Senior High School

Disaster Readiness &

Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Quarter1/Module 5/ Week 6-7

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction- Senior High
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 1: Basic Concepts of Disaster & Disaster Risk
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro
Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
Development Team of the Module
Author/s: Amor C. Fajardo

Reviewers: Dr. Jean S. Macasero

Carmelita B. Jaranilla

Illustrator and Layout Artist: Gil Raffy G. Celocia

Jhon Louie G. Rañises
Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Dr. Jean S. Macasero, EPS-SCIENCE
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
 Senior High School

Disaster Readiness &

Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Module 5

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators

from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to
the Department of Education at cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... I

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. I
How to Learn from this Module ...........................................................................................................II
Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................II

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... .III

Lesson 1:
Various Volcano-related Hazards ……….……………..........…………………………1
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 1
What I Know: (Multiple Choices) .......................................................................... 1
What Is In ............................................................................................................... 2

Lesson 2:
Underwater Volcanoes ……….……………………………………………………………3
What Is It ................................................................................................................ 3

Lesson 3:
Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions …………………………….………………5
What’s New: ........................................................................................................... 5
What Is It ................................................................................................................ 5
What’s More:.......................................................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................................ 6
What I Can Do: ..................................................................................................... 7

Lesson 4:
Potential Volcano-Related Hazards ……….………………………………………….9
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 9
What’s More:.......................................................................................................... 14

Lesson 5:
Different Volcano Hazard Maps ……….………………………………………………17
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 17
What I Can Do: ...................................................................................................... 17
What Is In: ............................................................................................................. 19

Summary………………………………………………………………………………………….
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………..
Key to Answers ....................................................................................................................................
References ............................................................................................................................................
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What This Module is About

Welcome the Disaster Readiness Risk Reduction (DRRR) module!

The Department of Education (DepED) commits to build a resilient society in times of

hazards and disasters. How can this be possible?

Philippines is regularly experience hazards and disasters. Our country is susceptible

to geological and hydro meteorological hazards because of its location on a hazardous spot
on this planet. It is situated within the western rim of the Pacific ring of Fire which is the
world’s hub of volcanic network and tectonic plates and the western pacific typhoon belt
where the worlds destructive typhoons originate. Hence, it is not surprising that Philippines is
one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of disaster risks and natural hazards among
the 173 countries in the world. These hazards are remarkable with the huge destruction
affected in the country’s economy, environment, livelihood and lives. In this situation,
learners are the most affected, and schools are disrupted. (MindaI. Cabilao-Valencia et., al.)

This module provides basic information and knowledge on disaster readiness and
risk reduction which are significant towards a more meaningful discussions and
interactions. This is aimed in introducing the concept of disaster readiness, risk and
reduction to Senior High School learners. Basic concepts and terminologies will be
presented as we go along the module.

This module contains varied activities that can help you as a Senior High School
become a resilient amidst hazards and disasters. Your journey on this module will develop
your critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

The following are the lessons contained in this module.

1. Various Volcano-related Hazards

2. Underwater Volcanoes
3. Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions
4. Potential Volcano-Related Hazards
5. Different Volcano Hazard Maps

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain various volcano-related hazards(Q1/Week6)

2. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption(Q1/Week7)
3. Interpret different volcano hazard maps; (Q1/Week7)

I
How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II
 What I Know

(Pretest)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices
Let us begin our activities by determining your prior knowledge of the lessons you are
about to study. Directions: Read each item very well and choose the best answer. Write your
answers on your activity notebook.

1. What factor allows the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of earth material to
landslide?
A) Saturation by water C) steepening of slopes by erosion
B) Loosened stones D) Both A and B

2. Landslides are often associated with ____ ?

A) El Niño C) Periods of Humidity
B) El Niña D) Periods of Intense Rainfall

3. Typhoon “Sendong” was known internationally as ____ ?

A) Typhoon ‘Washi’ C) Typhoon ‘Haiyan’
B) Typhoon ‘Bopha’ D) Typhoon ‘Yolanda’

4. Minimization of risks – is a term which means?

A) Geological Processes C) Creation of TWG
B) Hazard control D) Create a small group

5. It is important to know the following when reading the map.

A) Symbols and Scale C) Direction
B) Distance D) All of the above

6. Geologic hazards includes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and __?

A. Sinkholes C) Rain-induced landslides
B. Wildfires D) Both A and C

7. A geological hazard that is characterized by caving in of the ground is called?

A) Sinkholes C) Mudslides
B) Earthquakes D) Landslides

8. Which item below is not included in preparing for an emergency?

A) Spare Batteries C) Whistle
B) Medicine Kit D) Ball

9. How many typhoons in a year passes through the PAR?

A) 20 C) 30
B) 28 D) 38

10. When you are caught in a landslide, you should?

A) Lay flat on the ground C) rescue someone
B) Move slowly away D) Move out quickly from the debris path

III
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 Lesson

1 Various Volcano-related Hazards

This module is all about the basic concepts of disaster and disaster risk. After
studying and working on all activities in this module, you will be able to explain the meaning
of disaster, how and when an event becomes a disaster.

What I need to know

 Have overview & explain the meaning of volcano-related hazards

What I know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt
EXCEPT____________.
A. crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
B. decrease in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of
volcanic tremors
C. noticeable increase in the extent of cooling up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes
D. increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to the presence of the ash

2. Volcanic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide could lead to:
A. ash fall B. damage in properties
C. volcanic eruption D. lava formation

3. Even when a volcano is not erupting, ____________ in the ground allow gases to reach
the
surface through small openings.
A. cracks B. crater C. faults D. volcano

4. The eruption of ____________ injects huge amounts of sulfur dioxide gas into the
stratosphere, where it combines with water to form an aerosol (mist) of sulfuric acid.
A. Mt. Bulusan B. Mt. Mayon C. Mt. Pinatubo D. Taal Volcano

5. It is the most active volcano in the Philippines.

A. Hibok-hibok B. Mt. Mayon C. Mt. Pinatubo D. Taal Volcano

1
 What’s In

The Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7,100 islands. Most of these islands
are of volcanic origin. There are 37 volcanoes in the Philippines, of which 18 are still active
volcanoes. It means that an eruption occurred in the last decennia and that a new eruption
can be expected in the future.

Based on volcanic activity, PHIVOLCS classified volcanoes into the following:

Erupted within historical times (last 600 years); has

 Active Volcano historical traditional accounts (written or oral).

Landform is young-looking but with no records of

● Potentially Active eruption.

No recorded eruptions, long-period inactivity is

evident
from too much weathering and erosion of deep and
● Inactive Volcano long
gullies (valleys).

A map illustrated below emphasized an active, potentially active and inactive

volcanoes in the Philippines.

Map of the Philippines

2
 Lesson

2 Underwater Volcanoes

What is it

Most of the active volcanoes we see on land occur where plates collide. The greatest
number of the Earth’s volcanoes is hidden f spreading ridges. Volcanic eruptions are not
limited to the areas of dry land only. They can occur anywhere where the conditions are
right. Many of the most active plate margins are on the sea floor, so it is no surprise to
discover that the ocean's depths conceal long chains of volcanoes, some far larger than any
on dry land.

The processes that form volcanoes are essentially the same above and below water.
The conditions under water are different to those on dry land; there's a lot of water
(obviously) and that means more pressure and a lower temperature, both of which have an
influence on how the volcano forms and how it is weathered. Observe the following
illustration:

In deep water the same process applies but when the magma reaches the surface it
is met by a much greater pressure. As an example, the base of Kawio Barat in Indonesia (a
giant undersea volcano) is 5,500 meters below sea level and magma reaching the surface
there is met by 545 times more pressure pushing down on it than a volcano at sea level on
dry land. At such pressures steam clouds cannot form, and material cannot be thrown up
from the volcano as we see when a land volcano throws ash and rock into the air.

When magma reaches the surface, it becomes lava, and it immediately has contact
with very cold high pressure water. This activity limits the force of the eruption in two ways.

3
Below are some pictures of underwater volcanic eruption:

4
 Lesson
Signs of Impending Volcanic
3 Eruptions

What’s new

When you hear the words volcanic eruptions, what comes to your mind? Would you consider
these as disasters & why?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What is it

There are signs that are examined, depending on how this particular volcano is
closely monitored. The most common type of monitoring is by seismicity. Even one
seismometer can tell if there is an increase of seismic activity on a usually seismically-quiet
volcano. If you have at least 3 seismometers, and they are strategically placed, you can
triangulate on earthquakes to see if they are occurring in a place that indicates perhaps
magma movement.

Another type of data used is the study of ground deformation. When magma moves
up into the shallow plumbing of a volcano, it takes up space and pushes the surrounding
rock outward. This activity also causes the surface of the volcano to deform.

Some people like to monitor volcanoes by constantly monitoring gases that come out
of fumaroles. Most active volcanoes have fumaroles where volcanic gases escape to the
surface. It is relatively easy to monitor the temperatures of these gases, and an anomalous
increase in temperature might be a sign that magma has moved closer to the surface.

A number of people are studying ways using satellite data to monitor volcanoes. It is
possible to obtain thermal images of volcanic areas, and by comparing images on a monthly
or bi-weekly basis, increases or decreases in temperatures can be detected.

5
 What’s More

Activity 1 Identifying Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption

Objectives:

After performing this activity, you should be able to identify the signs of an impending
volcanic eruption.

Materials: Checklist ball pen

Procedure:
Identify the items on the column if they are signs of an impending volcanic eruption.
In a separate sheet provided to you, put a checkmark (/) if it is a YES and a cross mark (x) if
NO.

ITEMS YES NO

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with

rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors
2. Increased steaming acuity changes the color of steam
emission from white to gray due to entrained ash
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the
crater
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma intrusion
5. Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the
summit area not attributable to heavy rains

Note to the Teacher

What I Have Learned

Direction: Supplement the missing words in the following statement.

A number of people are studying ways using satellite data to monitor ___________It
is possible to obtain ____________ of volcanic areas, and by comparing images on a
monthly or bi-weekly basis, increases or decreases in ___________________ detected.

6
 What I Can Do

Activity 2 Creating a Volcano Craft

Objectives:

After performing this activity, you should be able to simulate a volcanic eruption using
localized materials.

Materials:
ld aluminum pie tin (or baking pan or paper plate)
Lots of old newspaper
Baking soda (about 3-4 tablespoons) Vinegar (about 1/2 cup)
A few drops of liquid dishwashing detergent
Small plastic bottle (like a small pop bottle) Modeling clay
Funnel
Measuring spoon and measuring cup Red food coloring
Glitter (optional)

Procedures:

1. Put the clean, empty bottle on the aluminum pie plate (or baking pan or paper
plate). Put the clean, empty bottle on the aluminum pie
2. Using the plate (or baking
modelling pan orapaper
clay, make volcanoplate).
around the bottle. Leave the area
around the top of the bottle open and don't get any clay inside the bottle.
Using the
3. You can decorate modelling
the volcano clay,
with littlemake
twigs, alichens
volcano around
(that thetiny trees), etc.
look like
bottle.(make
4. Using the funnel Leavesure
theit's
area around
dry), put 3 tothe top of the bottle
4 tablespoons of baking soda
open
into the bottle. Then,and don't
add getdrops
a few any clay inside
of liquid the bottle. detergent and about a
dishwashing
half cup of water. Optional: add a little bit of glitter (about half a teaspoon).
5. Put a few drops of red
You can food coloring
decorate into about
the volcano one-half
with of a cup of vinegar.
little twigs,
lichens (that look like tiny trees), etc.
 The Eruption: Using the funnel, pour the vinegar mixture into the bottle (then
quickly remove the funnel).

Your volcano will erupt immediately! When the vinegar reacts with the baking soda,
Using the modelling clay, make a volcano around the
carbon dioxide gas is formed and the bubbles push the "lava" out the "volcano." Be prepared
bottle. Leave the area around the top of the bottle
for a mess!
open and don't get any clay inside the bottle.

You can decorate the volcano with little twigs,

lichens (that look like tiny trees), etc.
Assessment

After performing the activity, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper:

Q1. Describe the eruption process in your simulation. Is it the same with the actual volcanic
eruption?
Q2. What improvements can you make to better simulate the eruption?

7
 Additional Activities

Collage Making

Instruction.

Do an online search for photos coming from news clippings of different volcanic
eruption that occurred all over the world for the past 5 years, make an artistic collage out of
those collected photos which depict your views and understanding of different volcanic
eruptions.

8
 Lesson

4 Potential Volcano-Related Hazards

What I need to know

Volcanic eruptions can have drastic impact on our lives. They can affect the property
we own, the land we live in, the water we drink, and even the air we breathe. In serious
cases, people may have to leave their homes and move to safe areas. Below are some of
the volcano hazards and its impacts in the Philippine setting.

A. Pyroclastic Flow and Surges

These hot, fast moving mixtures of ash, rock fragments and gas flow from a
collapsed eruption column or lava dome, travel down to the valleys and cause total
devastation of the area over which they flow. They differ from pyroclastic surges in that they
are denser and usually travel with a greater physical force whereas surges usually contain
more gases.

9
 9

Pyroclastic surges form in a similar way to pyroclastic flows but their effects are more
widespread since they may also sweep across ridges and hills as well as down valleys. A
hot pyroclastic surge can cause death from suffocation, inhalation of poisonous gases and
severe burns.

B. Ballistic Projectiles

Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. These
blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can
travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive).

10
C. Lava Flows

These consist of molten rocks that stream down the slope of a volcano, destroying
everything in its path and possibly causing forest fires (typical of Hawaiian volcanoes). As
the volcano emits lava, it accumulates around the vent thereby creating a lava dome. These
lava domes are often unstable and eventually they collapse and lead to pyroclastic flows.

Lava flows out from Mt. Pinatubo (1991).

11

11
D. Ash falls

Large quantities of ash produced during a volcanic eruption can be thick enough to
collapse roofs, destroy vegetation and cause aircraft, ship and car engines to malfunction.
They can also be very dangerous to people's health since even the finest fractions of ash
may cause serious respiratory problems if they are inhaled. This hazard may persist long
after the eruption itself has ended and can affect neighboring islands as well.

Victims covered by ash brought by Mt. Taal’s eruption

12
E. Lahars (Mudflows)

These are mixtures of volcanic water and rock fragments which rush down the slopes
of a volcano and into the surrounding valleys. The word 'lahar' is an Indonesian term that
describes a mudflow often triggered by heavy rains or earthquakes during and after a
volcanic eruption. Lahars are destructive to everything in their path and may occur years
after an eruption has ended.

13
 What’s More

F. Volcanic Gases

Gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) are present in
toxic amounts close to the vent of an erupting volcano and may be present close to hot
springs around any live volcano.

14
A huge cloud of volcanic ash and gas rises above Mount Pinatubo in Pampanga, Philippines,
on June 12, 1991. Three days later, the volcano exploded in its second largest eruption ever
recorded.

Further away from the vent they can become dissolved in atmospheric clouds to
produce acid rain and mist which affect human and animal eyes and respiratory systems
and corrode metal building materials.

One of the most common volcanic gases is carbon dioxide (CO 2) which is not
poisonous but nevertheless, it is extremely dangerous. It is heavier than air and tends to
accumulate in hollows in the ground, displacing the breathable air. Since it is invisible and
has no taste or smell, people and animals are unable to notice that it is there and may
suffocate.

15
 Assessment

Label the following pictures with the corresponding volcano-related hazards.

Choose your answers from the word bank below. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper

Ash Falls
Ballistic Projectiles
Lahars
Lava Flows
Pyroclastic Flows
Volcanic Gases

16
 Lesson

5 Different Volcano Hazard Maps

To prevent future disasters, or at least to reduce their extent, a series of measures

must be taken before, during, and after a volcanic eruption. The preparation of hazard
maps helps to determine whether a volcano is potentially hazardous and how to assess the
risk.

For that purpose, detailed knowledge about the history and characteristics of the
specific volcano is indispensable, which requires, among other things, topographic and
geologic mapping. Hazard maps show the pathways of eruption products to be expected
(such as lava flows or pyroclastic flows) for various eruption intensities. Monitoring of
volcanoes by satellites has to increase in order to detect possible changes (e.g.,
temperature or SO2 emission).

For potentially dangerous volcanic regions, emergency plans must be worked out,
particularly evacuation plans for the population in case of immediate danger. Disaster
prevention exercises, as already carried out in Japan, are useful as well.

A volcanic eruption cannot practically be influenced by man. There are, however,

limited possibilities in controlling several of its effects, such as barriers against lava flows or
cooling lava with sea water. Smaller lahars can be channeled by artificial dams. Another
possibility to prevent the generation of lahars is artificial draining of crater lakes. Long-term
regional planning can significantly reduce the hazard potential. Disaster reduction
measures can contribute to mitigate the impact of the volcanic eruptions. Fatalities and
economic losses can be reduced if, associated with a well monitoring system, including
Early warning and land use planning, a culture of prevention is introduced within all levels of
the society.

What I need to know

 Interpreting Volcano Hazard Zonation Map

What I can do

Activity 1: Interpreting Volcano Hazard Zonation Map

Objectives:

After performing this activity, you should be able to:

 relate map legends to the proneness of volcano hazards in a specific location, and
 infer on the level of preparedness to the proneness of volcano hazards.

17
Material: Hazard Zonation Map from PHILVOLCS

Procedure:

Study the Mt. Hibok-Hibok in Camiguin Island hazard zonation map on the next
page. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper:

Q1. There are three shades of colors in the map: red, yellow and white. What do these
colors indicate?

Q2. Why are the shades of colors different per area near the volcano? What does this
imply?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q3. Does the level of preparedness of the people residing near the volcano vary on the
shades of colors? If yes, then explain.
_________________________________________________________________________
Q4. What precautionary actions can you and your family take, if your home is located in the
red shade?

18
 What’s In

We cannot control volcanic phenomenon but we can lessen their risks through:

19
 What’s In

The following are the things to do before, during and after a disaster according to
the Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual (2008):

Preparedness / Prevention and Mitigation (What to do before)

1. Close windows and doors to reduce entry of ash if heavy ash fall is expected to hit the
community.
2. Bring animals and live stocks into closed shelters.
3. Develop evacuation plans and conduct evacuation drills.
4. Avoid low places or areas vulnerable to rock falls, avalanches, lava flows and mudflows.
5. Prepare for evacuation if warning for imminent volcanic eruptions or mudflows is raised.
6. Know the ways of protecting the school from ash fall, landslides and debris flows by
consulting your local disaster coordinating council.
7. Consult respective disaster risk reduction and management council on the establishment
of their community counter-disaster response plans.
8. Know the delineated areas vulnerable to volcanic hazards and assess your risk for
dangers.
9. Appreciate and take advantage of the importance of management of human settlements
based on land use planning which considers volcanic hazards.
10.Learn about your community warning systems and emergency plans.
11. Develop an evacuation plan. Everyone in the school should know where to go in
response to warnings.
12. If you live in a volcano risk area, publish a special section in your local newspaper with
emergency information on volcanoes. Localize the information by including the phone
numbers of Barangay Disaster Risk response to warnings.
13. Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC), City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (CDRRMC), the local Red Cross chapter, and local hospitals.
14. Feature an interview with competent authorities on the likelihood of a volcanic eruption
as well as on how to recognize warning signals.
15. Work with Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC),
City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC), the local Red
Cross chapter to prepare special procedures for children and the elderly or disabled, on
what to do if an evacuation is ordered.

20
Response (What to do during):

1. Stay alert and awake.

2. Follow instructions that go with the warning. If there is a directive to evacuate, do so

immediately.

3. Advise the students to protect their heads and get away from the area right away if
caught in small rock fall.

4. Give priority for evacuation outside the area of ash shower to students with
breathing problems. They should be advised to cover their nose, preferably with a
wet piece of cloth.

5. Scrape off ashes to prevent heavy loading of the school building roofs. When doing
so, the following precautionary measures should be observed:

· Wear long sleeved shirts and long pants;

· Wear goggles and eyeglasses instead of contact lenses;

· Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving a vehicle can stir up volcanic ash that
can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles; and

· Avoid driving in heavy ash falls unless absolutely required. If unavoidable, the
vehicle should be driven at a speed of 60 kph or slower.

Rehabilitation and Recovery (What to do after):

1. Clear the canals and pathways of ash and other debris.

2. Hose down the accumulated ash and plant leaves on roofs.

3. Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides.

4. Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct
slide area. Direct rescuers to their locations.

5. Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.

6. Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.

7. Report broken utility lines and suspected damaged buildings to appropriate

authorities

8. If you have respiratory ailment, avoid contact with ash. Stay indoors until local health
officials advise it is safe to go outside. Volcanic ash can cause great damage to
passages and the respiratory system

21
 Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICES

Directions. Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the
letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt
EXCEPT____.
A. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
B. Decrease in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of
volcanic tremors
C. Noticeable increase in the extent of cooling up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes
D. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due
to entrained ash

2. Even when a volcano is not erupting, ____________ in the ground allow gases to reach
the surface through small openings.
A cracks C faults
B crater D volcano

3. The eruption of ____________ inject huge amounts of sulfur dioxide gas into the
stratosphere, where it combines with water to form an aerosol (mist) of sulfuric acid
A. Mt. Bulusan C. Mt. Pinatubo
B. Mt. Mayon D. Taal Volcano

4. Most ____________can be easily avoided by a person on foot, since they do not move
much faster than walking speed, but usually cannot be stopped or diverted.
A. Ash fall C. Lava flow
B. Ballistic projectile D. Pyroclastic flow

5. It is the most active volcano in the Philippines.

A. Hibok-hibok C. Mt. Pinatubo
B. Mt. Mayon D. Taal Volcano

Additional activities

Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide you and your family on
what to do before, during, and after a volcanic eruption. The output will be rated based on
the rubric to be prepared by the teacher.

22
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education –Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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