11/12

DRRR
Quarter 1 – Module 4
Disaster from Different Perspectives

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DRRR– Grade 11/12
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Concept of Disaster

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Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma. Lorylyn B. Reyes

Editors: Jose Roy S. Aguilar

Ma. Claudette C. Borrega
Jezrahel T. Omadto

Reviewers: Jezrahel T. Omadto

Language Editors: Anabel B. Tendenilla

Imee S. Gabion
Hazel Grace T. Vargas

Cover Page Artist: Prince Lee A. Burce

Layout Artist: Ma. Lorylyn B. Reyes

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 Analyze disaster from the different
perspectives (physical, psychological,
socio-cultural, economic, political, and
biological)
DRR11/12-Ia-b-6

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 Lesson
DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

BEGIN!

Do you know that the occurrence of a disaster has an affect not just on what
you see but also towards several aspects of your life and the society? In the
previous modules, you learned the definition of disaster and the factors which can
either lessen or worsen the effect of a disaster. In this module you will be exposed
to a bigger view of how disaster affects people and the society. Are you ready?
Brace yourself to another fun learning experience!

YOUR TARGETS

Hi! I am Teacher Maria I’m going to guide you in

your journey to this module.

These are the things that you will be able to learn

after taking up this module
1. Classify disaster related events to different
perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-
cultural, economic, political, and biological)
2. Conduct a simple survey of family members’
disaster experiences and perceptions.
3. Create a cube art showing the different
perspectives of a self- experienced disaster.

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 TRY THIS!

I- Instructions: Each question in the first section is a multiple-choice question

with four answer choices. Read each question and answer choice carefully and
choose the ONE best answer. Try to answer all questions. Encircle the letter of
your choice.
1. During Taal Volcano’s 2020 eruption hotels and tourist sights were closed to
people. Which perspective is seen?
a. Biological b. psychological c. physical d. economic
2. Which of the following Filipino attitude and values can lessen the effect of a
disaster?
a. “Manyana”habit
b. Ningas-Kugon
c. Resiliency
d. Use of “po” and “opo”
3. The “new normal” that we are experiencing today changes how people act,
relate to other people and how social gatherings are done. Which perspective
is seen here?
a. Biological b. Psychological c. Political d. Socio- cultural
4. Corona virus disease has threatened the life of people all around the globe.
Several hospital workers as our frontline heroes were even advised to undergo
counselling. What perspective is used here?
a. Biological b. Economic c. Psychological d. Political
5. Which of the following statement best shows positive political perspective in the
occurrence of the Corona-virus disease 19?
a. People let their leaders find ways on how they will survive the pandemic.
b. People mark strong and weak leaders based on how they react and respond
to COVID-19 0
c. Political leaders act well when people recognize their efforts in media and
social media platforms.
d. Political leaders follow strictly what the central government mandates.

II- Matching type: Match the statement in column A to the appropriate perspective
in column B.
A B
1. People participate in online a. Psychological
masses and religious gatherings. b. Biological
2. Transport services follow strict health procedures. c. economic
3. Armed conflicts between ISIS groups and d. socio-cultural
the government e. political

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 4. Jobless Filipinos call for f. physical
help and financial assistance
5. “Tiktok” mobile app users increase to
divert fear from spreading disease to fun activities.

Hello! I wish to congratulate you!

You may check your work using the answer key on the
next sections of this module. Do you have any trouble
with your score? If yes, then continue what you have
started and finish this lesson.

DO THIS!

Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to describe the different perspectives shown in the
pictures below.

1. L H I S P C A Y

Yahya, M. N. (May 5, 2019). Marawi Muslims to spend Ramadan in Tents. The Manila Times. net.
Retrieved June 20, 2020 from https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/05/05/news/regions/marawi-
muslims-to-spend-ramadan-in-tents/549756/

Answer:

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2. P L L C T I O A L

Municipality of San Andres (June 23 2020), Outstanding SK Response on COVID-19 Retrieved

from https://www.facebook.com/sanandrescatanduanes/posts/3648274455188650

Answer:

3. N C O E O I C M

Presse, A F.( June 6, 2020) Philippines' unemployment rate at record high in April. The
Straitstimes Asia. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-
asia/philippines-unemployment-rate-at-record-high-in-april

Answer:

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4. G A O L B I I C O L

Osorio, Jonathan T. (December 29, 2016), Nina aftermath at San Andres VS, Catandunaes.
Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/athanski.osorio/posts/1399956500035754

ANSWER:

5. S P Y C O H O L G L C A I

The Philippine Star (March 12, 2020) No Panic Buying Retrieved June 20, 2020
from https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2020/03/12/2000129/editorial-no-panic-
buying

Answer:

I O C S U C L O T L A R U

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6.

Cortes, J.N. (April 28, 2020) Market goers follow the newly painted guides to promote social distancing inside
the Baguio public market Retrieved from https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854300/Manila/Loc

Answer:

EXPLORE!

DISASTER IN SIX FACES

Instruction: Follow the procedures given below and answer the corresponding
questions after.

1. Make a cube (a square box with six (6) faces as shown below) or use a box to
make the cube.
2. Draw / sketch/ list down on each side the physical, psychological, socio-
cultural, economic, political, and biological aspects of a self-experienced
disaster.
3. Make sure that all sides are filled with the different aspects of you self-
experienced disaster.

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 Example: Self- experrienced disaster- Typhoon/ Flood

Example:
Physical

damaged
household
appliances
drenched in
water during

Guide Questions:
a. Do the sketched images/ statements you listed/ made on sides of the cube
the same? different?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

b. In what way/s are they the same/different?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

c. Why should people consider the physical, psychological, socio-cultural,

economic, political, and biological aspects in analyzing a disaster?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

KEEP THIS IN MIND

Disasters whether natural or man- made in origin affects the usual way the
society acts and to the people’s lives directly and indirectly. Physical losses,
damages to structures, creation of mitigation structures and materials are direct
effects. Increasing material costs and expenses, psychological effects are indirect
effects.

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 Furthermore, normally we see the effect of disasters on their physical
effects but aside from it there are many aspects of the society that we should look
into. We must also widen our views including the political, biological, economical,
socio-cultural and psychological sides of an occurring disaster.

Let us look into the different perspectives in analyzing a disaster.

A. Different perspectives of disaster

1. Physical

The presence of tangible objects and infrastructure affects people

and the environment. Physical factors refer to structures such as evacuation
centers, sea and river walls, fire exits, fire hydrants and objects such as
signages which could help people during disaster. In contrary, it also refers
to objects and structures which could contribute in harming and disrupt
people’s life and intensify the effect of disaster such as hanging debris,
exposed wirings etc.

The intensity of a destruction of a disaster depends on the presence

and quantity of objects and infrastructures to mitigate the disaster or
contribute to its complexity. Physical effects can either harm or help you.
Typhoon Nina
hit Bicol Region in
December, 2016
which lead to
destruction of houses
and infrastructures.
Catanduanes as one
of the centers of
destruction
experienced
devastation in
houses, public and
commercial buildings
and vehicles. Roads
were covered with Sta Rosa, MR V. (December 26, 2016) The wrath of typhoon Nina ( in Virac,
Catanduanes) Retrieved from
mud and uprooted https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10208000494678901&set=pcb.102080
05318119484
trees; electrical posts
and telecommunication lines were distorted.

Disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, fires, and tsunamis have

been known to cause massive and long-lasting effect. As the country

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 experience different types of disaster several advancements in technology
have been done such as:

• The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) for instance have utilized doppler radars in
Baras, Catanduanes and other areas of the country and;
• flood/flashflood hazards maps to mitigate the risks from severe winds
and floods.
• The Department of Science and Technology started disaster science
research and development to use technologies for innovative
information services to support the government's disaster prevention
and mitigation efforts.
2. Psychological
The strength of a disaster is usually measured through the extent of
physical destruction than the mental well-being of people.
Assuming that people have been hit by typhoon, earthquake, floods
and fire the mental health is affected as well. Stressors caused by certain
type of disasters can persist longer than the physical effects. Facing grief,
fear and unexpected intrapersonal and societal changes can be tough to
people.

Psychological
aspects of disaster
include mental health
capacity and self-
awareness of people
which could help or
worsen the complexity
of a disaster. This
includes the capability of
people to respond to
disaster and their extent
Baynes, C. (2018). Philippine children tell of witnessing 'unspeakable horrors'
during Isis siege in Marawi. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from
to which they could
independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippines-marawi-isis-siege-save-children- respond to it and accept
unspeakable-horrors-rodrigo-duterte-a
results.

Wars have greatly affected peoples’ lives especially in children. The

picture below shows school zone turned war zone in Marawi City during the
Marawi siege in 2018.
Efforts so that panic and fear will be less when facing threats of
disasters are done. In fact, The Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan

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 2011-2028 included disaster preparedness in schools and the community
through
a. Advocacy;
b. information;
c. education and;
d. communication such as capability buildings, drills and
symposiums and curricular inclusions.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

has strategize the plan “Volcano, Earthquake, and Tsunami Disaster Risk
Reduction Program,” which includes seminars, workshops, trainings,
lectures and drills for various individuals.

3. Sociocultural

Culture and tradition are rarely seen to change because of the

occurrence of disasters but various socio-cultural actions and disaster risk
are related. Socio-cultural factors of disaster include religion and faith,
societal traditions, perceptions and social standings.
In some situations, culture has become a factor for communities’
survival from disasters where as in some situations culture has acted as a
barrier for effective risk reduction activities.Filipinos are known for its
resiliency amidst calamities. They remain steady and positive to face
challenges that come each day.
These are various coping strategies which most Filipinos do to
respond to demands from unexpected or terrifying

Familial support Faith Based Positivity Flexibility Sense of humor

Resiliency

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4. Economic
Physical damages on assets, machineries and livestock in addition
to property loss, environmental damage, trauma, health, loss of lives and
disruption of communities can severely affect economic activity in periods
depending on the extent of damage. The figure below shows a disaster’s
economic impact.

Doroteo, H. J. (2015). Pie chart of the main island distribution of high impact disasters (1900-2014) in
Disaster Risk Profile and Disaster Risk Management Framework of the Philippines: Natural
Disasters. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4656.3922.

Economic factors include assets and liabilities, income, economic

class, etc. Normal business, establishments and work processes such as
manufacturing, delivering and processing can stop during disasters.

De Vera, B. O. (February 10, 2020). PH among economies

most vulnerable to virus. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved
from https://business.inquirer.net/290226/ph-among-
economies-most-vulnerable-to-virus#ixzz6QldH97HT

The country’s economy can be

affected depending on the strength its
capability to endure the irregularities.
Countries with weaker economy take
longer time in recovering than more
stable countries that is why third world
countries such as the Philippines
experiences more problems during disasters. Today, closure among
business establishments and livelihood, competition to resources are
among the many effects of the Corona Virus Disease which threatens
economic stability of the Philippines today.
On the positive side, in the study Natural Disasters, Public Spending,
and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the Philippines showed that the
preventive and post disaster actions of the local government units in the

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 Philippines helps in decreasing economic impacts of disaster. The
allocation of funds for reconstruction and rehabilitation can open ways for
updating structures, machineries and technology thereby posing better
long-term effect to the economy. Reports show economic resilience of the
Philippines amidst several disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes.

5. Political
Politics can be affected in the time of a disaster. Government
structure and political actions can change depending on the need. Political
actions during and after a disaster can be ways to update existing laws,
rules and physical aspects of the government. Resources and funds can be
realigned to focus on building local resilience and for rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
People turn to their leaders on how they respond to the needs of the
society during catastrophic events on the other hand differences in political
views can also result to conflicts.

6. Biological

Disaster can affect plant and animal habitats which can change the
way our biosphere work. Our environment heals itself as it has faced several
disasters long before we existed in this planet. Moreover, studies shown
that most causes of disasters came from manmade activities.

Trinidad, Benguet (CNN Philippines, February 27) Forest fires in Benguet. Retrieved in
June 20, 2020 from https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/2/27/Benguet-forest-
fires.html

Can you identify natural and manmade activities which causes

threats for the occurrence of a disaster?

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Acayan, E. (January 16, 2020). ‘Like a Scene From a Movie.’ What I Saw Photographing the Taal Volcano
Eruption in the Philippines. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from https://time.com/longform/taal-volcano-
philippines-eruption/

On the other hand, When the environment is sustainably managed it

can contribute to physical and economic aspects of the community. Plants
an animal can be sources of food, medicine and even building materials for
shelter. Furthermore, it could also be sources of income such as tourism.
Thereby decreasing the consequences of a disaster.

In terms of humanitarian health, the occurrence of disasters exposes

people to acquire communicable diseases e.g. diarrhea, fractures,
respiratory illness, fever among others. Early detections, treatments and
advancements in medical facilities reduces the complexity of problems due
to disasters. Vaccines and drugs are made to treat diseases and infections.

B. Analyzing different perspectives of Disaster in the Philippines

The Philippines’ form of government is unitary presidential constitutional

republic serving over 100 million Filipinos of different ethnic groups and
cultures. The chief source of living in the country is agriculture-related farming,
mining, forestry, and fishing with a gross Domestic Product of (GDP-PPP) of
7,41202 million US dollars per capita. In 2015, it is considered as a lower
middle-income country.

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 Furthermore, it is geographically located on areas highly exposed to the
occurrence of different types of threats causing disasters such as tropical storms,
tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and droughts.

Typhoons and tropical storms usually occur and results to floods and storm
surges when accompanied with strong wind and heavy rains. Lying on the Pacific
Ring of Fire it is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption. At present PHIVOLCS
is still monitoring Mt. Mayon in Albay and Taal Volcano in Batangas due to their
recent activities in 2019 and 2020.

Moreover, being prone to these threats the country is rich with natural
resources and biodiversity and is famous with the different tourist spots throughout
the archipelago.

Can you identify different perspectives of disaster stated above? What

perspectives were stated?

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Considering different perspectives of the occurrence of a disaster do the

following

1. Make a simple survey from your family members at home of effects/

observation of disasters that they have experienced in their lifetime.
2. Categorize their responses as physical, psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and biological.

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 3. Create a table similar to the example given below and answer the questions
that follow.

SURVEY ON MY FAMILY’S DISASTER EXPERIENCES

Family Disaster Physical Psycholo Socio- Economic Political Biological

Member Experienc gical Cultural
ed
Ex. Typhoon nroofed Fear Houses High Program Death of
Mother house from were prices of s are animals
whistling built to coconuts diverted
winds withstan towards
and d disaster
heavy typhoons prepared
rain ness

a. What aspect/perspective affected your family members the most?

_________________________________________________________

b. What aspect/perspective affected your family members the least?

________________________________________________________
c. What preparations must your family do to mitigate the effect of certain types
of disaster?

REFLECT

Congratulations for completing another module in

this subject! More fun and incredible learning experience
wait for you in the next module.
One final step! Please share your final insights and
learning by completing the statements below:

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 I have learned that…
____________________________
___________________________
___________________________

The most striking part of the module is

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

I wish to know more about

___________________________

ENRICHMENT

Considering different perspectives of the occurrence of a disaster create a plan

of action (or a series of steps) that will enable you to help in mitigating the
effects of a disaster.
The following parts may guide you in making the plan
a. Objectives/Goals
b. Introduction
c. Materials/ methods
d. Procedure

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 ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Direction: Classify the given statements to the different perspectives. Write the
letters P for physical, PY for psychological, SC for socio-cultural, E for economic, PO
for political, and B for biological.

1. Armed conflicts may give people fear and emotional disturbance.

2. Testing and medical laboratories were created to increase testing capacity for
CoViD-19.

3. The general community quarantine strategy of the government to fight CoViD-19

brought families closer together during meal times.

4. Online selling is one among the trending business strategy in this pandemic.

5. Political leaders set new social and community rules to lessen movement of
people.

6. Alcohol and facemask prices increased with enhanced community quarantine.

7. Wearing of face masks in public has been part of the day to day activities of people.

8. Markers and signages are posted on malls and public places to remind people of
“social distancing”

9. Jeepney drivers diverted their jobs to delivery services.

10. Plant and microbial researches were conducted to find new drugs and vaccines.

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 GLOSSARY

The following terms used in this module

are defined as follows…

Term Description
1. physical pertain to concrete/ physical objects or infrastructures
2. psychological include state of mental capacity and self- perception
3. socio-cultural The ways the society behave which include religion,
social status, traditions, perception by society
4. economic Pertains to the financial aspect of a country include
assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc.
5. political include government structure, diplomatic issues, etc.
6. biological Pertains to plant and animal life, usually pertains to
environmental aspects, health, diseases, and plant and
animal well-being.
7. Mitigate To lessen the effect of a disaster
8. Resilience The ability to quickly recover and adapt from a disaster or
crisis.

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 ANSWER KEY

PRE -TEST POST TEST

I- 1. d 1. PY
2. c 2. P
3. d 3. SC
4. c 4. E
5. b 5.PO
II- 6. E
1. d 7. SC
2. b 8. P
3. e 9.E
4. c 10. B
5. a

DO THIS
1. PHYSICAL
2. POLITICAL
3. ECONOMIC
4. BIOLOGICAL
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL
6. SOCIO-CULTURAL

EXPLORE

1. The images on each side of the cube should be different

2. They differ in focus of the effect of the disaster.
3. People should consider these aspects since all of these may be affected by
different threats of disaster.

RUBRIC ON SURVEY TABLE

Exceeds Expectations Meets expectations Fails to meet expectations

Asked 5 or more family Asked 3 -4 family Asked 2-1 family members
members members
All answers are correctly Most answers are correctly Few answers are incorrectly
classified classified classified
All data given were Most data given were Few data given were irrelevant
relevant to the topic relevant to the topic to the topic discussed
discussed discussed
Table was clean and free Table was clean and with Table have errors.
from errors. few errors.

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 REFERENCES

Ang, M.C., Diaz,L.B., (nd) Perception, Resiliency and Coping Strategies of Filipinos
amidst Disasters in
http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/resources/research/publications/perception-resiliency-
and-coping-strategies-of-filipinos-amidst-disasters.pdf

Acayan, E. (January 16, 2020). ‘Like a Scene From a Movie.’ What I Saw
Photographing the Taal Volcano Eruption in the Philippines. Retrie ved June
20, 2020 from https://time.com/longform/taal-volcano-philippines-eruption/

Baynes, C. (2018). Philippine children tell of witnessing 'unspeakable horrors' during Isis
siege in Marawi. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from
independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippines-marawi-isis-siege-save-children-
unspeakable-horrors-rodrigo-duterte-a8263786.html
Benguet forest fires raze area bigger than San Juan City (February 27, 2020)CNN
Philippines Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/2/27/Benguet-forest-fires.html

Cortes, J.N. (April 28, 2020). Market goers follow the newly painted guides to promote
social distancing inside the Baguio public market. Retrieved from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854300/Manila/Loc
De Vera, B. O. (February 10, 2020). PH among economies most vulnerable to virus.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from https://business.inquirer.net/290226/ph-
among-economies-most-vulnerable-to-virus#ixzz6QldH97HT
Doroteo, H. J. (2015). Disaster Risk Profile and Disaster Risk Management Framework of
the Philippines: Natural Disasters. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4656.3922.

Goldman, J. (2014) Resilience In The Philippines In The Face Of Natural Calamities.

Diplomatic Courier in https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/resilience-in-the-
philippines-in-the-face-of-natural-calamities

Jha, S., A. Martinez, P. Quising, Z. Ardaniel, and L. Wang. (2018). Natural Disasters,
Public Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the Philippines. ADBI
Working Paper 817. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. From
https://www.adb.org/publications/natural-disasters-public-spending-and-creative-
destructionphilippines

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Kasdan, D.O. (2016), "Considering socio-cultural factors of disaster risk
management", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 464-
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Kulatunga, Udayangani. (2010). Impact of Culture towards Disaster Risk Reduction.

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Makwana N. (2019). Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review. Journal
of family medicine and primary care, 8(10), 3090–3095.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19

Municipality of San Andres (June 23 2020), Outstanding SK Response on COVID-19

Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.facebook.com/sanandrescatanduanes/posts/3648274455188650
National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council. (2014) National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan 2011-2028. Manila: Philippines: NDRRMC,
Department of Science and Technology

Osorio, Jonathan T. (December 29, 2016), Nina aftermath at San Andres VS,
Catandunaes. Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/athanski.osorio/posts/1399956500035754
Pelling, M. and K. Dill (2006). ‘Natural’ Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action. ISP/NSC
Briefing Paper 06/01, pp. 4-6, Chatham House, London

Petrucci, O. (2012). The Impact of Natural Disasters: Simplified Procedures and Open
Problems. DOI: 10.5772/29147

Presse, A F.( June 6, 2020) Philippines' unemployment rate at record high in April. The
Straitstime Asia. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-unemployment-rate-at-
record-high-in-april

Salazar, M.A., Pesigan,A.,Law, R. and Winkler V. (2016 May 17). Post-disaster health
impact of natural hazards in the Philippines in 2013. Global Health Action. doi:
10.3402/gha.v9.31320
Shultz, J.M .(2014). Perspectives on disaster public health and disaster behavioral health
integration. Disaster Health. 2:2, 69-74, DOI: 10.4161/dish.24861

Sta Rosa, MR V. (December 26, 2016) The wrath of typhoon Nina ( in Virac,
Catanduanes) Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10208000494678901&set=pcb.10208005
318119484

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The Philippine Star (March 12, 2020. No Panic Buying. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2020/03/12/2000129/editorial-no-panic-buying
World Risk Report 2012, United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human
Security. http://weltrisikobericht.de/english

Yahya, M. N. (May 5, 2019). Marawi Muslims to spend Ramadan in Tents. The Manila
Times. net. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/05/05/news/regions/marawi-muslims-to-spend-
ramadan-in-tents/549756/

22