly synthesized lagging strand
transiently contains

↳
"

single -
strand break ( top I) aka
"
Nicks

Nuts mismatched base pair

{
t

Mut L scan
nearby DNA
for
nidseargely confined to

newly rep DNA → remove

error
selectively

6 . Bacterial Replication

roughly around chromosome

←
{
•

°
-

E coli
-
⇒
→
-
→ . : 4.6×10 me
pairs
→
- - - -
-

500 -

1000 nu / s ~ 40 mins

replicates theends sequence s→ tee

7 tease Rna contains a
templating DNA
-

¥nih9a%
repeats

several ④ protein domains → needed to assemble the E @ tneends

properly
strands need
④ The lagging RNA pole → @ the
very lip of a Centar DNA ,
there is no more peace
→ Euler have a special sequences called teeemers ( contains n -time tandem
GGGTTTA x thousands) →
repeat recognized by sequence specific DNA
binding
-

j
protein